Lecture 5 Control Structures - Repetitive Statements Loops II 28102022 113205am

10/27/2022
LECTURE
5 Control Structures – Repetitive Statements/Loops

CSC 113
Computer Programming
Fall 2022
Abrar Ahmed
abrarahmed.buic@bahria.edu.pk
Department of Computer Science

Bahria University, Islamabad
CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Department of Computer Sciences
4. Control Structures – Repetitive Statements/Loops
Slide: 1
Outline
• while Loop
• do-while Loop

Slide: 2
1
10/27/2022
Control Structures
• All programs can be written in terms of 3 control structures
1. Sequence Structure
2. Selection Structure
• If (Single Selection Statement)
• If-else (Double Selection Statement)
• Switch (Multiple Selection Statement)
3. Repetition Structure
• For
• While
• Do-while

Slide: 3
while Loop

Slide: 4
2
10/27/2022
while Loop
• The while statement, like if statement, test a condition.
• The syntax of while loop is
while ( expression )
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}

Slide: 5
While Loops
• The while loop evaluates the test expression.
• If the test expression is true, code inside the body of while
loop is evaluated.
• Then, the test expression is evaluated again. This process
goes on until the test expression is false.
• When the test expression is false, while loop is terminated.
• Pretest loop:
• Incase the expression is false the body of the loop is not
executed resulting in a situation where the loop is never once
executed.

Slide: 6
3
10/27/2022
while Loop Example

void main ( )
{
int n = 99;
while ( n != 0 )
{
cout<<“Enter any number or 0 to quit the program”;
cin >> n;
}
}

Slide: 7
while Loop Example
void main ( )
{
int i = 0;
while ( i <10 )
{
cout<<i<<endl;
i++;
}
}

Slide: 8
4
10/27/2022
Tips
• The statement within the while loop would keep on getting executed till the condition being tested remains
true. When the condition becomes false, the control passes to the first statement that follows the body of
the while loop.
• The condition being tested may use relational or logical operators as shown in the
following example.
• while ( i <= 10 )
• while ( i <= 10 && j <= 15 )
• while ( j > 10 && ( b < 15 || c < 20))
• It is not necessary that a loop counter must be an int. It can even be a float.

Slide: 9
int main ()
{
double a=10.0;
while ( a <= 10.5 )
{
cout<<a<<endl;
a = a + 0.1;
} Output:
10
return 0; 10.1
} 10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Slide: 10
10
5
10/27/2022
Nested while loop

while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s); // you can put more statements.
}

Slide: 11
11
The while loop
• Action repeated while some condition remains true

• Psuedocode
while there are more items on the shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
• Example
int main()
{
int loop = 0; int main()
while (loop < 10) {
{ = for (int loop = 0; loop < 10; loop++)
cout << loop << endl; cout << loop << endl;
loop++; }
}
}

Slide: 12
12
6
10/27/2022
The while loop
int number = 0;
while (number <= 1000)
number++;
true
number <= 1000 number++;
false

Slide: 13
13
The while Loop
When a while loop executes, the loop-test is evaluated.

If true, the iterative part is executed and the loop-test is
reevaluated. This process continues until the loop test
is false. For example, counter <= n must eventually
become false for the following loop to terminate:

Slide: 14
14
7
10/27/2022
The while loop

• for loops can usually be rewritten as while loops
Initialization expression;
while ( Test Expression){
statement
increment expression;
}

Slide: 15
15
The while Loop
int main()
{
int counter = 1;
int n = 4;
while (counter <= n)
{
cout << counter << endl;
counter = counter + 1;
}
return 0;
}

Slide: 16
16
8
10/27/2022
Fibonacci Series

Slide: 17
17
Fibonacci Series
int limit;
cout << "Enter a positive integer for Fibonacci Series limit : ";
cin >> limit;
int first = 0;
int second = 1;
cout << first << ", " << second;
int temp = first + second;
while (temp <= limit)

{
cout << ", " << temp;
first = second;
second = temp;
temp = first + second;

}

Slide: 18
18
9
10/27/2022
The while Loop

• All Loops have
1. A primer or initial value for the first test
2. A test in the loop that must become false in order to exit the loop.
3. A statement(s) that brings the loop closer to termination or the potential for setting the decision variable to false in
order to terminate the loop.

Slide: 19
19
The Infinite Loop

• An infinite loop is one that never terminates.
• They are usually not desirable––an example:
int counter = 1;
int j = 0;
int n = 3;
while (counter <= n)
{
j = j + 1;
cout << counter << endl;
}
cout << "Do we ever get here?" << endl;
There is no step that brings us closer to loop termination––it's an infinite loop.

Slide: 20
20
10
10/27/2022
Another Infinite Loop
int Count = 1;
while(Count > 0)
{
………..
cout << “Enter your answer” << endl;
cin >> Ans;
Count++;
………
}

Slide: 21
21
Infinite Loops
• How do you terminate a program containing an infinite loop?
• X, Cntrl-C,
• Cntrl-Alt-Del and terminate task.

Slide: 22
22
11
10/27/2022
Types of while-loop
• Counter controlled loops
• when the programmer knows the number of iterations required
while(x<5)
{
}
• Sentinel controlled loops
• when the programmer lets an EVENT control the number of repetitions
While(x!=-1)
{
}

Slide: 23
23
Requirements for counter-controlled while-loop

• Counter variable initialization before check of condition
• Counter variable is incremented/decremented inside the loop body
int linectr = 0;
while (linectr <= 3)
{
cout << linectr << endl;
linectr = linectr + 1;
}
How many lines of output??

Slide: 24
24
12
10/27/2022
The while loop
• Formulating Algorithms (Counter-Controlled Repetition)

• Loop repeated until counter reaches certain value
• Example
A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the range 0 to 100) for this quiz are available
to you. Determine the class average on the quiz.

Slide: 25
25
Counter-Controlled Repetition
• Pseudocode for example:
Set total to zero

Set grade counter to one
While grade counter is less than or equal to ten
Input the next grade
Add the grade into the total
Add one to the grade counter
Set the class average to the total divided by ten

Print the class average

Slide: 26
26
13
10/27/2022
1
2 // Class average program with counter-controlled repetition.
Counter-Controlled 3 #include <iostream.h>
4
Repetition 5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 int total; // sum of grades input by user
9 int gradeCounter; // number of grade to be entered next
10 int grade; // grade value
11 int average; // average of grades
12
13 // initialization phase
14 total = 0; // initialize total
15 gradeCounter = 1; // initialize loop counter
16
Enter grade: 98
17 while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) { // loop 10 times
Enter grade: 76
18 cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input
Enter grade: 71
19 cin >> grade; // read grade from user
Enter grade: 87
20 total = total + grade; // add grade to total
Enter grade: 83 21 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter
Enter grade: 90 22 }
Enter grade: 57 23
Enter grade: 79 24 average = total / 10; // integer division
Enter grade: 82 25
Enter grade: 94 26 // display result
Class average is 81 27 cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;
28 The counter gets incremented each time
29 the loop executes. Eventually, the
Department of Computer Sciences 30 } // CSC 113 – Computer Programming
counter causes the loop to end.
Slide: 27
27
Requirements for sentinel-controlled while-loop

• Sentinel variable initialization before check of condition
• Sentinel variable is modified inside the loop body
int num;
cin >> num;
while (num != -1)
{
cout << num;
cin >> num;
}
How many repetitions of the body??

Slide: 28
28
14
10/27/2022
Sentinel-Controlled Repetition
• Suppose problem becomes:
Develop a class-averaging program that will process an arbitrary number of grades each time the program is run
• Unknown number of students
• How will program know when to end?

Slide: 29
29
Contd…
• Sentinel value
• Indicates “end of data entry”
• Loop ends when sentinel input
• Sentinel chosen so it cannot be confused with regular input
• -1 in this case

Slide: 30
30
15
10/27/2022
1
2 // Class average program with sentinel-controlled repetition.
3 #include <iostream.h>
4
5
6 // function main begins program execution
7 int main()
8 {
9 int total; // sum of grades
10 int gradeCounter; // number of grades entered
11 int grade; // grade value
12
13 double average; // number with decimal point for average
14
15 // initializations
16 total = 0; // initialize total
17 gradeCounter = 0; // initialize loop counter
18
19 // get first grade from user
20 cout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: "; // prompt for input
21 cin >> grade; // read grade from user
22
23 // loop until sentinel value read from user
24 while ( grade != -1 ) {
25 total = total + grade; // add grade to total
26 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter Enter grade, -1 to end: 75
27 Enter grade, -1 to end: 94
28 cout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: "; // prompt for input Enter grade, -1 to end: 97
29 cin >> grade; // read next grade
31 } // end while Enter grade, -1 to end: 70
32
Enter grade, -1 to end: 64
33 // if user entered at least one grade ...
34 if ( gradeCounter != 0 ) { Enter grade, -1 to end: 83
36 // calculate average of all grades entered
37 average = (double)( total ) / gradeCounter; Enter grade, -1 to CSC end:113 -1
– Computer Programming
Class average
4. Control is 82.50– Repetitive Statements/Loops
Structures
Slide: 31
31
Sentinel-Controlled Repetition - Example

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int n;
char choice='y';
while (choice =='y' )
{
cout<<"Enter number: ";
cin>>n;
(n%2)?cout<<"Odd":cout<<"Even";
cout<<"to continue press y...";
cin>>choice;
}
return 0;
}

Slide: 32
32
16
10/27/2022
int totalInputs = 5;
int total = 0; // sum of grades input by user
int gradeCounter = 1; // number of grade to be entered next
int grade; // grade value
double average; // average of grades
while (gradeCounter <= totalInputs)

{
//0-100
cout << "Enter grade [0-100] : "; // prompt for input
cin >> grade; // read grade from user
while (grade < 0 || grade>100)

{
cout << "ERROR!! Incorrect Grade Value" << endl;
cout << "Enter grade [0-100] : "; // prompt for input
cin >> grade; // read grade from user
}
total = total + grade; // add grade to total

gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter
}
average = (double)total / 10; // integer division

// display result
cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;

Slide: 33
33
int value;
cout << "Enter a positive value : ";
cin >> value; // 5
for (int line = 1; line <= value; line++)// print new lines
{
for (int space = 1; space <= value - line; space++)// print spaces
{
cout << " ";
}
for (int star = 1; star <= line; star++)// print stars
{
cout << "*";
}
cout << endl;
}

Slide: 34
34
17
10/27/2022
int value;
cout << "Enter a positive value : ";
cin >> value; // 5
int line = 1;
while ( line <= value)// print new lines
{
int space = 1;
while ( space <= (value - line))// spaces
{
cout << space;
space++;
}// end print spaces loop
int star = 1;
while ( star <= line )// print stars
{
cout << "*";
star++;
}// end print stars loop
cout << endl;
line++;
}// end print lines loop
Slide: 35
35
Exercise 1
• Find the powers of 3 less than 100
void main ( )
{
int product = 3;
while ( product <= 100)
{
cout<<"Product="<<product<<endl;
product = 3 * product;
}
}

Slide: 36
36
18
10/27/2022
Exercise 2
• calculates and prints the sum of the integers from 1 to 10
void main ( )
{
int sum = 0, i=1;
while ( i <= 10)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
}

Slide: 37
37
Task to be done
• Print the table of a number entered by the user

Slide: 38
38
19
10/27/2022
• Typically, for statements are used for counter-controlled repetition and while statements are used for
sentinel-controlled repetition.
• for loops can usually be rewritten as while loops

initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest){
statement
increment;
}

Slide: 39
39
do-while Loop

Slide: 40
40
20
10/27/2022
do/while Repetition Structure

• Similar to while structure
• Makes loop continuation test at end, not beginning
• Loop body executes at least once
• Format
do
{
statement
} while ( condition );

Slide: 41
41
Do-while loop
• The codes inside the body of loop is executed at least
once. Then, only the test expression is checked.
• If the test expression is true, the body of loop is
executed. This process continues until the test
expression becomes false.
• When the test expression is false, do...while loop is
terminated.
• Syntax:
do
{
statements;
} while(condition);

Slide: 42
42
21
10/27/2022
action(s)
true
condition
false

Slide: 43
43

1
2 // Using the do/while repetition structure.
5 void main()
6 {
7 int counter = 1; // initialize counter
8
9 do {
10 cout << counter << " "; // display counter
11 } while ( ++counter <= 10 ); // end do/while
12
13 cout << endl;
14
15 } // end function main
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Slide: 44
44
22
10/27/2022
void main()
{
int i=0; // initialize counter
do
{
cout << i<< endl;
i++;
} while ( i < 10 ); // end do/while

Slide: 45
45
Nested do-while loop

do
{
statement(s); // you can put more statements.
do
{
statement(s);
} while(condition);
} while(condition);

Slide: 46
46
23
10/27/2022

• The do while loop is a good choice for obtaining interactive input from menu selections.
• Consider a function that will not stop executing until the user enters an N, O, or S:
char Option = ‘’ ;
do
{
cout << "Enter N)ew, O)pen, S)ave: ";
cin >> Option;
} while (Option != 'N' && Option != 'O' &&

Option != 'S');

Slide: 47
47
#include <iostream.h>
#define PI 3.141593
int main(void)
{
int degrees=0;
double radians;
cout<<"Degrees to Radians”;
do
{
radians = degrees*PI/180;
cout<<radians;
degrees += 10;
} while (degrees <= 360);
return 0;
}

Slide: 48
48
24
10/27/2022
The break and continue Statements
• Break
• Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do/while or switch structure
• Program execution continues with the first statement after the structure
• Common uses of the break statement:
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of a switch structure
 Continue
 Skips the remaining statements in the body of a while, for or do/while structure and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop
 In while and do/while, the loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the
continue statement is executed
 In the for structure, the increment expression is executed, then the loop-continuation test is
evaluated

Slide: 49
49
break and continue Statements

• break statement
• Immediate exit from while, for, do/while, switch
• Program continues with first statement after structure
• Common uses
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of switch

Slide: 50
50
25
10/27/2022
1
2 // Using the break statement in a for structure.
4
6 void main()
7 {
8
9 int x;
10 // loop 10 times
11 for ( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) {
12
13 // if x is 5, terminate loop
14 if ( x == 5 )
15 break; // break loop only if x is 5
16
17 cout << x << " "; // display value of x
18
19 } // end for
20
21 cout << "\nBroke out of loop when x became " << x << endl;
22
1234
Broke out of loop when x became 5
Slide: 51
51
break and continue Statements

• continue statement
• Used in while, for, do/while
• Skips remainder of loop body
• Proceeds with next iteration of loop

Slide: 52
52
26
10/27/2022
1
2 // Using the continue statement in a for structure.
4
6 void main()
7 {
8 // loop 10 times
9 for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) {
10
11 // if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop
12 if ( x == 5 )
13 continue; // skip remaining code in loop body
14
15 cout << x << " "; // display value of x
16
17 } // end for structure
18
19 cout << "\nUsed continue to skip printing the value 5"
20 << endl;
21

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 4. Control Structures – Repetitive Statements/Loops
Used continue to skip printing the value 5 Slide: 53
53
For loop – syntax explained

• Initialization expr
◦ In this part, the loop variable (or variables) is initialized. The variable is already declared. If not
then it may be declared and initialized within this part of loop, e.g.,
◦ for(a=1;a<3;a++)
◦ for(int a=1,b=5;a<10;a++)
◦ The initialization part of loop is optional. If this part is omitted, then a semicolon is used in
its place.
◦ for(;a<10;a++)

Slide: 54
54
27
10/27/2022
For loop – syntax explained

• Condition
• In this part, the test condition is given. The body of the loop is executed only if the test
condition evaluates to true.
• Increment/decrement
• In this part, the loop variable(s) is incremented or decremented.
• To increment or decrement more than one variable, they are written comma
separated.
• This part is executed after executing loop body.
• This part is also optional. If this part is not used then loop variable must be
incremented/decremented inside loop body.
for(;a<10;)

Slide: 55
55
Other control statements

• The goto statement
◦ You can insert a label into your program code at the desired location. The label ends with a a
colon.
◦ The keyword goto followed by the label name then takes you to the label.
◦ goto should be avoided as it leaves to spaghetti code that is difficult to debug and understand.
• Example
goto myLabel;
//other program statements
myLabel: //control will shift here and execute the following
//statements
//statements;

Slide: 56
56
28
10/27/2022
Loop Selection and Design

• The following outline is offered to help you choose and design loops in a variety of situations:
• 1. Write the statements to be repeated.
• 2. Determine which type of loop to use.
• 3. Determine the loop-test.
• 4. Bring the loop one step closer to termination.
• 5. Initialize variables as necessary.

Slide: 57
57
Bring the Loop closer to termination

• To avoid an infinite loop, there should be at least one action in the loop body that brings it closer to
termination.
• Examples:
• 1. Increment the counter by +1.
• 2. Extract data from the user e.g., Yes or No.
• 3. Use a decision in the loop to set the loop condition/decision to false.

Slide: 58
58
29
10/27/2022
Type of Loop
• The number of repetitions is known in advance or read as input, use a counter-controlled for loop
• If you must stop the loop when some event occurs during execution of the loop, use an event-controlled
while loop
• If the loop must always execute once (to validate input), use a do-while loop

Slide: 59
59
Initialize the variables as required

• Check to see if any variables used in either the body of the loop or the loop-test need to be initialized.
• Consider this loop:
int j, n;
float x, sum;
while(j <= n)
{
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> x;
sum = sum + j;
j++;
}
Which variables need to be initialized before this while( ) loop is encountered??

Slide: 60
60
30
10/27/2022
Examples
//This is a test for a while

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int counter=1;
float total;
float score;
while (counter <5)
{
cout<<"Enter score: ";
cin>>score;
total=total+score;
counter=counter+1;
}
cout<<"Your total is: "<<total<<endl;
}//close main

Slide: 61
61
Examples
// Filename: DoWhile.CPP
// A totaling program using a do-while loop.
void main()
{
int total = 0; // Initialize total
int num = 5;
do
{
total += num; // Add num to total
num++; // Increment counter
}while (num <= 10);
cout << "The total is " << total << "\n";;
}

Slide: 63
63
31
10/27/2022
Examples
// Filename: FOR.CPP
// Demonstrates totaling using a for loop.
void main()
{
int total, ctr;
total = 0;
for (ctr=5; ctr<=10; ctr++) // ctr is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
{
total += ctr; // Add value of ctr to each iteration.
}
cout << "The total is " << total << "\n";
}

Slide: 64
64
int lowerLimit;
int upperLimit;
int value;
cout << "Enter Lower Limit : "; /* Write a program that takes 2 values from user
cin >> lowerLimit;
as lowerLimit and upperLimit, and prints all
cout << "Enter Upper Limit : ";
cin >> upperLimit; prime numbers between that.
value = lowerLimit; e.g. 200 - 500
*/
while (value <= upperLimit)
{
int sqrtOfValue = sqrt(value) + 1;
bool divided = false; // true/false; 1/0;
for (int loop = 2; loop <= sqrtOfValue; loop++)
{
if (value % loop == 0)
{
divided = true;
break;
}
}
if (!divided)
cout << value << " "
value++;
}

Slide: 65
65
32
10/27/2022
char choice;
do {
int lowerLimit;
int upperLimit;
int value;
cout << "Enter Lower Limit : ";
cin >> lowerLimit;
cout << "Enter Upper Limit : ";
cin >> upperLimit;
value = lowerLimit;
while (value <= upperLimit)
{
int sqrtOfValue = sqrt(value) + 1;
bool divided = false; // true/false; 1/0;
for (int loop = 2; loop <= sqrtOfValue; loop++)
{
if (value % loop == 0)
{
divided = true;
break;
}
}
if (!divided)
cout << value << " ";
value++;
}
cout << endl << "Do You Want to continue? (Y|N) : ";
cin >> choice;
} while (choice=='Y' || choice=='y');

Slide: 66
66
Tasks to be done
Exercise: Develop a program to print following series.
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
5 6 7 8 9
Exercise: Develop a program to print following series.
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4

Slide: 67
67
33

Lecture 5 Control Structures - Repetitive Statements Loops II 28102022 113205am

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 5 Control Structures - Repetitive Statements Loops II 28102022 113205am

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/27/2022

5 Control Structures – Repetitive Statements/Loops

Department of Computer Science

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

while Loop Example

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

while Loop Example

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Nested while loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while loop

• Action repeated while some condition remains true

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while Loop

When a while loop executes, the loop-test is evaluated.

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while Loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

while (temp <= limit)

temp = first + second;

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while Loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The Infinite Loop

There is no step that brings us closer to loop termination––it's an infinite loop.

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Another Infinite Loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Requirements for counter-controlled while-loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

The while loop

• Formulating Algorithms (Counter-Controlled Repetition)

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Set total to zero

Set the class average to the total divided by ten

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Requirements for sentinel-controlled while-loop

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

• How will program know when to end?

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

Sentinel-Controlled Repetition - Example

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

while (gradeCounter <= totalInputs)

while (grade < 0 || grade>100)

total = total + grade; // add grade to total

average = (double)total / 10; // integer division

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming

CSC 113 – Computer Programming