1st Exam ga codal ug UST rako ato tas gpa drawing
— Absence or
ni mam ang bill of exchange ug promissory note
tapos identification of terms payee payor drawer
drawee acceptor bill of exchange promissory note
checks etc. tapos define forgery and material
alteration tas sections nagawas Sec. 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 14
15 16 21 22 23
2 Exam Notes
nd
Sec. 24. Presumption of consideration. — Every
negotiable instrument is deemed prima facie to have
been issued for a valuable consideration; and every
person whose signature appears thereon to have become
a party thereto for value.
Consideration means an inducement to a contract, that
is, the cause, price or impelling influence which induces
a contracting party to enter into the contract. (Ogden, op.
cit., p. 125.) It is the essential or more proximate purpose
a party has in view at the time of entering into the
contract.
It is different from motive which is the personal or
private reasons of a party in entering into a contract, (see
Art. 1351, Civil Code.)
Sec. 25. Value, what constitutes. — Value Is any
consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. An
antecedent or pre-existing debt constitutes value; and is
deemed such whether the instrument is payable on
demand or at a future time.
Sec. 26. What constitutes holder for value. - Where
value has at any time been given for the instrument, the
holder is deemed a holder for value in respect to all
parties who become such prior to that time.
A holder for value is one who has given a valuable
consideration for the instrument issued or negotiated to
him. The holder is deemed as such not only as regards
the party to whom value has been given by him but also
in respect to all those who became parties prior to the
time when value was given.
A holder of a negotiable instrument is presumed to be a
holder for value until the contrary is shown.
A holder who has not given value for an instrument
obviously will suffer no loss by being unable to recover
from the primary party in the event that the latter has a
personal defense assertable by him. (see Sec. 58.)
Sec. 28. Effect of want of consideration.
failure of consideration is a matter of defense as against
any person not a holder in due course; and partial failure
of consideration is a defense pro tanto, whether the
failure is an ascertained and liquidated amount or
otherwise.
Meaning of absence or want of consideration.
Absence of consideration means a total lack of any valid
consideration for the contract, in consequence of which
the alleged contract must fall. (Klein v. Roteman, 6 Ohio
App. 145.)
EXAMPLE:
M makes a promissory note to P in payment for a parcel
of land which does not exist.
As between the parties, there can be no recovery on the
note as there is absence of consideration. But if P
indorses the note to A, a holder in due course, A can
recover from M because absence of consideration is
only a personal defense not available against a holder
in due course.
Meaning of failure of consideration.
Failure of consideration means the failure or refusal of
one of the parties to do, perform or comply with the
consideration agreed upon. In other words, something
was agreed upon as consideration but for some cause,
such agreed consideration failed to materialize.
EXAMPLE:
In the example given, if there is really a land owned by P
which was sold, but P failed to deliver it to M because
he sold it again to X who in good faith registered the
sale, there is a failure of consideration so that P cannot
recover from M. If only 2/3 portion of the land was
delivered, there would be a partial failure of
consideration which would bar recovery Only pro tanto.
Hence, P could recover only 2/3 of the note as M is not
liable to the extent of 1/3 which is the price of the
undelivered portion.
GR: Inadequacy of consideration does not invalidate the
instrument.
XPN: There has been fraud, mistake or undue influence There can be no recovery by a payee against an
(NCC, Art. 1355). accommodation party on an instrument vitiated by an
illegality of cause.
NOTE: However, knowledge of inadequacy of
consideration would render the holder not HIDC liable Section 29 does not include nor apply to corporations
(NIL, Sec. 53). which are accommodation parties. This is because the
issue or indorsement of negotiable paper by a
Sec. 29. Liability of accommodation party. — An corporation without consideration and for the
accommodation party is one who has signed the accommodation of another is ultra vires. The fact that for
instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor, or indorser, lack of capacity the corporation is not bound by an
without receiving value therefor, and for the purpose of accommodation paper does not thereby absolve, but
lending his name to some other person. Such a person is should render personally liable the signatories of said
liable on the instrument to a holder for value, instrument where the facts show that the accommodation
notwithstanding such holder at the time of taking the involved was for their personal account, undertaking or
instrument knew him to be only an accommodation purpose and the creditor was aware thereof. (Crisologo
party. Jose vs. Court of Appeals, 177 SCRA 594 [1989].)
NOTE: It does not mean, however, that one cannot be
an accommodation party merely because he has received
some consideration for the use of his name. The phrase
“without receiving value therefor” only means that no
value has been received “for the instrument” and not Rights of accommodation party.
“for lending his name.” (1) Right to revoke accommodation.
NOTE: (2) Right to reimbursement from accommodated party.
In lending his name to an accommodated party, the (3) Right to contribution from other solidary
accommodation party is, in effect, a surety. However, accommodation maker.
unlike in a contract of suretyship, the liability of the
accommodation party remains not only primary but also
unconditional to a holder for value such that even if the
accommodated party receives an extension of the period Accommodation party and regular party
for payment without the consent of the accommodation distinguished.
party, the latter is still liable for the whole obligation and
(1) An accommodation party signs an instrument
such extension does not release him because as far as a
without receiving value therefor, while a regular party
holder for value is concerned, he is a solidary co-debtor.
signs the instrument for value (Sec. 24.);
(Prudencio vs. Court of Appeals, 103 SCRA 7 [1986];
see People vs. Maniego, 148 SCRA 30 [1987].) (2) An accommodation party signs an instrument for the
purpose of lending his name to some other person (Sec.
It will then be noted that Section 29 is an exception to
29.), while a regular party does not sign for that purpose;
Section 28.
(3) An accommodation party may always show by parol
But Section 29 should not be construed as to allow a
evidence that he is only such, while a regular party
holder for value, not otherwise a holder in due course, to
cannot disclaim or limit his personal liability as
recover against an accommodation party in the light of
appearing on the instrument by parol evidence (see
other sections (Sees. 16,55, 58.) of the Negotiable
Maulini vs. Serrano, 28 Phil. 640 [1914]; Velasco vs.
Instruments Law.
Liuan & Co., 43 Phil. 195 [1922].);
In other words, except the defense of absence of
consideration between the accommodation party and the
accommodated party, the accommodation party is liable
to a holder in due course.
(4) An accommodation party cannot avail of the defense
of absence or failure of consideration against a holder
not in due course, while a regular party may avail of said
defense against a holder not in due course; and
(5) An accommodation party, after paying the holder,
may sue for reimbursement the accommodated party,
although a subsequent party, while a regular party may
not sue any subsequent party for reimbursement. (Phil.
National Bank vs. Maza & Macenas, 48 Phil. 207
[1925].)
Sec. 30. What constitutes negotiation. - An instrument
is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to
another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the
holder thereof. If payable to bearer, it is negotiated by
delivery; if payable to order, it is negotiated by the
indorsement of the holder and completed by delivery.  may nevertheless be further negotiated by mere delivery
Modes of negotiation
1. If payable to bearer- it is negotiated by mere
delivery.
2. If payable to order- it is negotiated by the
indorsement of the holder completed by delivery (NIL,
Sec. 30)
Sec. 34. Special indorsement; indorsement in blank.
— A special indorsement specifies the person to whom,
or to whose order, the instrument is to be payable; and
the indorsement of such indorsee is necessary to the
further negotiation of the instrument. An indorsement in
blank specifies no indorsee, and an instrument so
indorsed is payable to bearer, and may be negotiated by
delivery.
A special indorsement is one where the name of the
payee is specified. It is also known as specific
indorsement or indorsement in full. Special and blank
indorsements are "unqualified indorsements."
(1) Forms.— There are two forms of special
indorsements:
(a) One that specifies the person to whom the instrument
is payable, i.e., "Pay to A"; and
(b) One that specifies the person to whose order the
instrument is to be payable, i.e., "Pay to the order of A"
or "Pay to A or order."
In either case, the indorsement must be followed by the
signature of the indorser. Unlike in the case of the
instrument itself, it is not necessary to use the words of
negotiability, i.e., "or order" or "to the order of," and
their omission does not affect the negotiability of an
instrument which is negotiable on its face. (Sec. 36, par.
2.) In the first example above, the indorsement, in legal
effect, is "Pay to A or order."
(2) Negotiation of order and bearer instruments. —
(a) If the instrument is originally payable to order, and it
is negotiated by the payee by special indorsement, the
indorsement of the indorsee is necessary to the further
negotiation of the instrument. (Sec. 34.)
(b) If the instrument is originally payable to bearer, it
even if the original bearer indorsed it specially but the
special indorser is liable only to such holders as make
title through his indorsement. A special indorsement will
turn a bearer paper into an order paper and the party
specified will have to indorse the instrument before it
can be negotiated further. (Sec. 40.)
Blank indorsement explained.
A blank indorsement is one which specifies no particular
indorsee. Such as indorsement generally consists only of
the signature of the payee or indorser. (Sec. 31.) An
instrument so indorsed is payable to bearer (see Sec.
191.) or whoever possesses it and may be negotiated by
the indorser by delivery alone regardless of whether the
instrument is originally payable to bearer or not. The use
of bearer Instruments involves greater risk through theft
or loss than the use of order paper. A thief or finder
could likewise negotiate the instrument by mere delivery
and if payment were made in good faith, the real owner
would not have the right to recover from the maker or
drawer.
This type of indorsement is the most commonly used
form of indorsement.
Sec. 35. Blank Indorsement; how changed to special
indorsement. — The holder may convert a blank
indorsement into a special indorsement by writing over
the signature of the indorser in blank any contract
consistent with the character of the indorsement.
Conversion of blank indorsement to special
indorsement.
Under Section 9(e), an instrument made payable to order
on its face becomes payable to bearer if the only or last
indorsement is in blank. The holder, however, may
protect himself from liability by changing the blank
indorsement to a special indorsement.
Under Section 35, an instrument made payable to bearer
by an indorsement in blank may be converted into an
order instrument by writing over the signature of the
indorser in blank any contract not inconsistent with the
character of the indorsement.
But a bearer instrument always remains a bearer
instrument negotiable by mere delivery whether the last
indorsement is a blank or a special one. (see Sec. 40.)
Sec. 36. When indorsement restrictive. - An
indorsement is restrictive which either:
(a) Prohibits the further negotiation of the instrument; or  condition has been fulfilled or not. But any person to
(b) Constitutes the indorsee the agent of the indorser; or  the same, or the proceeds thereof, subject to the rights of
(c) Vests the title in the indorsee in trust for or to the use
of some other persons.
Sec. 38. Qualified indorsement. - A qualified
indorsement constitutes the indorser a mere assignor of
the title to the instrument. It may be made by adding to
the indorser's signature the words "without recourse" or
any words of similar import. Such an indorsement does
not impair the negotiable character of the instrument. 
Qualified indorsement is one which constitutes the
indorser a mere assignor of the title to the instrument.
Ex. “Pay to the order of A without recourse on me,
(Sgd.)P.”
“Pay to A, indorser not holder, (Sgd.) P.”
Sec. 39. Conditional indorsement. - Where an
indorsement is conditional, the party required to pay the
instrument may disregard the condition and make
payment to the indorsee or his transferee whether the
whom an instrument so indorsed is negotiated will hold
the person indorsing conditionally. 
Absolute and conditional indorsements explained.

But the mere absence of words implying power to (1) An absolute indorsement is one by which the
negotiate does not make an indorsement restrictive.  indorser binds himself to pay, upon no other condition
than the failure of prior parties to do so, and of due
Restrictive Indorsement (example)- is one worded that notice to him of such failure.
it either prohibits entirely the further negotiation of an
instrument or restricts its further negotiation to a (2) A conditional indorsement, on the other hand, is one
particular person or for a particular purpose; or modifies by which the indorser imposes some other conditions to
the rights of the holders or the liabilities of the indorser. his liability or on the indorsee's right to collect the
proceeds of the instrument.
Sec. 37. Effect of restrictive indorsement; rights of
indorsee. – (a) A conditional indorsement has no effect on the
further negotiation of the instrument. The party required
A restrictive indorsement confers upon the indorsee the to pay, if he chooses, may make payment, disregarding
right: the condition without incurring any liability because he
is expressly authorized to do so under Section 39. But
(a) to receive payment of the instrument;  the person who received payment will hold the proceeds
subject to the right of the conditional indorser.
(b) to bring any action thereon that the indorser could
bring;  (b) A conditional indorsement does not prohibit the
further negotiation of the instrument regardless of
(c) to transfer his rights as such indorsee, where the form whether the condition has been fulfilled or not. It should
of the indorsement authorizes him to do so. be remembered that while a condition in the indorsement
does not destroy negotiability, a condition appearing on
But all subsequent indorsees acquire only the title of the the face of the instrument renders the instrument non-
first indorsee under the restrictive indorsement.  negotiable. (Sec. l[b].)
Sec. 51. Right of holder to sue; payment. - The holder
of a negotiable instrument may to sue thereon in his own
name; and payment to him in due course discharges the
instrument.
Sec. 52. What constitutes a holder in due course. - A
holder in due course is a holder who has taken the
instrument under the following conditions:
(a) That it is complete and regular upon its face; 
(b) That he became the holder of it before it was
overdue, and without notice that it has been previously
dishonored, if such was the fact;  fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, (ibid.)
(c) That he took it in good faith and for value;  Sec. 57. Rights of holder in due course.
(d) That at the time it was negotiated to him, he had no
notice of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the
title of the person negotiating it.
Note: A prima facie presumption exists that the holder
of a negotiable instrument is a holder in due course.
Sec. 53. When person not deemed holder in due course.
- Where an instrument payable on demand is negotiated
on an unreasonable length of time after its issue, the
holder is not deemed a holder in due course. 
Person is deemed not a holder in due course
1. A holder who acquires the instrument after its date of
maturity.
2. Where an instrument payable on demand is negotiated
for an unreasonable length of time after its issue (NIL,
Sec. 53).
NOTE: A note payable on demand is due when payment
is demanded. A check becomes overdue when it is not
presented for payment within a reasonable time, usually
6 months from date the thereof, afterwards, it becomes a
stale check.
3. Where the instrument contains an acceleration clause,
knowledge of the holder at the time of acquisition
thereof that one installment or interest, or both, is unpaid
is a notice that it is overdue.
Rights of a holder who is not a holder in due course
A holder not in due course has the following rights:
(1) He may sue on the instrument in his own name (Sec.
51.);
(2) He may receive payment and if the payment is in due
course, the instrument is discharged (ibid.);
(3) He is entitled to the instrument but holds it subject to
the same defenses as if it were non-negotiable (Sec. 58.);
and
(4) He has all the rights of the holder in due course from
whom he derives his title in respect of all parties prior to
such holder, provided he is not himself a party to any
(Shelter Principle)
 
(1) He may sue on the instrument on his own name;
(2) He may receive payment and if the payment is in due
course, the instrument is discharged.
(3) He holds the instrument free from any defect of title
of prior parties;
(4) He holds the instrument free from defenses available
to prior parties among themselves; and
(5) He may enforce payment of the instrument for the
full amount thereof against all parties liable thereon.
Sec. 58. When subject to original defenses. —In the
hands of any holder other than a holder in due course, a
negotiable instrument is subject to the same defenses as
if it were non-negotiable. But a holder who derives his
title through a holder in due course, and who is not
himself a party to any fraud or illegally affecting the
instrument, has all the rights of such former holder in
respect of all parties prior to the latter.
Defenses against the holder
The defenses available against the holder are classified
as follows:
Real Defenses are those that are available against all
parties, both immediate and remote, including holders in
due course or holder through the latter.
They are called “real” because they attach to the res, that
is the instrument itself regardless of the merits or
demerits of the holder or the conduct or agreement of the
parties to it.
Note: While a real defense questions the legal validity of
the instrument itself, a personal defense affects only the
validity of the agreement for which the instrument was
issued.
Examples of real defenses:
a) Incapacity as far as the incapacitated person is
concerned (see Art-1327, ibid.);
(b) Illegality of contract when declared by law (see Art.
1409, ibid.)-, except where the maker or drawer is
himself a party to the illegality; thus, a note for a
gambling debt (an illegal consideration) is a mere
personal defense (see Sec. 55.);
(c) Want of delivery of incomplete instrument (Sec. 15.);
(d) Forgery (Sec. 23.);
(e) Want of authority, apparent and real (ibid.)}
(f) Duress amounting to forgery as where one takes the
hands of another and forces him at gunpoint to sign his
name. There are varying degrees of duress under the
law. If, for example, a person signs his name under a
vague threat or through fear of economic retaliation, the
defense is only personal in nature. The duress must be so
overwhelming that the victim is entirely deprived of his
will;
(g) Fraud in factumor fraud in esse contractus(Sec. 14.);
(h) Fraudulent alteration by holder (Sees. 124, 1st
sentence; 125.);
(i) Prescription (see Arts. 1140-1142, 1144-1147, Civil
Code.);
(j) Other infirmities appearing on the face of the
instrument (Sec. 52.); and
(k) Discharge at or after maturity. (Sees.
88,118,121,122.)
Personal Defenses are those which grow out of the
agreement or conduct of a particular person in regard to
the instrument which renders it inequitable for him,
though the holding the legal title, to enforce it against
the party sought to be made liable but which are not
available against a holder in due course or holders with
all the rights of a holder in due course.
They are called “personal” because they are available
only against that person or subsequent holder who stands
in privity with him.
Examples of personal defenses:
(a) Filling of wrong date (Sec. 13.);
(b) Filling up of blanks not in accordance with the
authority given and within reasonable time (Sec. 28.);
(c) Want of delivery of complete instrument (Sec. 16.);
(d) Absence or failure of consideration (Sec. 28.);
(e) Simple fraud or fraud in inducement (Sec. 55.);
(f) Acquisition of instrument (not signature) by duress,
or force and fear(ibid.);
(g) Acquisition of instrument by unlawful means(ibid.);
(h) Acquisition of instrument for an illegal consideration
(ibid.);
(i) Negotiation of breach of faith (ibid.);
(j) Negotiation under circumstances that amounts to
fraud (ibid.);
(k) Innocent alteration or spoliation, (see Sees. 124 [last
sentence], 125.) Spoliation is an alteration made by a
stranger to an instrument. If the original meaning can be
ascertained, the holder in due course may recover
according to its original tenor;
(1) Set-off between immediate parties (see Sec. 58.);
(m) Discharge by payment or renunciation or release
before maturity (Sees. 50,121,122.);
(n) Discharge of party secondarily liable by discharge of
prior party (Sec. 20[c].);
(o) Usury—because the contract of loan itself is not void
but only the agreed interest2 (see Sec. 7, Usury Law;
Art. 1413, Civil Code.); and
(p) Want of authority of the agent who has apparent
authority, (see Art. 1869, ibid.), but if the principal can
show that the agent had no express, implied, or apparent
authority to sign, the defense is real.
Two (2) Kinds of Fraud relating to Negotiable
Instrument namely:
(1) Fraud in the execution or fraud in factum. — It
exists in those cases in which a person, without
negligence, has signed an instrument which was in fact a
negotiable instrument, but was deceived as to the
character of the instrument and without knowledge of it,
as where a note was signed by one under the belief that
he was signing as a witness to a deed, or where the
signature was procured by fraudulent use of carbon
paper. This kind of fraud is a real defense (see Sec. 14.)
because there is no contract. It implies that the person
did not know what he was signing. But where the signer
by the exercise of reasonable diligence could have
discovered the nature of the instrument, the fraud cannot
be considered a real defense, as where a person, who can
read, signed a note but failed to read it; and
(2) Fraud in the inducement or simple fraud. — It is
that which relates to the quality, quantity, value or
character of the consideration of the instrument. In this
case, the signer is led by deception to execute what he
knows is a negotiable instrument and, therefore,
necessarily signed with knowledge that the instrument
would probably pass into the hands of an innocent
purchaser. Here, the deceit is not in the character of the
instrument but in its amount or its terms. (Ogden, op.
cit.f p. 326.) It implies that the signer knew what he was
signing but that he was induced by fraud to sign. (Babb
& Martin, op. cit., p. 231.)
A clear illustration of this fraud exists where a person is
induced to sign a note for the price of a worthless stock
which was fraudulently represented by the payee as to its
value. Such type of fraud is only a personal defense
because it does not prevent a contract.
Mere carelessness or negligence, in the absence of any
fraud, is neither a real nor personal defense.
Rights of holder not in due course. (Sec. 57.)
A holder not in due course has the following rights:
(1) He may sue on the instrument in his own name (Sec.
51.);
(2) He may receive payment and if the payment is in due
course, the instrument is discharged (ibid.);
(3) He is entitled to the instrument but holds it subject to
the same defenses as if it were non-negotiable (Sec. 58.);
and
(4) He has all the rights of the holder in due course from
whom he derives his title in respect of all parties prior to
such holder, provided he is not himself a party to any
fraud or illegality affecting the instrument, (ibid.)
Sec. 59. Who is deemed holder in due course. - Every
holder is deemed prima facie to be a holder in due
course; but when it is shown that the title of any person
who has negotiated the instrument was defective, the
burden is on the holder to prove that he or some person
under whom he claims acquired the title as holder in due
course. But the last-mentioned rule does not apply in
favor of a party who became bound on the instrument
prior to the acquisition of such defective title. 
LIABILITIES OF PARTIES
Parties primarily liable
1. Maker – of a promissory note;
2. Acceptor – of a bill of exchange; and
3. Certifier of a check
Parties secondarily liable
1. Drawer of a bill; and
2. Indorser of a note or a bill
The drawee is not liable for payment of a bill of
exchange
The mere issuance of a bill of exchange does not operate
as an assignment of the funds in the hands of a drawee.
The drawee must accept the instrument (thus, becomes
an acceptor) in order that he may be primarily liable for
the payment of a bill of exchange.
Maker (Sec. 60)
The maker of a negotiable instrument, by making such
instrument:
1. Engages that he will pay it according to its tenor, and
2. Admits the existence of the payee and his then
capacity to indorse (NIL, Sec. 60; 1995, 2001 Bar).
The maker is liable the moment he makes the NI. His
liability is primary and unconditional.
Drawer (Sec. 61)
The drawer, by drawing the instrument:
1. Admits the existence of the payee and his then
capacity to indorse; and
2. Engages that on due presentment the instrument will
be accepted or dishonored; and
3. That if the necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly
taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the holder, or to
any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to pay it
(Sec. 61, NIL; 1991 Bar).
The drawer is secondarily liable to the holder or to any
subsequent indorser who may be compelled to pay.
But the drawer may insert in the NI an express
stipulation negating or limiting his own liability to the
holder (NIL, Sec. 61).
Acceptor (Sec. 62)
The acceptor, by accepting the instrument:
1. Engages that he will pay the NI according to the tenor
of his acceptance; and
2. Admits the existence of the drawer, the genuineness
of his signature and his capacity and authority to draw
the instrument;
3. Admits the existence of the payee and his then
capacity to indorse (NIL, Sec. 62, 1992; 1998 Bar)
Party who can accept the bill of exchange
GR: Only the drawee may accept. A stranger or
volunteer is not bound by acceptance.
XPN: In case of a bill which is accepted for honor supra
protest (NIL, Sec. 161).
NOTE: Honor supra protest or acceptance for honor is
an undertaking by a stranger to a bill after protest for the
benefit of any party liable thereon or for the honor of the
person for whose account the bill is drawn which
acceptance inures also to the benefit of all parties
subsequent to the person for whose honor it is accepted,
and conditioned to pay the bill when it becomes due if
the original drawee does not pay it. (De Leon, 2010)
NOTE: Drawee does not become liable until he accepts
the instrument in which case he becomes an acceptor.
An acceptor engages to pay according to the tenor of his
acceptance, which may not be the same as the tenor of
the bill itself because the acceptance may be qualified.
Difference between the liability of an acceptor or
drawee-acceptor and a maker
While both are primarily liable, the acceptor engages to
pay the negotiable instrument according to the tenor of
his acceptance. On the other hand, the maker engages to
pay the negotiable instrument according to the tenor of
the bill itself.
NOTE: When a person deemed indorser. - A person
placing his signature upon an instrument otherwise than
as maker, drawer, or acceptor, is deemed to be indorser
unless he clearly indicates by appropriate words his
intention to be bound in some other capacity. 
Sec. 64. Liability of irregular indorser. - Where a
person, not otherwise a party to an instrument, places
thereon his signature in blank before delivery, he is
liable as indorser, in accordance with the following
rules:
(a) If the instrument is payable to the order of a third
person, he is liable to the payee and to all subsequent
parties. 
(b) If the instrument is payable to the order of the maker
or drawer, or is payable to bearer, he is liable to all
parties subsequent to the maker or drawer. 
(c) If he signs for the accommodation of the payee, he is
liable to all parties subsequent to the payee.
NOTE:
It must be noted that Section 64 provides only for the
parties to whom an irregular indorser is liable. His
warranties are the same as those of a general indorser
under Section 66 inasmuch as his indorsement is in
blank which, in itself, is an indorsement without
qualification.
Sec. 65. Warranty where negotiation by delivery and so tine payee and subsequent parties unless he signs for the
forth. — Every person negotiating an instrument by accommodation of the payee in which case he is liable
delivery or by a qualified indorsement warrants: only to all parties subsequent to the payee, (see Sec.
64[c].)
(a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects
what it purports to be;  Sec. 72. What constitutes a sufficient presentment. -
Presentment for payment, to be sufficient, must be made:
(b) That he has a good title to it; 
(a) By the holder, or by some person authorized to
(c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;  receive payment on his behalf; 

(d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would (b) At a reasonable hour on a business day; 
impair the validity of the instrument or render it
valueless. (c) At a proper place as herein defined; 

But when the negotiation is by delivery only, the (d) To the person primarily liable on the instrument, or if
warranty extends in favor of no holder other than the he is absent or inaccessible, to any person found at the
immediate transferee.  place where the presentment is made.
The provisions of subdivision (c) of this section do not
apply to a person negotiating public or corporation NECESSITY OF PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT
securities other than bills and notes.  (SUMMARY RULES)

Sec. 66. Liability of general indorser. - Every indorser Presentment for payment is not necessary in order to
who indorses without qualification, warrants to all charge the person primarily liable on the instrument. It is
subsequent holders in due course: only necessary to charge persons secondarily liable—
drawer and indorsers (NIL, Sec. 70).
(a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a),
(b), and (c) of the next preceding section; and  1. As to drawer, where he has no right to expect or
require that the drawee or acceptor will pay the
(b) That the instrument is, at the time of his indorsement, instrument (Sec. 79, NIL).
valid and subsisting; 2. As to indorser where the instrument was made or
And, in addition, he engages that, on due presentment, it accepted for his accommodation and he has no reason to
shall be accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, expect that the instrument will be paid if presented (NIL,
according to its tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the Sec. 80).
necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken, he will 3. When dispensed with under Sec. 82, NIL such as:
pay the amount thereof to the holder, or to any
subsequent indorser who may be compelled to pay it.  a. Where, after the exercise of reasonable diligence,
presentment cannot be made;
General indorser and irregular indorser
distinguished: b. Where the drawee is a fictitious person;

(1) A general indorser makes either a blank or special
indorsement, while an irregular indorser always makes a
blank indorsement;
(2) A general indorser indorses the instrument after its
delivery to the payee, while an irregular indorser
indorses before its delivery to die payee; and
(3) A general indorser is liable only to parties
subsequent to him, while an irregular indorser is liable to
c. By waiver of presentment, express or implied.
Sec. 88. What constitutes payment in due course. -
Payment is made in due course when it is made at or
after the maturity of the payment to the holder thereof in
good faith and without notice that his title is defective.
Requisites of payment in due course
1. It is made at or after the date of Maturity;
2. To the Holder thereof;
3. In Good faith and without notice that holder’s title is
defective (NIL, Sec. 88).
The term “in good faith” refers to the maker or acceptor
and not to the holder
Effects of crossing a check
Crossing a check relates to the mode of making
payment, the drawer intending the check to be deposited
only by the rightful person, i.e., the payee named therein.
In order to preserve the credit worthiness of checks,
jurisprudence has pronounced that crossing of a check
should have the following effects:
(1) The check may not be encashed but only deposited in
the bank;
(2) The check may be negotiated only once—to one who
has an account with a bank; and
(3) The act of crossing the check serves as warning to
the holder that the check has been issued for a definite
purpose sothat he must inquire if he has received the
check pursuant to that purpose; otherwise, he is not a
holder in due course.1 (Bataan Cigar and Cigarette
Factory, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, 230 SCRA 643
[1994]; Bank of America, NT & SA vs. Associated
Citizens Bank, 588 SCRA 51 [2009].)
A holder, therefore, cannot claim it acted in good faith
when it accepted and discounted post-dated crossed
checks from tha payee, when it was all too aware that the
subject checks were crossed and bore restrictions that
they were for deposit to payee's account only; hence,
could not be further negotiated to it. (Hi- Cement Corp.
vs. Insular Bank of Asia and America, 534 SCRA 269
[2007].)
Note that the law does not absolutely bar a holder who is
not a holder in due course from recovering on the
checks. The holder may recover from the party who
indorsed/encashed the checks "if the latter has no valid
excuse for refusing payment." (Ibid.)
Sec. 48. Striking out indorsement. - The holder may at
any time strike out any indorsement which is not
necessary to his title. The indorser whose indorsement is
struck out, and all indorsers subsequent to him, are
thereby relieved from liability on the instrument. 
Sec. 49. Transfer without indorsement; effect of. -
Where the holder of an instrument payable to his order
transfers it for value without indorsing it, the transfer
vests in the transferee such title as the transferor had
therein, and the transferee acquires in addition, the right
to have the indorsement of the transferor. But for the
purpose of determining whether the transferee is a holder
in due course, the negotiation takes effect as of the time
when the indorsement is actually made. 
Sec. 54. Notice before full amount is paid. - Where the
transferee receives notice of any infirmity in the
instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating
the same before he has paid the full amount agreed to be
paid therefor, he will be deemed a holder in due course
only to the extent of the amount therefore paid by him. 
Sec. 55. When title defective. - The title of a person who
negotiates an instrument is defective within the meaning
of this Act when he obtained the instrument, or any
signature thereto, by fraud, duress, or force and fear, or
other unlawful means, or for an illegal consideration, or
when he negotiates it in breach of faith, or under such
circumstances as amount to a fraud. 
Sec. 56. What constitutes notice of defect. - To
constitutes notice of an infirmity in the instrument or
defect in the title of the person negotiating the same, the
person to whom it is negotiated must have had actual
knowledge of the infirmity or defect, or knowledge of
such facts that his action in taking the instrument
amounted to bad faith. 
3rd Exam
Sec. 114. When notice need not be given to drawer. - Notice
of dishonor is not required to be given to the drawer in either
of the following cases:
(a) Where the drawer and drawee are the same person;  (b) By the intentional cancellation of his signature by the
   holder; 
(b) When the drawee is fictitious person or a person not   
having capacity to contract;  (c) By the discharge of a prior party; 
     
(c) When the drawer is the person to whom the instrument is (d) By a valid tender or payment made by a prior party; 
presented for payment;    
   (e) By a release of the principal debtor unless the holder's right
(d) Where the drawer has no right to expect or require that the of recourse against the party secondarily liable is expressly
drawee or acceptor will honor the instrument;  reserved; 
     
(e) Where the drawer has countermanded payment. (f) By any agreement binding upon the holder to extend the
time of payment or to postpone the holder's right to enforce
Sec. 115. When notice need not be given to indorser. — the instrument unless made with the assent of the party
Notice of dishonor is not required to be given to an indorser in secondarily liable or unless the right of recourse against such
either of the following cases: party is expressly reserved.

(a) When the drawee is a fictitious person or person not having Sec. 121. Right of party who discharges instrument. - Where
capacity to contract, and the indorser was aware of that fact at the instrument is paid by a party secondarily liable thereon, it
the time he indorsed the instrument;  is not discharged; but the party so paying it is remitted to his
   former rights as regard all prior parties, and he may strike out
(b) Where the indorser is the person to whom the instrument is his own and all subsequent indorsements and against negotiate
presented for payment;  the instrument, except:
  
(c) Where the instrument was made or accepted for his (a) Where it is payable to the order of a third person and has
accommodation. been paid by the drawer; and 
  
Sec. 117. Effect of omission to give notice of non- (b) Where it was made or accepted for accommodation and
acceptance. - An omission to give notice of dishonor by non- has been paid by the party accommodated.
acceptance does not prejudice the rights of a holder in due
course subsequent to the omission.  Sec. 123. Cancellation; unintentional; burden of proof. - A
cancellation made unintentionally or under a mistake or
Sec. 119. Instrument; how discharged. - A negotiable without the authority of the holder, is inoperative but where an
instrument is discharged: instrument or any signature thereon appears to have been
cancelled, the burden of proof lies on the party who alleges
(a) By payment in due course by or on behalf of the principal
that the cancellation was made unintentionally or under a
debtor; 
mistake or without authority. 
  
(b) By payment in due course by the party accommodated, Sec. 124. Alteration of instrument; effect of. - Where a
where the instrument is made or accepted for his negotiable instrument is materially altered without the assent
accommodation;  of all parties liable thereon, it is avoided, except as against a
   party who has himself made, authorized, or assented to the
(c) By the intentional cancellation thereof by the holder;  alteration and subsequent indorsers. 
   But when an instrument has been materially altered and is in
(d) By any other act which will discharge a simple contract for the hands of a holder in due course not a party to the
the payment of money;  alteration, he may enforce payment thereof according to its
   original tenor. 
(e) When the principal debtor becomes the holder of the
instrument at or after maturity in his own right. Material alteration is defined to be any change in the
instrument which affects or changes the liability of the parties
Sec. 120. When persons secondarily liable on the instrument in any way, or changes the contract of the parties in any
are discharged. - A person secondarily liable on the respect.
instrument is discharged:
Sec. 125. What constitutes a material alteration. - Any
(a) By any act which discharges the instrument;  alteration which changes:
  
(a) The date;  thereof, and the drawee is not liable on the bill unless and until
  
(b) The sum payable, either for principal or interest; 
  
(c) The time or place of payment:
  
(d) The number or the relations of the parties;  is a foreign bill. Unless the contrary appears on the face of the
  
(e) The medium or currency in which payment is to be made; 
(f) Or which adds a place of payment where no place of
payment is specified, or any other change or addition which
alters the effect of the instrument in any respect, is a material
alteration.
Sec. 126. Bill of exchange, defined. - A bill of exchange is an
unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to
another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to
whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or
determinable future time a sum certain in money to order or to
bearer.  Sec. 130. When bill may be treated as promissory note. —
Bill of exchange and promissory note distinguished.
(1) A bill contains an unconditional order addressed by one
person to another requiring the latter to pay the instrument,
while a note contains an unconditional promise made by one
person to another to pay it (Sec. 184.);
(2) In a bill there are three parties; the drawer, the drawee and
the payee or bearer, while in a note there are only two parties;
the maker and the payee or bearer;
(3) In a bill, the drawer, the one who issues the instrument, is
only secondarily liable, while in a note, the maker, the one
who issues the instrument, is primarily liable;
(4) A bill drawn payable to the drawer's own order is complete
without indorsement, provided, it has been accepted by the
drawee, while a note drawn payable to the maker's own order
is not complete until indorsed by him (ibid.);
(5) A bill must be presented for acceptance in certain cases
(Sec. 143.) and the drawee is not liable unless and until he
accepts the same, while in a note, there is no need of
presentment for acceptance; and
(6) A bill payable on demand must be presented for payment
within a reasonable time from its last negotiation, while a note
payable on demand must be presented for payment within a
reasonable time from its issue.
Sec. 127. Bill not an assignment of funds in hands of
drawee. - A bill of itself does not operate as an assignment of
the funds in the hands of the drawee available for the payment
he accepts the same. 
Sec. 129. Inland and foreign bills of exchange. - An inland
bill of exchange is a bill which is, or on its face purports to be,
both drawn and payable within the Philippines. Any other bill
bill, the holder may treat it as an inland bill. 
A foreign bill must be distinguished from an inland bill for
the following reasons:
(1) While the former must be protested in case of dishonor to
charge the drawer and the indorsers under Sections 118 and
152, the latter need not be protested; and
(2) It is necessary to determine whether a bill of exchange is
an inland bill or a foreign bill for purposes of detennining the
law that will govern the validity, interpretation, and effect of
the bill.
Where in a bill the drawer and drawee are the same person, or
where the drawee is a fictitious person, or a person not having
capacity to contract, the holder may treat the Instrument, at his
option, either as a bill of exchange or a promissory note.
Sec. 132. Acceptance; how made, etc. — The acceptance of
a bill is the signification by the drawee of his assent to the
order of the drawer. The acceptance must be in writing and
signed by the drawee. It must not express that the drawee will
perform his promise by any other means than the payment of
money.
Sec. 135. Promise to accept; when equivalent to
acceptance. - An unconditional promise in writing to accept a
bill before it is drawn is deemed an actual acceptance in favor
of every person who, upon the faith thereof, receives the bill
for value. 
Sec. 137. Liability of drawee retaining or destroying bill.
— Where the drawee to whom the bill is delivered for
acceptance destroysthe same, or refuses within twenty-four
hours after such delivery, or within such other period as the
holder may allow, to return the bill accepted or non- accepted
to the holder, he will be deemed to have accepted the same.
Sec. 138. Acceptance of incomplete bill. - A bill may be
accepted before it has been signed by the drawer, or while
otherwise incomplete, or when it is overdue, or after it has
been dishonored by a previous refusal to accept, or by non
payment. But when a bill payable after sight is dishonored by
non-acceptance and the drawee subsequently accepts it, the
holder, in the absence of any different agreement, is entitled to
have the bill accepted as of the date of the first presentment. 
Sec. 140. What constitutes a general acceptance. - An
acceptance to pay at a particular place is a general acceptance
unless it expressly states that the bill is to be paid there only
and not elsewhere.  acceptance or non-payment have taken place.
  Sec. 141. Qualified acceptance. - An acceptance is qualified
which is:
(a) Conditional; that is to say, which makes payment by the
acceptor dependent on the fulfillment of a condition therein
stated;  against the drawer and indorsers accrues to the holder, if it is
  
(b) Partial; that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the
amount for which the bill is drawn;  and the indorsers.
(c) Local; that is to say, an acceptance to pay only at a
particular place;
  
(d) Qualified as to time;  notice of dishonor, in any negotiable instrument, other than a
  
(e) The acceptance of some, one or more of the drawees but
not of all.
Sec. 143. When presentment for acceptance must be made.
— Presentment for acceptance must be made —
(a) Where the bill is payable after sight, or in any other case,
where presentment for acceptance is necessary in order to fix
the maturity of the instrument; or
(b) Where the biil expressly stipulates that it shall be presented
for acceptance; or
(c) Where the bill is drawn payable elsewhere than at the
residence or place of business of the drawee.
In no other case is presentment for acceptance necessary in
order to render any party to the bill liable.
Sec. 148. Where presentment is excused. - Presentment for
acceptance is excused and a bill may be treated as dishonored
by non-acceptance in either of the following cases:
(a) Where the drawee is dead, or has absconded, or is a
fictitious person or a person not having capacity to contract by
bill. 
  
(b) Where, after the exercise of reasonable diligence,
presentment cannot be made. 
  
(c) Where, although presentment has been irregular,
acceptance has been refused on some other ground.
Sec. 151. Rights of holder where bill not accepted. - When a
bill is dishonored by nonacceptance, an immediate right of
recourse against the drawer and indorsers accrues to the holder
and no presentment for payment is necessary. 
By protest is meant the formal instrument executed by a
notary public or other competent person certifying that the
facts necessary to the dishonor of the instrument by non-
Note:
The reason for protesting the bill is that when the bill is
dishonored by non-acceptance an immediate right of recourse
not protested, the drawer and indorsers are discharged. Hence,
the instrument must be duly protested to charge the drawer
Protest and notice of dishonor distinguished.
(1) Protest is required only, as a rule, in case of dishonor of a
foreign bill appearing on its face to be such (Sec. .152.), while
foreign bill (Sees. 89,118.);
(2) Protest is always written (Sec. 153.), while notice of
dishonor may be oral or written (Sec. 96.);
(3) Protest includes presentment, notice of dishonor, and all
the steps accompanying dishonor (see Sees. 152 and 153.),
while notice of dishonor is limited only to such notice (see
Sec. 89.);
(4) Protest is made either by a notary public, or by any
respectable resident in the presence of witnesses (Sec. 154.),
while notice of dishonor, by a party or his agent (Sec. 91.);
(5) Protest is made, as a ride, at the place where the bill is
dishonored (Sec. 156.), while in notice of dishonor, the place
of dishonor is not essential (Sees. 103,104.); and
(6) Protest is made on the day of dishonor (Sec. 155.), while in
notice of dishonor, the giving of notice is made within die
times prescribed. (Sees. 102,103,104,107.)
Requisites of acceptance for honor.
Before an acceptance for honor may be made, four requisites
must concur:
(1) The bill must have been protested for dishonor by
nonacceptance or for better security;
(2) The acceptor for honor must be a person not a party
already liable thereon, that is, a stranger to the bill;
(3) The bill must not be overdue at the time of the acceptance
for honor; and
(4) The acceptance for honor must be with the consent of the
holder of the instrument.
The acceptor for honor is liable secondarily and not primarily.
He binds himself to pay according to the terms of his
acceptance, provided:
(1) The bill shall have been duly presented for payment;
(2) It shall not have been paid by the drawer;
(3) It shall have been protested for non-payment; and
(4) Notice of dishonor is given to him supra protest.
Payment for honor is payment made by a person, whether a
party to the bill or not, after it has been protested for
nonpayment, for the benefit of any party liable thereon or for
die benefit of the person for whose account it was drawn.
Requisites of valid payment for honor.
(1) The bill has been dishonored by non-payment (Sec. 83.);
(2) It has been protested for non-payment (Sec. 171.);
(3) Payment supra protest is made by any person, even a party
thereto (ibid.)}
(4) The payment is attested by a notarial act of honor which
must be appended to the protest or form an extension of it
(Sec. 172.); and
(5) The notarial act must be based on the declaration made by
the payer for honor or his agent of his intention to pay the bill
for honor and for whose honor he pays. (Sec. 173.)
Sec. 174. Preference of parties offering to pay for honor. -
Where two or more persons offer to pay a bill for the honor of
different parties, the person whose payment will discharge
most parties to the bill is to be given the preference.  credit;
Sec. 178. Bills in set constitute one bill. - Where a bill is
drawn in a set, each part of the set being numbered and
containing a reference to the other parts, the whole of the parts
constitutes one bill.  the drawer of an ordinary bill does not revoke the authority of
Sec. 179. Right of holders where different parts are
negotiated. — Where two or more parts of a set are
negotiated to different holders in due course, the holder whose
title first accrues is as between such holders the true owner of
the bill. But nothing in this section affects the rights of a
person, who in due course accepts or pays the part first
presented to him.
Sec. 180. Liability of holder who indorses two or more
parts of a set to different persons. —Where the holder of a
set indorses two or more parts to different persons, he is liable
on every such part, and every indorser subsequent to him is
liable on the part he has himself indorsed, as if such parts were
separate bills.
Sec. 183. Effect of discharging one of a set — Except as
herein otherwise provided, where any one part of a bill drawn
in a set is discharged by payment or otherwise, the whole bill
is discharged.
Promissory note- an unconditional promise in writing made
by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to
pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a
sum certain in money to order or to bearer. Where a note is
drawn to the maker's own order, it is not complete until
indorsed by him. 
A check is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on
demand. Except as herein otherwise provided, the provisions
of this Act applicable to a bill of exchange payable on demand
apply to a check. 
Check and ordinary bill of exchange distinguished.
(1) A check is always drawn on a bank or banker, while an
ordinary bill may or may not be drawn on a bank;
(2) A check is always payable on demand,2 while an ordinary
bill is either payable on demand or at a fixed or determinable
future time (Sec. 4.);
(3) A check is supposed to be drawn against a previous deposit
of funds, while an ordinary bill need hot be drawn against a
deposit;
(4) A check need not be presented for acceptance (see Sec.
185.), while an ordinary bill is required to be presented for
acceptance in certain cases (Sec. 143.);
(5) A check is ordinarily intended for immediate payment,
while an ordinary bill is for circulation as an instrument of
(6) The death of the drawer of a check with the knowledge of
the bank revokes the authority of the bank to pay (Glennan v.
Rochester Trust Co., etc., 102 N.E. 537.), while the death of
the drawee to pay;
(7) A check must be presented for payment within a
reasonable time after its issue (Sec. 186.), while an ordinary
bill must be presented for payment within a reasonable time
after its last negotiation (Sec. 171.);
(8) The drawer of a check not presented within a reasonable
time after its issue is discharged from liability thereon to the
extent of the loss caused by the delay (Sec. 186.), while the
drawer of an ordinary bill is totally discharged (Sec. 70.); and
(9) When a check is accepted or certified, the drawer and
indorsers are discharged from liability thereon (Sec. 188.),
while in an ordinary bill, they remain liable in spite of the
acceptance, (see Sec. 84.)
Crossed Checks; Jurisprudence dictates that the effects of
crossing a check are:
(1) that the check may not be encashed but only deposited in
the bank;
(2) that the check may be negotiated only once · to one who
has an account with a bank; and
(3) that the act of crossing the check serves as a warning to the
holder that the check has been issued for a definite purpose so
that he must inquire if he has received the check pursuant to
that purpose.
Note:
A drawee who failed to mark a bill as paid and was not able to
compel the surrender of the instrument to him, will be liable to
a holder who paid the instrument in good faith and for value
under the belief that such instrument is still negotiable.
Sec. 187. Certification of check; effect of. - Where a check is
certified by the bank on which it is drawn, the certification is
equivalent to an acceptance.
Sec. 189. When check operates as an assignment. - A check
of itself does not operate as an assignment of any part of the
funds to the credit of the drawer with the bank, and the bank is
not liable to the holder unless and until it accepts or certifies
the check. 
Sec. 193. Reasonable time, what constitutes. - In determining
what is a "reasonable time" regard is to be had to the nature of
the instrument, the usage of trade or business with respect to
such instruments, and the facts of the particular case.  which the goods are to be delivered to "order" or to "bearer"
Note:
When the drawee bank pays a materially altered check, it
violates the terms of the check, as well as its duty tocharge its
client’s account only for bona fide disbursements he had
made.
If the drawee did not pay according to the original tenor of the
instrument, as directed by the drawer, then it has no right to
claim reimbursement from the drawer, much less, the right to
deduct the erroneous payment it made from the drawer’s
account which it was expected to treat with utmost fidelity.
The drawee, however, still has recourse to recover its loss. It
may pass the liability back to the collecting bank
The banking industry is impressed with public interest.
Consequently, the highest degree of diligence is expected,
high standards of integrity and performance are even required
of it. By the nature of its functions, a bank is under obligation
to treat the accounts of its depositors with meticulous care and
always to have in mind the fiduciary nature of its relationship
with them.
Cases when bank may refuse payment.
In any of the following cases, a bank may rightfully refuse to
pay checks drawn against it:
(1) The bank is insolvent;
(2) The drawer's deposit is insufficient or he has no account
with the bank or said account had been closed or garnished;
(3) The drawer is insolvent and proper notice is received by
the bank;
(4) The drawer dies and proper notice is received by the bank;
(5) The drawer has countermanded payment;
(6) The holder refuses to identify himself;
(7) The bank has reason to believe that the check is a forgery;
or
(8) The check is stale or postdated.
CIVIL CODE PROVISIONS
Negotiable documents of title marked "non-negotiable."
Under Article 1510, the words "non-negotiable," "notne-
gotiable" and the like when placed upon a document of titlie in
have no effect and the document continues to be negotiable.
Under the Warehouse Receipts Law, any provision inserted in
a negotiable receipt that it is non-negotiable, is declared void.
(Sec. 5, par. 2.) When the document of title is to order, the
bailee is obliged to take it up before delivering the goods.
Accordingly, he is liable to the holder of an order document if
the goods are delivered to the consignee without surrender of
the document even though the latter was marked "not
negotiable."
THE WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS LAW
EFFECTS OF OMISSION OF ANY OF THE
ESSENTIAL TERMS (CIV-N)
1. Conversion of the contract to ordinary deposit.
2. Injured person can hold warehouseman liable for all
damages caused by the omission.
3. Validity of receipt not affected.
4. Negotiability of receipts not affected.
Effect of failure to mark "negotiable" or "non-
negotiable."
(1) The word "negotiable" is usually written or printed on the
face of a negotiable warehouse receipt and the failure to so
mark it does not render it non-negotiable if it contains words
of negotiability. (Sec. 5.)
(2) In the case of non-negotiable receipts, the law imposes
upon the warehouseman the duty to mark them "non-
negotiable" or "not negotiable" otherwise, they shall be
considered negotiable provided the holder of such unmarked
receipt purchased it for value supposing it to be negotiable.
GR: Warehouseman shall be liable for damages for non-
existence or misdescription of goods at the time of its issue.
XPN: When the goods are described based on:
1. Series or labels upon them
2. Statement that the goods are of certain kind.
Person to whom the goods should be delivered (PDO)
1. To the person lawfully entitled to the Possession of the
goods, or his agent;
2. To the person entitled to Delivery under a nonnegotiable
instrument or with written authority; or
3. To the lawful Order of a negotiable receipt (person in
possession of a negotiable receipt) (WHR Law, Sec. 9).
Effect when a Negotiable Warehouse Receipt was
delivered without the necessary indorsement (Ac - DC)
1. The transferee Acquires title against the transferor
2. There is no Direct obligation of the warehouseman; and
3. The transferee can Compel the transferor to complete the
negotiation by indorsing the instrument.
Negotiation takes effect as of the time when the indorsement
is actually made.
Effect of indorsement of a Non-Negotiable Warehouse
Receipt
Even if the receipt is indorsed, the transferee acquires no
additional right (WHR Law, Sec. 39).
WARRANTIES ON A WAREHOUSE RECEIPT
A person who, for value, negotiates or transfers a receipt by
indorsement or delivery, including one who assigns for value a
claim secured by a receipt, unless a contrary intention appears
warrants(GRIT):
1. Receipt is Genuine
2. Legal Right to negotiate or transfer it
3. No knowledge of defects that may Impair the validity or
worth of the receipt
4. That he has a right to Transfer title to the goods and that the
goods are merchantable or fit for a particular purpose
whenever such warranties would have been to transfer without
a receipt of goods represented thereby (WHR Law, Sec. 44).
NOTE:
A warehouseman is bound to deliver the goods upon a demand
made if such is accompanied with
(1) an offer to satisfy the warehouseman’s lien;
(2) offer to surrender the receipt if negotiable; and
(3) readiness to sign an acknowledgment receipt when the
goods are delivered.
HOWEVER, Sec. 31 of the said Law expressly provides that a
warehouseman having a lien valid against the person
demanding the goods may refuse to deliver the goods to him
until the lien is satisfied.
Further, Sec. 13 provided that the alteration of a receipt shall
not excuse the warehouseman who issued it from any liability
if such alteration was:
(1) immaterial,
(2) authorized, or
(3) made without fraudulent intent.
When no warranty implied
A mortgagee, pledgee, or holder for security of a receipt who,
in good faith, demands or receives payment of the debt for
which such receipt is security, whether from a party to a draft
drawn for such debt or from any other person, shall not, by so
doing, be deemed to represent or to warrant the genuineness of
such receipt or the quantity or quality of the goods therein
described. In short, a creditor receiving the WHR given as
collateral makes no warranty (WHR Law, Sec. 46).
EFFECTS OF ALTERATION OF THE RECEIPT ON
THE LIABILITY OF THE WAREHOUSEMAN
1. Alteration immaterial – whether fraudulent or not, whether
authorized or not, the warehouseman is liable on the altered
receipt according to its original tenor
2. Authorized material alteration – the warehouseman is liable
according to the terms of the receipt as altered
Indorser not a guarantor
The indorsement of a document of title amounts merely to a
conveyance by the indorser, not a contract of guaranty, (see 2
Williston on Sales, pp. 627-628.) Accordingly, an indorser of
a document of title shall not be liable to the holder if, for
example, the bailee fails to deliver the goods because they
were lost due to his fault or negligence, (see Sec. 45,
Warehouse Receipts Law.)

3. Material alteration innocently made – the warehouseman is
liable on the altered receipt according to its original receipt
4. Material alteration fraudulently made – warehouseman is
liable according to the original tenor of the receipt to a
purchaser of the receipt for value without notice, and even to
the alterer and subsequent purchasers with notice except that
as regards to the last two, the warehouseman’s liability is
limited only to delivery as he is excused from any liability.
Instances when a warehouseman may lose his lien
Sec. 49. Negotiation defeats vendor's lien. — Where a
negotiable receipt has been issued for goods, no seller's lien or
right of stoppage In transitu shall defeat the rights of any
purchaser for value in good faith to whom such receipt has
been negotiated, whether such negotiation be prior or
subsequent to the notification to the warehouseman who
issued such receipt of the seller's claim to a lien or right of
stoppage in transitu. Nor shall the warehouseman be obliged
to deliver or justified in delivering the goods to an unpaid
seller unless the receipt is first surrendered for cancellation.

1. By surrendering possession thereof, or Indorsee's right superior to vendor's lien.

2. By refusing to deliver the goods when a demand is made
with which he is bound to comply (WHR Law Sec. 29).
REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO A WAREHOUSEMAN TO
ENFORCE HIS WAREHOUSEMAN’S LIEN (REC)
1. By refusing to deliver the goods until the lien is satisfied;
Under this section, an innocent holder of a negotiable
warehouse receipt has a better right to the goods for which the
receipt is given than the vendor who has a vendor's lien upon
goods, (see Sec. 47.) So, the warehouseman is not obliged to
deliver or justified in delivering the goods to an unpaid seller
unless the receipt is first surrendered for cancellation. (Sees.
49, 54.)

2. By causing the Extrajudicial sale of the property and

applying the proceeds of the value of the lien; and

3. By filing a civil action for Collection of the unpaid charges.

Advantages of a negotiable warehouse receipt.

(1) It protects a purchaser for value and in good faith (Sec.

41.);

2) The goods covered by it cannot be garnished or levied upon

under execution unless it is surrendered, or impounded, or its
negotiation enjoined (Sec. 25.);

(3) In case of negotiation, the holder acquires the direct

obligation of the warehouseman to hold possession of the
goods for him without notice to such warehouseman (Sec.
41.); and

(4) The goods it covers are not subject to seller's lien or

stoppage in transitu. (Sec. 49.)

Sec. 45. Indorser not a guarantor. — The indorsement of

receipt shall not make the indorser liable for any failure on the
part of the warehouseman or previous indorsers of the receipt
to fulfill their respective obligations.