sound geminate assimilated hollow defective

1s1 1g1 1a1 1h1 1d1

1_1 1s1(a) 1a1(a) 1h1(a) 1d1(a)
1s1(b) 1d1(b)
1s2 1g2 1a2 1h2 1d2
1_2 1s2(a) 1g2(a) 1h2(a) 1d2(a)
1d2(b)
1s3 1g3 1a3 1h3 1d3
1_3 1s3(a) 1g3(a) 1a3(a) 1h3(a)
1h3(b)
1s4 1s4(b) 1a4 1d4 1d4(b)
1_4 1s4(a) 1s4(c) 1d4(a)
1s5 1d5
1_5
1s6 1s6(b)
1_6 1s6(a) 1s6(c)
2s 2s(b) 2d
2 2s(a) 2s(c) 2d(a)
3s 3s(b) 3g 3d
3 3s(a)
4s
4s(a)
3s(c)
4s(b) 4g
4s(c)
e
4a1
4a1(a)
4h
4h(a)
3d(a)
4d
4d(a)
4d(b)
4d(c)
pl
4 4a2

5s 5s(b) 5d
m
5 5s(a) 5s(c) 5d(a)

6s 6g 6d
6 6s(a) 6d(a)
sa

6s(b)
7s 7g 7h 7d
7 7s(a)
8s 8g1 8a1 8a4 8h1 8d1
8s(a) 8g2 8a1(a) 8a5 8h1(a) 8d2
8 8s(b) 8a2 8a6 8h2 8d3
8s(c) 8a3 8h3 8d4
9s
9
10s 10s(b) 10g 10h 10d
10 10s(a) 10s(c) 10h(a)

11s
11 11s(a)
11s(b)
12s
12 12s(a)
13s
13 13s(a)
Modern Standard
e
Arabic Verbs
pl
m
Conjugation Tables
sa

Matthew Aldrich
© 2013 by Matthew Aldrich

The author’s moral rights have been asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
written permission of the publisher.

Cover art: © Engin Korkmaz/123rf.com

paperback: ISBN-10: 0985816031

website: www.lingualism.com

e
pl
m
sa
 Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................................................... ii
Using the Book .............................................................................................................................. iii

Pronunciation ................................................................................................................................ vi
Consonants ................................................................................................................................ vi
Vowels ......................................................................................................................................viii
Measure I........................................................................................................................................ 1

Sound Measure I ........................................................................................................................ 2

Geminate Measure I................................................................................................................. 18
Assimilated Measure I.............................................................................................................. 23

e
Hollow Measure I ..................................................................................................................... 29
Defective Measure I ................................................................................................................. 36
pl
Measure II-X ................................................................................................................................. 47

Measure II................................................................................................................................. 48
m
Measure III................................................................................................................................ 54
Measure IV ............................................................................................................................... 61
Measure V ................................................................................................................................ 75
sa

Measure VI ............................................................................................................................... 81
Measure VII .............................................................................................................................. 87
Measure VIII ............................................................................................................................. 92
Measure IX ............................................................................................................................. 113
Measure X............................................................................................................................... 114
Quadriliteral Verbs ..................................................................................................................... 122

Quadriliteral Measure I .......................................................................................................... 123

Quadriliteral Measure II......................................................................................................... 126
Quadriliteral Measure III........................................................................................................ 128
Index ........................................................................................................................................... 130

Blank Conjugation Table ............................................................................................................ 168

i | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Preface
Modern Standard Arabic Verbs: Conjugation Tables aims to present Arabic verb morphology
through easy to read tables, organized in a user-friendly manner. The model conjugations in the
tables are meant to help learners see patterns, recognize similarities and differences between
conjugations, and ultimately to enable learners to conjugate any verb with confidence.

This book is the companion to the Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary (ISBN 0985816023),
which contains references to the conjugation tables. Every verb appearing in the dictionary falls
into one of the conjugation patterns presented in this book. The following pages show how to
use the book in conjunction with the dictionary.

Users of this book are expected to have a working background of Arabic verbs from their studies.
Although some information is presented in regards to the differences in form and meaning
between the measures, a full grammatical explanation of the tenses, moods, methods of
negation, etc., is currently beyond the scope of the book.

e
pl
m
sa

ii | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Using the Book
The first thing you will notice if you quickly browse through the tables is that, with a few
exceptions, they do not contain actual verbs
*
, but rather patterns represented by consistent substitutes for the verbs’ radicals. Following in
the tradition of Arabic grammarians, ‫( ف‬f) represents the first radical, ‫( ع‬3) the second, and ‫( ل‬l)
the third. For quadriliteral verbs (those having a fourth radical), tradition is broken: instead of a
second ‫( ل‬l), which may lead to confusion, ‫( ب‬b) has been chosen to represent the fourth radical.

Each conjugated verb appears above a transcription of the word’s pronunciation. The radicals
appear gray.

‫فعل‬pl
e
first radical second radical third radical
m

fa3ala
sa

All occurences of these three consonants in the tables should be swapped out for the radicals in
the verb you wish to conjugate. Let’s take the verb ‫( كتب‬kataba – ‘write’) as an example. This verb
belongs to table 1s3. If you want to conjugate the verb in the first-person singular indicative
(translating ‘I write’), first locate this form in the table.

*A second version of this book, Modern Standard Arabic Verbs: Conjugation Tables (by Sample Verb) (ISBN
098581604X) uses actual, common verbs in each table.
iii | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs
Next, swap out the model radicals for the actual radicals in our verb.

1st radical ‫ف‬‫ك‬ (f  k)

2nd radical ‫ع‬‫ت‬ (3  t)
3rd radical ‫ل‬‫ب‬ (l  b)

We now have َ‫( أَ ْكتَب‬ʔaktubu).

In the Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary, every verb entry contains a reference to its
corresponding table in this book.

e
pl
m
sa

The table name is followed by the third-person singular indicative form and the masdar (gerund).

The index in the back of this book lists all verbs from the dictionary, grouped according to table.

Measure I verbs have unpredictable, unique masdars. Verbs which otherwise follow identical
patterns and belong to the same table will have different masdar patterns. However, non-
measure I verbs have regular masdars, the patterns for which are found in the header for each
table.

A unique feature of this book is the consolidation of tables into the minimal number required to
model all Arabic verbs. Traditionally, all verbs which contain a weak radical (‫ و‬or ‫ )ي‬are classified
as weak, even when these radicals are treated as regular (sound) consonants. They are then
assigned their own conjugation table. This is misleading to the learner, however, and tends to
overcomplicate the rules of conjugation. For instance, if the first radical of a measure II verb, is
never assimilated. It is treated as a regular consonants, and is thus grouped in table 2s (as a sound
measure II verb); likewise, measure II verbs are never hollow, and so there is no separate table
for those verbs which have a weak second radical. A quick look at the ‘check box’ in the header

iv | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

of the table 2s on p. 48 confirms that this table is valid for verbs which contain ‫و‬, ‫ي‬, as well as
‘other’ consonants.

Hamzated verbs (those containing ‫ ء‬as a radical) are also treated separately in traditional
grammars. In reality, there is no need for this. Hamzated verbs only differ from sound verbs in
that the spelling of the hamza is complicated.* (Otherwise, the only difference is that the first-
person singular of the imperfect tense often takes a long vowel when the first radical is hamza.)
Tables for hamzated verbs follow tables for their sound counterparts, taking a variation of the
same table name.

Table names consist of two to four parts.

1) Measure number
2) s (sound), g (geminate), a (assimilated), h (hollow), d (defective)
3) Number showing variation. For example, there are six variations of sound measure I
verbs, each with different voweling. These are tables 1s1, 1s2, 1s3, 1s4, 1s5, and 1s6.
4) A letter in parantheses shows a hamzated version of the previous table. Table 1s1(a)

e
has the same voweling as table 1s1 but has a hamza as the second radical.
pl
m
sa

*
A table on p. 1 of the Lingualism Arabic Learner’s Dictionary aids in determining the spelling of hamza.
v | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs
 Pronunciation
Consonants
The following sounds are also found in English and should pose no difficulties for the learner:

examples

b ‫[ ب‬b] as in bed ‫ بنت‬bint girl

d ‫[ د‬d̪ ] as in dog, but with the tongue touching ‫ درس‬dars lesson
the back of the upper teeth
đ ‫[ ذ‬ð] as in that ‫ ذرة‬đurat corn
f ‫[ ف‬f] as in four ‫ فم‬fam mouth
g ‫غ‬/‫[ ج‬g] as in gas (used for some foreign words; ‫ جولف‬golf golf
alternatively spelled ‫ ك‬or ‫ گ‬in some regions) ‫ غرام‬grām gram
h ‫[ ه‬h] as in house ‫ هو‬huwa he
j ‫[ ج‬ʤ] as in jam (commonly [ʒ] as in beige in the ‫ جد‬jadd grandfather
Levent and [g] as in gas in Egypt)
k ‫[ ك‬k] as in kid ‫ كل‬kull every
l ‫[ ل‬l] as in love (that is, a light l, and not a dark l ‫ لبن‬laban milk

L
as in yell)

‫ هللا‬aLLāh
e
‫[ ل‬ɫ] as the dark l in yell, found only in the word ‫ هللا‬aLLāh God
pl
m ‫م‬ [m] as in moon ‫ مات‬māta die
n ‫ن‬ [n] as in nice ‫ نسي‬nasiya forget
p ‫ب‬ [p] as in pan (used for some foreign words ‫ بكين‬pikīn Beijing
m
and sometimes written as ‫ ;ﭖ‬pronounced [b]
by some speakers)
s ‫[ س‬s] as in sun ‫ سنة‬sanat year
š ‫[ ش‬ʃ] as in show ‫ شك‬šakk doubt
sa

t ‫[ ت‬t̪] as in tie, but with the tongue touching the ‫ تل‬tall hill
back of the upper teeth
ŧ ‫[ ث‬θ] as in think ‫ ثلث‬ŧulŧ third
v ‫[ ف‬v] as in valley (used for some foreign words ‫ فيروس‬vayrūs virus
and sometimes written as ‫ ;ڤ‬pronounced [f]
by some speakers)
w ‫[ و‬w] as in word ‫ ود‬wadd wish
y ‫[ ي‬j] as in yes (when final, usually written ‫ يد‬yad hand
without dots (‫ )ـى‬in Egypt)
z ‫[ ز‬z] as in zoo ‫ زار‬zāra visit

vi | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

The following sounds have no equivalent in English and require special attention. However,
some exist in other languages you may be familiar with.

r ‫[ ر‬ɾ] tapped (flapped) as in the Spanish cara or ‫ رجل‬rajul man

the Scottish pronunciation of tree
ɣ ‫غ‬ [ɣ] very similar to a guttural R as in the French ‫ غرب‬ɣarb west
Paris, or the German rot
x ‫خ‬ [x] as in the German doch, Spanish rojo, or ‫ خبر‬xabar news
Scottish loch
q ‫ق‬ [q] like K but further back, almost in the ‫ قدم‬qadam foot
throat, with the tongue touching the uvula
ɧ ‫ح‬ [ħ] like a strong, breathy H, as if you were ‫ حب‬ɧubb love
trying to fog up a window
3 ‫ع‬ [ʕ] a voiced glottal stop, as if you had opened ‫ عرف‬3arafa know
your mouth under water and constricted your
throat to prevent choking and then released
the constriction with a sigh
ʔ ‫ء‬ [ʔ] an unvoiced glottal stop, as [ʕ] above, but ‫ أب‬ʔab father
with a wispy, unvoiced sigh; or more simply
put, like the constriction separating the
vowels in uh-oh

e
The following sounds also have no equivalent in English but are emphatic versions of
pl
otherwise familiar sounds. An emphatic consonant is produced by pulling the tongue back
toward the pharynx (throat), spreading the sides of the tongue wide, as if you wanted to bite
down on both sides of your tongue, and producing a good puff of air from the lungs.
m
ɖ ‫ض‬ [dˁ] emphatic version of [d] ‫ ضرب‬ɖaraba hit
ʂ ‫ص‬ [sˁ] emphatic version of [s] ‫ صدر‬ʂadr chest
ʈ ‫ط‬ [tˁ] emphatic version of [t] ‫ طبيب‬ʈabīb doctor
ʐ ‫ظ‬ ‫ ظن‬ʐann thought
sa

[ðˤ] or [zˁ] emphatic version of [ð] or [z]

vii | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Vowels
examples

a َ‫[ ـ‬æ] normally as in cat (but with the jaw not ‫ كتب‬kataba write
quite as lowered as in English); [a] as in hot ‫ حمام‬ɧammām bath
when in the same syllable with ɧ or 3 (with ‫ ضرب‬ɖaraba hit
the tongue lower than [æ]); usually [ɑ] as in
father (but shorter) when in the same word
as q, ɖ, ʂ, ʈ, ʐ, or, in most cases, r
ā ‫ـى‬/‫ـا‬ [æ:] / [a:] / [ɑ:] as with a above but longer ‫ نام‬nāma sleep
‫ جوع‬jū3 hunger
‫ قاد‬qāda lead
i َ‫[ ـ‬ɪ] as in kid; when in the same word as q, ɖ, ‫ بنت‬bint girl
ʂ, ʈ, or ʐ, [ɨ] with the tongue pulled back a ‫ علم‬3ilm knowledge
bit ‫ قصة‬qiʂʂat story
ī ‫[ ـي‬i:] as in ski; when in the same word as q, ɖ, ‫ جزيرة‬jazīrat island
ʂ, ʈ, or ʐ, [ɨ:] as with i above (but longer) ‫ الصين‬aʂʂīn China
u ‫[ َـ‬ʊ] as in book ‫ بد‬budd option
ū ‫[ ـو‬u:] as in moon ‫ تونة‬tūnat tuna
e [ɛ] as in bed (used for some foreign words) ‫ إسبرسو‬ʔespresō espresso
‫ فودكا‬vodka vodka
o/ō

-at
e
[o]/[o:] as is boat, but without the glide to
[w] (used for some foreign words)
‫[ ـة‬a] or [ah] in pausal form; when
‫ بروتين‬brōtīn protein
‫ ذرة‬đurat corn
pl
pronounced in full form with i3rāb, the t is
pronounced.
-u/-a/-i
Transcription written in superscript (small
-un/-an/-in and raised) represents vowels and nunation
m
which belong to i3rāb (grammatical
declension). These vowels are often
omitted from relaxed speech or before a
pause (end of a sentence, etc.).
sa

viii | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Measure I
non-augmented verb, non-derived verb, basic verb
Name(s)
‫مجرد ثالثي‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy
Characteristics  triliteral
 the most basic forms of verbs, having no prefixes or doubled consonants
 sub-categorized depending on the vowels present in the stem
Meaning(s)  Measure I verbs are not limited to any particular usage or meaning
 Some are transitive, while others are intransitive

Sound Measure I ‫ مجرد ثالثي سالم‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy sālim

imperfect The perfect tense stem for sound measure I verbs follows the pattern
a i u fa3_l-. The vowel a always follows the first radical, while the second
perfect

a 1s1 1s2 1s3 radical is followed by a, i, or u. The imperfect tense stem is -f3_l-, which
also has a variable vowel. The table on the left references the
i 1s4 1s5
conjugation tables which fit these patterns.
u 1s6

Geminate Measure I ‫ مجرد ثالثي مضاعف‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy muɖā3af

a
imperfect
i
e
The perfect tense stem for geminate measure I verbs follows the pattern
u fa33-. The imperfect tense stem is -f_33-, which has a variable vowel.
perfect

pl
a 1g1 1g2 1g3
i
u
m
Assimilated Measure I ‫ مجرد ثالثي معتل الفاء‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy mu3tall alfāʔ
imperfect The perfect tense stem for assimilated measure I verbs follows the
a i u pattern wa3_l-. The first radical is always w, which is always followed by
sa
perfect

a 1a1 1a2 a. The second radical is followed by either a or i. The imperfect tense
stem is -3_l-, and contains either a or i. Notice that the w is assimilated
i 1a3
(disappears) in the imperfect tense.
u

Hollow Measure I ‫ مجرد ثالثي معتل العين‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy mu3tall al3ayn

imperfect The perfect tense stem for hollow measure I verbs follows the pattern
a i u fāl-. However, this long ā shortens to i or u in many forms. In the
perfect

a imperfect tense, the vowel can be a long or short a, i, or u.

i 1h1 1h2
u 1h3

Defective Measure I ‫ مجرد ثالثي معتل الالم‬mujarrad ŧulāŧīy mu3tall allām

imperfect The perfect tense stem for defective measure I verbs follows the pattern
a i u fa3-. The vowel a always follows the first radical, both in the perfect and
perfect

a 1d1 1d2 1d3 imperfect tenses. The vowel following the final radical varies by tense
and form.
i 1d4 1d5
u

1 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs © Lingualism.com

sound measure I ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other
perfect vowel: a
imperfect vowel: a
R1
R2


1s1
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعْلت‬ ‫فعْلنا‬ َ‫أ ْفعل‬ َ‫ن ْفعل‬

fa3altu fa3alnā ʔaf3alu naf3alu

2m َ‫فعْلت‬ َ‫فَعْلت ْم‬ َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعلون‬

fa3alta ‫فعْلتما‬ fa3altum taf3alu َ‫ت ْفعَل ن‬ taf3alūna

2f َ‫فعْلت‬ fa3altumā َ‫فعْلتن‬ َ‫ت ْفعلين‬ taf3alāni َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬

fa3alti fa3altunna taf3alīna taf3alna

3m َ‫فعل‬ َ َ‫فعَل‬ ‫فعلوا‬ َ‫ي ْفعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعَل ن‬ َ‫ي ْفعلون‬

fa3ala fa3alā fa3alū yaf3alu yaf3alāni yaf3alūna

َ‫فعل ْت‬ ‫فعلتا‬ َ‫فعْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل ن‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬
3f
fa3alat fa3alatā

e fa3alna taf3alu taf3alāni yaf3alna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أ ْفعل‬ َ‫ن ْفعل‬ َ‫أ ْفعَ ْل‬ َ‫ن ْفع ْل‬
m
ʔaf3ala naf3ala ʔaf3al naf3al

2m َ‫ت ْفعل‬ ‫ت ْفعلوا‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْل‬ ‫ت ْفعلوا‬

taf3ala َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ taf3alū taf3al َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ taf3alū
sa

2f ‫ت ْفعلي‬ taf3alā َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬ ‫ت ْفعلي‬ taf3alā َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬

taf3alī taf3alna taf3alī taf3alna

3m َ‫ي ْفعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعَل‬ ‫ي ْفعلوا‬ َ‫ي ْفع ْل‬ َ‫ي ْفعَل‬ ‫ي ْفعلوا‬
yaf3ala yaf3alā yaf3alū yaf3al yaf3alā yaf3alū

3f َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬
taf3ala taf3alā yaf3alna taf3al taf3alā yaf3alna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ا ْفع ْل‬ ‫ا ْفعلوا‬

if3al َ‫ا ْفعَل‬ if3alū ‫فاعل‬ ‫م ْفعول‬ َ‫فعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعل‬
2f ‫ا ْفعلي‬ if3alā َ‫ا ْفعْلن‬ fā3il maf3ūl fu3ila َ yuf3alu
if3alī if3alna

2 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated measure I ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other
perfect vowel: a
imperfect vowel: a
R1
R2 

1s1(a)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فأْلت‬ ‫فأْلنا‬ َ‫أ ْفأل‬ َ‫ن ْفأل‬

faʔaltu faʔalnā ʔafʔalu nafʔalu

2m َ‫فأْلت‬ َ‫فأْلت ْم‬ َ‫ت ْفأل‬ ‫ن‬

َ ‫ت ْفألو‬
faʔalta ‫فأْلتما‬ faʔaltum tafʔalu َ‫ت ْفأَلن‬ tafʔalūna

2f َ‫فأْلت‬ faʔaltumā َ‫فأْلتن‬ َ‫ت ْفألين‬ tafʔalāni َ‫ت ْفأْلن‬

faʔalti faʔaltunna tafʔalīna tafʔalna

3m َ‫فأل‬ َ َ‫فأَل‬ ‫فألوا‬ َ‫ي ْفأل‬ َ‫ي ْفأَلن‬ ‫ن‬

َ ‫ي ْفألو‬
faʔala faʔalā faʔalū yafʔalu yafʔalāni yafʔalūna

َ‫فأل ْت‬ ‫فألتا‬ َ‫فأْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفأل‬ َ‫ت ْفأَلن‬ َ‫ي ْفأْلن‬
3f
faʔalat faʔalatā

e faʔalna tafʔalu tafʔalāni yafʔalna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أ ْفأل‬ َ‫ن ْفأل‬ َ‫أ ْفأ ْل‬ َ‫ن ْفأ ْل‬
m
ʔafʔala nafʔala ʔafʔal nafʔal

2m َ‫ت ْفأل‬ ‫ت ْفألوا‬ َ‫ت ْفأ ْل‬ ‫ت ْفألوا‬

tafʔala َ‫ت ْفأَل‬ tafʔalū tafʔal َ‫ت ْفأَل‬ tafʔalū
sa

2f ‫ت ْفألي‬ tafʔalā َ‫ت ْفأْلن‬ ‫ت ْفألي‬ tafʔalā َ‫ت ْفأْلن‬

tafʔalī tafʔalna tafʔalī tafʔalna

3m َ‫ي ْفأل‬ َ‫ي ْفأَل‬ ‫ي ْفألوا‬ َ‫ي ْفأ ْل‬ َ‫ي ْفأَل‬ ‫ي ْفألوا‬
yafʔala yafʔalā yafʔalū yafʔal yafʔalā yafʔalū

3f َ‫ت ْفأل‬ َ‫ت ْفأَل‬ َ‫ي ْفأْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفأ ْل‬ َ‫ت ْفأَل‬ َ‫ي ْفأْلن‬
tafʔala tafʔalā yafʔalna tafʔal tafʔalā yafʔalna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ا ْفأ ْل‬ ‫ا ْفألوا‬

ifʔal َ‫ا ْفأَل‬ ifʔalū ‫فائل‬ ‫م ْفؤول‬ َ‫فَئَل‬ َ‫يَْفَأل‬
2f ‫ا ْفألي‬ ifʔalā َ‫ا ْفأْلن‬ fāʔil mafʔūl fuʔila َ yufʔalu
ifʔalī ifʔalna

3 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated measure I ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other
perfect vowel: a
imperfect vowel: a
R1
R2


1s1(b)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعأْت‬ ‫فعأْنا‬ ‫أ ْفعَأ‬ ‫ن ْفعَأ‬

fa3aʔtu fa3aʔnā ʔaf3aʔu naf3aʔu

2m َ‫فعأْت‬ َ‫فعأْت ْم‬ ‫ت ْفعَأ‬ َ‫ت ْفعؤون‬

fa3aʔta ‫فعأْتما‬ fa3aʔtum taf3aʔu َ‫ت ْفعآن‬ taf3aʔūna

2f َ‫فعأْت‬ fa3aʔtumā َ‫فعأْتن‬ َ‫ت ْفعئين‬ taf3aʔāni َ‫ت ْفعأْن‬

fa3aʔti fa3aʔtunna taf3aʔīna taf3aʔna

3m َ‫فعأ‬ َ ‫فعآ‬ ‫فعؤوا‬ ‫ي ْفعَأ‬ َ‫ي ْفعآن‬ َ‫ي ْفعؤون‬

fa3aʔa fa3aʔā fa3aʔū yaf3aʔu yaf3aʔāni yaf3aʔūna

َ‫فعأ ْت‬ ‫فعأتا‬ َ‫فعأْن‬ ‫ت ْفعَأ‬ َ‫ت ْفعآن‬ َ‫ي ْفعأْن‬

3f
fa3aʔat fa3aʔatā

e fa3aʔna taf3aʔu taf3aʔāni yaf3aʔna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أ ْفعأ‬ َ‫ن ْفعأ‬ َ‫أَ ْفع ْأ‬ َ‫ن ْفع ْأ‬
m
ʔaf3aʔa naf3aʔa ʔaf3aʔ naf3aʔ

2m َ‫ت ْفعأ‬ ‫ت ْفعؤوا‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْأ‬ ‫ت ْفعؤوا‬

taf3aʔa ‫ت ْفعآ‬ taf3aʔū taf3aʔ ‫ت ْفعآ‬ taf3aʔū
sa

2f ‫ت ْفعئي‬ taf3aʔā َ‫ت ْفعأْن‬ ‫ت ْفعئي‬ taf3aʔā َ‫ت ْفعأْن‬

taf3aʔī taf3aʔna taf3aʔī taf3aʔna

3m َ‫ي ْفعأ‬ ‫ي ْفعآ‬ ‫ي ْفعؤوا‬ َ‫ي ْفع ْأ‬ ‫ي ْفعآ‬ ‫ي ْفعؤوا‬

yaf3aʔa yaf3aʔā yaf3aʔū yaf3aʔ yaf3aʔā yaf3aʔū

3f َ‫ت ْفعأ‬ ‫ت ْفعآ‬ َ‫ي ْفعأْن‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْأ‬ ‫ت ْفعآ‬ َ‫ي ْفعأْن‬
taf3aʔa taf3aʔā yaf3aʔna taf3aʔ taf3aʔā yaf3aʔna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ا ْفع ْأ‬ ‫ا ْفعؤوا‬

if3aʔ ‫ا ْفعآ‬ if3aʔū َ ‫فاعئ‬ ‫م ْفعوء‬ َ‫فعئ‬ ‫ي ْفعَأ‬
2f ‫ا ْفعئي‬ if3aʔā َ‫ا ْفعأْن‬ fā3iʔ maf3ūʔ fu3iʔa َ yuf3aʔu
if3aʔī if3aʔna

4 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

sound measure I ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other
perfect vowel: a
imperfect vowel: i
R1
R2


1s2
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعْلت‬ ‫فعْلنا‬ َ‫أ ْفعل‬ َ‫ن ْفعل‬

fa3altu fa3alnā ʔaf3ilu naf3ilu

2m َ‫فعْلت‬ َ‫فعْلت ْم‬ َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعلون‬

fa3alta ‫فعْلتما‬ fa3altum taf3ilu َ‫ت ْفعَل ن‬ taf3ilūna

2f َ‫فعْلت‬ fa3altumā َ‫فعْلتن‬ َ‫ت ْفعلين‬ taf3ilāni َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬

fa3alti fa3altunna taf3ilīna taf3ilna

3m َ‫فعل‬ َ َ‫فعَل‬ ‫فعلوا‬ َ‫ي ْفعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعلَونَ ي ْفعَل ن‬

fa3ala fa3alā fa3alū yaf3ilu yaf3ilāni yaf3ilūna

َ‫فعل ْت‬ ‫فعلتا‬ َ‫فعْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل ن‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬
3f
fa3alat fa3alatā

e fa3alna taf3ilu taf3ilāni yaf3ilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 ‫أ ْفع َل‬ َ‫ن ْفعل‬ َ‫أ ْفع ْل‬ َ‫نَ ْفع ْل‬
m
ʔaf3ila naf3ila ʔaf3il naf3il

2m َ‫ت ْفعل‬ ‫ت ْفعلوا‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْل‬ ‫ت ْفعلوا‬

taf3ila َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ taf3ilū taf3il َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ taf3ilū
sa

2f ‫ت ْفعلي‬ taf3ilā َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬ ‫ت ْفعلي‬ taf3ilā َ‫ت ْفعْلن‬

taf3ilī taf3ilna taf3ilī taf3ilna

3m َ‫ي ْفعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعَل‬ ‫ي ْفعلَوا‬ َ‫ي ْفع ْل‬ َ‫ي ْفعَل‬ ‫ي ْفعلوا‬
yaf3ila yaf3ilā yaf3ilū yaf3il yaf3ilā yaf3ilū

3f َ‫ت ْفعل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬ َ‫ت ْفع ْل‬ َ‫ت ْفعَل‬ َ‫ي ْفعْلن‬
taf3ila taf3ilā yaf3ilna taf3il taf3ilā yaf3ilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ا ْفع ْل‬ ‫ا ْفعلوا‬

if3il َ‫ا ْفعَل‬ if3ilū ‫فاعل‬ ‫م ْفعول‬ َ‫فعل‬ َ‫ي ْفعل‬
2f ‫ا ْفعلي‬ if3ilā َ‫ا ْفعْلن‬ fā3il maf3ūl fu3ila َ yuf3alu
if3ilī if3ilna

5 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Measures II-X
augmented verb, derived verb
Names
‫ مزيد ثالثي‬mazīd ŧulāŧīy
Characteristics  triliteral

measure II
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن ف ّعل‬
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn fa33ala
Characteristics  second radical doubled
Meanings  transitive of intransitive
measure I verbs
 causative of transitive
measure I verbs
 do intensively and/or
repeatedly (‘__ to pieces’)
measure III
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن فاعل‬
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn fā3ala
measure VI
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن تفاعل‬
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn tafā3ala
Characteristics  first radical prefixed by ta-
 first radical followed by ā
Meaning  reciprocal of measure III
verbs (‘__ each other’)
measure VII
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن انفعل‬
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn infa3ala
Characteristics  first radical prefixed by in-

e Meaning  reflexive or passive of

measure I verbs
pl
Characteristics  first radical followed by ā
Meanings  attempt to do measure VIII
 do with someone else Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن افتعل‬
m
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn ifta3ala
measure IV Characteristics  first radical sandwiched by
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن أفعل‬ i_t-
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn fa33ala Meanings  reflexive or passive of
sa

Characteristics  first radical of the perfect measure I verbs

verb is prefixed by ʔa-,  various other meanings
which is omitted in the
imperfect tense measure IX
Meanings  transitive of intransitive Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن افع ّل‬
measure I verbs mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn if3alla
 causative of transitive
Characteristics  first radical prefixed by i-
measure I verbs
 third radical doubled
 often synonymous with
measure II verbs
Meaning  intransitive verbs referring
to color or physical
deficiencies
measure V
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن تفعّل‬
measure X
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn tafa33ala
Names ‫مزيد ثالثي وزن استفعل‬
Characteristics  first radical prefixed by ta-
mazīd ŧulāŧīy wazn istaf3ala
 second radical is doubled
Characteristics  first radical prefixed by ista-
Meaning  reflexive or passive of
measure II verbs Meanings  ask for __
 find, regard as __
 various other meanings

47 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

sound measure II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ ت ْفعيل‬taf3īl R1
R2






2s
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعْلت‬ ‫فعْلنا‬ َ‫أف ِّعل‬ َ‫نف ِّعل‬

fa33altu fa33alnā ʔufa33ilu nufa33ilu

2m َ‫فعْلت‬ َ‫فعْلت ْم‬ َ‫تف ِّعل‬ َ‫تف ِّعلون‬

fa33alta ‫فعْلتما‬ fa33altum tufa33ilu َ‫تف ِّعَل ن‬ tufa33ilūna

2f َ‫فعْلت‬ fa33altumā َ‫فعْلتن‬ َ‫تف ِّعلين‬ tufa33ilāni َ‫تف ِّعْلن‬

fa33alti fa33altunna tufa33ilīna tufa33ilna

3m َ‫فعل‬ َ‫فعَل‬ ‫فعلوا‬ َ‫يف ِّعل‬ َ‫يف ِّعَل ن‬ َ‫يف ِّعلون‬

fa33ala fa33alā fa33alū yufa33ilu yufa33ilāni yufa33ilūna

َ‫فعل ْت‬ ‫فعلتا‬ َ‫فعْلن‬ َ‫تف ِّعل‬ َ‫تف ِّعَل ن‬ َ‫يف ِّعْلن‬
3f
fa33alat fa33alatā

e fa33alna tufa33ilu tufa33ilāni yufa33ilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ َ‫أف ِّعل‬ َ‫نف ِّعل‬ َ‫أف ِّع ْل‬ َ‫نف ِّع ْل‬
m
ʔufa33ila nufa33ila ʔufa33il nufa33il

2m َ‫تف ِّعل‬ ‫تف ِّعلَوا‬ َ‫تف ِّع ْل‬ ‫تف ِّعلَوا‬

tufa33ila َ‫تف ِّعَل‬ tufa33ilū tufa33il َ‫تف ِّعَل‬ tufa33ilū
sa

2f ‫تف ِّعلي‬ tufa33ilā َ‫تف ِّعْلن‬ ‫تف ِّعلي‬ tufa33ilā َ‫تف ِّعْلن‬
tufa33ilī tufa33ilna tufa33ilī tufa33ilna

3m َ‫يف ِّعل‬ َ‫يف ِّعَل‬ ‫يف ِّعلَوا‬ َ‫يف ِّع ْل‬ َ‫يف ِّعَل‬ ‫يف ِّعلَوا‬
yufa33ila yufa33ilā yufa33ilū yufa33il yufa33ilā yufa33ilū

3f َ‫تف ِّعل‬ َ‫تف ِّعَل‬ َ‫يف ِّعْلن‬ َ‫تف ِّع ْل‬ َ‫تف ِّعَل‬ َ‫يف ِّعْلن‬
tufa33ila tufa33ilā yufa33ilna tufa33il tufa33ilā yufa33ilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ف ِّع ْل‬ ‫ف ِّعلَوا‬

fa33il َ‫ف ِّعَل‬ fa33ilū َ ‫مف ِّعل‬ ‫مفعل‬ َ‫ف ِّعل‬ َ‫يفعل‬
2f ‫ف ِّعلي‬ fa33ilā َ‫ف ِّعْلن‬ mufa33il mufa33al fu33ila َ yufa33alu
fa33ilī fa33ilna

48 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated measure II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ تأْعيل‬taʔ3īl R1
R2  
 

2s(a)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أعْلت‬ ‫أعْلنا‬ َ‫أؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫نؤ ِّعل‬

ʔa33altu ʔa33alnā ʔuʔa33ilu nuʔa33ilu

2m َ‫أعْلت‬ َ‫أعْلت ْم‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعلون‬

ʔa33alta ‫أعْلتما‬ ʔa33altum tuʔa33ilu َ‫تؤ ِّعَل ن‬ tuʔa33ilūna

2f َ‫أعْلت‬ ʔa33altumā َ‫أعْلتن‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعلين‬ tuʔa33ilāni َ‫تؤ ِّعْلن‬

ʔa33alti ʔa33altunna tuʔa33ilīna tuʔa33ilna

3m َ‫أعل‬ َ‫أعَل‬ ‫أعلوا‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعَل ن‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعلون‬

ʔa33ala ʔa33alā ʔa33alū yuʔa33ilu yuʔa33ilāni yuʔa33ilūna

َ‫أعل ْت‬ ‫أعلتا‬ َ‫أعْلن‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعَل ن‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعْلن‬
3f
ʔa33alat ʔa33alatā

e ʔa33alna tuʔa33ilu tuʔa33ilāni yuʔa33ilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ َ‫أؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫نؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫أؤ ِّع ْل‬ َ‫نؤ ِّع ْل‬
m
ʔuʔa33ila nuʔa33ila ʔuʔa33il nuʔa33il

2m َ‫تؤ ِّعل‬ ‫تؤ ِّعلَوا‬ َ‫تؤ ِّع ْل‬ ‫تؤ ِّعلَوا‬

tuʔa33ila َ‫تؤ ِّعَل‬ tuʔa33ilū tuʔa33il َ‫تؤ ِّعَل‬ tuʔa33ilū
sa

2f ‫تؤ ِّعلي‬ tuʔa33ilā َ‫تؤ ِّعْلن‬ ‫تؤ ِّعلي‬ tuʔa33ilā َ‫تؤ ِّعْلن‬
tuʔa33ilī tuʔa33ilna tuʔa33ilī tuʔa33ilna

3m َ‫يؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعَل‬ ‫يؤ ِّعلَوا‬ َ‫يؤ ِّع ْل‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعَل‬ ‫يؤ ِّعلَوا‬
yuʔa33ila yuʔa33ilā yuʔa33ilū yuʔa33il yuʔa33ilā yuʔa33ilū

3f َ‫تؤ ِّعل‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعَل‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعْلن‬ َ‫تؤ ِّع ْل‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعَل‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعْلن‬
tuʔa33ila tuʔa33ilā yuʔa33ilna tuʔa33il tuʔa33ilā yuʔa33ilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫أ ِّع ْل‬ ‫أ ِّعلَوا‬

ʔa33il َ‫أ ِّعَل‬ ʔa33ilū َ ‫مؤ ِّعل‬ ‫مؤعل‬ َ‫أ ِّعل‬ َ‫يؤعل‬
2f ‫أ ِّعلي‬ ʔa33ilā َ‫أ ِّعَْلن‬ muʔa33il muʔa33al ʔu33ila َ yuʔa33alu
ʔa33ilī ʔa33ilna

49 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated measure II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ ت ْفئيل‬tafʔīl R1
R2
 


2s(b)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فأْلت‬ ‫فأْلنا‬ َ‫أفِّئل‬ َ‫نفِّئل‬

faʔʔaltu faʔʔalnā ʔufaʔʔilu nufaʔʔilu

2m َ‫فأْلت‬ َ‫فأْلت ْم‬ َ‫تفِّئل‬ َ‫تفِّئلون‬

faʔʔalta ‫فأْلتما‬ faʔʔaltum tufaʔʔilu َ‫تفِّئَل ن‬ tufaʔʔilūna

2f َ‫فأْلت‬ faʔʔaltumā َ‫فأْلتن‬ َ‫تفِّئلين‬ tufaʔʔilāni َ‫تفِّئْلن‬

faʔʔalti faʔʔaltunna tufaʔʔilīna tufaʔʔilna

3m َ‫فأل‬ َ‫فأَل‬ ‫فألوا‬ َ‫يفِّئل‬ َ‫يفِّئَل ن‬ َ‫يفِّئلون‬

faʔʔala faʔʔalā faʔʔalū yufaʔʔilu yufaʔʔilāni yufaʔʔilūna

َ‫فأل ْت‬ ‫فألتا‬ َ‫فأْلن‬ َ‫تفِّئل‬ َ‫تفِّئَل ن‬ َ‫يفِّئْلن‬

3f
faʔʔalat faʔʔalatā

e faʔʔalna tufaʔʔilu tufaʔʔilāni yufaʔʔilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ َ‫أفِّئل‬ َ‫نفِّئل‬ َ‫أفِّئ ْل‬ َ‫نفِّئ ْل‬

m
ʔufaʔʔila nufaʔʔila ʔufaʔʔil nufaʔʔil

2m َ‫تفِّئل‬ ‫تفِّئلَوا‬ َ‫تفِّئ ْل‬ ‫تفِّئلَوا‬

tufaʔʔila َ‫تفِّئَل‬ tufaʔʔilū tufaʔʔil َ‫تفِّئَل‬ tufaʔʔilū
sa

2f ‫تفِّئلي‬ tufaʔʔilā َ‫تفِّئْلن‬ ‫تفِّئلي‬ tufaʔʔilā َ‫تفِّئْلن‬

tufaʔʔilī tufaʔʔilna tufaʔʔilī tufaʔʔilna

3m َ‫يفِّئل‬ َ‫يفِّئَل‬ ‫يفِّئلَوا‬ َ‫يفِّئ ْل‬ َ‫يفِّئَل‬ ‫يَفِّئلَوا‬

yufaʔʔila yufaʔʔilā yufaʔʔilū yufaʔʔil yufaʔʔilā yufaʔʔilū

3f َ‫تفِّئل‬ َ‫تفِّئَل‬ َ‫يفِّئْلن‬ َ‫تفِّئ ْل‬ َ‫تفِّئَل‬ َ‫يفِّئْلن‬

tufaʔʔila tufaʔʔilā yufaʔʔilna tufaʔʔil tufaʔʔilā yufaʔʔilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫فَِّئ ْل‬ ‫فِّئلَوا‬

faʔʔil َ‫فِّئَل‬ faʔʔilū َ ‫مفِّئل‬ ‫مفأل‬ َ‫فِّئل‬ َ‫يفأل‬
2f ‫فِّئلي‬ faʔʔilā َ‫فِّئْلن‬ mufaʔʔil mufaʔʔal fuʔʔila َ yufaʔʔalu
faʔʔilī faʔʔilna

50 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

sound measure II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ ت ْفعئة‬taf3iʔat R1
R2






2s(c)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعأْت‬ ‫فعأْنا‬ َ‫أف ِّعئ‬ َ‫نف ِّعئ‬

fa33aʔtu fa33aʔnā ʔufa33iʔu nufa33iʔu

2m َ‫فعأْت‬ َ‫فعأْت ْم‬ َ‫تف ِّعئ‬ َ‫تف ِّعئون‬

fa33aʔta ‫فعأْتما‬ fa33aʔtum tufa33iʔu َ‫تف ِّعئان‬ tufa33iʔūna

2f َ‫فعأْت‬ fa33aʔtumā َ‫فعأْتن‬ َ‫تف ِّعئين‬ tufa33iʔāni َ‫تف ِّعْئن‬

fa33aʔti fa33aʔtunna tufa33iʔīna tufa33iʔna

3m َ‫فعأ‬ ‫فعآ‬ ‫فعؤوا‬ َ‫يف ِّعئ‬ َ‫يف َِّعئان‬ َ‫يف ِّعئون‬

fa33aʔa fa33aʔā fa33aʔū yufa33iʔu yufa33iʔāni yufa33iʔūna

َ‫فعأ ْت‬ ‫فعأتا‬ َ‫فعأْن‬ َ‫تف ِّعئ‬ َ‫تف ِّعئان‬ َ‫يف ِّعْئن‬
3f
fa33aʔat fa33aʔatā

e fa33aʔna tufa33iʔu tufa33iʔāni yufa33iʔna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أف َِّعئ‬ َ‫نف ِّعئ‬ َ‫ئ‬

ْ ‫أف ِّع‬ َ‫ئ‬
ْ ‫نف ِّع‬
m
ʔufa33iʔa nufa33iʔa ʔufa33iʔ nufa33iʔ

2m َ‫تف ِّعئ‬ ‫تف ِّعئَوا‬ َ‫ئ‬

ْ ‫تف ِّع‬ ‫تف ِّعئَوا‬
tufa33iʔa ‫تف ِّعئا‬ tufa33iʔū tufa33iʔ ‫تف ِّعئا‬ tufa33iʔū
sa

2f ‫تف ِّعئي‬ tufa33iʔā َ‫تف ِّعْئن‬ ‫تفَ ِّعئي‬ tufa33iʔā َ‫تف ِّعْئن‬
tufa33iʔī tufa33iʔna tufa33iʔī tufa33iʔna

3m َ‫يف ِّعئ‬ ‫يف ِّعئا‬ ‫يف ِّعئَوا‬ ْ ‫يف ِّع‬

َ‫ئ‬ ‫يف ِّعئا‬ ‫يف ِّعئَوا‬
yufa33iʔa yufa33iʔā yufa33iʔū yufa33iʔ yufa33iʔā yufa33iʔū

3f َ‫تف ِّعئ‬ ‫تف ِّعئا‬ َ‫يف ِّعْئن‬ َ‫ئ‬

ْ ‫تف ِّع‬ ‫تف ِّعئا‬ َ‫يف ِّعْئن‬
tufa33iʔa tufa33iʔā yufa33iʔna tufa33iʔ tufa33iʔā yufa33iʔna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ئ‬
ْ ‫ف ِّع‬ ‫ف ِّعئَوا‬
fa33iʔ ‫ف ِّعئا‬ fa33iʔū َ ‫مف ِّعئ‬ ‫مفعأ‬ َ‫ف ِّعئ‬ ‫يفعََأ‬
2f ‫ف ِّعئي‬ fa33iʔā َ‫ف ِّعْئن‬ mufa33iʔ mufa33aʔ fu33iʔa َ yufa33aʔu
fa33iʔī fa33iʔna

51 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 defective measure II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ ت ْفعية‬taf3iyat R1
R2






2d
R3  

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فعْيت‬ ‫فعْينا‬ ‫أف ِّعي‬ ‫نف ِّعي‬

fa33aytu fa33aynā ʔufa33ī nufa33ī

2m َ‫فعْيت‬ َ‫فعْيت ْم‬ ‫تف ِّعي‬ َ‫تفعون‬

fa33ayta ‫فعْيتما‬ fa33aytum tufa33ī َ‫تف ِّعيان‬ tufa33ūna

2f َ‫فعْيت‬ fa33aytumā َ‫فعْيتن‬ َ‫تف ِّعين‬ tufa33iyāni َ‫تف ِّعين‬

fa33ayti fa33aytunna tufa33īna tufa33īna

3m *‫فعَى‬ ‫فعيا‬ ‫فع ْوا‬ ‫يف ِّعي‬ َ‫يف ِّعيان‬ َ‫يفعون‬

fa33ā fa33ayā fa33aw yufa33ī yufa33iyāni yufa33ūna

َ‫فع ْت‬ ‫فعتا‬ َ‫فعْين‬ ‫تف ِّعي‬ َ‫تف ِّعيان‬ َ‫يف ِّعين‬
3f
fa33at fa33atā

e fa33ayna tufa33ī tufa33iyāni yufa33īna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أف ِّعي‬ َ‫نف ِّعي‬ َ‫أف ِّع‬ َ‫نف ِّع‬

m
ʔufa33iya nufa33iya ʔufa33i nufa33i

2m َ‫تف ِّعي‬ ‫تفعوا‬ َ‫تف ِّع‬ ‫تفعوا‬

tufa33iya ‫تف ِّعيا‬ tufa33ū tufa33i ‫تف ِّعيا‬ tufa33ū
sa

2f ‫تف ِّعي‬ tufa33iyā َ‫تف ِّعين‬ ‫تف ِّعي‬ tufa33iyā َ‫تف ِّعين‬
tufa33ī tufa33īna tufa33ī tufa33īna

3m َ‫يف ِّعي‬ ‫يف ِّعيا‬ ‫يفعوا‬ َ‫يف ِّع‬ ‫يف ِّعيا‬ ‫يفعوا‬
yufa33iya yufa33iyā yufa33ū yufa33i yufa33iyā yufa33ū

3f َ‫تف ِّعي‬ ‫تف ِّعيا‬ َ‫يف ِّعين‬ َ‫تف ِّع‬ ‫تف ِّعيا‬ َ‫يف ِّعين‬
tufa33iya tufa33iyā yufa33īna tufa33i tufa33iyā yufa33īna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m ‫ف َِّع‬ ‫فعوا‬
fa33i ‫ف ِّعيا‬ fa33ū َ‫مَف ِّع‬ ‫مف ًّعى‬ َ‫ف ِّعي‬ ‫يفعى‬
2f ‫ف ِّعي‬ fa33iyā َ‫ف ِّعين‬ mufa33(in) mufa33(an) fu33iya َ yufa33ā
fa33ī fa33īna

*The 3rd person masculine singular perfect form of ‫ حيا‬is irregular in that it is spelled with ‫ـا‬, not ‫ـى‬.

52 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated defective meas. II ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ تأْعية‬taʔ3iyat R1
R2  
 

2d(a)
R3  

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أعْيت‬ ‫أعْينا‬ ‫أؤ ِّعي‬ ‫نؤ ِّعي‬

ʔa33aytu ʔa33aynā ʔuʔa33ī nuʔa33ī

2m َ‫أَعْيت‬ َ‫أعْيت ْم‬ ‫تؤ ِّعي‬ َ‫تؤعون‬

ʔa33ayta ‫أعْيتما‬ ʔa33aytum tuʔa33ī َ‫تؤ ِّعيان‬ tuʔa33ūna

2f َ‫أعْيت‬ ʔa33aytumā َ‫أعْيتن‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعين‬ tuʔa33iyāni َ‫تؤ ِّعين‬

ʔa33ayti ʔa33aytunna tuʔa33īna tuʔa33īna

3m ‫أعَى‬ ‫أعيا‬ ‫أَع ْوا‬ ‫يؤ ِّعي‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعيان‬ َ‫يؤعون‬

ʔa33ā ʔa33ayā ʔa33aw yuʔa33ī yuʔa33iyāni yuʔa33ūna

3f َ‫أع ْت‬ ‫أعتا‬ َ‫أعْين‬ ‫تؤ ِّعي‬ َ‫تؤ ِّعيان‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعين‬
ʔa33at ʔa33atā

e ʔa33ayna tuʔa33ī tuʔa33iyāni yuʔa33īna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أؤ ِّعي‬ َ‫نؤ ِّعي‬ َ‫أؤ ِّع‬ َ‫نؤ ِّع‬

m
ʔuʔa33iya nuʔa33iya ʔuʔa33i nuʔa33i

2m َ‫تؤ ِّعي‬ ‫تؤعوا‬ َ‫تؤ ِّع‬ ‫تؤعوا‬

tuʔa33iya ‫تؤ ِّعيا‬ tuʔa33ū tuʔa33i ‫تؤ ِّعيا‬ tuʔa33ū
sa

2f ‫تؤ ِّعي‬ tuʔa33iyā َ‫تؤ ِّعين‬ ‫تؤ ِّعَي‬ tuʔa33iyā َ‫تؤ ِّعين‬
tuʔa33ī tuʔa33īna tuʔa33ī tuʔa33īna

3m َ‫يؤ ِّعي‬ ‫يؤ ِّعيا‬ ‫يؤعوا‬ َ‫يؤ ِّع‬ ‫يؤ ِّعيا‬ ‫يؤعوا‬
yuʔa33iya yuʔa33iyā yuʔa33ū yuʔa33i yuʔa33iyā yuʔa33ū

3f َ‫تؤ ِّعي‬ ‫تؤ ِّعيا‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعين‬ َ‫تؤ ِّع‬ ‫تؤ ِّعيا‬ َ‫يؤ ِّعين‬
tuʔa33iya tuʔa33iyā yuʔa33īna tuʔa33i tuʔa33iyā yuʔa33īna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫أ ِّع‬ ‫أعوا‬

ʔa33i ‫أ ِّعيا‬ ʔa33ū َ‫مؤ ِّع‬ ‫مؤعًّى‬ َ‫أَ ِّعي‬ ‫يََؤعى‬
2f ‫أ ِّعي‬ ʔa33iyā َ‫أ ِّعين‬ muʔa33(in) muʔa33(an) ʔu33iya َ yuʔa33ā
ʔa33ī ʔa33īna

53 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

sound measure III ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ مفاعلة‬mufā3alat R1
R2






3s
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫فاعْلت‬ ‫فاعْلنا‬ َ‫أفاعل‬ َ‫نفاعل‬

fā3altu fā3alnā ʔufā3ilu nufā3ilu

2m َ‫فاعْلت‬ َ‫فاعْلت ْم‬ َ‫تفاعل‬ َ‫تفاعلون‬

fā3alta ‫فاعْلتما‬ fā3altum tufā3ilu َ‫تفاعَل ن‬ tufā3ilūna

2f َ‫فاعْلت‬ fā3altumā َ‫فاعْلتن‬ َ‫تفاعلين‬ tufā3ilāni َ‫تفَاعْلن‬

fā3alti fā3altunna tufā3ilīna tufā3ilna

3m َ‫فاعل‬ َ‫فاعَل‬ ‫فاعلوا‬ َ‫يفاعل‬ َ‫يفاعلونَ يفاعَل ن‬

fā3ala fā3alā fā3alū yufā3ilu yufā3ilāni yufā3ilūna

َ‫فاعل ْت‬ ‫فاعلتا‬ َ‫فاعْلن‬ َ‫تفاعل‬ َ‫تفاعَل ن‬ َ‫يفاعْلن‬

3f
fā3alat fā3alatā

e fā3alna tufā3ilu tufā3ilāni yufā3ilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أفاعل‬ َ‫نفاعل‬ َ‫أفاع ْل‬ َ‫نفاع ْل‬

m
ʔufā3ila nufā3ila ʔufā3il nufā3il

2m َ‫تفاعل‬ ‫تفاعلوا‬ َ‫تفاع ْل‬ ‫تفاعلوا‬

tufā3ila َ‫تفاعَل‬ tufā3ilū tufā3il َ‫تفاعَل‬ tufā3ilū
sa

2f ‫تفاعلي‬ tufā3ilā َ‫تفاعْلن‬ ‫تفاعلي‬ tufā3ilā َ‫تفاعْلن‬

tufā3ilī tufā3ilna tufā3ilī tufā3ilna

3m َ‫يفاعل‬ َ‫يفاعَل‬ ‫يفاعلوا‬ َ‫يفاع ْل‬ َ‫يفاعلوا يفاعَل‬

yufā3ila yufā3ilā yufā3ilū yufā3il yufā3ilā yufā3ilū

3f َ‫تفاعل‬ َ‫تفاعَل‬ َ‫يفاعْلن‬ َ‫تفاع ْل‬ َ‫يفاعْلنَ تفاعَل‬

tufā3ila tufā3ilā yufā3ilna tufā3il tufā3ilā yufā3ilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫فاع ْل‬ ‫فاعلوا‬

fā3il َ‫فاعَل‬ fā3ilū َ ‫مفاعل مفاعل‬ َ‫فوعل‬ َ‫يفاعل‬
2f ‫فاعلي‬ fā3ilā َ‫فاعْلن‬ mufā3il mufā3al fū3ila َ yufā3alu
fā3ilī fā3ilna

54 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

hamzated measure III ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ مؤاعلة‬muʔā3alat R1
R2  
 

3s(a)
R3 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫آعْلت‬ ‫آعْلنا‬ َ‫أؤاعل‬ َ‫نؤاعل‬

ʔā3altu ʔā3alnā ʔuʔā3ilu nuʔā3ilu

2m َ‫آعْلت‬ َ‫آعْلت ْم‬ َ‫تؤاعل‬ َ‫تؤاعلون‬

ʔā3alta ‫آعْلتما‬ ʔā3altum tuʔā3ilu َ‫تؤاعَل ن‬ tuʔā3ilūna

2f َ‫آعْلت‬ ʔā3altumā َ‫آعْلتن‬ َ‫تؤاعلين‬ tuʔā3ilāni َ‫تؤاعْلن‬

ʔā3alti ʔā3altunna tuʔā3ilīna tuʔā3ilna

3m َ‫آعل‬ َ‫آعَل‬ ‫آعلوا‬ َ‫يؤاعل‬ َ‫يؤاعلونَ يؤاعَل ن‬

ʔā3ala ʔā3alā ʔā3alū yuʔā3ilu yuʔā3ilāni yuʔā3ilūna

َ‫آعل ْت‬ ‫آعلتا‬ َ‫آعَْلن‬ َ‫تؤاعل‬ َ‫تؤاعَل ن‬ َ‫يؤاعْلن‬

3f
ʔā3alat ʔā3alatā

e ʔā3alna tuʔā3ilu tuʔā3ilāni yuʔā3ilna

pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ‫أؤاعل‬ َ‫نؤاعل‬ َ‫أؤاع ْل‬ َ‫نؤاع ْل‬

m
ʔuʔā3ila nuʔā3ila ʔuʔā3il nuʔā3il

2m َ‫تؤاعل‬ ‫تؤاعلوا‬ َ‫تؤاع ْل‬ ‫تؤاعلوا‬

tuʔā3ila َ‫تؤاعَل‬ tuʔā3ilū tuʔā3il َ‫تؤاعَل‬ tuʔā3ilū
sa

2f ‫تؤاعلي‬ tuʔā3ilā َ‫تؤاعْلن‬ ‫تؤاعلي‬ tuʔā3ilā َ‫تؤاعْلن‬

tuʔā3ilī tuʔā3ilna tuʔā3ilī tuʔā3ilna

3m َ‫يؤاعل‬ َ‫يؤاعَل‬ ‫يؤاعلوا‬ َ‫يؤاعَ ْل‬ َ‫يؤاعَل‬ ‫يؤاعلوا‬

yuʔā3ila yuʔā3ilā yuʔā3ilū yuʔā3il yuʔā3ilā yuʔā3ilū

3f َ‫تؤاعل‬ َ‫تؤاعَل‬ َ‫يؤاعْلن‬ َ‫تؤاع ْل‬ َ‫تؤاعَل‬ َ‫يؤاعْلن‬

tuʔā3ila tuʔā3ilā yuʔā3ilna tuʔā3il tuʔā3ilā yuʔā3ilna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫آع ْل‬ ‫آعلوا‬

ʔā3il َ‫آعَل‬ ʔā3ilū َ ‫مؤاعل‬ ‫مؤاعل‬ َ‫أَوعل‬ َ‫يََؤاعل‬
2f ‫آعلي‬ ʔā3ilā َ‫آعْلن‬ muʔā3il muʔā3al ʔū3ila َ yuʔā3alu
ʔā3ilī ʔā3ilna

55 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

quadriliteral measure I ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other

masdar: ‫ ف ْعلبة‬fa3labat R1
R2





 11s
R3   
R4 

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 َ َ‫ف ْعلْبت‬ ‫ف ْعلْبنا‬ َ َ‫أف ْعلب‬ َ‫نف ْعلب‬

fa3labtu fa3labnā ʔufa3libu nufa3libu

2m َ‫ف ْعلْبت‬ ‫ف ْعلْبتم‬ َ‫تف ْعلب‬ ‫ن‬

َ ‫تَف ْعلبو‬
fa3labta ‫ف ْعلْبتما‬ fa3labtum tufa3libu َ‫تف ْعلبان‬ tufa3libūna

2f َ‫ف ْعلْبت‬ fa3labtumā َ‫ف ْعلْبتن‬ َ‫تف ْعلبين‬ tufa3libāni َ‫تف ْعلْبن‬
fa3labti fa3labtunna tufa3libīna tufa3libna

3m َ َ‫ف ْعلب‬ ‫ف ْعلبا‬ ‫ف ْعلبوا‬ َ‫يف ْعلب‬ َ‫يف ْعلبان‬ ‫ن‬

َ ‫يف ْعلبو‬
fa3laba fa3labā fa3labū yufa3libu yufa3libāni yufa3libūna

َ‫ف ْعلب ْت‬ ‫ف ْعلبتا‬ َ‫ف ْعلْبن‬ َ‫تف ْعلب‬ َ‫تف ْعلبان‬ َ‫يف ْعلْبن‬
3f
fa3labat fa3labatā
e fa3labna tufa3libu tufa3libāni yufa3libna
pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural

َ َ‫أف ْعلب‬ َ‫نف ْعلب‬ َ‫ب‬

َْ ‫أف ْعل‬ َ‫نف ْعل ْب‬
m
1
ʔufa3liba nufa3liba ʔufa3lib nufa3lib

2m َ‫تف ْعلب‬ ‫تف ْعلبوا‬ َ‫تف ْعل ْب‬ ‫تف ْعلبوا‬

sa

tufa3liba ‫تف ْعلبا‬ tufa3libū tufa3lib ‫تف ْعلبا‬ tufa3libū

2f ‫تف ْعلبي‬ tufa3libā َ‫تف ْعلْبن‬ ‫تف ْعلبي‬ tufa3libā َ‫تَف ْعلْبن‬
tufa3libī tufa3libna tufa3libī tufa3libna

3m َ‫يف ْعلب‬ ‫يف ْعلبا‬ ‫يف ْعلبوا‬ َ‫يف ْعل ْب‬ ‫يف ْعلبا‬ ‫يف ْعلبوا‬
yufa3liba yufa3libā yufa3libū yufa3lib yufa3libā yufa3libū

3f َ‫تف ْعلب‬ ‫تف ْعلبا‬ َ‫يف ْعلْبن‬ َ‫تف ْعل ْب‬ ‫تف َْعلبا‬ َ‫يف ْعلْبن‬
tufa3liba tufa3libā yufa3libna tufa3lib tufa3libā yufa3libna

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m َ‫ف ْعل ْب‬ ‫ف ْعلبوا‬

fa3lib ‫ف ْعلبا‬ fa3libū ‫مف ْعلب‬ ‫مف ْعلب‬ َ َ‫ف ْعلب‬ َ‫يف َْعلب‬
2f ‫ف ْعلبي‬ fa3libā َ‫ف ْعلْبن‬ mufa3lib mufa3lab fu3liba َ yufa3labu
fa3libī fa3libna

123 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 Index
Measure I
1s1 masdar ‫ زخر‬zaxara abound ‫ زخر‬zaxr
‫بحث‬ baɧaŧa search ‫ بحث‬baɧŧ ‫ زرع‬zara3a plant ‫ زرع‬zar3
‫برع‬ bara3a be proficient ‫ براعة‬barā3at ‫ زعل‬za3ila become ‫ زعل‬za3al
‫ بعث‬ba3aŧa send ‫ بعث‬ba3ŧ upset
‫ بلع‬bala3a swallow ‫ بلع‬bal3 ‫زهر‬ zahara be radiant ‫زهور‬ zuhūr

‫ بهر‬bahara overwhelm ‫ بهر‬bahr ‫زهق‬ zahaqa become ‫زهق‬ zahq

bored ‫زهوق‬ zuhūq
‫ تعس‬ta3asa become ‫ تعاسة‬ta3āsat
miserable ‫ سبح‬sabaɧa swim ‫سباحة‬ sibāɧat

‫جحد‬ jaɧada renounce ‫جحد‬ jaɧd ‫ سحب‬saɧaba pull ‫سحب‬ saɧb

‫جحود‬ juɧūd ‫ سحج‬saɧaja scrape ‫سحج‬ saɧj

‫ جرح‬jaraɧa injure ‫جرح‬ jarɧ ‫ سحر‬saɧara enchant ‫سحر‬ siɧr
‫ جرع‬jara3a swallow ‫جرع‬ jar3 ‫ سحق‬saɧaqa crush ‫سحق‬ saɧq
‫ جعل‬ja3ala
‫ جمع‬jama3a
make
collect
‫جعل‬
‫جمع‬
e ja3l
jam3
‫ سفع‬safa3a
‫ سمح‬samaɧa
scorch
allow
‫سفع‬
‫سماح‬
saf3
samāɧ
pl
‫ جهد‬jahada endeavor ‫جهد‬ jahd ‫ شحذ‬šaɧađa sharpen ‫شحذ‬ šaɧđ
‫ جهر‬jahara be revealed ‫جهر‬ jahr ‫ شحن‬šaɧana ship ‫شحن‬ šaɧn
‫جهار‬ jihār
‫ شرح‬šaraɧa explain ‫شرح‬ šarɧ
‫خدع‬ ‫خدعة‬ xud3at
m
xada3a deceive
‫ شرع‬šara3a ‫شروع‬ šurū3
‫خضع‬ xaɖa3a submit ‫خضوع‬ xuɖū3
‫ شغل‬šaɣala fill ‫شغل‬ šuɣl
‫ خلع‬xala3a take off ‫خلع‬ xal3
‫ شمل‬šamala include ‫شمل‬ šam(a)l
‫ خنع‬xana3a be meek ‫خنوع‬ xunū3 ‫شمول‬ šumūl
sa

‫ دبغ‬dabaɣa tan ‫دبغ‬ dabɣ ‫ صرع‬ʂara3a knock down ‫صرع‬ ʂar3

‫ دعس‬da3asa tread ‫دعس‬ da3s ‫ صفع‬ʂafa3a slap ‫صفع‬ ʂaf3
‫ دعم‬da3ama support ‫دعم‬ da3m ‫ صنع‬ʂana3a manufacture ‫صنع‬ ʂan3 or
ʂun3
‫ دفع‬dafa3a push ‫دفع‬ daf3
‫ ضغط‬ɖaɣaʈa press ‫ضغط‬ ɖaɣʈ
‫ دمع‬dama3a water ‫دمع‬ dam3
‫ ضلع‬ɖala3a side ‫ضلع‬ ɖal3
‫ ذبح‬đabaɧa slaughter ‫ذبح‬ đabɧ
‫ طبخ‬ʈabaxa cook ‫طبخ‬ ʈabx
‫ ذبل‬đabala wilt ‫ذبول‬ đubūl
‫ طبع‬ʈaba3a print ‫طبع‬ ʈab3
‫ ذهب‬đahaba go ‫ذهاب‬ đahāb
‫ طحن‬ʈahana grind ‫طحن‬ ʈaɧn
‫ رجح‬rajaɧa outweigh ‫رجوح‬ rujūɧ
rujɧān ‫ طرح‬ʈaraɧa subtract ‫طرح‬ ʈarɧ
‫رجحان‬
‫ رحل‬raɧala travel ‫رحيل‬ raɧīl ‫ طعن‬ʈa3ana stab ‫طعن‬ ʈa3n

‫ رضع‬raɖa3a suckle ‫رضاعة‬ raɖā3at ‫ طمح‬ʈamaɧa aspire ‫طموح‬ ʈumūɧ

‫ رعب‬ra3aba terrify ‫رعب‬ ru3b ‫ ظهر‬ʐahara appear ‫ظهور‬ ʐuhūr

‫ رعد‬ra3ada clap ‫رعد‬ ra3d ‫ عجب‬3ajiba be amazed ‫عجب‬ 3ajab

‫ رفع‬rafa3a raise ‫رفع‬ raf3 ‫ فتح‬fataɧa open ‫فتح‬ fatɧ

‫ ركع‬raka3a kneel ‫ركوع‬ rukū3 ‫ فحص‬faɧaʂa examine ‫فحص‬ faɧʂ

‫ رهن‬rahana pawn ‫رهن‬ rahn ‫ فرغ‬faraɣa be empty ‫فراغ‬ farāɣ

‫ زحف‬zaɧafa crawl ‫زحف‬ zaɧf ‫ فرق‬fariqa be afraid ‫فرق‬ faraq

130 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs

 ‫ فزع‬fazi3a be afraid ‫فزع‬ faza3 ‫ نهب‬nahaba plunder ‫نهب‬ nahb
‫ فسخ‬fasaxa void, annul ‫فسخ‬ fasx ‫ نهج‬nahaja pursue ‫نهج‬ nahj
‫ فضح‬faɖaɧa disgrace ‫فضح‬ faɖɧ ‫ نهض‬nahaɖa get up ‫نهوض‬ nuhūɖ
‫نهض‬ nahɖ
‫ فعل‬fa3ala do ‫فعل‬ fa3l or
fi3l ‫ نهق‬nahaqa bray ‫نهيق‬ nahīq
‫فلح‬ falaɧa split ‫فلح‬ falɧ
‫ هرع‬hara3a hurry ‫هرع‬ hara3
‫ قرع‬qara3a knock ‫قرع‬ qar3
‫ قطع‬qaʈa3a cut ‫قطع‬ qaʈ3
1s1(a)
‫ قلع‬qala3a take off ‫قلع‬ qal3
‫ ثأر‬ŧaʔara avenge ‫ثأر‬ ŧaʔr
‫ قمع‬qama3a suppress ‫قمع‬ qam3
‫ دأب‬daʔaba persist ‫دأب‬ daʔb
‫ قهر‬qahara conquer ‫قهر‬ qahr
‫ رأس‬raʔasa head ‫رئاسة‬ riʔāsat
‫ كبح‬kabaɧa restrain ‫كبح‬ kabɧ
‫ زأر‬zaʔara roar ‫زئير‬ zaʔīr
‫ كدح‬kadaɧa toil ‫كدح‬ kadɧ ‫زأر‬ zaʔr
‫ كسح‬kasaɧa sweep ‫كسح‬ kasɧ ‫ سأل‬saʔala ask ‫سؤال‬ suʔāl
‫ كمل‬kamala be ‫كمال‬ kamāl or ‫ ألم‬laʔama bandage ‫ألم‬ laʔm
completed ‫كمول‬ kumūl
‫ مأن‬maʔana provide ‫مأن‬ maʔn
‫لدغ‬ ladaɣa sting ‫لدغ‬ ladɣ supplies
‫ لسع‬lasa3a sting ‫لسع‬ las3
‫ لعن‬la3ana curse ‫لعن‬ la3n 1s1(b)
‫ لفح‬lafaɧa ‫لفح‬ lafɧ ‫ بدأ‬badaʔa begin ‫بدء‬ badʔ
‫ لمح‬lamaɧa
‫ لمع‬lama3a
burn
glance
shine
‫لمح‬
‫لمع‬
e lamɧ
lam3 or
‫ برأ‬baraʔa create
‫ خسأ‬xasaʔa drive out ‫خسء‬
‫برء‬ barʔ
xasʔ
pl
lama3ān ‫خسوء‬ xusūʔ
‫لمعان‬
‫ لهث‬lahaŧa pant ‫لهاث‬ luhāŧ ‫ درأ‬daraʔa ward off ‫درء‬ darʔ
lahŧ ‫دروء‬ durūʔ
‫لهث‬
‫ طرأ‬ʈaraʔa happen ‫طرء‬ ʈarʔ
m
‫ مدح‬madaɧa commend ‫مدح‬ madɧ
‫ مزح‬mazaɧa joke ‫مزاح‬ muzāɧ ‫ فجأ‬fajaʔa surprise ‫فجاءة‬ fujāʔat
‫مزح‬ mazɧ ‫فجأة‬ fajʔat

‫ مسح‬masaɧa wipe ‫مسح‬ masɧ ‫ قرأ‬qaraʔa read ‫قراءة‬ qirāʔat

sa

‫ مضغ‬maɖaɣa chew ‫مضغ‬ maɖɣ ‫ لجأ‬lajaʔa resort ‫لجوء‬ lujūʔ

‫ ملخ‬malaxa dislocate ‫ملخ‬ malx ‫ مأل‬malaʔa fill ‫ملء‬ malʔ
‫ منح‬manaɧa provide ‫منح‬ manɧ ‫ نتأ‬nataʔa protrude ‫نتوء‬ nutūʔ
‫ منع‬mana3a forbid ‫منع‬ man3 ‫ نشأ‬našaʔa grow up ‫نشأة‬ našʔat
‫نشوء‬ nušūʔ
‫ نبح‬nabaɧa bark ‫نباح‬ nubāɧ
‫ نجح‬najaɧa succeed ‫نجاح‬ najāɧ ‫ هدأ‬hadaʔa calm down ‫هدوء‬ hudūʔ
‫ هزأ‬hazaʔa mock ‫هزء‬ huzʔ
‫ نحب‬naɧaba weep ‫نحب‬ naɧb
‫نحيب‬ naɧīb
‫ نحس‬naɧasa jinx ‫نحس‬ naɧas 1s2
‫ نزح‬nazaɧa migrate ‫نزوح‬ nuzūɧ ‫ بذل‬bađala exert ‫بذل‬ bađl
‫ نزع‬naza3a remove ‫نزع‬ naz3 ‫ جدل‬jadala twist ‫جدل‬ jadl
‫ نسخ‬nasaxa copy ‫نسخ‬ nasx ‫ جذب‬jađaba attract ‫جذب‬ jađb
‫ نصح‬naʂaɧa advise ‫نصح‬ naʂɧ or ‫ جلب‬jalaba fetch ‫جلب‬ jalb
‫نصيحة‬ nuʂɧ
‫ جلس‬jalasa sit ‫جلوس‬ julūs
naʂīɧat
‫ نعت‬na3ata characterize ‫نعت‬ na3t ‫ حبس‬ɧabasa imprison ‫حبس‬ ɧabs

‫ نعس‬na3asa become ‫ نعاس‬nu3ās ‫ حتم‬ɧatama make ‫حتم‬ ɧatm

sleepy ‫ نعس‬na3s indispensable
‫نفع‬ nafa3a be useful ‫ نفع‬naf3 ‫حجز‬ ɧajaza reserve ‫ حجز‬ɧajz
‫حذف‬ ɧađafa omit ‫ حذف‬ɧađf
131 | Modern Standard Arabic Verbs
 ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ other
1
R
R2
R3

perfect indicative
singular dual plural singular dual plural

2m

2f

3m

3f

e
pl
subjunctive jussive
singular dual plural singular dual plural
m
1
sa

2m

2f

3m

3f

imperative participles passive

singular dual plural active passive perfect imperfect

2m

2f
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e
pl
m
sa