REVIEWER

It is defined as an organized system of social relationships that represent a society's common values and
procedures.

Institution

These are language forms specialized to indicate the relative social status or relationship of the
speakers.

Pragmatics or sociolinguistics

Itis a person's or group's or institution’s ability to influence and affect the behavior of others, as well as
to influence and affect the disposition of the resources of society.

Government

The area of language dealing with how meaningful bits are created and manipulated by the combination
of language sounds.

Morphology or semantics

This is a social group that shares some degree of practical interest, identity, residence, and destiny.

Subcultures

It refers to the capacity of language to combine meaningless sounds to create new words or to combine
words to create new utterances.

Phonology

The marriage wealth-exchange practice in which the woman's family is required to provide the husband
with property in order to make the marriage.

Dowry

It is an intermediate type of power, based on one's ability to influence or manipulate people into
obedience or compliance, typically through skillful use of language or control of resources.
Persuasion

According to Morton Fried, is defined as "the ability to channel the behavior of others in the absence of
the threat or use of sanctions."

Authority

It refers technically to the rules by which a language combines words into meaningful and intelligible
utterances, like sentences.

Grammar or syntax

The process by which society's values and norms, including those pertaining to gender are taught and
learned.

Sociology

It is a cultural institution joining two or more persons into a socially recognized, long-term relationship
for personal, sexual, childbearing, political, and/or economic purposes.

Marriage

The political and general social function of getting members of a group to conform to expectations and
rules and to obey authorities.

Sanction

Hannah Arendt referred this term as the very opposite or absence of authority.

Anarchy

According to Tylor, is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated and adaptive.

Culture

A sex/gender system in which men dominate women and that which is considered masculine is more
highly valued than that which is considered

feminine.
Patrilineal

It pertains to the mastery of the elements of a language to be able to make intelligible utterances.

Competence

It is a belief that the behaviors and customs of a society must be viewed and analyzed within the context
of its own culture.

Cultural relativism

This refers to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male
or female in a particular social setting at a particular point in time.

Gender

It is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own.

Culture shock

ANTHROPOLOGY
It branches into two subdivisions: social anthropology (studies humans in relation to societies) and
cultural anthropology (study of human cultures).

Is the study of human beings, their origin, their societies and their cultures

FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGISTS
Margaret Mead
Coming of age in Samoa
Bronislaw Malinowski
His fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands

SOCIOLOGOY
Sociology is the scientific study of a society- its origin, development, networks and functions. Its primary
purpose is to explain how different elements in the environment affect and influence the growth and life
of a person.
The terms were first coined by French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes in 1780 and was later defined
by French philosopher and “father of sociology” Auguste Comte in 1838.

American sociologist Richard Osborne (1996) advised, one must look at society like an alien to avoid
biases and prejudices.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
The study of politics, its institutions and processes, is called political science. It covers matters relating
to the allocation of power, the roles and systems of governance, political behavior, and public policies.

SOCIETY
Is defined as a group of people living together in organized communities, following common laws,
values, customs and traditions. The term was first used in mid-16th century, originating from the Latin
words socius and societas, which mean “companion” and from the French term société, meaning
“companionship.”

The decisions, actions, and thoughts you make are all derivatives of your experiences in society.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
American sociologists Paul Horton and Chester Hunt (1964) defined institution as an organized system
of social relationships that represent a society’s common values and procedures.

SIX GENERALLY RECOGNIZED INSTITUTIONS IN EVERY

SOCIETY:
Family - considered as the bedrock or foundation of the society

Education - the formal institution designated to preserve and transfer cultural knowledge and identity to
the members of a society

Economy - the social institution generally responsible for the production and the allocation of scarce
resources and services

Government - a social institution which states policy and law is enforced

Media - the institution responsible for the circulation of vital information among the members of a
society
Religion - an organized collection of beliefs intended to explain the meaning, origin, purpose of life and
existence

CULTURE
“That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by a [person] as a member of society” - Edward Taylor

CULTURE DIVERSITY
Refers to a wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations

SUBCULTURES
A category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them
apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

COUNTERCULTURES
Subcultures that actively oppose the larger society

A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles

CULTURE SHOCK
The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own

ETHNOCENTRISM
The assumption that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all other cultures

Comparing other cultures to one’s own as the standard

CULTURAL RELATIVISM
The belief that the behaviors and customs of a society must be viewed and analyzed within the context
of its own culture
MULTICULTURISM
Respect for and appreciation of the cultural contributions, practices, and experiences of diverse groups

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURE

HOLISM – looks at culture as a whole with integrated parts

EMIC AND ETIC – insider’s view vs outsider’s view

RELATIVISM – each culture is unique

FIRST DEFNITION OF “CULTURE”

“Culture… is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by [a human] as a member of society.” – Edward Burnett Tylor
(1871)

ECOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF “CULTURE”

“…Culture is a part of the distinctive means by which a local population maintains itself in an ecosystem
and by which a regional population maintains and coordinates its groups and distributes them over the
available land.” – Roy Rappaport, 1968

COGNITIVE DEFINIION OF “CULTURE”

“…Culture is a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodies in symbols, a system of inherited
conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and
develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” – Clifford Geertz, 1973

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
 Language and symbols
 Economic systems
 Political system
 Belief systems
 Marriage, Family & Kinship

 Gender
 Arts and Expressions
  Health and Healing
 etc.

GROUP 1

Is both a medium of human communication and interaction and shaping influence on that
communication and interaction. Humans are not the only species that communicate, nor even
communicate linguistically. However, humans have unique linguistic skills, which are also the same skills
that make culture in general possible

LANGUAGE

only species that communicates “orally.”

HUMANS

the communication lasts for only a brief time (except for writing)

RAPID FADING

individuals can be both senders and receivers of messages

INTERCHANGEABILITY

language users can monitor their own messages and correct errors in them

FEEDBACK

the elements of language have “meaning” or reference to the world

SEMANTICITY

the connection between a linguistic signal and its “meaning” is not “natural” or “given”

ARBITARINESS

language is composed of small, separate, and reusable “bits”

DISCRETENESS
language can refer to things that are not “present” in time or space

DISPLACEMENT

language users can make and understand new messages using old familiar “bits”

PRODUCTIVITY

language users can employ language to communicate about language

REFLEXIVENESS

language use can be false, deceptive, or meaningless

PREVARICATION

users of one language can learn another language

LEARNABILITY

the rules or conventions of language are the property of a social group and are acquired or learned by
interacting with that group.

CULTURAL TRANSMISSION

the study of which sounds are used in a language and how those sounds are used to generate words.

PHONOLOGY

Smallest bits of meaning then that set of meanings on the foundation of orderly sound, depending on
the structural relations between these sounds.

MORPHOLOGY OR SEMANTICS

refers technically to the rules by which a language combines words (and other morphemes) into
meaningful and intelligible utterances, like sentence.

GRAMMAR OR SYNTAX
language does much more than exchange factual information.

PRAGMATICS OR SOCIOLINGUISTICS

best ways to introduce social efficacy of language is in terms of what J. L. Austin called

PERFORMATIVES

they can have an effect on the audience and lead them to have certain feelings or to take certain
actions.

PERLOCUTIONARY FORCE

Illocutionary force called by Austin

PERFORMATIVES

includes the vocal features that shape the delivery of spoken language, such as tone, pitch, speed,
rhythm, and volume. Saying the same thing rapidly or slowly, or in a high- or low-pitched voice, can
change its meaning

PARALANGUAGE

We can also communicate emotion and sincerity through voice qualities, as well as advanced skills like
irony and sarcasm. Other paralinguistic features include sounds that are not strictly linguistic but that
convey meaning; called

VOCALIZATIONS

is the general name for the bodily movements or gestures that augment and modify verbal
communication (sometimes called “body language”). Among kinesics issues are facial expressions, hand
gestures, and the physical distance between speakers.

KINESICS

looks specifically at the use of personal space in interactions. Different societies maintain different
degrees of physical distance between members, depending on their relationship.

PROXEMICS
Hybrid language is called a

PIDGIN

a new or hybrid language has achieved this level of sophistication and use, it is called a

CREOLE

coined the term anti-language to refer to the most dramatic form of this behavior, a speech style
(specialized phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and/or pragmatics) used by individuals or groups in the
performance of roles opposing or inverting the society outside of their group.

HALLIDAY (1976)

GROUP 2

refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.

PERSONALITY

refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men,
and gender diverse people.

GENDER

also known as a sex role, is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are
generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's sex.

GENDER ROLE

is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between people of the opposite sex or
gender.

HETEROSEXUALITY

is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or
gender.

HOMOSEXUALITY
is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females

BISEXUALITY

is someone whose gender identity or gender expression does not correspond with the sex that they
were assigned at birth

TRANSGENDER PERSON

is the tendency to prefer one gender over another. It is a form of unconscious bias, or implicit bias,
which occurs when one individual unconsciously attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to another
person or group of people.

GENDER BIAS

is unequal or disadvantageous treatment of an individual or group of individuals based on gender.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

GROUP 3

GROUP 4

GROUP 5