RESEARCH

-https://www.etymonline.com/word/research-
research (n.)
-1570s, "act of searching closely" for a specific
person or thing, from French recerche (1530s,
Modern French recherche), back-formation from Old
French recercher "seek out, search closely"
(see research (v.)).
 research (v.)
-1590s, "investigate or study (a matter) closely,
search or examine with continued care," from
French recercher, from Old French recercher "seek
out, search closely," from re-, here perhaps an
intensive prefix (see re-), + cercher "to seek for,"
from Latin circare "go about, wander, traverse," in
Late Latin "to wander hither and thither,"
from circus "circle" (see circus).
re- 
word-forming element meaning "back, back from,
back to the original place;" also "again, anew,
once more," also conveying the notion of
"undoing" or "backward," etc. (see sense
evolution below), c. 1200, from Old
French re- and directly from Latin re- an
inseparable prefix meaning "again; back; anew,
against."
 -OXFORD DICTIONARY-
The systematic investigation into and
study of materials and sources in
order to establish facts and reach
new conclusions.
 -https://www.yourdictionary.com/
research-
-Careful, systematic, patient study
and investigation in some field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover or
establish facts or principles. Noun.
 -Careful study of a given subject,
field, or problem, undertaken to
discover facts or principles.
-To study (something) thoroughly so
as to present in a detailed, accurate
manner.
 -Careful, systematic, patient study
and investigation in some field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover or
establish facts or principles.
-Research is careful and organized
study or gathering of information
about a specific topic.
-https://cayuse.com/blog/importance-of-research-in-our-society/-
-Research is what propels humanity forward. It's fueled by
curiosity: we get curious, ask questions, and immerse ourselves in
discovering everything there is to know. Learning is thriving. Without
curiosity and research, progress would slow to a halt, and our lives as
we know them would be completely different.

RESEARCH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE

https://www.google.com/search?
q=research+for+academic+purpose&bih=545&biw=1242&hl=fil&sxsrf=ALiCzsbOjzaLvdZho8vAQQ5
Jwe6jdK8lxA
%3A1667605017327&ei=GaJlY9nNE8KR4EP1cG3yAw&ved=0ahUKEwiZvrvl2JX7AhXCyDgGHdXg
DckQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=research+for+academic+purpose&gs_lp=ugYGCAEQARgJEgxnd3Mtd
2l6LXNlcnC4AQP4AQEyCBAAGIAEGMsBMggQABgWGB4YD8ICChAAGEcY1gQYsAPCAgcQABi
wAxhDwgIOEAAY5AIY1gQYsAPYAQHCAhAQLhiABBjHARjRAxgKGMsBwgIGEAAYFhgewgIKEAA
YCBgeGA8YDZAGEUiDPlD7CljJOnABeAHIAQCQAQGYAYwFoAHuHKoBDDAuMTkuMC4xLjAuMe
IDBCBNGAHiAwQgQRgA4gMEIEYYAYgGAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

-Academic research is focused primarily on making new

discoveries for the scientific community. Professional research is
geared more towards solving a specific problem for an organization,
often a business, or its customers. The two are both valid and
contribute to progress.

https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/11-1-the-purpose-
of-research-writing/

The Purpose of Research Writing

Why was the Great Wall of China built? What have scientists learned
about the possibility of life on Mars? What roles did women play in
the American Revolution? How does the human brain create, store,
and retrieve memories? Who invented the game of football, and how
has it changed over the years?
You may know the answers to these questions off the top of your
head. If you are like most people, however, you find answers to tough
questions like these by searching the Internet, visiting the library, or
asking others for information. To put it simply, you perform research.
Whether you are a scientist, an artist, a paralegal, or a parent, you
probably perform research in your everyday life. When your boss,
your instructor, or a family member asks you a question that you do
not know the answer to, you locate relevant information, analyze your
findings, and share your results. Locating, analyzing, and sharing
information are key steps in the research process, and in this
chapter, you will learn more about each step. By developing your
research writing skills, you will prepare yourself to answer any
question no matter how challenging.

Reasons for Research

When you perform research, you are essentially trying to solve a
mystery—you want to know how something works or why something
happened. In other words, you want to answer a question that you
(and other people) have about the world. This is one of the most
basic reasons for performing research.
But the research process does not end when you have solved your
mystery. Imagine what would happen if a detective collected enough
evidence to solve a criminal case, but she never shared her solution
with the authorities. Presenting what you have learned from research
can be just as important as performing the research. Research
results can be presented in a variety of ways, but one of the most
popular—and effective—presentation forms is the research paper. A
research paper presents an original thesis, or purpose statement,
about a topic and develops that thesis with information gathered from
a variety of sources.

If you are curious about the possibility of life on Mars, for example,
you might choose to research the topic. What will you do, though,
when your research is complete? You will need a way to put your
thoughts together in a logical, coherent manner. You may want to use
the facts you have learned to create a narrative or to support an
argument. And you may want to show the results of your research to
your friends, your teachers, or even the editors of magazines and
journals. Writing a research paper is an ideal way to organize
thoughts, craft narratives or make arguments based on research, and
share your newfound knowledge with the world.

Research Writing and the Academic Paper

No matter what field of study you are interested in, you will most likely
be asked to write a research paper during your academic career. For
example, a student in an art history course might write a research
paper about an artist’s work. Similarly, a student in a psychology
course might write a research paper about current findings in
childhood development.
Having to write a research paper may feel intimidating at first. After
all, researching and writing a long paper requires a lot of time, effort,
and organization. However, writing a research paper can also be a
great opportunity to explore a topic that is particularly interesting to
you. The research process allows you to gain expertise on a topic of
your choice, and the writing process helps you remember what you
have learned and understand it on a deeper level.

Research Writing at Work

Knowing how to write a good research paper is a valuable skill that
will serve you well throughout your career. Whether you are
developing a new product, studying the best way to perform a
procedure, or learning about challenges and opportunities in your
field of employment, you will use research techniques to guide your
exploration.

You may even need to create a written report of your findings. And
because effective communication is essential to any company,
employers seek to hire people who can write clearly and
professionally.
Steps of the Research Writing Process
How does a research paper grow from a folder of
brainstormed notes to a polished final draft? No two projects
 are identical, but most projects follow a series of six basic
steps.
These are the steps in the research writing process:
1. Choose a topic.
2. Plan and schedule time to research and write.
3. Conduct research.
4. Organize research and ideas.
5. Draft your paper.
6. Revise and edit your paper.

Step 1: Choosing a Topic

As you may recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I
Begin?”, to narrow the focus of your topic, you may try freewriting
exercises, such as brainstorming. You may also need to ask a
specific research question—a broad, open-ended question that will
guide your research—as well as propose a possible answer, or a
working thesis. You may use your research question and your
working thesis to create a research proposal. In a research proposal,
you present your main research question, any related subquestions
you plan to explore, and your working thesis.

Step 2: Planning and Scheduling

Before you start researching your topic, take time to plan your
researching and writing schedule. Research projects can take days,
weeks, or even months to complete. Creating a schedule is a good
way to ensure that you do not end up being overwhelmed by all the
work you have to do as the deadline approaches.

During this step of the process, it is also a good idea to plan the
resources and organizational tools you will use to keep yourself on
track throughout the project. Flowcharts, calendars, and checklists
can all help you stick to your schedule. See Chapter 11 “Writing from
Research: What Will I Learn?”, Section 11.2 “Steps in Developing a
Research Proposal” for an example of a research schedule.

Step 3: Conducting Research

When going about your research, you will likely use a variety of
sources—anything from books and periodicals to video presentations
and in-person interviews.

Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary

sources. Primary sources provide firsthand information or raw data.
For example, surveys, in-person interviews, and historical documents
are primary sources. Secondary sources, such as biographies,
literary reviews, or magazine articles, include some analysis or
interpretation of the information presented. As you conduct research,
you will take detailed, careful notes about your discoveries. You will
also evaluate the reliability of each source you find.
Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer’s Ideas
When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and
decide which sources to cite in your paper. You will also have an
opportunity to evaluate the evidence you have collected and
determine whether it supports your thesis, or the focus of your paper.
You may decide to adjust your thesis or conduct additional research
to ensure that your thesis is well supported.

Tip
Remember, your working thesis is not set in stone. You can and
should change your working thesis throughout the research writing
process if the evidence you find does not support your original thesis.
Never try to force evidence to fit your argument. For example, your
working thesis is “Mars cannot support life-forms.” Yet, a week into
researching your topic, you find an article in the New York Times
detailing new findings of bacteria under the Martian surface. Instead
of trying to argue that bacteria are not life forms, you might instead
alter your thesis to “Mars cannot support complex life-forms.”

Step 5: Drafting Your Paper

Now you are ready to combine your research findings with your
critical analysis of the results in a rough draft. You will incorporate
source materials into your paper and discuss each source
thoughtfully in relation to your thesis or purpose statement.
When you cite your reference sources, it is important to pay close
attention to standard conventions for citing sources in order to avoid
plagiarism, or the practice of using someone else’s words without
acknowledging the source. Later in this chapter, you will learn how to
incorporate sources in your paper and avoid some of the most
common pitfalls of attributing information.

Step 6: Revising and Editing Your Paper

In the final step of the research writing process, you will revise and
polish your paper. You might reorganize your paper’s structure or
revise for unity and cohesion, ensuring that each element in your
paper flows into the next logically and naturally. You will also make
sure that your paper uses an appropriate and consistent tone.
Once you feel confident in the strength of your writing, you will edit
your paper for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation, mechanics,
and formatting. When you complete this final step, you will have
transformed a simple idea or question into a thoroughly researched
and well-written paper you can be proud of!
-https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-
research-
Different types of research studies are useful across industries and
fields, including:
 Biology, chemistry and other science-related fields
 Government offices and agencies
 Education
 Business
 Types of research
Fundamental and applied research are the two main research
categories. Most research types can be traced back to being
fundamental or applied, depending on the study's goals.

Fundamental research
Fundamental, also known as basic or theoretical, research is
designed to help researchers better understand certain phenomena
in the world. It looks at how things work but does not seek to find how
 to make them work better. This research attempts to broaden your
understanding and expand scientific theories and explanations.

Example: A company studies how different product placements affect

product sales. This study provides information and is knowledge-
based.

Applied research
Applied research is designed to identify solutions to specific problems
or find answers to particular questions. It offers knowledge that is
applicable and implementable. Types of applied research
include:Technological: This research looks for ways to improve
efficiency in products, processes and production. Scientific: This
research measures certain variables to predict behaviors, outcomes
and impact. Example: A student working on a doctorate in education
studies ways to increase student involvement in the classroom. This
research focuses on a defined problem and is solution-based.

Example: A student working on a doctorate in education studies ways

to increase student involvement in the classroom. This research
focuses on a defined problem and is solution-based.
 Action research

research refers to examining actions, assessing their effectiveness in

bringing about the desired outcome and choosing a course of action
based on those results. It is typically used in educational settings for
teachers and principals to perform a type of self-assessment and
course correction.
Example: A teacher collects data about their methods of teaching
fifth-grade math. At the end of the first school quarter, they
discovered only 33% of students demonstrated proficiency in the
 concepts. As a result, the teacher implements new methods for the
second quarter.

Causal researchCausal research, also called explanatory research,

seeks to determine cause and effect relationships between variables.
It identifies how much one variable may cause a change in the other.
Causal research is important for evaluating current processes and
procedures and determining if and how changes should take place.
Example: A business studies employee retention rates before and
after instituting a work-from-home policy after six months of
employment to see if the approach increases employee retention.
 Classification research
Clasificación
research seeks to identify and classify individual elements of a group
into larger groups or subgroups.

Example: Researchers study

un animal
species, placing them in defined categories based on shared
characteristics, such as:
 Body segmentation
Type of habitat
Reproductive methods
Diet

Comparative research
Comparative research identifies similarities and differences between
two individuals, subjects or groups.

Example: A business owner reviews new hire training documentation

and discovers that new employees receive much of the same
information at orientation and in their initial departmental training. The
owner incorporates materials into one session to allow more time for
department-specific training.

5. Cross-sectional researchCross-sectional, or synchronous,

research studies a group or subgroup at one point in time.
Participants are generally chosen based on specific shared
characteristics, such as age, gender or income, and researchers
examine the similarities and differences within and between groups.
The group is often used as a representation of a larger population.
Example: A company researches the sales techniques of its top 10%
of salespeople and compares them to those of its bottom 10%. This
gives the company insights into the most successful and least
successful sales methods.6. Deductive researchDeductive, or theory-
testing, research is the opposite of inductive research and moves
from the broad to the specific. Researchers choose a hypothesis and
test its accuracy through experimentation or observation.Example:
Researchers observed that 12 international corporations enacted in-
house carbon emissions standards in the same year. They use
deductive research to compare global emissions levels before and
after the measures were enacted. Read more: Inductive vs.
Deductive Reasoning7. Exploratory researchExploratory research
examines what is already known about a topic and what additional
information may be relevant. It rarely answers a specific question but
instead presents the foundational knowledge of a subject as a
precursor to further research. Often, exploratory research is applied
to lesser-known issues and phenomena.Example: You may consider
what is currently known about the success of yearlong maternity and
paternity leave programs. Your research includes gathering all
relevant information and compiling it in an accessible format that
 wasn't available previously. Your findings may reveal gaps in
knowledge, leading to additional studies in the future.Related:
Definitive Guide To Secondary Research8. Field researchField
research occurs wherever the participants or subjects are or "on
location." This type of research requires onsite observation and data
collection. Example: A manufacturing plant hires an environmental
engineering firm to test the air quality at the plant to ensure it
complies with federal health and safety requirements. The
researchers travel to the plant to collect samples.Related: Types of
Observational Studies9. Fixed researchFixed research involves
procedures determined ahead of time, such as how often testing will
take place, where it will take place, the number of subjects and their
types. The research depends on precise conditions and compliance
with predetermined protocols to reduce variables. Experimentation is
a menudo fixed research. Example: A researcher wants to test how
 different labels affect consumers' ratings of a sports drink.
Participants are given the same drink with various labels at the same
time and take a survey about taste and overall impressions. The
timing of providing each drink and the subsequent surveys are critical
to the study's validity.Related: 7 Interview Methods in Research (Plus
Interviewing Tips)10. Flexible researchFlexible research allows
procedures to change throughout the course of the experiment. The
different types of flexible research include:Case studies: Case studies
are in-depth analyses and observations about a specific individual or
subject.Ethnographic studies: Ethnographic studies are in-depth
analyses and observations of a group of people.Grounded theory
studies: Grounded theory studies are designed to develop theories
based on carefully collected and analyzed data.Example: A physician
uses a case study methodology to follow a patient through
symptoms, treatment and recovery.Related: How To Become a
 Social Researcher11. Inductive researchInductive research, also
known as theory-building research, collects data that may help
develop a new theory about a process or phenomenon. It examines
observations and patterns and offers several hypotheses to explain
these patterns. Inductive research is often the first step in theory
generation and may lead to additional research, such as deductive
research, to further test possible hypotheses.Example: Researchers
observed that worldwide emissions declined when 12 international
corporations enacted in-house carbon emissions standards in the
same year. The researchers theorize that worldwide emissions can
be reduced significantly if international corporations impose in-house
emissions standards.12. Laboratory researchLaboratory research
occurs in a controlled laboratory rather than in the field. Often, the
study demands strict adherence to certain conditions, such as
eliminating variables or timing conditions. Laboratory research
 includes chemical experimentation and pharmacological
research.Example: A pharmaceutical company researches a new
drug formula to determine if it would benefit diabetes patients.
Researchers closely monitor chemical interactions in laboratory
settings before moving to the next step.Related: What Is a Medical
Researcher?13. Longitudinal researchLongitudinal research focuses
on how certain measurements change over time without manipulating
any determining variables. Types of longitudinal research include:
Trend study: Research examines population characteristics over
time.Cohort study: Research traces a subpopulation over time.Panel
study: Research traces the same sample over time.Example: A
researcher examines if and how employee satisfaction changes in
the same employees after one year, three years and five years with
the same company.14. Mixed researchMixed research includes both
qualitative and quantitative data. The results are often presented as a
mix of graphs, words and images.Example: A car manufacturer asks
car buyers to complete a survey after buying a red or white sedan.
Questions focus on how much the color impacted their decision and
other opinion-based questions.Related: Quantitative and Qualitative
Research: Uses for Each15. Policy researchPolicy research
examines the effects of current government or social policies or
predicts the potential effects of proposed policies related to the
distribution of resources. Policy researchers often work within
government agencies and conduct the following types of studies:Cost
analysisCost-benefit analysisProgram evaluationNeeds
analysisExample: An agency may research how a policy for vaccine
distribution will affect residents in rural areas. The outcome may
change where the government sets up free shot clinics.16.
Qualitative researchQualitative research involves non-numerical data,
such as opinions and literature. It uses descriptions to obtain the
meanings and feelings involved in a situation. Businesses often use
qualitative research to determine consumer opinions and reactions.
Examples of qualitative research may include:Focus groups
SurveysParticipant commentsObservationsInterviews

Example: A marketing organization presents a new commercial to a

focus group before airing it publicly to receive feedback. The
company collects non-numerical data—the opinions of the focus
group participants—to make decisions.
Read more: Types of Qualitative Research:
6 types of qualitative researchHere are six types of qualitative
research with examples:1. Phenomenological modelThe
phenomenological model seeks to identify how participants feel about
certain occurrences or activities. Researchers study the unique ways
in which individuals experience events through observation and
interviews before, during and after the event. The phenomenological
approach focuses on subjective descriptions of experiences by
participants.For example, consider a company that creates prep
courses for standardized tests. The company may conduct a
phenomenological study that follows five subjects through the
process of taking a college entrance exam. Researchers observe and
interview the students during their study sessions, focusing on how
the students feel about their upcoming tests.Researchers then meet
with participants after they take their tests to ask questions such
as:How do you feel about your performance? Are you confident?Did
you feel prepared? Do you feel like your study materials helped you?
Are you anxious about receiving your results? What específicamente
makes you nervous?Finally, researchers can interview participants
 after they receive their exam scores. The company can use this
information to create courses that better meet the needs of test
takers and develop additional products that can help alleviate their
other concerns, such as a course on applying to colleges.2.
Ethnographic modelIn an ethnographic study, researchers immerse
themselves within a distinct culture to study the patterns, behaviors,
rules and communication among the group. Researchers are less
interested in testing a theory and more interested in observing how
subjects react and interact with one another or with a product. In
some cases, researchers may also take part in the group's activities
to experience them firsthand. Anthropologists are known for this type
of immersive method, but organizations can adopt this practice, too.
For instance, consider a company that is releasing a new product
designed to soothe babies with lights and sounds. The company may
plan an ethnographic study to record test subjects at home using the
 product.They are interested in the following information:If the
caretakers could easily assemble the productWhere the caretakers
placed the productIf the caretakers used the product when their
babies criedIf the product worked to soothe the babiesRead more: 6
Examples of Ethnographic Research3. Grounded theory modelThe
grounded theory model uses a systematic review of existing data,
generally in large quantities, to develop theories about why events
transpired in a certain way or what causes led to certain results. Data
analysis helps identify trends and commonalities that provide insights
into questions of "why" and "how." Researchers and organizations
can determine the practical applications of this information.For
instance, consider a marketing firm planning a campaign for a fast-
food company. The marketing company may benefit from reviewing
all of their previous work in the food service industry. They might
analyze their most successful campaigns and find that each of those
 campaigns involved at least six hours of television advertisements
per week and a large promotional giveaway. The marketing company
incorporates a contract for eight hours of television ads for the fast-
food chain per week promoting a giveaway for a luxury cruise
package.4. Case study modelCase studies follow a single subject
and collect in-depth data to draw more general conclusions. Subjects
may be individuals, families, businesses or cities. Researchers
gather, report and analyze an extensive amount of data. Case
studies are often longer than other types of research studies, some
lasting a year or more because researchers seek to measure
changes or results over time.Many industries apply the case study
model to study successful entities, including business, education and
health care. Specifically, a health care organization considering
expansion may conduct a case study on a similar organization across
the country that recently acquired three private practices.
Researchers may observe the company's internal documents, attend
meetings, conduct interviews with owners and shareholders and visit
the new clinics to monitor changes.

6. Historical modelThe histórico model attempts to predict future

results by studying and interpreting historical data. Researchers
analyze previous trends and results in order to create current
strategies.Historical research studies begin with a hypothesis or
research question that you want to test. Once you know what
question you'd like to answer, you can decide what sources to use for
your research. This often involves reading firsthand accounts,
interviewing people who experienced a certain phenomenon and
reviewing other research about the topic. Once you examine how
 reliable your sources are, you can analyze your data and develop a
theory to answer your initial research question.Businesses may use
the historical research method to discover what led to prior
successes or failures. For instance, consider an organization that
manufactures and distributes high-end health products. The company
is discussing adding a less expensive line of vitamins to its products.
The company's researchers can determine if the target market for a
less expensive line of vitamins would buy a product from their
company.To answer this question, researchers can look through
previous data of higher-end companies that added a less expensive
product line. They can also interview the managers at these
companies to learn their results. This data can help the business
owners determine if adding the new vitamin line is cost-effective and
beneficial to the brand.7. Focus groupsFocus groups are small
groups of individuals within the study's target demographic who
 provide feedback on a product or service before it is available to the
general public. Participants may test out a new product, provide their
reactions to a new commercial or movie or use a new computer or
phone application. Researchers often observe subjects using the
product and conduct in-depth interviews after their experience to hear
how they felt about the product or service, what they liked and didn't
like and how the company could improve the product.For example, a
sneaker company may plan to launch a new line of casual sneakers.
It develops prototypes and invites eight men between the ages of 18
and 35 to test the sneakers in the office.The researchers record the
subjects engaging with the sneakers, paying attention to each
subject's response to:The packagingSeeing the sneakersHolding the
sneakersWearing the sneakersWalking in the sneakersAfter the
subjects return the shoes, researchers may conduct interviews with
the group or with participants individually to ask questions, such
as:"What were your initial thoughts when you saw the shoes for the
first time?""Where might you wear these shoes? About how often
would you wear them during a normal week?""What do you normally
pay for sneakers?""How much do you think these shoes
cost?""Would you buy these shoes? What color would you choose?"
Definition and Examples17. Quantitative researchQuantitative
research depends on numerical data, such as statistics and
measurements, to investigate specific questions, like who, what,
where or when. The results are usually presented in tables or graphs.
Types of quantitative methods include:Survey researchDescriptive
researchCorrelational researchExample: A car manufacturer
compares the number of sales of red sedans compared to white
sedans. The research uses objective data—the sales figures for red
and white sedans—to draw conclusions.Upgrade your resume.
 Showcase your skills with help from a resume expert. Tips for
choosing a research methodologyAs you decide what you want to
research, consider the following tips. They will help you determine
which type of research to use.Clear objective: You need to know
what information you're seeking. A good research question will be
precise, applicable and valuable. This indicates that you can fully
address the issue without bias or prejudgment. Proper
representation: Research findings depend on the reliability of the
information. By using inclusive surveys and questionnaires, you
should ensure the appropriate variables will be represented, such as
the number, type and characteristics of subjects.Time availability:
Make sure you have the time to study the issue, collect data and
analyze your findings.