CHAPTER 6

DEFINITION, DIMENSIONS AND

DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM
IMPACTS

SUBJECT: MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM

AND HOSPITALITY (MACRO++)
INSTRUCTOR: JOSELE YAP
C O U R S E / Y R : B S T M / H M 1 ST Y E A R
DEFINITION, DIMENSIONS AND
DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM IMPACTS

• Tourism is one of the most pervasive of human activities.

Traveling is now a regular part of people’s leisure activities.
Our government puts top priority in developing tourism
mainly for its economic benefits.

• Unfortunately, tourism has its dark side too. Tourism, when

not managed properly, could lead to environmental
destruction and social disruptions.
DEFINITION OF
TOURISM IMPACT

Tourism impact may be

defined as an effect
brought about directly
or indirectly by tourism
policies, tourism related
establishment and
infrastructure and
tourist behavior.
DIMENSIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS

• Tourism impacts may be categorized in terms of:

1. Scope

2. Direction of change and type of impact

3. Scale

4. Distribution

5. Duration of the effects

SCOPE OF TOURISM IMPACT

• ECONOMIC -Inflation

• ENVIRONMENTAL - Improved transportation

• SOCIAL -increased crime and prostitution

• CULTURAL - broadening of food choices and spread of such sports as surfing

• POLITICAL - places that contribute substantially to government coffers from

their tourism income are able to get higher priority in government allocations
for tourism-related projects.

5
IMPACTS ARE SELDOM UNI-DIMENSIONAL
EXPLANATION:
KAINGIN IS WHERE FARMERS OFTEN
CLEAR THE LAND FOR CATTLE BY USING
SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES (CUTTING
DOWN TREES AND BURNING THEM).
BECAUSE OF THIS, IT CONTRIBUTES TO
SOIL EROSION AND ULTIMATE
ENVIRONMENTAL COLLAPSE WITHIN THE
AREA. IT TAKES TIME FOR SOIL TO
RECOVER IT'S FERTILITY. NATIVE TREES
AND PLANTS MIGHT BE BLOCKED BY THE
GROWTH OF NONNATIVE SPECIES DUE TO
THE STRESS THAT OCCURRED.
 TOURISM IMPACTS IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC, SOCIO-
CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIO-
IMPACTS ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL
CULTURAL
- Employment - PRESERVATION OF - CONSERVATION
opportunities HERITAGE, CULTURE OF NATURAL
- Growth in income & LOCAL CUSTOMS HABITATS
- Increase in
foreign exchange
- Infrastructure &
POSITIVE Facilities
Development

- LEAKAGE OF -DILUTION OF - Vandalism

TOURISM HERITAGE, - Littering &
RECEIPTS CULTURE & pollution
- SEASONAL - LOCAL CUSTOMS - Destruction of
NEGATIVE UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASED CRIME habitat
- SHORTAGE OF - Increased
FACILITIES congestion
4 TYPES OF
IMPACTS
The type of impact may be
categorized in many ways -

1. actual (objective) or

2. perceived (subjective), 3.
quantitative or qualitative

4. direct or indirect
ACTUAL OR OBJECTIVE
IMPACTS

• Most economic impacts

such as increased
population, number of
jobs, amount of
investment and amount of
tourist receipts generated
by tourism are objective in
nature and are
quantitatively measured.
PERCEIVED OR
SUBJECTIVE IMPACTS

• This refers to the opinions

of somebody concerning
the effects of tourism.
 QUANTITATIVE
IMPACTS
• Are impacts which can be
measured and expressed in
numerical form. Examples of
quantitative impacts are:

1. The amount of taxes collected

from tourism businesses

2. People employed by tourism

3. Length of roads constructed as

part of a program to make a place
accessible to tourists
QUALITATIVE
IMPACTS
• Are impacts that can only
be observed and
described. Examples of
this would be the:

1. Effects of tourism on
social relationships

2. Effect of tourism
experiences on an
individual’s self esteem.
DIRECT TOURISM
IMPACT

• One that is immediate

and flows from
tourism to the
receiver of impact
(e.g. residents)
without intervening
persons, agencies or
industries.
INDIRECT
IMPACT

• Flows from tourism to

the receiver of the
impact through
intervening persons,
agencies or industries
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM
INDUSTRY
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM
INDUSTRY

• The more developed the tourism industry, the more the

destination stands to gain economically from tourism.

• The travel and tourism competitiveness index (TTCI) of the

World Economic Forum is a measure of the level of tourism
development in a country.
14 PILLAR COMPONENTS OF (TTCI)

1. Business environment 9. Environmental sustainability

2. Safety and security 10. Air transport infrastructure

3. Health and hygiene 11. Ground and port infrastructure

4. Human resources and labor market 12. Tourist service infrastructure

5. ICT readiness 13. Natural resources

6. Prioritization of travel and tourism 14. Cultural resources and business

travel
7. International openness

8. Price competitiveness
STRENGTH OF THE ECONOMY AND
LINKAGES
• The net economic impact of tourism depends on the
proportion of income that is retained in the local economy.
This retained income is basically the difference between
the tourism revenues and the amount of leakages.

• To minimize leakage, therefore, requires buying local

products and managerial services. To make this happen,
there must be sufficient supply of such inputs at acceptable
quality levels.
TOURISM VOLUME,
DENSITY & RATIO

• Tourism Density to the number

of tourists at a given time in
relation to the area of the
destination. Tourism ratio refers
to the volume of tourists in
relation to the local population. In
general, the impact of tourism
rises in proportion to the increase
in tourism density or ratio.

• For example, the influx of tourists

during the summer months to
places like tagaytay, baguio or
calamba causes heavy traffic
congestion which increases travel
time.
END.

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