Laboratory No.

STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES

(RDR)
According to Lewis, an acid is a species that can accept an electron
pair from a base with the formation of a chemical bond composed of a shared
electron pair (covalent bond). From our bodies to our Earth’s oceans and
rocks, acids and bases play an important role in our lives and the environment
around us. If you have tasted lemon juice or washed your hands with soap,
you’ve experienced acids and bases. Scientists classify substances as acids,
bases (also called alkali) or neutral, depending on characteristics such as
taste and pH.
SOLUTIONS Reaction Reaction to Electrolyte Acid, Strong
to Blue Reaction phenolphthal Conductivity Character Base, or or Weak
Litmus to Red ein (+, -) (NE, WE, Neutral
Paper Litmus SE)
Paper
Distilled BLUE BLUE WHITE NO
H 2O REACTION NE NEUTRAL N/A
-
Unknown RED RED NO CHANGE SE
sample IN COLOR ACID STRONG
++
HC2H3O2 (aq) RED RED NO CHANGE
IN COLOR WE ACID WEAK
++
NH3 (aq) BLUE BLUE RED
++ SE BASE WEAK

HCl (aq) RED RED NO CHANGE

IN COLOR SE ACID STRONG
++
HC3H5O3 (aq) RED RED NO CHANGE SE
IN COLOR ACID WEAK
++
HNO3 (aq) RED RED NO CHANGE
IN COLOR SE ACID STRONG
++
KOH (aq) BLUE BLUE RED
SE BASE STRONG
++
 NaCl (aq) BLUE BLUE NO CHANGE
IN COLOR SE NEUTRAL N/A
++
NaOH (aq) BLUE BLUE RED
++ SE BASE STRONG

According to (Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. ) we can make paper test

strips to determine the pH of an aqueous solution by treating filter paper with any of the
common pH indicators. One of the first indicators used for this purpose was litmus.
According to(Manish Bhardwaj ) when the Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic
conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions.

According to (heimduo) Phenolphthalein, an acid- base indicator used to test

the pH of a solution, turns pink due to the presence of a weak base. Although the
anions are pink, the solution remains colorless in the presence of an acid. If the pH of
the solution is 8.2 or above, the number of anions increases, causing the solution to
turn pink. Again, according to (Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. ) example of strong
electrolytes is Strong acids, strong bases, and ionic salts that are not weak acids or
bases are strong electrolytes, while the example of weak electrolytes is weak bases and
last the neutral solution(H2O) is a example of neutral electrolytes.

Conclusion
A small number of acids ionize completely in aqueous solution. Blue litmus paper in acid
turn into red and red litmus paper is still color red and the ph value number is range in
1-6 ph number, we learned that acid does not react with Phenolphthalein and the
electrolytes characteristic is strong electrolytes that is the reason why acid has good
conductivity. Bases is a compound that is essentially 100% ionized in aqueous solution.
Bases show up as 8 through 14 on the pH scale and the reaction of basic solution in
Phenolphthalein is the color turn into pink. Strong bases is a strong electrolytes and
good conductivity while the weak bases is weak electrolytes that is the reason why the
are low conductivity. Finally, neutral substances like water and salt result from equal
acid-base reactions
REFERENCES

Helmenstine, Anne Marie (SepT 16, 2019) Strong Electrolyte Definition and Examples
https ://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-strong-electrolyte-605927

Heimdo (June 29, 2020) Why does phenolphthalein turn pink in a base?
https ://heimduo.org/why-does-phenolphthalein-turn-pink-in-a-base/

Staff (April 07, 2020) What Color Does Litmus Paper Turn in Acid?
https ://www.reference.com/science/color-litmus-paper-turn-acid-901951023b90c888

Manish Bhardwaj(Jul 24, 2014) Why do acids change blue litmus to red?

https://socratic.org/questions/why-do-acids-change-blue-litmus-to-red

Vishakha Monga; Flowers, Paul: Theopold, Klaus: Robinson William R.; and
Langley, Richard INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR CHEMICAL
ENGINEERS
https ://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/inorganicchemistrychem250/chapter/relative-strengths-of-acids-and-
bases/#:~:text=The%20relative%20strength%20of%20an%20acid%20or%20base,ionization%20occurs%2
C%20the%20acid%20or%20base%20is%20weak.

Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson, PhD (Feb 14,
2019) 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-3-relative-strengths-of-acids-and-bases