※ At the end of each question, points are indicated in a parenthesis.

I . Select, from the lettered choices, the word or phrases closest in meaning to the word
in capital letters.

1. CURTAIL: (2 points)
(A) deliver (B) shorten
(C) conciliate (D) frightful

2. IMBIBE: (2)
(A) tell (B) distrust
(C) drink (D) feed

3. PREAMBLE: (2)
(A) formal introduction (B) instruction book
(C) lengthy notes (D) common law

II . Select the best answer to complete the sentence.

4. Jean rarely ________ at the first sign of trouble; instead he ________ the situation, then
reacts calmly and appropriately. (2.5)
(A) observes — explores
(B) cowers — supplants
(C) balks — appraises
(D) flinches — ameliorates

5. There has been a ________ of interest in the forensic sciences recently thanks to the growing
number of top-rated criminal investigation shows on television. (2)
(A) waning (B) semblance
(C) dearth (D) surge

6. When Mary was caught in a sudden downpour during her hike, she discovered that her
supposedly waterproof-jacket was not actually ________ to water. (2)
(A) dank (B) impervious
(C) preventable (D) unreliable
7. Sociobiology, the study of the biological and evolutionary basis of social behavior, is a ________
discipline, part biology and part sociology, that requires an understanding of both fields. (2)
(A) summary (B) hybrid
(C) hypothetical (D) prolific

8. Although the book might satisfy Bloom's hard-core fans, it is ________ by its monotonous
citations and its ________ style. (2.5)
(A) marred — slipshod
(B) warped — elegant
(C) enhanced — impeccable
(D) unified — laconic

9. When trees go dormant in winter, the procedure is anything but ________: it is an active
metabolic process that changes the plant ________. (2.5)
(A) sleepy — radically
(B) pleasant — intermittently
(C) dynamic — majestically
(D) organic — thoroughly

10. The wagon train leaders chose to ________ their route when they realized that the heavy
rain had made fording the river too ________ a task. (2.5)
(A) question — uncomplicated
(B) disregard — common
(C) abandon — legitimate
(D) alter — impracticable

11. Because of its strength, adhesiveness, and invaluable qualities as a nest-building material,
many species of birds ________ silk into their nest. (2)
(A) smuggle (B) jettison
(C) incorporate (D) entice

12. Unfortunately, excessive care in choosing one's words often results in a loss of ________.
(2)
(A) precision (B) atmosphere
(C) selectivity (D) spontaneity

13. When I listened to her cogent argument, all my ________ were ________ and I was forced
to agree with her point of view. (2.5)
(A) senses — stimulated
(B) opinions — confirmed
(C) preconceptions — substantial
(D) doubts — dispelled
14. The most crucial issue for wildlife in this arid land is unimpeded ________ water. (2)
(A) passage through
(B) freedom from
(C) access to
(D) overflow of

15. The researcher hoped that the controversy could be settled on the basis of ________ facts
and not on ________ anecdotes. (2.5)
(A) comprehensive — humorous
(B) objective — biased
(C) lucid — modest
(D) idealized — whimsical

III . Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are four
ways of phrasing the underlined part. In making your selection, follow the requirements
of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence
construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence
― clear, precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.
16. The causes of the conflict in the remote mountain area is finally becoming clear. (2)
(A) is finally more clearly defined
(B) is finally becoming clearly defined
(C) are finally becoming clear
(D) are finally becoming defined with clarity

17. Although the team has made great strides, its problem is still in not functioning as a cohesive
unit. (3)
(A) the problem it has had is in its not functioning
(B) it still does not function
(C) it was still functioning
(D) its problem is in its functioning

18. The god of the sea, known by the Romans as Neptune, is also known by the Greeks as
Poseidon. (3)
(A) The god of the sea is known by the name Neptune, but he was known as Poseidon
by the Greeks.
(B) The god of the sea is known by the name Neptune by the Romans and the
name Poseidon by the Greeks.
(C) The Romans called the god of the sea Neptune, the Greeks called him Poseidon.
(D) The Romans have called the god of the sea Neptune, but the Greeks call him
Poseidon.
19. The elements of good legal writing is clarity of expression and clearness of thought, not
obscure legal terminology. (3)
(A) Good legal writing is characterized by
(B) To write a good legal piece, it requires
(C) In writing good legal documents is needed
(D) As for good legal writing

20. Like Katie Kim campaigned for women's suffrage in New Zealand, so too did Elizabeth Cady
fight for many years for women's suffrage in the United States. (3)
(A) Just as Katie Kim campaigned
(B) Just like Katie Kim, who campaigned
(C) As Katie Kim campaigned
(D) Just as the campaign of Katie Kim

IV . Carefully read each of the passage below and the questions that follow. Select the choice
which, on the basis of the passage, best answers the question.

[21-24]

In modern times there has been revolutionary change in attitude toward death-
dealing diseases. For many centuries people felt that some superior force — fate
or destiny — decided whether a person would fall victim to any given disease.
There was little or nothing that the intended victim could do to evade the course
of the ailment.
Sometimes deeply concerned parents would keep the well in contact with the
ill so that all the children would get the disease at the same time.
Slowly people began to realize that inevitability need not be involved in illness.
The first preventive measure taken was isolation. The victim, if possible, would
be separated from the others. Or the noninfected people would flee from the area
in which the disease was prevalent.
Today, thanks to medical research, we have learned more about how diseases
are contracted. We not only can prevent the attack but also have developed
weapons that shorten the duration and lessen the severity. In many instances,
preventive measures can delay the onset of the disease for a long period of time.
Medicines today are not the only weapons available. Attention to diet, exercise,
and stress has also proved very effective. As a result, more and more people
are living longer and enjoying living longer.

21. During the 1400s, most people felt that ________. (2.5)
(A) supernatural forces controlled their state of health
(B) germs caused disease
(C) poor food caused illness
(D) medicines were of no help in fighting a disease
22. As a rule, we separate the well from the ill today because we believe that ________. (A)
the ill then can get the necessary attention (2.5)
(B) many diseases are transmitted by the germs
(C) the well do not then bother the ill
(D) it is easier on the parents when caring for their children

23. A life-prolonging practice not mentioned in this passage is ________. (2)

(A) proper eating habits
(B) planned, regular exercise
(C) regulating hours of sleep
(D) prescribing drugs

24. The author's style is best described as ________. (2)

(A) dramatic (B) argumentative
(C) sarcastic (D) factual

[25-26]

Today, many think of the slave trade between Africa and the New World in
relation to crops such as cotton and tobacco. However, the slave trade was initiated
primarily to fuel sugar production in Brazil. During the last half of the sixteenth
century, the number of Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil increased from
five to three hundred fifty. The demand for sugar in Europe at this time sharply
increased. As sugar gradually became available, more uses for it were discovered,
creating even more demand. Among these novel uses for sugar were preserving
fruit and making jam. As this demand rose, so did the demand for slaves to
work on the Brazilian plantations.

25. The author's reasoning about the origin of the slave trade would be most weakened if ________.
(2.5)
(A) the use of slaves in New World predated sugar harvesting
(B) cotton was harvested along with sugar
(C) sugar was widely used in European baking at the time
(D) Africa was the only source of labor available

26. The use of sugar to preserve fruit is cited as ________. (2.5)

(A) Portugal's justification for initiating the slave trade
(B) an innovation made by African slaves
(C) one reason for the increased demand for sugar
(D) an example of Europeans' culinary creativity
[27-30]
The questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between
the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the
passages.

Passage I
Aggressive behavior largely results from the scarcity of resources such as food
and shelter. As a given animal population increases, the competition for available
food and territory rises. Animals engage in aggressive behavior to relieve these
growing tensions by eliminating competitors, either by forcing weaker members
of the population to relocate or by killing them outright. As the population density
decreases, so too does the need for aggressive behavior. Animal species that seldom
compete for food or shelter, either due to an abundance of resources or to a
small population density, rarely exhibit aggressive tendencies.

Passage I
More explanations for aggressive behavior largely focus on violence within a
single species. While competition for survival chiefly accounts for the infighting
that occurs within a group of animals, it fails to explain some instances of aggression
between two separate species. Chimpanzees, which have been known to hunt
smaller monkeys, occasionally exhibit aggressive behavior seemingly unrelated
to the struggle for survival. Although the term “hunt” may suggest that the need
to obtain food is the cause of such aggression, it is rare that the chimpanzees
actually eat the monkey they kill.

27. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of Passage I? (3)
(A) Some animals do not exhibit aggressive behavior despite a scarcity of resources.
(B) Animals that engage in aggressive behavior are mainly attempting to force
weaker members from the area.
(C) Competition for food and shelter among animal species is caused solely by
population increases.
(D) The interplay between population density and resource availability accounts
for the level of aggressive behavior in a given animal species.

28. Unlike the author of Passage I, the author of Passage II ________. (2.5)
(A) criticizes the work of previous scientists
(B) rejects the conclusion of previous studies of aggression
(C) makes generalizations about the behavior of animals
(D) seeks a more comprehensive understanding of a behavior pattern
29. Passage I and Passage II support which of the following generalizations about aggression?
(3)
(A) Some aggressive behavior is attributable to the scarcity of resources.
(B) The larger the population, the more aggressive a species will be.
(C) Scientists studying aggression have ignored violence between different species.
(D) Aggression is a complex behavior unlikely ever to be understood by science.

30. The reference to “chimpanzees” in the Passage II is used to ________. (2.5)

(A) suggest that a widely accepted theory is patently false
(B) provide the basis for a new definition of violence within a species
(C) cite an exception to a more general explanation of aggression
(D) shift the argument to a discussion of primate behavior

[31-35]

Despite the falling popularity of smoking in the United States, the increase
in smoking among young women continues. Whereas older teenage boys appear
to have reached a plateau in the early 1970s, with approximately 19 percent
smoking, over 26 percent of older teenage girls are now regular smokers.
A 1989 study examined smoking habits among young women as reported by
approximately 600 undergraduate women at four Maryland colleges. Researcher
Mary Smith and colleagues examined the respondents' description of parental
and peer smoking behavior to determine whether these factors were correlated
with their smoking behavior.
The researcher first analyzed the effects of parental smoking on the initiation
of smoking. Smith views the initiation of smoking as a function of psychological
rather than physiological influences because the physical effects of nicotine are
not felt until later in life. Smoking behavior of the respondent's mother was
significantly associated with the college women's own early smoking behavior.
 Among respondents with mothers who smoked 57 percent of the daughters had
smoked or did smoke, whereas 43 percent had never smoked; 47 percent of the
respondents with nonsmoking mothers had smoked or did smoke, whereas 53
percent of such respondents had never smoked. The smoking behavior of the
father during the initiation stage appears to have little or no effect upon the
respondents' smoking behavior.
The next stage of the smoking career, the maintenance of smoking habits, was
less significantly related to the smoking behavior of the primary socialization
agents. The smoking behavior of the respondents' fathers seemed to have no
effects on their smoking maintenance, whereas the smoking behavior of the mother
was related only to the frequency of smoking, not the duration of the habit. Of
much greater importance to the maintenance of smoking habits of the respondents
was the smoking behavior of particular members of her proximal social environment
— her closest female friends.
Interestingly, smoking habits of even the closest male members of the respondent's
social network seemed to have no bearing upon the frequency and duration of
the respondent's smoking behavior. According to Smith, cessation constitutes
the third stage of an individual's smoking career; in the Maryland study, cessation
was measured by the respondent's categorizations of perceived or actual difficulties
associated with giving up smoking. Her parents' smoking behavior was not taken
into consideration, but the relationship between cessation of smoking and the
smoking behavior of members of the respondent's social network was similar
to the citied above: only the smoking behavior of female friends was significantly
correlated with the respondent's perceived or actual difficulty in breaking her
own habits. Smith and her associates concluded that same-sex relationship was
important in every phase of a woman's smoking career.

31. According to the passage, a young woman's closest female friends ________. (3)
(A) have little effect on her smoking habits
(B) determine her to smoke heavily
(C) influence whether she will start smoking
(D) influence the duration of her smoking habit
32. The passage suggests that male smoking behavior ________. (3)
(A) helps to explain female smoking behavior
(B) does not account for female smoking habits
(C) affects women's decisions to stop smoking
(D) influences the smoking habits of other males

33. Which of the following would most seriously weaken Smith's basic argument? (4)
(A) Mothers have influence over the earliest stages of their daughter's smoking
careers.
(B) Close female friends influence the duration, but not the frequency, of young
women's smoking.
(C) The maintenance of one's smoking habits is heavily influenced by one's economic
status.
(D) The smoking habits of both parents significantly influence a daughter's initial
decision to smoke.

34. Which of the following most accurately describes the passage? (2.5)
(A) A refutation of earlier hypothesis
(B) An explanation of popular theory
(C) A summary of recent research findings
(D) A description of a controversial study

35. The passage suggests that nicotine ________. (2.5)

(A) has no effect on smoking behavior
(B) has less effect than maternal influence on the initiation of smoking
(C) affects female smokers more than male smokers
(D) encourages young women to begin smoking

[36-40]

We can no longer pretend as we did for so long that Indians are a primitive
people: no, they are a traditional people, that is, a “first” or “original” people, a
primal people, the inheritors of a profound and exquisite wisdom distilled by
long ages on this earth. The Indian concept of earth and spirit has been patronizingly
dismissed as simple hearted “naturalism” or “animism,” when in fact it derives
from a holistic vision known to all mystics and great teachers of the most venerated
religions of the world.
 This universal and profound intuitive knowledge may have come to North
America with the first people to arrive from Asia, although Indians say it was
the other way around, that the assumption of white historians that a nomadic
people made an one-way journey across the Bering Strait from Asia, and down
into America, and never attempted to travel the other way, makes little sense.
Today most Indians believe that they originated on this continent: at the very
least, there was travel in both directions. (In recent years, this theory has been
given support by a young anthropologist who, on the basis of stone tools and
skull measurements as well as pictographs and cave drawings, goes so far as
to suggest that the Cro-Magnons — the first truly modern men — who came out
of nowhere to displace the Neanderthals in Eurasia perhaps 40,000 years ago
were a pre-Indian people from North America.) According to the Hopi, runners
were sent west across the Bering Strait as messengers and couriers, and information
was exchanged between North America and Eurasia in very early times, long
before European history had begun.
The Only Way what the Lakota call wouncage, “our way of doing” is very
consistent throughout the Indian Nations, despite the great variety of cultures.
The Indian cannot love the Creator and desecrate the earth, for Indian existence
is not separable from Indian religion, which is not separable from the natural
world. It is not a matter of “worshipping nature,” as anthropologists suggest:
to worship nature, one must stand apart from it and call it “nature” or “the human
habitat” or “the environment.” For the Indian, there is no separation. Man is
an aspect of nature, and nature itself is a manifestation of primordial religion.
Even the word “religion” makes an unnecessary separation, and there is no word
for it in the Indian tongues. Nature is the “Great Mysterious,” the “religion before
religion,” the profound intuitive apprehension of the true nature of existence
attained by sages of all epochs, everywhere on earth: the whole universe is sacred,
man is the whole universe, and the religious ceremony is life itself, the miraculous
common acts of every day.

36. To the author, the distinction between the underlined words primitive and primal is that
________. (2.5)
(A) whereas the former is excessively positive, the latter is neutral in significance
(B) while the latter is often used metaphorically, the former is not
(C) while the former has some negative connotations, the latter has neutral or
positive ones
(D) the former came into common use earlier than the latter did
37. The author most likely used quotation marks around certain words in the last sentence
of the first paragraph because ________. (3)
(A) they are quotations from another work
(B) they are slang
(C) they come from another language
(D) he disagrees with their application here

38. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the second paragraph of the
passage? (3)
(A) It develops the idea of the first paragraph.
(B) It is a digression from the author's argument.
(C) It provides examples to illustrate the points made in the first paragraph.
(D) It provides a logical introduction to the third paragraph.

39. The author's attitude toward Indian religion is one of ________. (2)
(A) respect (B) idolatry
(C) condemnation (D) pity

40. By calling the common acts of everyday miraculous in the last sentence, the author is
being ________. (2.5)
(A) paradoxical (B) allusive
(C) sarcastic (D) analytical