Coordinates: 55°N 97°W[1]

Manitoba
Manitoba (/ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen) MAN-ih-TOH-
bə) is a province of Canada at the longitudinal Manitoba
centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most
Province
populous province, with a population of 1,342,153
as of 2021,[2] of widely varied landscape, from
arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the
north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater
lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and
southern regions. Flag
Coat of arms
Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Motto(s): Latin: Gloriosus et Liber

Manitoba for thousands of years. In the early 17th "Glorious and free"

century, British and French fur traders began "Glorieux et libre" (French)

arriving in the area and establishing settlements.
The Kingdom of England secured control of the
region in 1673 and created a territory named
Rupert's Land, which was placed under the
administration of the Hudson's Bay Company. YT
Rupert's Land, which included all of present-day NT
Manitoba, grew and evolved from 1673 until 1869 NU

with significant settlements of Indigenous and

Métis people in the Red River Colony. In 1869, BC
AB NL
negotiations with the Government of Canada for SK MB QC
ON PE
the creation of the province of Manitoba NB NS
commenced. During the negotiations, several
factors led to an armed uprising of the Métis
people against the Government of Canada, a
Coordinates: 55°N 97°W[1]
conflict known as the Red River Rebellion. The
resolution of the conflict and further negotiations Country Canada
led to Manitoba becoming the fifth province to join Confederation 15 July 1870 (5th,
Canadian Confederation, when the Parliament of with Northwest
Canada passed the Manitoba Act on July 15, 1870. Territories)
Capital
Winnipeg
Manitoba's capital and largest city is Winnipeg, the (and largest city)
seventh most populous municipality in Canada.
Largest metro Winnipeg Region
Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Government
Provincial Court. Four of the province's five  • Type Parliamentary
universities, all four of its professional sports constitutional
monarchy
teams, and most of its cultural activities (including
 • Lieutenant Governor Anita Neville
Festival du Voyageur and Folklorama) are located
 • Premier Heather Stefanson
in Winnipeg. The city has train and bus stations
and an international airport; a Canadian Forces Legislature Legislative Assembly
base, CFB Winnipeg, operates from the airport and of Manitoba
is the regional headquarters of the North American Federal representation Parliament of Canada
Aerospace Defense Command. House seats 14 of 338 (4.1%)
Senate seats 6 of 105 (5.7%)
Contents Area
 • Total 649,950 km2
Etymology (250,950 sq mi)
 • Land 548,360 km2
History (211,720 sq mi)
Indigenous societies and European  • Water 101,593 km2
settlement (39,225 sq mi)
Confederation  15.6%
Contemporary era  • Rank 8th
  6.5% of Canada
Geography
Climate Population (2021)
 • Total 1,342,153[2]
Flora and fauna
 • Estimate (Q3 2022) 1,409,223 [3]
Demography  • Rank 5th
Economy Demonym Manitoban
Economic history Official languages English[4]
Military bases GDP
Government and politics  • Rank 6th
Official languages  • Total (2015) C$65.862 billion[5]
 • Per capita C$50,820 (9th)
Transportation
Time zone UTC−06:00 (Central)
Education  • Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (Central
Culture DST)
Arts Rankings include all provinces and territories
Festivals
Museums
Media
Sports
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Etymology
The name Manitoba possibly derives from either Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwe manidoobaa,
both meaning "straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit."[6] Alternatively, it may be from the Assiniboine
"minnetoba," meaning "Lake of the Prairie"[7][8] (the lake was known to French explorers as Lac
des Prairies). The name was chosen by Thomas Spence for the new republic he proposed for the
area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel preferred the name over the proposed alternative of
"Assiniboia." It was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870.[9]

History

Indigenous societies and European settlement

Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age
glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle
Mountain area.[10] The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded
settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to
make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other
seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.[11]

In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson
Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.[12] Thomas Button travelled this area in 1612 in an
unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson.[13] When the British ship Nonsuch sailed into
Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to
the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which the British government gave absolute
control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after
Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.[14] York Factory was founded
in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was
destroyed by rival French traders.[15]

Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to
help open the area for French exploration and trade.[16] As French explorers entered the area, a
Montreal-based company, the North West Company, began trading with the local Indigenous
people. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the
two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they
merged in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this
era).[14]

Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American
theatre of the Seven Years' War, better known as the French and Indian War in North America;
lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812
by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, led to conflict between British
colonists and the Métis.[17] Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in
the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.[18]

Confederation

Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay

Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest
Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis
leader Louis Riel to establish a local provisional government
which formed into the Convention of Forty and the subsequent
elected Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia on 9 March
1870.[19][20] This assembly subsequently sent three delegates to
Ottawa to negotiate with the Canadian government. This
resulted in the Manitoba Act and that province's entry into the
Canadian Confederation. Prime Minister Sir John A.
Territorial evolution of Canada,
Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the House of
1867–present
Commons of Canada, the bill was given Royal Assent and
Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870.[21]
Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley
because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile.[22] The Canadian government blocked the Métis'
attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing
racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what
would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.[21]
Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of First Nations that lived in
the area. They made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a reserve system was
established under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government.[23] The prescribed amount of land
promised to the native peoples was not always given; this led Indigenous groups to assert rights to
the land through land claims, many of which are still ongoing.[24]

The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known
colloquially as the "postage stamp province".[25] Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land
from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin, but Ontario claimed a large portion of
the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in
1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with the northern
reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.[25]

The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The
Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the
original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants
from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed
a law removing funding for French Catholic schools.[26] The French Catholic minority asked the
federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces
mobilized nationwide to oppose them.[27] The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation
to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier.[26] Once
elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba
could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough
students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.[26]

Contemporary era

By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and

remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s.[28] A
boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century,
with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its
success.[29] The drop in growth in the second half of the decade
was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which
reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well
as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First
World War.[30] Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the
first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had Crowds gathering outside the old
received the Victoria Cross.[31] City Hall during the Winnipeg
general strike, 21 June 1919
During the First World War, Nellie McClung started the
campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for
women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial
elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote.[32]

After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union
members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism, coupled with a polarization over
the rise of Bolshevism in Russia.[33] The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg general strike of
1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their
jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement.[34] Government efforts to
violently crush the strike, including a Royal North-West Mounted Police charge into a crowd of
protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the
movement's leaders.[34] In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on
charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal combinations, and seditious libel; four were deported under
the Canadian Immigration Act.[35]

The Great Depression (1929–c. 1939) hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba.
The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to
drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production.[36] The
Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, forerunner to the New Democratic Party of
Manitoba (NDP), was founded in 1932.[37]

Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the
British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools
throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the
Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion
and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million.[38]

Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and
had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River
reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red
River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier
Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River
Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of
excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south
of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in
the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused
over C$400 million in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway Aerial view of the Red River
prevented Winnipeg from flooding.[39] Floodway

In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the

Meech Lake Accord, a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the
Canada Act 1982. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation.
Cree politician Elijah Harper opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been
adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.[40]

Glen Murray, elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became the first openly gay mayor of a large North
American city.[41] The province was impacted by major flooding in 2009 and 2011.[42] In 2004,
Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places.[43] In 2013,
Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of
persons with disabilities.[44]

Geography
Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the
territory of Nunavut to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south.
Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a high volume of the water
draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This basin's
rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, and east into Ontario.
Major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and
Churchill rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south has developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial
Lake Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left
hilly and rocky areas throughout the province.[45]
The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay
and more than 110,000 lakes,[46] covering approximately 15.6
percent or 101,593 square kilometres (39,225  sq  mi) of its
surface area.[47] Manitoba's major lakes are Lake Manitoba,
Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest
freshwater lake in the world.[48] A total of 29,000 square
kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of traditional First Nations lands and
boreal forest on Lake Winnipeg's east side were officially
designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as
Pimachiowin Aki in 2018.[49]

Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at 832 metres

(2,730 ft) above sea level,[50] and the Hudson Bay coast is the
lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills,
Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are also
Relief map of Manitoba
upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited
north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield,
including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial
Parks.[51]

Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there is grain
farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near The Pas). Around 11 percent of Canada's farmland is in
Manitoba.[52]

Climate

Manitoba has an extreme continental climate. Temperatures

and precipitation generally decrease from south to north and
increase from east to west.[53] Manitoba is far from the
moderating influences of mountain ranges or large bodies of
water. Because of the generally flat landscape, it is exposed to
cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the northwest during
January and February. In the summer, air masses sometimes
come out of the Southern United States, as warm humid air is Deep Lake at Riding Mountain
drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico.[54] Temperatures National Park
exceed 30  °C (86  °F) numerous times each summer, and the
combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value
to the mid-40s.[55] Carman, Manitoba, recorded the second-highest humidex ever in Canada in
2007, with 53.0.[56] According to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies
year round and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for the sunniest province in the
winter and spring.[57]

Southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone
(Köppen Dfb). This area is cold and windy in the winter and often has blizzards because of the open
landscape. Summers are warm with a moderate length. This region is the most humid area in the
prairie provinces, with moderate precipitation. Southwestern Manitoba, though under the same
climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba, is closer to the semi-arid interior of
Palliser's Triangle. The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern
Manitoba.[58] This area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards due to the
openness of the Canadian Prairie landscape.[58] Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to
moderate humidity.[58]
Southern parts of the province, just north of Tornado Alley, experience tornadoes, with 16
confirmed touchdowns in 2016. In 2007, on 22 and 23 June, numerous tornadoes touched down,
the largest an F5 tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest recorded tornado in
Canada).[59]

The province's northern sections (including the city of

Thompson) fall in the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate
classification Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold
winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation.[60]
Overnight temperatures as low as −40  °C (−40  °F) occur on
several days each winter.[60]

Köppen climate types of Manitoba

January
July daily
Annual

Community Region daily

maximum[61] precipitation[61]
maximum[61]
Pembina
Morden 26 °C (79 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 541 mm (21 in)
Valley
Winnipeg Winnipeg 26 °C (79 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 521 mm (21 in)
Westman
Pierson 27 °C (81 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 457 mm (18 in)
Region
Dauphin Parkland 25 °C (77 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 482 mm (19 in)
Steinbach Eastman 25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 581 mm (23 in)
Portage la Central
26 °C (79 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 532 mm (21 in)
Prairie Plains
Brandon Westman 25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 474 mm (19 in)
The Pas Northern 24 °C (75 °F) −14 °C (7 °F) 450 mm (18 in)
Thompson Northern 23 °C (73 °F) −18 °C (0 °F) 474 mm (19 in)
Churchill Northern 18 °C (64 °F) −22 °C (−8 °F) 453 mm (18 in)

Flora and fauna

Manitoba natural communities may be grouped within five ecozones:
boreal plains, prairie, taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plains.
Three of these—taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plain—contain
part of the Boreal forest of Canada which covers the province's
eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches.[62]

Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or

48 percent, of the province's land area.[63] The forests consist of pines
(Jack Pine, Red Pine, Eastern White Pine), spruces (White Spruce,
Black Spruce), Balsam Fir, Tamarack (larch), poplars (Trembling
Aspen, Balsam Poplar), birches (White Birch, Swamp Birch) and small
pockets of Eastern White Cedar.[64]
Polar bears are common in
Two sections of the province are not dominated by forest. The
northern Manitoba.
province's northeast corner bordering Hudson Bay is above the
treeline and is considered tundra. The tallgrass prairie once
dominated the south central and southeastern parts including the Red
River Valley. Mixed grass prairie is found in the southwestern region. Agriculture has replaced
much of the natural prairie but prairie still can be found in parks and protected areas; some are
notable for the presence of the endangered western prairie fringed orchid.[65][66]

Manitoba is especially noted for its northern polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred
to as the "Polar Bear Capital".[67] Other large animals, including moose, white-tailed deer, black
bears, cougars, lynx, and wolves, are common throughout the province, especially in the provincial
and national parks. There is a large population of red sided garter snakes near Narcisse; the dens
there are home to the world's largest concentration of snakes.[68]

Manitoba's bird diversity is enhanced by its position on two major migration routes, with 392
confirmed identified species; 287 of these nesting within the province.[69] These include the great
grey owl, the province's official bird, and the endangered peregrine falcon.[70]

Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of trout, pike, and goldeye, as
well as many smaller fish.[71]

Demography
Largest cities by population
City 2021 2016
Winnipeg 749,607 705,224
Brandon 51,313 48,883
Steinbach 17,806 16,022
Winkler 13,745 12,660
Portage la Prairie 13,270 13,304
Thompson 13,035 13,678
Selkirk 10,504 10,278
Morden 9,929 8,668
Dauphin 8,638 8,369
Table source: Statistics Canada (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=302&SR=1
&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=46)
At the 2021 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,342,153,[72] more than half of which is in
Winnipeg.[73] Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading,
the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with
over fifty-five percent of its population in a single city.[74]

The largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (16.1%), followed by Scottish (14.5%), German
(13.6%), Ukrainian (12.6%), Irish (11.0%), French (9.3%), Filipino (7.0%), Métis (6.8%), Polish
(6.0%), First Nations (4.5%), Mennonite (3.9%), Russian (3.7%), Dutch (3.3%), Indian (3.0%), and
Icelandic (2.4%).[72] Indigenous peoples (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic
group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to
allow census-takers to enumerate their populations or were otherwise incompletely
counted).[75][76] Gimli, Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland.[77]

As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English
(1,288,950 or 98.6%), French (111,790 or 8.55%), Tagalog (73,440 or 5.62%), Punjabi (42,820 or
3.28%), German (41,980 or 3.21%),[a] Hindi (26,980 or 2.06%), Spanish (23,435 or 1.79%),
Mandarin (16,765 or 1.28%), Cree (16,115 or 1.23%),[b] and Plautdietsch (15,055 or 1.15%).[a][72]
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.

Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2021 census, 54.2% reported being
Christian, followed by 2.7% Sikh, 2.0% Muslim, 1.4% Hindu, 0.9% Jewish, and 0.8% Indigenous
spirituality.[72] 36.7% reported no religious affiliation.[72] The largest Christian denominations by
number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 21.2%; the United Church of Canada
with 5.8%; and the Anglican Church of Canada with 3.3%.[72]

Economy
Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic
Product was C$50.834 billion in 2008.[78] The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the
third consecutive year of growth.[79] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was
C$25,100 (compared to a national average of C$26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the
provinces.[80] As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.8 percent.[81]

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, electricity, oil, mining, and forestry.
Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming
occurs as far north as The Pas. The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry, followed
by assorted grains and oilseed.[82] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and
dry beans,[83] and one of the leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato
processing centre.[84] Richardson International, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a
plant in the municipality.[85]

Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including

crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are
The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and Richardson International.[86] Manitoba
also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist
attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers.[87] Manitoba is the
only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill.[88]

In January 2018, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business claimed Manitoba was the
most improved province for tackling red tape.[89]

Economic history
Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off
the land. Indigenous Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and
Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade
among themselves at key meeting places throughout the
province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the
17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts
and other furs.[90] Diversification of the economy came when
Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[91]
though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over Red River cart train
its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over
widespread agricultural colonization.[90]

HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land
became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for
farming.[90] Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy
depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to
further diversification.[36]

Military bases
CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport. The base is home
to flight operations support divisions and several training schools, as well as the 1 Canadian Air
Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters.[92] 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based
at CFB Winnipeg; the Wing has three squadrons and six schools.[93] It supports 113 units from
Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel north to the high
Arctic. 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to
the Canadian NORAD Region.[93]

The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which
flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer
in support of the 1 Canadian Forces Flight Training School's Air Combat Systems Officer and
Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs (which trains all Canadian Air Combat
Systems Officer);[94] and the 435 ("Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron), which flies the
Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air
Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.[93]

Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces
35 kilometres (22  mi) east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was
designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in
times of military and civil emergency.[95] CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal
Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, and the
Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2
PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong
Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts a training unit, 3rd Canadian
Division Training Centre. It serves as a base for support units of 3rd Canadian Division, also
including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron, Shared Services Unit (West), 11 CF Health Services Centre, 1
Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The base
houses 1,700 soldiers.[95]

Government and politics

After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great
Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba
attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-
government as the first Canadian province carved out of the
Northwest Territories.[96] The Legislative Assembly of
Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first
emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system
(Liberals and Conservatives).[97] The United Farmers of
Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals
in 1932.[97] Other parties, including the Co-operative The Manitoba Legislative Building,
Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great meeting place of the Legislative
Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three- Assembly of Manitoba
party system, and the Liberals gradually declined in power. [97]
The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba
(NDP), which came to power in 1969.[97] Since then, the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP
have been the dominant parties.[97]

Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly.[98] The
executive branch is formed by the governing party; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba, the
head of the executive branch. The head of state, King Charles III, is represented by the Lieutenant
Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime
Minister.[99] The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the Lieutenant Governor
has the official responsibility of ensuring Manitoba has a duly constituted government.[99]

The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of
Manitoba.[100] The premier of Manitoba is Heather Stefanson of the PC Party, after Brian
Pallister's resignation.[101] The province is represented in federal politics by 14 Members of
Parliament and six Senators.[102][103]

Manitoba's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal, the Court of King's Bench, and the Provincial
Court. The Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law; 95 per cent of criminal cases in Manitoba
are heard here.[104] The Court of King's Bench is the highest trial court in the province. It has four
jurisdictions: family law (child and family services cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable
offences), and appeals. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both benches; its decisions can
only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.[105]

Official languages

Both English and French are official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according
to section 23 of the Manitoba Act of 1870 (part of the Constitution of Canada).[106][107] In April
1890, the Manitoba legislature attempted to abolish the official status of French and ceased to
publish bilingual legislation. However, in 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the
Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that section 23 still applied, and that legislation published
only in English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to
allow time for translation).[108]

Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the
courts, the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the
executive branch (except when performing legislative or judicial functions).[109] Hence, Manitoba's
government is not completely bilingual. The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is
intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official
languages.[110] According to the 2006 Census, 82.8 percent of Manitoba's population spoke only
English, 3.2 percent spoke only French, 15.1 percent spoke both, and 0.9 percent spoke neither.[111]
In 2010, the provincial government of Manitoba passed the Aboriginal Languages Recognition
Act, which gives official recognition to seven indigenous languages: Cree, Dakota, Dene, Inuktitut,
Michif, Ojibway and Oji-Cree.[112]

Transportation
Manitoba has two Class I railways: Canadian National Railway
(CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is
centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both
maintain large inter-modal terminals in the city.[113] Via Rail
offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger
service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small
regional and short-line railways also run trains within
Manitoba: the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba
Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Union Station
Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba
Railway.[113]

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of
only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System.[114]
A new, larger terminal opened in October 2011.[115] It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by
passenger traffic, serving 4,484,343 passengers in 2018,[116] and the 11th busiest airport by aircraft
movements.[117] The airport handles approximately 195,000 tonnes (430,000,000  lb) of cargo
annually, making it the third largest cargo airport in the country.[114] Winnipeg is a major sorting
facility for both FedEx and Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.[113]

The Port of Churchill is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada. It is nautically closer to ports in
Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada.[88] It has four deep-sea berths for the
loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels.[113] The port is served by the
Hudson Bay Railway. The port and railway came under complete community and Indigenous
ownership in 2021, after AGT Food and Ingredients and Fairfax Financial transferred their shares
in Arctic Gateway to OneNorth – a consortium of community and Indigenous partners which
owned the other fifty percent of Arctic Gateway's shares.[118]

Education
Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are
sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, including three boarding schools.[119] These
schools must follow the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements. There are
forty-four non-funded independent schools, which are not required to meet those standards.[120]
Public schools in Manitoba fall under the regulation of one of thirty-seven school divisions within
the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are
administered by the federal government).[121] In 2021, the provincial government announced a
plan to merge all English-language school divisions into 15 regional catchment areas, overseen by a
provincial education authority.[122]

There are five universities in Manitoba, regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and
Literacy.[123] Four of these universities are in Winnipeg: the University of Manitoba, the largest
and most comprehensive; the University of Winnipeg, a liberal arts school primarily focused on
undergrad studies downtown; Université de Saint-Boniface, the province's only French-language
university; and the Canadian Mennonite University, a religious-based institution. The Université
de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is the
oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and in Brandon, is the
province's only university not in Winnipeg.[124]

Manitoba has fifty-four public library systems. Of these, Winnipeg Public Library has the largest
collections, at 1.1 million items as of 2020.[125]

Culture

Arts

The Minister of Culture, Heritage, Tourism and Sport is

responsible for promoting and, to some extent, financing
Manitoban culture.[126] Manitoba is the birthplace of the Red
River Jig, a combination of Indigenous pow-wows and
European reels popular among early settlers.[127] Manitoba's
traditional music has strong roots in Métis and First Nations
culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of the Métis.[128]
Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical European
traditions. The Winnipeg-based Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg
is Canada's oldest ballet and North America's longest
continuously operating ballet company; it was granted its royal
title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II.[129] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) performs
classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall.[130] Manitoba Opera,
founded in 1969, also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall.

Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language

theatre in Canada,[131] and Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre
(founded 1958) is Canada's oldest English-language regional
theatre.[132] Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first
English-language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the
Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays for children
and teenagers as well as a theatre school.[133] The Winnipeg Art
Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth
largest in the country, hosts an art school for children; the
WAG's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand Author Margaret Laurence's home in
works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian Neepawa
art.[134][135]

The 1960s pop group The Guess Who was formed in Manitoba, and later became the first Canadian
band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States;[136] Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later
created Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) with fellow Winnipeg-based musician Fred Turner.[137]
Fellow rocker Neil Young, grew up in Manitoba, and later played in Buffalo Springfield, and
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[138] Folk rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in the late 1980s in
Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year.[139]

Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, such as The Stone Angel, based on
the Margaret Laurence book of the same title, The Saddest Music in the World, Foodland, For
Angela, and My Winnipeg. Major films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James
by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote,[140] both of which received Academy Award
nominations.[141] Falcon Beach, an internationally broadcast television drama, was filmed at
Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.[142]
Manitoba has a strong literary tradition. Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's
Award for Fiction in 1936.[143] Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip For Better or
For Worse, was a finalist for a 1994 Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall
of Fame.[144] Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel and A Jest of God were set in Manawaka, a
fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter title won the Governor General's Award in
1966.[145] Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for The
Stone Diaries.[146] Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award
three times.[143] A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $20 bill.[147] Joan Thomas
was nominated for the Governor General's Award twice and won in 2019 for Five Wives. The
province has also been home to many of the key figures in Mennonite literature, including
Governor General Award-winning Miriam Toews, Giller winner David Bergen, Armin Wiebe and
many others.[148] Sandra Birdsell, whose fiction focusses on her Métis and Mennonite heritage,
was thrice nominated for the Governor General's Literary Award for English Language Fiction, and
also for the Scotiabank Giller Prize in 2001.[149]

Festivals

Festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest centred
in Winnipeg. The Winnipeg Folk Festival has an annual attendance of
over 70,000.[150] The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten-day event
held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is Western Canada's largest
winter festival.[151] It celebrates Canada's fur-trading past and French-
Canadian heritage and culture. Folklorama, a multicultural festival run
by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each
year, of which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg
residents.[151][152] The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual
alternative theatre festival, the second-largest festival of its kind in
North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe
Festival).[153] The Morden Corn and
Apple Festival

Museums

Manitoban museums document different aspects of the

province's heritage. The Manitoba Museum is the largest
museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from
prehistory to the 1920s.[154] The full-size replica of the
Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[155] The Manitoba
Children's Museum at The Forks presents exhibits for
children.[156] There are two museums dedicated to the native
flora and fauna of Manitoba: the Living Prairie Museum, a tall Assiniboine Park Pavilion
grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and
wildflowers, and FortWhyte Alive, a park encompassing prairie,
lake, forest and wetland habitats, home to a large herd of bison.[157] The Canadian Fossil Discovery
Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada.[158] Other museums feature
the history of aviation, marine transport, and railways in the area. The Canadian Museum for
Human Rights is the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region.[159]

Media
Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press, a broadsheet with the highest
circulation numbers in Manitoba, as well as the Winnipeg Sun, a smaller tabloid-style paper. There
are several ethnic weekly newspapers,[160] including the weekly French-language La Liberté, and
regional and national magazines based in the city. Brandon has two newspapers: the daily Brandon
Sun and the weekly Wheat City Journal.[161] Many small towns have local newspapers.[162]

There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in
Winnipeg. The Global Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city.[163]
Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language
stations.[164] Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman
Communications Group.[164] In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is
provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and
local broadcasters. CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the
province.[165] Native Communications is devoted to indigenous programming and broadcasts to
many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger cities.[166]

Sports
Manitoba has five professional sports teams: the Winnipeg
Blue Bombers (Canadian Football League), the Winnipeg Jets
(National Hockey League), the Manitoba Moose (American
Hockey League), the Winnipeg Goldeyes (American
Association), and Valour FC (Canadian Premier League). The
province was previously home to another team called the
Winnipeg Jets, which played in the World Hockey Association The Winnipeg Jets celebrate their
and National Hockey League from 1972 until 1996, when first regulation win in Winnipeg at
financial troubles prompted a sale and move of the team, the MTS Centre on 17 October 2011
renamed the Phoenix Coyotes.[167] A second incarnation of the
Winnipeg Jets returned, after True North Sports &
Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and moved the team to Winnipeg in time for the 2011
hockey season.[168] Manitoba has two major junior-level hockey teams, the Western Hockey
League's Brandon Wheat Kings and Winnipeg Ice, and one junior football team, the Winnipeg
Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League.

The province is represented in university athletics by the university of Manitoba Bisons, the
university of Winnipeg Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in
the Canada West Universities Athletic Association, a regional division of U Sports.[169]

Curling is an important winter sport in the province with Manitoba producing more men's national
champions than any other province, while additionally in the top 3 women's national champions,
as well as multiple world champions in the sport. The province also hosts the world's largest
curling tournament in the MCA Bonspiel.[170]

Though not as prominent as hockey and curling, long track speed skating also features as a notable
and top winter sport in Manitoba. The province has produced some of the world's best female
speed skaters including Susan Auch and the country's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen
and Clara Hughes.[171]

See also
Outline of Manitoba
Notes
a. Speakers of Plautdietsch were counted under German speakers prior to 2021 census
b. Includes Cree-Montagnais languages not otherwise specified

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Further reading
Donnelly, MS. The Government of Manitoba. University of Toronto Press; 1963.
Hanlon, Christine; Edie, Barbara; Pendgracs, Doreen. Manitoba Book of Everything. MacIntyre
Purcell Publishing Inc.; 2008. ISBN 978-0-9784784-5-2.
Whitcomb, Ed. A Short History of Manitoba (https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofma0000whi
t). Canada's Wings; 1982. ISBN 978-0-920002-15-5.

External links
Official website of the Government of Manitoba (https://www.gov.mb.ca/)
Manitoba (https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/Canada/Manitoba) at Curlie

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