Group 1

Vice and Drug Education and Control

 Depressants
- Refer to drugs that lower neurotransmission levels which depress or reduce
arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.
 Stimulants
- Refer to class of drugs that speed up messages travelling between the brain and
body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic.
 Hallucinogen
- Refers to drug that alter perception, thoughts, and feelings or simply to cause
hallucination.

Depressant
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

Chemical Name: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate

Brand Name: Xyrem
Street Names: Liquid X, Liquid E, Easy Lay, Georgia Home Boy, Salty Water, and
Date Rape

- It is a drug sedative that can treat narcolepsy and is one of several agents reported
as being used as “date rape.”

(Additional Information) Narcolepsy – is a chronic sleep disorder characterized

by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep.
History

Year Case/Content
1874 - The first case of GHB synthesis dates back was reported by
Alexander Zaytseff.
Early 1960s - Pioneering research on the effects of GHB in humans was led by
Dr. Henri Laborit.
1964 - GHB was used as an anesthetic, but has not taken root because of
the considerable number of adverse effects
1970s to 1980s - Many cases of GHB abuse were reported among body builders.

1990 - It was banned by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because it

 was sold in health food stores as a performance-enhancing additive
in bodybuilding formulas.
1990s - GHB has gained more attention because of numerous cases of
acute poisoning.
2000 - The US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) included GHB in
Schedule I of drugs due to its potential for abuse and for physical
and psychological dependence.

Description
 Depressant that acts on Central
Nervous System
 Odorless
 Colorless
 Nearly Tasteless
 Can be liquid, pill, or powder
 Can be felt within the first 10-20
minutes
Medical Use o
 Anesthetic f
 Hypnotic c
 Clinical Depression o
 Alcoholism o
 Narcolepsy/ r
d
insomnia
i
n
P a
h t
y i
o
s
n
i  Nausea/vomiting
o  Seizures
l  Amnesia
o  Irregular/shallow
g breathing
i
c Psychological Effects
a
l  Feelings of
Euphoria
E  Confusion
f  Hallucinations
f  Lowered
e Inhibitions
c
t
s
 Increased sex drive
 Dizziness
 Slow heart rate
 Muscle tremors
 Sweating
 Blackouts/memory
lapses
 Respiratory arrest
 L
o
s
s
 What is Caffeine?
GHB Common Effects
Dose
• In the context of chemistry, caffeine is
a bitter, white crystalline purine, a
1 gram Relaxation similar to
or less methyl xanthine alkaloid, and thus
alcohol intoxication
closely related chemically to the
adenine and guanine contained in
1 to 2 Euphoria, reduced
grams inhibitions, enhanced deoxyribonucleic acid.
sensuality and sexuality, • In the context of health, caffeine is
increased sensory defined as a drug because it stimulates
stimulation the central nervous system, causing
alertness.
2 to 4 Speech and motor skill • Caffeine is defined as the most
grams interference psychoactive drug in the world.

4 or Agitation, combativeness,
more confusion, loss of
coordination, seizure-like
posturing of the limbs,
respiratory depression,
urinary and fecal
incontinence, vomiting, History
wavering states of Year Case/Content
consciousness, and 16th - The use of coffee was
overdose century recorded by a European
resident in Egypt, and
about this time it came
Case into general use in the
On April 2015 six people, four of them Near East.
foreigner, were arrested in a series of - When coffee arrived in
operations of an illegal drug GHB Europe, clergymen
allegedly used in “date rape” cases. pressed for it to be
Three of the foreigners were American banned and labeled
and the two of their group were Filipino Satanic. But Pope
women. According to their Clement VIII took a taste,
investigation, the drug came from declared delicious, and
Poland and was mixed with alcohol and even quipped that is
other drinks in their operations. should be baptized. On
the strength of this Papal
Stimulant blessing, coffeehouses
Caffeine rapidly sprang up
throughout Europe.
Chemical Name: 1,3,7- 1652 - In Britain, the first
Trimethylpurine-2,6-dione coffee houses were
French term: Café opened in London at St
Michael’s Alley,
 Cornhill. sects also pass around a bowl of coffee
17th - The appreciation of at funerals to stay awake during
century coffee as a beverage in prayers.
Europe, where it was first Sources of Caffeine
known as “Arabian
wine.” • Caffeine is naturally found in certain
- During this time “coffee leaves, beans, and fruits of over 60
houses” were established, plants worldwide. Its bitterness acts as a
the first being opened in deterrent to pests.
Constantinople and • The most common sources in our diet
Venice. are coffee, tea leaves, cocoa beans,
18th - They soon became cola, chocolate, and energy drinks.
century popular throughout Caffeine can also be produced
Western Europe and synthetically and added to food,
played a significant role beverages, supplements, and
in social relations. medications.
1819 - Friedlieb Ferdinand
Runge invented caffeine
when he isolated and
purified the white
crystalline substance Effects of Caffeine
1820 - Caffeine was first
extracted from cocoa A. Some of the short-term effects are:
beans into its purest form,  Low doses (130 mg-300 mg)
a white powder by • Increased alertness
German Scientist named • Temporary energy boost
Friedlieb Ferdinand • Elevated mood
Runge  High doses (above 400 mg)
Between - Caffeine was a banned • Anxiety
1984 to substance in sports and • Dizziness
2004 its use was prohibited in • Headaches
competition. • Jitters
2004 - The World Anti-Doping • Increased urination (because
Agency (WADA) caffeine is a mild diuretic)
removed caffeine from • Tolerance
the list of banned
substances. B. Some long term effects are:
• Interference with normal sleep
(Additional Information: WADA is a • Loss of calcium which may
coordinating agency of sports result in osteoporosis
organizations such as Olympics.) • Aggravation of certain heart
Was Caffeine ever Legal? problems

In Mecca, coffee was banned in 1511, Health Benefits of Caffeine

as it was believed to stimulate radical
thinking and hanging out. Some Sufi
• Caffeine has few proven health
benefits.
• Limited evidence suggests caffeine
may also reduce the risk of the
following:
• Parkinson's disease
• Liver disease
• Colorectal cancer
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Dementia
BUT REMEMBER! Too much caffeine
intake causes harmful effects in your
body.
Caffeine Moderation
• Experts consider 200-300 mg of
caffeine a day to be a moderate amount
for adults. But consuming as little as
100 mg of caffeine a day can lead a
person to become "dependent" on
caffeine. This means that someone may
develop withdrawal symptoms (like
tiredness, irritability, and headaches) if
he or she quits caffeine suddenly.
• Teens should try to limit caffeine
consumption to no more than 100 mg of
caffeine daily, and kids should get even
less.
What is Caffeine Sensitivity?
• Caffeine sensitivity is the amount of
caffeine needed that will produce an
effect in someone.
• It varies from person to person. In
general, the smaller the person, the less
caffeine needed to produce side effects.
Case
In May of 2017, reports of a 16 year old
male in South Carolina, who had
apparently died after ingesting
caffeine-containing beverages within a
40 min period. This particular case
seemed to garner attention because
the amount of caffeine was not
considered lethal and the teenager was
apparently otherwise healthy and had
no reported medical conditions or
allergies. The coroner also indicated
that the young male was otherwise
healthy and had no signs of any cardiac
abnormalities at autopsy.
Consecutively, the coroner’s cause of
death was determined as, “due to a
caffeine-induced cardiac event causing
a probable arrhythmia.”
Hallucinogen
Mescaline
Chemical Name: 3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenethylamine
Brand Name: Peyote, TMPEA
Street Names: “Buttons,” “Mesc,”
and “Peyote”
Mescaline – is a hallucinogen obtained
from the small, spineless Peyote, San
Pedro and Peruvian Torch cactus.
Mescaline is also found in certain
members of the Fabaceae (bean
family)
History
Year Case/Content
1887 - The first time a
psychedelic compound was
described in a scientific
journal was when Dr. John
Raleigh Briggs wrote about
his experience after eating
peyote, a short, stout cactus
native to the deserts of
southern Texas and
northern Mexico.
1893 - The company Parke-
 Davis offered a mescaline-
containing tincture sold as
a ‘cardiac tonic,’ though it
didn’t take off among
consumers.
1897 - Scientists and literary
figures such as Silas Weir
Mitchell, William James,
and Havelock Ellis
described its hallucinatory
effects in glowing detail.
1919 It was produced as a pure
and drug from European
1920 pharmacy suppliers such as
Merck and it became
famous for its effects of
dazzling visions, bizarre
sensations and cosmic
revelations.
1950s - The drug would continue
and to be tested on humans and
1960s Aldous Huxley wrote his
experience in his book The
Doors of Perception.
1962 - Most researchers had
abandoned their work with
mescaline for LSD-25
which was cheaper and
more popular.
1967 - The US Drug
Enforcement Agency
(DEA) declared it has no
medical use and a high risk
of physical and/or
psychological abuse. The
only case it was exempted
was mescaline use as a
religious sacrament of
Native American religious
group.
At - Pure mescaline is a rare
Present substance. But it is still
produced by
pharmaceutical companies
such as Merck and Sigma-
Aldrich limited only for
forensic analysis and
criminal toxicology.
Psychological Effects
- Enjoyable
- Euphoric
- Dreamlike
Side Effects
- Anxiety
- Rapid Heartbeat
- Tremors
- Psychosis
Case
- On July 2022 in Turkey, an 18-year-old
male was subjected to probation
service due to use of cannabis for three
months by the court decision, and
being treated in our forensic outpatient
clinic. He was admitted to the
emergency service with symptoms
such as intense anxiety, panic attacks
and visual hallucinations. Patient told
that he consumed peyote cactus
instead using cannabis not to get
caught in urine analyze.
I. History (Heroin)
 Although heroin itself
wasn’t invented until
1874, the history of its
predecessors — opium
and morphine — go
back about 5,400 years.
 Starting around 3400
B.C., opium poppies
were grown by the
Mesopotamians and
Sumerians in what is
now the Middle East.
From there, it spread
 too many other
 Around 1805, the
cultures, including
French pharmacist
Egypt, Greece, and
Friedrich Sertürner
India. Western
discovered how to
civilizations, including
isolate one of opium’s
the British Empire,
active ingredients. In
obtained much of their
1874, the English
opium from India.
chemist Charles
 The Bayer Company Romney Alder Wright
started the production performed experiments
of heroin in 1898 on a that involved mixing
commercial scale. The morphine with different
first clinical results were acids. He invented a
so promising that heroin new chemical called
was considered a diacetylmorphine, also
wonder drug. Indeed, known as diamorphine
heroin was more or heroin. This drug was
effective than codeine similar in structure to
in respiratory diseases. morphine but was two
It has turned out, to three times stronger.
however, that repeated
administration of heroin
results in the IV. Founder of the drug
development of
 Heroin was first made
tolerance and the
by Charles Romney
patients become
Alder Wright in 1874
heroin-addicts soon.

II. Jargon Names

 Smack, H, Tar, Chiba or
Chiva, Junk, Hell dust,
Skag, Mud, Dragon

V. Who are the

III. When did it start? manufacturers of the
 Heroin was first made drug?
by Charles Romney
Alder Wright in 1874  Afghanistan provides 85%
of the estimated global
from morphine, a
heroin and morphine
natural product of the
supply
opium poppy.
 VIII. Cases of crime
involving the drug
 On December 23, 2014
a Lawrence,
Massachusetts drug task
force was conducting
surveillance on the
south side of the city for
the purpose of curbing
VI. Effects to the body street crime activity,
particularly prostitution
and drug distribution.
During the course of the
operation officers
observed a vehicle with
New Hampshire plates
containing four
occupants. Two of the
occupants made contact
with a known drug
dealer. Officers
observed an exchange
they believed to be a
drug transaction. The
license plates of the
New Hampshire were
run and it was
VII. Time when it was discovered that the car
abused was registered to an
address nearly an hour
and an half away from
Lawrence. Officers
confronted the
occupants of the car,
one of them being the
 defendant. The
defendant admitted to
swallowing a quantity of
heroin to avoid being
arrested by the police.
He was arrested and
charged with possession
of heroin and
conspiracy to violate the
Massachusetts drug
laws.
IX. History (Nicotine)
 The Nicotine name comes from
the scientific name Nicotiana
tabacum, a tobacco plant, and the
scientific name of the tobacco is
named after a French-born Jean
Nicot de Villemain in Portugal. In
1560, the seeds of tobacco were
sent back to Paris from Brazil and
promoted for medical purposes. In
1828, German chemists Posselt
and Reimann separated nicotine
from tobacco for the first time. In
1843, Melsens proposed the
chemical formula of nicotine. In
1893, Adolf Pinner discovered the
structure of nicotine. In 1904, A.
Pictet and Crepieux successfully
used synthetic methods to obtain
nicotine.
 Further, nicotine is a stimulant
drug that speeds up the messages
travelling between the brain and
body.1 It is the main psychoactive
ingredient in tobacco products
and it has some effects when
consumed by using tobacco.
Nicotine works as a stimulant in
the body almost immediately
because it stimulates the adrenal
glands. This stimulation releases
adrenaline, which causes a release
of glucose. The increase of glucose
translates to increased blood
sugar levels This gives you instant
energy, just like when we eat
processed foods like white bread.
In addition, nicotine is a plant
alkaloid, which means that it's a
naturally occurring chemical that
contains nitrogen. It's also a highly
addictive stimulant.
 Nicotine is most popularly known
for its use in cigarettes and
tobacco products, but it has some
other uses. Nicotine is an addictive
organic compound found in
tobacco plants. It’s the chemical
that makes smoking cigarettes,
chewing tobacco, and vaping so
hard to quit.
 Nicotine originally stems from the
tobacco plant, which is found in
the nightshade family of plants,
which includes tomatoes and
eggplants. Interestingly, what we
often refer to as the tobacco plant
is, in fact, the Nicotiana tabacum
species of plants. The Nicotiana
plants are indigenous to Australia,
south west Africa, the Americas
and the South Pacific.
X. Jargon Names
 Chew, Butts, Smokes, Cigs, Snuff,
Dip, Split Tabacco
XI. When did it start?
 Over the years, more and more
scientists begin to understand the
chemicals in tobacco, as well as
the dangerous health effects
smoking produces. In 1826, the
pure form of nicotine is finally
discovered. Soon after, scientists
 conclude that nicotine is a waste recycling of bio-
dangerous poison. engineering company.
XII. Founder of the drug  And 98 more companies in the
 In 1843, Melsens proposed the US and other more.
chemical formula of nicotine. In
1893, Adolf Pinner discovered the
structure of nicotine. In 1904, A.
XIV. Effects to the body
Pictet and Crepieux successfully
used synthetic methods to obtain  Vasoconstriction
nicotine.
XIII. Who are the
In the cardiovascular system, nicotine acts as a
manufacturers of the
drug?
stimulant. Nicotine causes vasoconstriction,
 Alchem International Pvt. Ltd. is
a leading global manufacturer
which is narrowing of blood vessels.
of Natural Nicotine and
Nicotine complexes for use in  Increased Cardiac Output
Tobacco substitutes including
E-cigarettes, Nicotine patches,
Nicotine gums and Nicotine
Nicotine acts as a chronotropic agent. This
lozenges. Our Nicotine is highly
pure, stable and naturally
derived. means it increases the heart rate. An

 Hubei Heno Biological

Engineering Co., Ltd. was increased heart rate increases cardiac output
established in October 2010, is
a collection of nicotine and its which is the amount of blood pumped to the
derivatives product
development, production and
sales of high-tech enterprises. body every minute. A higher cardiac output
The company focused on the
research and development of means a greater workload is placed on the
nicotine, especially high purity
nicotine products to Enshi
heart.
Academy, Hubei Institute for
Nationalities, Hubei Aerospace  Arrhythmias
Institute of Chemical
Technology, Enshi vocational
college for technical support,
Nicotine has a stimulant effect on the heart.
based on local advantages of
resources to be transformed,
committed plant extracts, Because of this, people who consume nicotine
  Enhanced Memory

are at risk for palpitations, a rapid heart rate,

Nicotine has been found to improve

and arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are irregular

recognition memory. However, the

heart rhythms. Some arrhythmias can be

improvement is modest at best and the risks

lethal.

 Respiratory Stimulation of nicotine use do not outweigh this benefit.

 In the natural environment, nicotine

protects tobacco plants from
Nicotine causes an increased respiratory rate herbivores. Nicotine has been used as
an insecticide for centuries, although
its use this way has seriously
as well as an increase in production of
dwindled.

respiratory secretions. Although respiratory  Continuous use of nicotine leads to

stimulation occurs at low dosing, overdose can
cause paralysis of the respiratory system,
long-term changes in the brain. The
repeated dopamine release from
nicotine consumption teaches the
brain to keep using nicotine, and this
leads to addiction.

resulting in respiratory failure and death  Stomach pain

 Diarrhea
 Increased Metabolic Rate  Nausea
 Vomiting
 Headaches
 Back pain
The National Institute on Drug abuse reports
 Dizziness
 Increased heart rate
that nicotine causes an increased metabolism.  Nervousness

Smokers typically weigh 6 to 9 pounds less

XV. Time when it was
than nonsmokers. This effect has been abused

correlated with the finding that smokers who

quit smoking tend to gain 6 to 9 pounds.

 suspicious. The dead man's face
was bruised and appeared to
XVI. Cases of crime
have been burned by a caustic
involving the drug substance. They contacted
 During a recent murder authorities. With the large
investigation in Korea, police stash of tobacco leaves,
discovered that their suspect investigators suspected that
had attempted to poison an ex- the couple had poisoned the
girlfriend two years earlier with young man with nicotine, but
a nicotine-infused drink. The there was no test to prove it.
woman told police that the That's when Jean Servais Stas,
drink had “tasted weird” and the country's foremost chemist,
that she “did not finish the
decided to create one, known
drink” that her former
as the Stas-Otto method. The
boyfriend had given her.
Comte and his wife were
Fortunately for her, the
poisoning attempt did not charged with murder. Fougnies'
succeed. Unfortunately, having sister, who claimed her
learnt from the failed attempt, husband forced her to kill her
the man succeeded in killing his brother, was acquitted, but
new wife two years later with Comte de Bocarme' was
an injection of liquid nicotine executed on July 19, 1851.
instead.
 Comte de Bocarme', an
amateur chemist who created
perfumes, began amassing a
large amount of tobacco leaves
in the summer of 1850, storing
them in a barn. On Nov. 20 of
that year, 32-year-old Fougnies
was invited by his sister to
dinner. He should have been
aware that something was not
quite right. His sister, who
usually relied on servants to
make and serve meals, XVII.History (PCP or
prepared this dinner herself.
PHENCYCLIDINE)
When Fougnies dropped dead
after the meal, his sister and  The abbreviation “PCP''
brother-in-law announced that originates from the
he had suddenly died of a formal name of the
stroke, but the servants were drug, phencyclidine or
 phenylcyclohexyl and capsules, or smoke
piperidine. The history the drug by applying it
of PCP (angel dust) (in powder form) to a
began in the 1950s leafy substance such as
when it was first marijuana, mint,
synthesized by Michigan parsley, or oregano. In
chemist Victor Maddox, addition, users
after which it was increasingly are dipping
marketed as an marijuana or tobacco
anesthetic cigarettes in liquid PCP
pharmaceutical drug in and smoking them.
the 1950s by Parke,
Davis, and Company
(now a subsidiary of XVIII. Jargon Names
Pfizer). Known as Sernyl
at the time, it was
 Angel Dust, Hog,
eventually Rocket Fuel,
recommended for and Peace Pill,
later used in clinical Supergrass,
trials on people in 1957. Ozone, Wack,
Afterward, PCP was Cliffhanger,
used as a surgical Happy Sticks
anesthetic and
eventually an animal
tranquilizer in XIX. When did it start?
veterinary practice. Founder of the
 PCP is a white drug? Who are the
crystalline powder that
is easily soluble in water
manufacturers of
or alcohol. As a result, it the drug?
can appear in a liquid
form. Since PCP can  PCP was originally
easily be mixed with marketed as an
dyes, it can also appear anesthetic
in a variety of colors in pharmaceutical in the
powder, tablet, and 1950s by Parke, Davis
capsule form. It is and Company.
sometimes sold as a
powder wrapped in
 Los Angeles gang
members have been
metallic foil.
identified as the main
 Users snort PCP distributors of PCP,
powder, swallow tablets according to Drug
 Enforcement
Administration (DEA) A low dose of PCP between 1 and 5 mg
officials. Using
bathrooms, garages,
apartments, mobile will lead to symptoms including:
homes and even boats
-Numbness and relaxation.
as makeshift
laboratories, they mix -A sense of well-being and euphoria.
the ingredients by the
gallon. -Problems concentrating. Slurred speech.

-Loss of motor coordination.

-Misperceptions of abilities including

strength, speed, and invulnerability.

-Odd, erratic, or unexpected behaviors.

-Someone witnessing the effects of PCP

use may observe the person staring blankly
or showing rapid eye movements.
XX. Effects to the body
-In some cases, the person using PCP will
be perfectly still for long periods without
responding to stimulation.

A higher dose of PCP can lead to other

effects including:

-Seeing things that are not present.

-Hearing things that are not there.

-Delusions of grandeur with inflated sense

of importance.

-Higher blood pressure and heart rate.

Breathing problems.

-Raised body temperature.

-Anxiety, panic, and feeling extreme

worry.

 Long-Term Effects With excessive use

of PCP over an extended period of
time, the negative effects of PCP
 become more troublesome, and may movement and decade
persist for periods even when the drug are both recognized as
isn’t actively being taken.
peak points in the
history of PCP drug use.
 They can begin negatively impacting
the mental and physical health of the However, the sale of
PCP user. PCP became illegal in
the United States during
the year 1970.

These effects include: Impaired memory.

-Thinking problems and impaired decision-

making abilities.
XXII. Cases of crime
-Speech problems. Severe depression with
suicidal thoughts.
involving the drug
 Osvaldo Rivera, 31, told
-Higher anxiety, paranoia, and isolation.
police that he smoked
-Extreme weight loss. “Flashback” “wet,” a combination of
phenomena. PCP and pot before he
allegedly slit the throats
-Continuous hallucinations and delusional
of a 6-year-old boy and
thinking even when not using the substance.
his 12-year-old sister in
-These long-term effects can be quite the middle of the night
dangerous; case studies indicate that some of in their Camden, N.J.,
these reported symptoms may persist for as home on Sept. 2. Police
long as a year following last use of PCP.
believe the attack
started as a sexual
assault on the 12-year-
old girl and turned into
a murder when the girl’s
6-year-old brother tried
to intervene. Rivera
XXI. Time when it was allegedly killed the
abused young boy and his sister
 The first reports of PCP was able to escape and
abuse in the United get help with her own
States started in the throat slashed. After
1960s in Haight fighting for her life, she
Ashbury, San Francisco, is now in stable and was
a district known for able to recover.
being a hub of the
hippie movement. This
 The same drugs are
often blamed for
 horrific crimes. PCP has
a particularly bad rap,
and it’s unsurprising;
some of the most
horrific crimes were
committed under the
influence of this drug.
Big Lurch was a rapper
in the Bay Area who had
seen some success in
the rap scene, having
worked with a number
of high-profile rappers.
All this would change
one night when he
stabbed his drug
partner’s girlfriend
through the shoulder
and ripped open her
chest with his teeth. He
was seen drenched in
blood and walking like a
zombie, and a medical
report showed that he
had flesh in his stomach
—human flesh. He is
currently serving a life
sentence.
GROUP 2
Estimada, Jammu Kashmir
Foronda, Isagani Jr., R.
Guyud, Emmanuel Philip, G.
Guyud, Emmanuel Steven, G.
Ibarra, Jericho
Lactam, Marlon Jr., G.
STIMULANTS
• A type of drugs that speed up
messages travelling between the
brain and body. They can make a
person feel more awake, alert,
confident or energetic.
• Large doses can cause over-
stimulation, resulting in anxiety,
panic, seizures, headaches, stomach
cramps, aggression, and paranoia.
METHAMPHETAMINE
• A powerful and a highly addictive
stimulant that has an effect on the
central nervous system. It is
odorless, white, and bitter-tasting
powder that dissolves in water.
HISTORY
- It originated way back in 1887,
created by Romanian chemist Lazar
Edelanue who first synthesize
AMPHETAMINE. It was the time
meth was originally invented.
- In the late 1920’s, Los Angeles
chemist Gordon Allen began testing
to find an alternative to ephedrine
and after testing, Allen developed
Benzedrine, which is the brand-
name of amphetamine.
- Amphetamine (Benzedrine) is used
to cure narcolepsy, mild depression,
and other health problems.
CREATOR
- In 1919, AKIRA OGATA
developed
METHAMPHETAMINE and it
was used during World War II by
troops for them to stay awake. High
 doses are received by Japanese
Kamikaze pilots before their
suicide missions.
EFFECTS TO THE BODY
1. Brain
- Since Methamphetamine is a
stimulant, it boosts the production
of dopamine. The rapid increase of
dopamine can lead to temporary
feeling of euphoria and can lead to
repetitive drug-seeking behavior.
- The crash that follows meth will
leave a feeling of irritation and
depression.
- Methamphetamine may cause
PERMANENT DAMAGE to the
brain cells that produces dopamine
and serotonin.
2. HEART
- Methamphetamine use can cause
high blood pressure, constrict blood
vessels, faster heart rate, and can
cause the heart to collapse and can
lead to cardiac arrest or other heart
diseases.
3. KIDNEY
- The use of methamphetamine can
cause damage to the kidneys
because the body of the user will
face some difficulties in breaking
down the toxins from meth.
4. IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Methamphetamine can weaken the
immune system, making it weak in
defending against germs, and can
lead up to the increase of infection
from pathogens.
- It can also cause any present health
conditions to worsen like HIV,
Hepatitis B or C, etc.
5. TEETH
- The use of methamphetamine can
create a condition called a “meth
mouth”, wherein it causes tooth
decay and gum diseases.
- Other symptoms for “meth mouth”
are clenched jaw, has trouble
eating, experiencing headaches, and
jaw pain.
6. SKIN
- The constant usage of
methamphetamine can cause the
skin to extreme itching that can
lead to sores.
EFFECTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
- The production of
methamphetamine causes an
environmental issue wherein the
ingredients of the mentioned drug
are toxic and hazardous, and has a
chain effect where it starts from
damaging the environment and
ends up affecting any living
creatures.
EFFECTS TO THE PEERS
- Using of methamphetamine can
cause a different behavioral pattern
to the user, which makes their peers
see them differently and may even
affect their relationship and will try
to avoid the methamphetamine user
TIMELINE OF ABUSE
1939-1945
- It was used by soldiers as a
stimulant to stay awake during the
World War II.
1950’S
- Methamphetamine was being
prescribed as a diet aid and to fight
depression.
 SLANG NAME FOR
METHAMPHETAMINE
1960
• Meth
- The availability of injectable
methamphetamine was increased, • Crystal Meth
causing the abuse to worsen.
• Crank
1970
• Shabu
- The US government made it illegal
• Ice
to use, and American motorcycle
gangs controls production and • Pookie
distribution of methamphetamine.
• Cookies
1990-Present
• Speed
- Mexican drug trafficking set up
• Trash
labs at California and it spreads
around USA and Europe. Up to this • Bato
day, the drug is available across
Asia.
HALLUCINOGENS
MANUFACTURER
• The word “hallucinate” comes from
- The most known manufacturer of
Latin words meaning “to wander in
methamphetamine is from the
mind”.
United States of America that are
being managed by Mexican • A diverse group of drugs that alter
criminal groups, Mexico is another perception, thoughts, and feelings.
manufacturer and to the lesser They cause hallucinations, or
extent, there are manufacturers sensations and images that seem
from Southeast Asia. real, but are not.
INCIDENT INVOLVING • Psychedelic drugs/Hallucinogens
METHAMPHETAMINE induce a reality-altering experience
consisting of hallucinations,
- Last September 9, 2022, alias
sensory distortions, or delusions.
“Eminem” confessed to the killing
of Juliet Hesim, a woman that • Hallucinogens are illegal drugs that
Reneval Ponce called for a massage alter a person’s perception of
and instructed to go to an reality.
apartment, where she will be last
• People may use hallucinogens to
seen alive. Ponce argues about
deal with stress or to try to achieve
renegotiation of the payment, and it
an enlightened state of mind. Some
is where “Eminem” starts hurting
may take hallucinogenic drugs
the victim. Alias “Eminem”
simply to escape life's troubles or to
proceeds to strangle the victim with
relieve boredom.
a belt, which causes the death of
Hesim, while under the influence of
methamphetamine.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
(LSD)
• An illegal recreational drug derived
from a parasitic fungus that grows
on rye, known as ergot.
• The most well-known
hallucinogenic drug, and due to the
extended effects of the drug, the
experience of taking or "dropping"
acid is known as a "trip" or "acid
trip.”
• According to the FBI – LSD is
considered a “club drug” as it is
commonly distributed at raves, all-
night dance parties, and on the club
scene.
HOW TO DETECT LSD?
• LSD is usually sold in tablets or
capsules, but sometimes in liquid
form. The liquid is sometimes
applied to absorbent paper, called
"window pane" or "blotter" acid,
which is cut up into individual
doses.
CREATOR
- The psychoactive properties of acid
were discovered almost by accident
by Dr. Albert Hofmann, a
research chemist working for the
Sandoz Company, in 1943.
- LSD was first synthesized by
Albert Hoffmann on November 16,
1938.
- It was set aside for five years, until
April 16, 1943. While re-
synthesizing LSD, Hofmann
accidentally absorbed a small
amount of the drug through his
fingertips and discovered its
powerful effects.
THE BICYCLE DAY
EXPERIMENT
- April 19, 1943, Hofmann
performed a self-experiment to
determine the true effects of LSD,
ingesting 0.25 milligrams of the
substance.
- Less than an hour later, Hofmann
experienced sudden and intense
changes in perception, so he asked
his assistant to escort him home.
They rode bicycles.
- Hofmann’s condition rapidly
deteriorated and he became
paranoid and delusional so a doctor
was summoned.
- After some time, his terror began to
give way to a sense of good fortune
and enjoyment.
EFFECTS ON THE BODY
- LSD works by influencing the
receptors involved in the regulation
of SEROTONIN, a
neurotransmitter in the brain.
- It can cause profound distortions in
the person's perception of reality,
see images, hear sounds, and feel
sensations that seem real even
though they are not.
- People often feel a sense of
specialness or creativity, as if they
are achieving an understanding that
they could not normally reach
without the drug.
TRIP
- Overall Hallucinogenic Experience
- If a person has a “GOOD TRIP,”
they may experience feelings of
well-being, a perception of being
outside one’s body, an enhanced
 insight toward creativity, and
mystical experiences.\
- A “BAD TRIP,” however, can be
terrifying. It is similar to psychosis,
and the person cannot escape from
it. There may be extreme fear,
paranoia, and separation from self.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
- Dizziness;
- Sleeplessness;
- Reduced appetite;
- Dry mouth;
- Sweating;
- Numbness;
- Weakness; and
- Tremors.
TOLERANCE
- LSD is not considered a physically
addictive drug, but continued use
will lead to tolerance.
- LSD tolerance fades quickly,
usually within 72 hours. This can
result in people inadvertently using
a potentially dangerous or deadly
amount of the substance.
- When people become tolerant of a
drug, they need to take more to
achieve the same effects.
ADDICTION
- LSD is not addictive and most
people eventually get tired of it and
simply quit voluntarily, or decrease
their use over time.
- While people do not become
physically dependent or addicted to
LSD, it is possible to develop a
psychological dependence on the
drug.
WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS
- Withdrawal from LSD is not
usually accompanied by a host of
negative physical symptoms.
People are often able to stop using
LSD on their own without
experiencing unpleasant symptoms
of physical withdrawal.
TIMELINE AS ABUSIVE
1943
- Albert Hoffman discovered LSD.
1950-1960
- Psychological weapon in the Cold
War (Project MK-Ultra).
CIA Project MK-Ultra,
- The CIA experimented with
LSD and other substances on
both volunteers and unwitting
subjects. Hypnosis, shock
therapy, interrogation, and
other dubious mind-control
techniques were also part of
MK-Ultra.
1960
- Both Psychology Professors at
Harvard University, Timothy Leary
and Richard Alpert make the
experiment.
1970
- When Project MK-Ultra became
public knowledge in the 1970s, the
scandal resulted in numerous
lawsuits and a congressional
investigation headed by Senator
Frank Church.
MANUFACTURER
William Leonard Pickard, a.k.a
“The Acid King”
- One of the busiest manufacturers of
LSD in the world, a chemist with
 the means to cook up acid by the • Zen
kilo.
• Back Breaker
- He has been convicted three times
of making psychedelic drugs, • Battery Acid
including LSD.
• Doses
- Allegedly he is responsible for 90
percent of the world’s supply of the • Dots
substance – has in fact been all
• Elvis
about healing. He was brutally
punished not for harming people, • Loony Toons
but for dedicating his life to helping
them understand their own • Pane
consciousness. • Superman
INCIDENT INVOLVING LSD • Window Pane
THE MURDER OF KATY
STRAALSUND
- Casey Henderson, a 21-year-old DEPPRESANTS
man accused of assaulting a • This are substances that reduce
University of Washington student arousal and stimulation. They affect
he was dating has been charged the central nervous system, slowing
with murder. down the messages between the
- According to the police report, brain and body.
Henderson chokes Straalsund
through a window, where she was • It affects concentration and
still making noise and moaning, coordination and slow a person’s
almost like she was defenseless. ability to respond to unexpected
- When the police burst through the situations.
door, Straalsund had no pulse. CANNABIS
Henderson confessed to his actions
and admitted that he and Straalsund • A product of the cannabis sativa
are dating and both took LSD plant that is used for its
together the night before. psychoactive and therapeutic
- He said he attacked her because he effects.
became paranoid and thought she • It contains psychoactive compound
was plotting against him. called tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)
SLANG NAMES OF LSD that creates a psychogenic effect.

• Acid • It can be consumed through the

respiratory tract and digestive tract
• California Sunshine through smoking and oral ingesting.
• Hippie HISTORY
• Lucy in the sky with diamonds • The use of cannabis originated in
• Yellow Sunshine central Asia or western China.
Cannabis has been used for its
 alleged healing properties for
millennia.
• The Cannabis plant has been
cultivated throughout the world
since ancient civilizations and used
for thousands of years for both
medicinal and recreational
applications.
EFFECTS OF CANNABIS TO THE
BODY
• When you inhale cannabis smoke
into your lungs, the compounds
immediately enter your
bloodstream and quickly make their
way to your brain and other organs.
The effects may onset within
seconds to minutes.
MEMORY PROBLEMS
- THC changes the way a part of
your brain called the hippocampus
processes information, so it can
affect your ability to form new
memories.
DOPAMINE RELEASE
- Cannabis triggers the release of
dopamine in the brain, triggering
feelings of euphoria and potentially
heightening your sensory
perception.
SLOWED REACTION TIME
- Cannabis may alter your balance,
coordination, and reflex response.
This could affect things such as
your ability to drive.
IMPAIRED JUDGMENT
- THC alters the way you process
information, so your judgment may
be impaired.
GLAUCOMA RELIEF
- Cannabis can lower pressure within
the eyes and relieve symptoms of
glaucoma for a short time.
WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM
- THC may suppress your immune
system, making you potentially
more vulnerable to infection.
However, this may also be
beneficial if you are living with
autoimmune condition.
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS
- Cannabis smoke contains a mixture
of chemicals that can irritate your
lungs and bronchial passages, like
tobacco smoke. You may
experience a burning mouth or
throat, a phlegmy cough, or an
increased risk of bronchitis.
EFFECTS OF DIGESTION
- Cannabis stimulates the appetite
and may reduce nausea and
vomiting, which can be helpful for
people being treated for cancer or
AIDS.
EFFECTS ON CIRCULATION
- Smoking cannabis causes an almost
immediate jump in your heart rate
and expansion of your blood
vessels that may result in a redness
of the eyes.
PAIN RELIEF
- Cannabis may temporarily help
relieve pain and inflammation in
the body.
SHORT TERM EFFECTS
1. Altered senses
2. Altered sense of time
 3. Mood changes
4. Impaired movements
5. Difficulty thinking
TIMELINE AS ABUSIVE
1841
- William Brooke O’Shaughnessy
introduced cannabis to Western
medicine after living in India. He
wrote of many therapeutic uses of
cannabis,
1936
- At this time, a film called “Reefer
Madness” was released,
demonizing cannabis as a highly
addictive drug that caused mental
disorder and violence.
1937
- The uses of cannabis for medicinal
and recreational purposes were
effectively taxed out of existence in
the USA by the Marijuana Tax Act.
1970
- US introduced the Controlled
Substance Act that lists cannabis as
having ‘no accepted medical use
and a high potential for abuse.
MANUFACTURERS
Scotts Miracle-Gro
• One of the largest and oldest lawn
and garden supplies companies in
the world.
• They have been expanding into the
cannabis industry since 2018 to
take advantage of its rapidly-
growing popularity.
Trulieve
• The largest medical cannabis
company in Florida, controlling
approximately 51% of the state’s
market.
• They also possess medical
marijuana licenses in California,
Massachusetts, and Connecticut
and operates 71 retail locations
across the United States.\
INCIDENT INVOLVING CANNABIS
THE MURDER OF KRISTINE
KIRK
- In April 14, 2014, Richard Kirk
fatally shot his wife Kristine in the
head at their University Park home.
He pleaded not guilty by reason of
intoxication, both voluntary and
involuntary.
- Kristine Kirk called 911 and said
that her husband was paranoid and
hallucinating after eating the
cannabis candy. While on the call,
the dispatcher heard Kristine
begging not to retrieve the gun, and
then the dispatcher heard a shot
next.
- The Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
levels found in Richard Kirk’s
blood were very low. Richard Kirk
could remember the combination
for the gun safe and held the gun to
her head.
- Richard Kirk was found guilty and
was sentenced to 30 years
imprisonment.
SLANG NAMES OF CANNABIS
• Marijuana
• Dope
• Pot (GROUP 3)
• Grass
• Weed Depressant Drugs

• Head • Depressants will induce sleep,

relieve anxiety and muscle spasms,
• Mary Jane and prevent seizures
• Doobie • Depressant substances reduce
arousal and stimulation
• Bud
OPIOIDS
• Ganja
• Opioids are a class of drugs that
• Hashish work in the brain to produce a
• Hash variety of effects, including the
relief of pain with many of these
• Bhang drugs.
• Opioids can be prescription
medications often referred to as
painkillers, or they can be so-called
street drugs, such as heroin.
• Opioids are sometimes referred to
as narcotics and although they do
relieve pain, they do not fall into
the same category as over-the-
counter painkillers such as aspirin
and Tylenol. 
The most commonly used opioids are:
• prescription opioids, such as
OxyContin and Vicodin
• fentanyl, a synthetic opioid
50–100 times more potent
than morphine
• heroin, an illegal drug
• Opioids are a class of drugs
naturally found in the opium poppy
plant. Some prescription opioids are
made from the plant directly, and
Vice and Drug others are made by scientists in labs
using the same chemical structure.
Education and Jargon Names
Control Generic Brand Street
Name Name Name
 Hydromorph Dilaudid®, D, • In 1803 morphine, an opioid
one Exalgo® Dillies, analgesic, was extracted from
Football opium by Friedrich Serturner of
s, Juice, Germany;
Smack
• Dr. Charles Wood, a Scottish
Meperidine Demerol® Demmie physician, invented the
s, Pain hyperdermic needle and used it to
Killer
inject morphine to relieve pain from
Methadone Dolophine Amidon neuralgia;
®, e,
Methadose Dollies, • Dr. Eduard Livenstein, a German
® Dolls, physician, produced the first
Fizzies, accurate and comprehensive
Mud, description of addiction to
Red morphine, including the withdrawal
Rock, syndrome and relapse, and argued
Tootsie that craving for morphine was a
Roll physiological response.
Morphine Duramorph God's Manufacturer of the Drug
®, MS Drug,
Contin® M, Miss • According to the pharmaceutical
Emma, investigation of AG Healey
Monkey, manufacturers
Morpho, • Purdue Pharma, Endo, Janssen,
White
Teva, and Allergan; and the
Stuff
Distributor or wholesalers:
• AmerisourceBergen, Cardinal
Health, and McKesson.
History of Opioids
Effects to the brain
• The use of opioids to treat pain first
• Opioids bind to and activate opioid
became prevalent in the United
receptors on cells located in many
States in the early 1860s as a way
areas of the brain, spinal cord, and
to treat wounded soldiers. These
other organs in the body, especially
soldiers were treated with
those involved in feelings of pain
morphine, and many developed
and pleasure. 
dependencies and addictions to the
drug in the years following the war. • When opioids attach to these
receptors, they block pain signals
• It started in the mid-1990s when the
sent from the brain to the body and
powerful agent OxyContin,
release large amounts of dopamine
promoted by Purdue Pharma and
throughout the body.
approved by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), triggered Note: This release can strongly reinforce
the first wave of deaths linked to the act of taking the drug, making the user
use of legal prescription opioids. want to repeat the experience.
Effects to the body
• In the short term, opioids can
relieve pain and make people feel
relaxed and happy. However,
opioids can also have harmful
effects, including:
• drowsiness
• confusion
• nausea
• constipation
• euphoria
• slowed breathing
• Opioid misuse can cause slowed
breathing, which can cause
hypoxia, a condition that results
when too little oxygen reaches the
brain.
• Hypoxia can have short- and long-
term psychological and
neurological effects, including
coma, permanent brain damage, or
death.
Opioid Epidemic
• The opioid epidemic is a plague of
opioid addiction and overdose that
has swept the United States over
the past 20 years.
• The opioid epidemic has resulted
from myriad causes and will not be
solved by any simple solution.
Consequent to a staggering increase
in opioid-related deaths in the USA,
various governmental inputs and
stakeholder strategies have been
proposed and implemented with
varying success.
The below opioid epidemic statistics
are taken from studies done by the
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services for the year 2016.
• 116 people died from opioid-related
overdoses each day.
• Over 42,000 people died from
opioid overdoses over the course of
the year.
• 1 million people had an opioid
disorder.
• 17,087 deaths were caused by
overdoses on commonly prescribed
opioids.
• 19,413 deaths resulted from use of
other synthetic opioids other than
methadone.
• 15,469 deaths were attributed to
heroin overdose
Hallucinogen Drugs
• Hallucinogens are a diverse group
of drugs that alter a person’s
awareness of their surroundings as
well as their own thoughts and
feelings.
• They are commonly split into two
categories: classic
hallucinogens (such as LSD)
and dissociative drugs (such as
PCP).
• Both types of hallucinogens can
cause hallucinations, or sensations
and images that seem real though
they are not. Additionally,
dissociative drugs can cause users
to feel out of control or
disconnected from their body and
environment.
Ketamine
• Ketamine is a medication that
doctors use as an anesthetic to
induce loss of consciousness.
 Effects include sedation and
reduced sensation of pain.
• Ketamine (Ketalar) is a dissociative
anesthetic
• Ketamine for depression has
become a popular alternative
treatment and other mental
disorders in recent years. While it’s
a popular option for treating mental
health issues today, that wasn’t
always the case.
History of ketamine
The 1960s
• Ketamine was first synthesized
in 1962 by a professor of
Chemistry, Calvin L. Stevens. It
was first tested on animals, which
provided promising results. It was
also used for testing on human
prisoners in 1964. In humans,
ketamine proved to act faster and
reduce toxic behavior, which made
it the preferable anesthetic choice
over PCP.
The 1970s
• After promising trials, the FDA
approved ketamine for medical use
in 1970. It was first on American
soldiers during the Vietnam War
for battlefield surgery. It was a
highly effective anesthetic, but it
soon began to be illicitly abused,
beginning in the West Coast in
the early 1970s. Throughout the
70s psychiatric and academic
research on the effects of ketamine
began.
The 1980s
• Ketamine use as a party drug began
to increase in the 1980s, spreading
across the US. Around this time,
new forms of the drug were
popping up into the street drug
market. Capsules, powders, tablets,
solutions, and injectable forms of
ketamine became popular.
• In the mid-80s subcultures began to
adopt it more frequently, such as
rave culture. Ketamine was
commonly sold as “ecstasy” at this
time.
The 1990s
• By this time ketamine’s illicit use
began to dominate the conversation
around it. It was still used
medically as an anesthetic, but it
was now widely abused on the
streets. Ketamine, or “Special K”
on the streets, is popular in the city
of Hong Kong. And, this city still
struggles with illicit ketamine abuse
today.
NOTE: In 1999 the United States made
ketamine a federally controlled substance
in an attempt to stop its illicit use.
The 2000s
• Ketamine stopped being widely
used both medically and illicitly
after it became a controlled
substance. Morphine became a
more popular choice as an
anesthetic and other illicit drug
such as cocaine and heroin took off
on the streets.
• Studies were done between 2000-
2006, which ultimately showed
ketamine was a viable alternative
treatment for depression.
Today
• Today mental health professionals
are using ketamine to treat
treatment-resistant depression and
other mental conditions such as
 PTSD. The FDA has also fast- o
tracked two drugs based on k
ketamine to treat depression. e
 P
Jargon Names u
Bran Street r
d Name p
Name l
e
Ketamine systemic Ketal  S  J
ar p e
e t
Drug
c  V
class(es): general
i it
anesthetics
a a
l m
ketamine/ LidoP K i
ketoprofen/ rofen  K n
lidocaine  K K
it
K
Drug a
class(es): topical t Ketamine and the Brain
anesthetics  C • Ketamine targets glutamate, the
a brain’s most common excitatory
t
ketamine/ MKO chemical messenger. Regulating the
V
midazolam/ Melt brain’s ability to process cognitive
a
ondansetron Dose thoughts, emotions, and
li
systemic Pack, neuroplasticity, glutamate promotes
u
MKO and strengthens synaptic
Drug m
class(es): miscellan Troch  S connections. It also plays a key role
eous central e u in how an individual learns,
nervous system p remembers, and responds to
agents e experiences.
r
A Ketamine Rebalances Glutamate &
c GABA Levels
i • Another role glutamate plays in the
d brain is producing and balancing
 S Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
p
(GABA), a calming
e
neurotransmitter. Overactive
c
i glutamate receptor genes can cause
a an imbalance with GABA resulting
l in changes in mental health. High
L levels of glutamate and low GABA
a can lead to anxiety, for example,
C
 while depleted glutamate and Cessation of Dizziness
GABA can result in depression. breathing

Ketamine works to treat this imbalance Double vision Hallucinations

in three different phases: Involuntary eye Difficulty thinking
movements
• Phase 1: Rapid Effects
Seizures Out of body
During this phase, ketamine experiences
activates the brain’s opiate
Impaired motor Alterations in
receptors which can affect function discernment
symptoms of depression. Patients
Elevated blood Amnesia
generally feel relaxed, free from
pressure
pain and in a sedated like-feeling
during this stage. Decreased heart rate Confusion
Tachycardia Reduced awareness
• Phase 2: Sustained Effects
of environment
In phase two, glutamate receptors Irregular heartbeat Disorientation
are increased, which helps restore
Motionlessness Drowsiness
normal levels of glutamate and
GABA. At this point, patients Excessive salvia Dissociation
generally feel relaxed after production
treatment. Patients can experience Garbled speech Decreased ability to
feelings of invulnerability during feel pain
this time. Elevated blood Forgetfulness
pressure
• Phase 3: Return to Baseline
Decreased
After the levels are stabilized, the coordination
brain’s reaction to ketamine causes
new neural receptors to grow which
may “reset” the depressed brain. Cases involving ketamine
Ketamine may be particularly
The Elijah McClain Case
useful for patients whose
depression involves suicidal • The 23-year-old Black man died
thoughts. after paramedics administered the
powerful anesthetic during a
Effects of Ketamine
confrontation with police.
Physical Effects Mental Effects
• On August 24, 2019, McClain was
Double vision Sedation stopped by three White officers
Involuntary eye A dream-like state from the Denver suburb of Aurora
movements as he walked home from a
Seizures Colorful dreams convenience store. A 911 caller had
reported a “suspicious person,”
Impaired motor Feelings of intense
function strength and power according to a police overview of
the incident.
Nausea Decreased focus
• McClain resisted officer contact,
Vomiting Agitation
the report said, and there was a
Slowed breathing Anxiety struggle. On an officer’s body
 camera, McClain was heard saying, • Amphetamine was first synthesized
“I’m an introvert, please respect the in 1887 in Germany by Romanian
boundaries that I am speaking.” chemist, Lazăr Edeleanu, who
named the drug
• One officer placed McClain in a
phenylisopropylamine. This in
carotid hold, or chokehold, and he
concoction was one of a series of
briefly lost consciousness,
compounds related to the plant
according to the report. When they
derivative ephedrine, which had
released the hold, McClain began
been isolated from the Chinese
struggling again.
ephedra plant that same year by
• Paramedics arrived at the scene and Nagai Nagayoshi.
administered ketamine to sedate
History of Amphetamine
McClain, the report said. McClain
suffered a heart attack while in an • German Pharmacologist L.
ambulance, and he was declared Edeleano (1887)
brain dead three days later, • In 1927, Gordon Alley:
according to a letter from the
district attorney.  Reduced fatigue 
 Increased alertness
 Caused a sense of confident
euphoria
Stimulant Drugs
• Benzedrine inhalers (nasal
• Stimulants are a class of drugs that
congestion)
speed up messages travelling
between the brain and body. They
can make a person feel more Sources
awake, alert, confident or
energetic. 1 • Ephedra is the primary component
of amphetamine
• Stimulants include caffeine,
nicotine, amphetamines and • Ephedra is a low evergreen shrub
cocaine. Large doses can cause with small scaly leaves. It has a
over-stimulation, resulting in long history of medicinal use in
anxiety, panic, seizures, headaches, China and India to treat colds,
stomach cramps, aggression and fever, headaches, coughing,
paranoia. Long-term use of strong wheezing, and other conditions.
stimulants can have adverse effects. • The U.S. Food and Drug
Amphetamine Administration (FDA) banned the
sale of dietary supplements
 A distinct class of drugs that containing ephedrine alkaloids
stimulate the central nervous (stimulant compounds found
system producing an increase in in Ephedra sinica and some other
alertness, wakefulness and plants) in the United States in 2004.
awareness. Prior to the ban, ephedra was an
History of Amphetamine ingredient in some dietary
supplements promoted for weight
 loss, increased energy, and
enhanced athletic performance. Deceptive Terms
Substance use – amphetamines - Some terms
• Amphetamines are drugs. They can for amphetamines may be based on
be legal or illegal. They are legal prescription medications (such as dexies
when they are prescribed by a and diet pills). Or the origins may be
doctor and used to treat health unclear, but the intent is usually to conceal
problems such the behavior of using the drug.
as obesity, narcolepsy, or attention • Benz
deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD). Using • Splash
amphetamines can lead to • Fives
addiction.
Manufacturers of the Drug
• Amphetamines are illegal when
they are used without a prescription Amphetamine is prepared by
to get high or improve treating phenylacetone with formic
performance. In this case, they are acid and ammonia under the Leuckart-
known as street, or recreational Wallach conditions.
drugs, and using them can lead to Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
addiction. This article describes this
-  is a toxicology database that
aspect of amphetamines.
focuses on the toxicology of potentially
Amphetamines hazardous chemicals. It provides
-have a long list of slang names information on human exposure, industrial
based on appearance, the effect the drug hygiene, emergency handling procedures,
has, and of course, names for deceptive environmental fate, regulatory
purposes only. requirements, nanomaterials, and related
Appearance-Based Terms areas. The information in HSDB has been
assessed by a Scientific Review Panel.
-Amphetamines are sold in pill
form and may come in several different Types of Illegal Amphetamines
colors, with corresponding slang names. Illegal amphetamines come in different
• Brownies forms:

• Blue boys • Pills and capsules

• Black Birds • Powder and paste

Effects-Based Terms • Crystal

- Amphetamines are stimulants, so • Liquid

many slang terms for these drugs refer to They can be used in different ways:
that simulating effect.
• Swallowed
• Head Drugs
• Dabbed onto the gums
• Amps
• Inhaled through the nose (snorted)
• Brain Ticklers
• Injected into a vein (shooting up)
 • Smoked
Amphetamines Effects on Your Brain
How fast you feel the effects of
amphetamines depends on how they are
used:
• Smoking or Injecting
• Snorting
• Taken by mouth
• Joy (euphoria, or "flash" or "rush")
and less inhibition, similar to being
drunk
• Feeling as if your thinking is
extremely clear
• Feeling more in control, self-
confident
• Wanting to be with and talk to
people (more sociable)
• Increased energy
Amphetamines can harm the body in
many ways, and lead to:
• Tooth decay (meth mouth)
• Death
Amphetamines can be Addictive
Addiction can lead to tolerance. Tolerance
means you need more and more of the drug
to get the same high feeling. And if you try
to stop using, your mind and body may
have reactions. These are called
withdrawal symptoms, and may include:
• Strong craving for the drug
• Having mood swings that range
from
feeling depressed to agitated to
anxious
• Feeling tired all day
• Not able to concentrate
• Seeing or hearing things that are
not there (hallucinations)
• Physical reactions may include
headaches, aches and pains,
increased appetite, not sleeping
well

• Appetite decrease and weight loss Cases of crime involving drug

• Heart problems such as fast heart ASSAULT AND HOMICIDE

rate, irregular heartbeat, increased ASSOCIATED WITH
blood pressure, and heart attack AMPHETAMINE ABUSE

• High body temperature and skin Annotation

flushing -CASE HISTORIES OF
• Memory loss problems thinking THIRTEEN PERSONS WHO
clearly, and stroke COMMITTED HOMICIDE WHILE
INTOXICATED WITH
• Mood and emotional problems such AMPHETAMINES.
as aggressive or violent behavior,
depression, and suicide Abstract

• Ongoing hallucinations and - IN MOST OF THESE CASES,

inability to tell what is real
• Restlessness and tremors
• Skin sores
• Sleep problems
THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE
HOMICIDAL ACT WERE DIRECTLY
RELATED TO AMPHETAMINE-
INDUCED PARANOID THINKING,
PANIC, EMOTIONAL LABILITY, OR
LOWERED IMPULSE CONTROL. THE
MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLES
ASSOCIATED WITH THESE CASES
INCLUDED PREDISPOSING
PERSONALITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL
CIRCUMSTANCES, AND THE USE OF
OTHER DRUGS.
Depressants
ALCOHOL
“The king of all drugs”
Depressants – are psychoactive drugs that
slow down the activity of the central nervous
system (the brain and spinal cord), which
reduces a person's alertness, and also slows
down functions such as breathing and heart
rate. These can take the form of
pharmaceutical drugs as well as illicit
substances.
Chemical Name: Ethanol
Street Names: Booze, Brewski, Bubbly, Cold
one, Draft, Firewater, Hard Stuff, Jungle Juice,
Sauce, Shooter, Hooch What is an Alcohol?
Alcohol is any fermented liquor, such as wine,
beer, or distilled spirits, that contains ethyl
alcohol, or ethanol (CH3CH2OH), as an
intoxicating agent.
Alcohol is classed as a depressant, meaning
that it slows down vital functions—resulting in
slurred speech, unsteady movement,
disturbed perceptions, and an inability to react
quickly. Although classified as a depressant,
the amount of alcohol consumed determines
the type of effect. Most people drink for the
stimulant effect, such as a beer or glass of
wine taken to “loosen up.” But if a person
consumes more than the body can handle,
they then experience alcohol’s depressant
effect. They start to feel “stupid” or lose
coordination and control.
Manufacturers of Alcohol
• Anheusr-Busch InBev NV
Establisment: 2008
Headquarters: Leuven, Belgium
It is a beverage company that produces,
distributes, and sells alcoholic beverages, such
as beer, malt beverages, and soft drinks
worldwide. It owns a product portfolio of over
400 beer brands, including: Corona, Cass,
Jupiler, Sibirskaya Korona, Victoria, Quilmes,
Antartica, Brahma and many more.
• Ginebra San Miguel, Inc.
Establishment: 1834
Headquarters: Mandaluyong City, Metro
Manila
Ginebra San Miguel Inc., the hard liquor arm
of San Miguel Corporation, is the world’s
largest gin producer by volume as well as the
market leader in the domestic hard liquor
market, with Ginebra San Miguel Gin, GSM
Blue Gin, Primera Light Brandy, and Vino
Kulafu, as core products.
• San Miguel Brewery, Inc.
Establishment: 1890 Headquarters:
Founded in 1890, San Miguel Brewery, Inc. is
the largest beer producer in the Philippines,
which controls more than 90% of the
Philippine beer market. It is the 16th largest
brewer in the world and among the top 10
biggest beer producers in the AsiaPacific. It
owns some of the most recognized products
are: San Miguel Pale Pilsen (pale, golden lager)
and Red Horse (extra-strong lager) are
currently available at BC Liquor stores across
the province
How alcohol is made?
Alcoholic beverages are fermented from the
sugars in fruits, berries, grains, and such other
ingredients as plant saps, tubers, honey, and
milk and may be distilled to reduce the original
watery liquid to a liquid of much greater
alcoholic strength. Alcohol fermenting is a
biological process by which sugar is converted
into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are
responsible for this process, and oxygen is not
necessary. History of Alcohol
7000 B.C. – China was the first country to
distill spirits with yeast-fermented bases.
Similar to other cultures, alcohol was also
considered sacred in China. People frequently
drank during important rituals and
celebrations, such as family meals, weddings,
and holidays like the New Year. Many Chinese
sources cite the consumption of “natural
alcohol” in ancient times. This natural alcohol
refers to the natural fermentation of fruits and
flowers.
3150 B.C. – In ancient Egypt, bread and beer
were staples in the daily diet. At the time, beer
was considered the drink of the gods. Egyptian
beer typically consisted of barley, wheat, and
yeasty dough. Most Egyptians drank beer for
its virtues and supposed nutritional benefits.
Between 3,000 to 2,000 B.C. – Sumerians
in Mesopotamia made beer. Researchers have
found over 20 different beer recipes recorded
on clay tablets. However, Sumerians also used
alcohol in sacrificial and religious settings as an
offering to the gods. In the epic
2700 B.C. – The Babylonians worshiped a
wine goddess. In Greece, one of the first
alcoholic beverages to gain popularity was
mead, a fermented drink made from honey
and water. Greek literature is full of warnings
against excessive drinking.
2000 B.C. – Ancient Greece was one of the
earliest known centers of wine production.
Winemakers established vineyards as early as
2000 B.C. Alcohol played a pivotal role in early
Greek religious culture and was often used as
an offering to the gods. It was also used as
currency throughout the Mediterranean
region. Like the Egyptians, the Greeks also
used alcohol as a medicine. Greek texts
frequently reference wine consumption for
medical ailments, such as lethargy, diarrhoea,
childbirth pains, and keeping wounds clean
and sterile.
1525-1550 – In England, the first excessive
use of distilled spirits. Around the same time,
playwright Thomas Nash discussed the
pervasiveness of drunkenness in England. For
the first time, the English mentioned
drunkenness as a crime.
16th Century – alcohol (called “spirits”) was
used largely for medicinal purposes. European
colonization during the 15th and 16th centuries
gave the apothecaries an abundance of exotic
herbs, spices, barks, peels, and berries to add
to their medicine cabinets and from this point
until relatively recently, a large percentage of
medicines were made with an alcoholic base.
The 19th Century – brought a change in
attitudes and the temperance movement
began promoting the moderate use of alcohol
—which ultimately became a push for total
prohibition.
1920 – The Prohibition Era of alcohol began in
1920 when the 18th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution passed a law which banned the
manufacture, transportation and sale of
intoxicating liquors, went into effect with the
passage of the Volstead Act. Despite the new
legislation, Prohibition was difficult to enforce.
The increase of the illegal production and sale
of liquor (known as “bootlegging”), the
proliferation of speakeasies (illegal drinking
spots) and the accompanying rise in gang
violence and organized crime led to waning allowed to have any additional
support for Prohibition by the end of the drugs in it besides alcohol. The
1920s. ABV is typically around 50-51
percent.
1933 - The illegal alcohol trade boomed and • Liqueurs: These beverages are
the prohibition of alcohol was canceled. distilled spirits combined with
fruit, cream, sugar, or herbs to
Types of Alcohol create a potent but flavorful
beverage. Liqueurs include triple
1. Liquor or Spirits sec, amaretto, schnapps, and
Sambuca. They may not have
• Vodka: Made from the same more than 15 percent ABV, on
fermentation process as beer or average.
wine, with the added step of
distilling to increase the strength 2. Wine
of the drink, vodka is typically
made from grains like wheat,
• Fortified wine: This is a type of
sorghum, and corn, although
fruit and/or honey alcohol that,
Russian vodka is allegedly made
either due to the addition of
from potatoes. Vodka has an ABV
brandy or because it has been
starting around 40 percent, but it
fermented long enough, has an
can range as high as 95 percent.
ABV of 16-24 percent.
• Gin: This type of liquor starts
• Unfortified wine: This is a
with a neutral distilled spirit, to
standard fruit or honey alcohol,
which juniper berries and other
such as mead or ice wine, with 16
aromatic botanicals are added. It
percent or less ABV. The average
is clear and has an ABV of 36-50
ABV for wine is around 14
percent.
percent, although some, such as
• Rum: Rum is fermented port, may be a little stronger.
sugarcane, molasses, beet sugar, States may have individual
or other type of non-fruit sugar. It mandates on how much sugar
is then distilled to remove any wine may contain as well.
sediment. It legally has 36-50
percent ABV.
3. Beer
• Whiskey: Subdivided into
scotch, bourbon, and Irish and
• Beer: This is an alcoholic beverage
Canadian whiskeys, these types of
produced by extracting raw materials
whiskey are aged in oak barrels
with water, boiling (usually with hops),
that give them a unique caramel
and fermenting. This includes lagers,
color. ABV can range from 36
pilsners, flavored beers, and ale. The
percent to 50 percent ABV,
ABV on beers ranges greatly,
depending on how long it has
depending on the brewing process.
aged.
Generally, the ABV is between 4
• Tequila: Tequila is a Central and
percent and 8 percent, with 5-6
South American beverage made
percent being the standard for most
from fermented agave, which
beers in the United States. Some craft
originally had some
beers nowadays are as high as 12
hallucinogenic properties in
percent.
addition to being alcoholic.
Tequila sold in the US is not
 • Malt beverage: While this category • BAC of 0.08 to
can include some types of beer, the 0.15: o slurred
ABV can range up to 15 percent, so it speech
includes beers with additional alcohol o impaired balance, coordination,
added. vision and
reflexes

o unstable emotions o nausea and

What are the signs and symptoms?
vomiting
• Strong and persistent desire to drink • BAC of 0.15 to 0.30: o
alcohol despite harmful unable to walk without help
consequences. o sleepy
• Inability to control drinking. o difficulty breathing
• Higher priority given to alcohol than o memory loss o loss of bladder
other obligations. control
• Tolerance to alcohol and physical o possible loss of
withdrawal reaction when alcohol is consciousness
abruptly discontinued.
• BAC of over 0.30: o coma
Blood Alcohol Levels o death.

The level of alcohol in your blood is called
blood alcohol concentration (BAC). A BAC of
0.01 means there is 0.01g of alcohol in 100ml
of your blood.
In an average, healthy person, one standard
drink:
• increases BAC by about 0.02
• takes about one hour to break down.
But remember, this can be different for
everyone.
In the short term, drinking too much alcohol
can also lead to:
• accidental injury (to yourself or
others)
• being in a road accident
• deliberately harming yourself or
others
• risky sexual behaviour
• family, domestic and sexual
violence • alcohol poisoning
• hangovers.

Short-term effects
Drinking alcohol can affect your body straight
away. A healthy person is likely to experience
the following:
• BAC of up to 0.05: o feeling of
wellbeing o talkative, relaxed and
more confident
• BAC of 0.05 to 0.08:
o impaired judgement and
movement
o reduced inhibitions
How alcohol can affect your body:
• Brain:
Alcohol interferes with the brain’s
communication pathways, and can affect the
way the brain looks and works. These
disruptions can change mood and behavior,
and make it harder to think clearly and move
with coordination.
• Heart:
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on
a single occasion can damage the heart,
causing problems including:
• Cardiomyopathy – Stretching and
drooping of heart muscle
• Arrhythmias – Irregular heart
beat
• Stroke
• High blood pressure
• Liver:
Heavy drinking takes a toll on the liver, and
can lead to a variety of problems and liver
inflammations including:
• Steatosis, or fatty liver
• Alcoholic hepatitis
• Fibrosis
• Cirrhosis
• Pancreas:
Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic
substances that can eventually lead to
pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation and
swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas
that prevents proper digestion.
• Cancer:
According to the National Cancer Institute:
"There is a strong scientific consensus that
alcohol drinking can cause several types of
cancer.”
Clear patterns have emerged between alcohol
consumption and increased risks of certain
types of cancer:
• Head and neck cancer, including
oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
cancers.
• Esophageal cancer, particularly
esophageal squamous cell
carcinoma. In addition, people
who inherit a deficiency in an
enzyme that metabolizes alcohol
have been found to have
substantially increased risks of
esophageal squamous cell
carcinoma if they consume
alcohol.
• Liver cancer.
• Breast cancer: Studies have
consistently found an increased
risk of breast cancer in women
with increasing alcohol intake.
Women who consume about 1
drink per day have a 5 to 9
percent higher chance of
developing breast cancer than
women who do not drink at all.
• Colorectal cancer.
• Immune System:
Drinking too much can weaken your immune
system, making your body a much easier
target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more
liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and
tuberculosis than people who do not drink too
much. Drinking a lot on a single occasion
slows your body’s ability to ward off infections
– even up to 24 hours after getting drunk.
How long alcohol stays in your blood
Drinking more than one standard drink per
hour will increase your BAC. The faster you
drink, the higher your BAC. When you stop
drinking, your BAC will keep rising as the
alcohol in your stomach goes into your blood.
The only way to lower your BAC is time. The
more drinks you have, the more time you
need. You cannot remove alcohol from your
blood by vomiting, having a cold shower or
drinking coffee. Case involving alcohol
At least 7 people, including 3 children, were
killed after a drunk driver plowed into them on
Sunday night, April 9, 2017. The driver,
identified as Freddie Talisayan, was on board a
chicken-carrier truck. He first hit the
motorcycle driven by Ronnie Abrio along
Cugman Bridge, just a few meters away from a Stimulants
police station.
ECSTASY
Abrio and his 3 children – Kenneth, Sophia,
and Stephanie – died on the spot.
chemical reaction used to
Talisayan then tried to escape, but his truck manufacture blood clotting
collided with a motorela or tricycle with 4 agents.
passengers, driven by Kent Felicilda. One of 1970’s MDMA’s psychological
the passengers, May Buñor, was thrown out of effects in humans were not
the motorela and instantly killed. scientifically investigated
until the late 1970s. This was
After slamming into the motorela, Talisayan only done after its apparent
continued to drive despite being pursued by use as a street drug, as
police. He then hit another motorcycle driven indicated by police seizures
by Kurt Angel Buhawi. Buhawi’s passenger of the substance in the early
Vivienne Nacaya died on the spot.Talisayan’s 1970s.
truck then rammed a jeepney and a stockpile Mid Shulgin introduced MDMA to
1970’s psychotherapists around the
of a road widening project.
mid-1970s, and who
subsequently used it as an
Cugman Police Station Chief Inspector Evan
adjunct to psychotherapy
Vinas said Talisayan was visibly drunk as he
without formal FDA approval.
was arrested. When sought for comment,
Talisayan only said that he could not 1978 In 1978, Alexander Shulgin
remember what happened. Talisayan’s and David Nichols published
a book chapter entitled
brother Felix, who was with him at the time,
“Characterization of Three
said the truck had been assigned to him but
New Psychotomimetic”,
his brother insisted on driving. Felix also describing the psychological
admitted that Freddie had been drinking since effects of substances
Sunday morning. chemically related to known
psychoactive substances.
“I told him that he hit the motorcycle. He just
1984 In response to Texas senator
would not listen. I tried to stop him, but he
Lloyd Bentsen’s observation
just continued to drive,” Felix said. of its widespread use in
Texas nightclubs, the Drug
Police have already filed charges of reckless Enforcement Agency (DEA)
imprudence resulting to multiple homicide, declared their plan to
serious physical injuries, and damage to regulate MDMA as a
property. Schedule 1 substance in
1984

1912 Chemists at Merck

Pharmaceuticals first
produced and patented it as
an intermediate in a
chemical reaction used to
manufacture blood clotting
agents.
1970’s MDMA’s psychological
effects in humans were not
YEAR CASE/CONTENT scientifically investigated
1912 Chemists at Merck until the late 1970s. This was
Pharmaceuticals first only done after its apparent
produced and patented it as use as a street drug, as
an intermediate in a indicated by police seizures
 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA).
Chemical Name:
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Brand Name: Molly

Street Name: Adam, Beans, Clarity, E,

Essence, Happy Pill, Hug Drug, Scooby Snacks,
Lover’s Speed, X, XTC

Meth- (Methamphetamine, also known as

meth, crystal meth, crystal, tina, or crank), is a
stimulant that affects the central nervous
system, producing feelings of euphoria and
increased energy. Types of Ecstasy

Tablets: Ecstasy typically comes in a tablet

form that's often imprinted with graphic
designs or commercial logos.

Powder: Ecstasy known by the popular

nickname Molly (which is slang for
"molecular") is often used for the supposedly
"pure" crystalline powder form of MDMA.

Largest Manufacturer of Ecstasy

Netherlands- one of the world's largest
producers of ecstasy and amphetamines
despite of the campaigns against illegal drugs.

Largest Consumer of Ecstasy

Australians- are the world’s biggest individual

consumers of ecstasy. Despite a government
crackdown, a recent wastewater analysis
shows party-goers’ appetites for MDMA are
only increasing.

HISTORY
 of the substance in the early
1970s.
Mid Shulgin introduced MDMA to
1970’s psychotherapists around the
mid-1970s, and who
subsequently used it as an
adjunct to psychotherapy
without formal FDA approval.
1978 In 1978, Alexander Shulgin
and David Nichols published
a book chapter entitled
“Characterization of Three
New Psychotomimetic”,
describing the psychological
effects of substances
chemically related to known
psychoactive substances.
1984 In response to Texas senator
Lloyd Bentsen’s observation
of its widespread use in
Texas nightclubs, the Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA)
declared their plan to
regulate MDMA as a
Schedule 1 substance in
1984

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Ecstasy is often abused for its reputation of being able to:

✓ Improve mood to a state of euphoria.

✓ Strengthen feelings of connectedness.
✓ Increase pleasure from physical touch.
✓ Heighten sexuality and sexual arousal.
✓ Increase alertness.
✓ Enhance energy.
✓ Make the user lose track of time.

The unwanted signs of ecstasy include:

✓ Higher heart rate.

✓ Increase blood pressure.
✓ Muscle tension.
✓ Tightness in mouth and jaw.
 ✓ Feeling faint.
✓ Hot or cold flashes.
✓ Organ complications due to increased body temperature.

Risk of negative effects increases because:

✓ People using ecstasy commonly take multiple doses in one session.

✓ With uncontrolled drug manufacturing, it is impossible to tell how much of the drug one is
consuming.
✓ Frequently, there are other drugs mixed into the tablets.
✓ Ecstasy can stimulate physical activity, which can lead to dehydration.

EFFECTS OF ECSTASY

This depletion triggers:

✓ depression
✓ Insomnia
✓ Poor memory
✓ worry

Physical (Health) Effects

✓ High blood pressure ✓ Increased heartbeat

✓ Convulsion
✓ Blurred vision
✓ Heart attack

Psychological Effects

✓ Anxiety
✓ Depression
✓ Hallucinations
✓ Paranoia
✓ Psychosis

Behavioral Effects

✓ Irrational
✓ Talking Too Fast
✓ Difficult in Concentrating

Psychosocial Effects

✓ Disagreements
 ✓ Strained Relationship
✓ Legal Problems

How Long Does Ecstasy Stay in Your System?

Ecstasy can be detected in the system for up to 90 days. MDMA detection time will depend on the type
of test taken. A person’s unique physical attributes and frequency of drug use can also affect how long it
is detectable.

Urine: detectable for up to four days

Blood: detectable for about two days

Saliva: detectable for up to two days

Hair: detectable for up to 90 days How Long Do the Effects Last?

The immediate effects of MDMA, can be felt within 20 minutes to 1 hour of drug administration. The
effect can last for up to six hours.

When taken regularly and in higher doses, it can cause long-term effects, which can last for long periods
even after the user has stopped taking the drug.

TREATMENT

Drug and Alcohol Treatment

Inpatient treatment is typically the most desirable option for those with severe addictions and/or
accompanying mental health issues.

Outpatient treatment will incorporate many features of inpatient treatment but will allow the patient
to live at home while working through recovery.

CASE

Thousands gathered at the Mall of Asia (MOA) concert grounds on May 21 for what was to be the last
music festival to be hosted by a toothpaste companyturned-party organizer, the Closeup Forever
Summer open-air concert.

The difference is that this time around, at the end of the party, 5 concert-goers were declared dead.

Authorities are investigating what caused the deaths of Bianca Fontejon, 18; Ariel Leal, 22; Lance Garcia,
36; Ken Migawa, 18; and Eric Anthony Miller, 33.
Social media was abuzz with reports that concert-goers allegedly took the illegal designer drug called
"green amore," a mixture of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, methamphetamine
hydrochloride or shabu, and cialis, a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction.

Hallucinogen AYAHUASCA

What is Ayahuasca?

Also called as caapi, or yagé, is a hallucinogenic drink made from the stem, leaves, vines and bark of the
tropical liana Banisteriopsis caapi and other botanical ingredients. It is first formulated by indigenous
South Americans of the Amazon.

Origin of Ayahuasca

The name “ayahuasca” originates from the Quechua language, where aya means soul or ancestors, and
wasca (huasca) means vine or rope. Most people translate this as

“vine of the soul.” The English botanist Richard Spruce first encountered ayahuasca in 1851.

How do they make Ayahuasca?

Ayahuasca is made by soaking or boiling the stems and leaves of B. caapi, is a source of harmine, an
alkaloid that inhibits the breakdown in the digestive system of

DMT (dimethyltryptamine), the psychoactive substance that the other plant supplies.

Who prepares the Ayahuasca?

Batches of the potion are typically prepared by a shaman (who is a type of healer) and ingested by
devotees in groups.

Health Benefits of Ayahuasca

• Brain - The main psychoactive ingredients in ayahuasca may protect and restore parts of the
brain. Research indicates that ingesting DMT can lead to a higher production of anti-stress and
antioxidant proteins.
• Mindfulness - According to some studies, ayahuasca may increase a person’s ability to be in a
mindful state.
• Mood and Emotions - Ayahuasca may improve the regulation of mood and emotions, and it
could also reduce stress and depression. A 2018 study indicates that the involved people who
took part in ayahuasca ceremonies found that ratings of depression and stress significantly
decreased.

Effects of Ayahuasca

• Feelings of Euphoria
• Hallucinations
 • Fear
• Paranoia
• Diarrhea

Effects to the Environment

Man in the forest cutting down trees to retrieve the vine growing on it. They warn everyone that they
may be drinking ayahuasca with “good intentions,” but if its source is unknown, that’s harmful to the
forest.

Timeline of Ayahuasca

1879-1912 – Ayahuasca Use Spread as the Rubber Boom Decimated Natives

1930 – the church later known as Santo Daime is Founded by Mestre Irineu.

1957 – The Discovery of the Ayahuasca Chemical Structure in Medicine.

1996 – Psychology Study Suggests Longterm Benefits of Ayahuasca.

1999 – UMIYAC, Columbian Union of Yage Healers Founded

2003 - Pioneering Study Examines Ayahuasca Effects on the Body and Mind

2005 - Ayahuasca Made Illegal in France After a French Court Rules in Favor of Santo Daime Church

2020 - Ayahuasca Drinking Continues to

Expand Around the World

Crimes committed under the Influence of Ayahuasca

A Canadian man whom authorities say killed his British friend in self-defense after the two drank a
hallucinogenic brew at a spiritual retreat in the Amazon has been released. Joshua Stevens, 29, was
freed because all evidence showed he stabbed his friend Unais Gomes, 26, in self-defense after Gomes
tried to attack him with a knife, said Normando Marques, a police chief in the Amazonian city of Iquitos.

Stevens and Gomes were taking part in a ceremony that used ayahuasca - a hallucinogenic brew - at the
alternative health center Phoenix Ayahuasca near Iquitos. There, Gomes took a knife from the kitchen
and tried to attack Stevens, witnesses told police.

https://www.reuters.com/article/canadaus-peru-crime-drugsidCAKBN0U12OS20151218
In November 2017, a young man arriving at the Tampa International Airport from Bogota, Colombia
was questioned by a security officer about the content of four shampoo bottles neatly packaged in his
bag. “Shampoo,” he said. That was the beginning of a nightmare for Gustavo Vargas, a 22-year-old
Colombian American, who was bringing four ayahuasca bottles in anticipation of his shaman friends’
visit, scheduled for

January 2018.
 Those ceremonies never occurred, as bottles were confiscated and Vargas was charged with
importation of DMT, a chemical ingredient in ayahuasca prohibited under the
Controlled
Substances Act of 1970.

https://chacruna.net/breaking-news-thefirst-two-ayahuasca-convictions-unitedstates/

GROUP 04

GAWONGNA, MA. THERESA

MORALES, ALYZZA ISABELLE

PUMIHIC, ANGELIKA

VALLENTE, SHEENA JOYCE

VILLAR, MELDAN

YARCIA, JHOEN FAITH