1.

A unique number associated

with a square matrix .
- tells us things about the matrix that are useful in
system of linear equations

- helps us find the inverse of a matrix

- also useful in calculus and more.

(1) criss-cross method,

(2) expansion by
cofactor method, and

(3) elementary operation.

Matrix have different dimension and not all matrices have determinants a matrix
that have determinants are only square matrix. It can be calculated from the
elements of the matrix.

The determinants denoted by det(A)=

where a11, a21, b12, and b22 are numbers.

The determinant is a number associated with any square matrix; to be written

as det(A) or |A|. The matrix is invertible exactly when the determinant is non-
zero.
If A = aij  is a square matrix of order 1,

then |A| = | a11 | = a11

 a11 a12 
If A = a  is a square matrix of order 2, then
 21 a22 

a11 a12
|A| = = a11a22 – a21a12
a21 a22
Example
4 -3
Evaluate the determinant :
2 5

4 -3
Solution : = 4 × 5 - 2 × (-3) = 20 + 6 = 26
2 5
Solution
 a11 a12 a13 
 a23 
If A = a21 a22 is a square matrix of order 3, then
a31 a32 a33 

a11 a12 a13

a a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
| A |= a21 a22 a23 = a11 22 - a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
[Expanding along first row]

= a11 ( a22 a33 - a32 a23 ) - a12 ( a21a33 - a31a23 ) + a13 (a21a32 - a31a22 )

= ( a11a22 a33 + a12 a31a23 + a13 a21a32 ) − ( a11a23 a32 + a12 a21a33 + a13 a31a22 )
Find the determinant of A =
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
 Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.

Get the determinant and is 10. Compare the

answer to the original determinant = 5, difference
is “original determinant is doubled”.

Therefore if you Multiply a row by a nonzero

constant, multiply it by the “reciprocal” before the
matrix, which is 1/2 to go back to its original
determinant.
Add a multiple of a row to another row.

Get the determinant and is 5. Compare the

answer to our original determinant 5, their
is no difference “same”. Therefore if we
add a multiple of a row to another row, we
put nothing before the matrix.
Elementary operations
Elementary operations
 Therefore the determinant is

multiply the 8 and the diagonal numbers

= 8(1)(1)(23/8)
= 23