Mobile Communications

Exercise: Satellite Systems and

Wireless LANs

Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de

 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°1
Please define the terms “inclination” and “elevation” using the following
two figures. How do these parameters influence the usefulness of a
satellite?

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Inclination
•  Angle between plane of satellite orbit and equatorial plane

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Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Elevation
•  Angle between earth surface and center of satellite beam

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Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°2
a)  Please name the typical orbits of satellite systems and fill in the
respective distance to the earth surface.
b)  Please calculate the minimum propagation delay (earth à satellite)
through satellite systems of the three orbit types. Please assume a
m
wave propagation speed of 3•10 s . 8

c)  Please name advantages and disadvantages of the orbits as well as

examples of techniques using such orbits.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°2
a)  Please name the typical orbits of satellite systems and fill in the
respective distance to the earth surface.

Orbit Distance to the earth surface

GEO: Geostationary Orbit 35,768 km

MEO: Medium Earth Orbit 5,000 – 20,.000km

LEO: Low Earth Orbit 500 – 1,500 km

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°2
b)  Please calculate the minimum propagation delay (earth à satellite)
through satellite systems of the three orbit types. Please assume a
m
wave propagation speed of 3•10 s . 8

Orbit Distance to the earth Propagation Delay

surface
GEO 35768 km 35768⋅10 3 m 35768
t= = s = 0.119s = 119ms
8 m
5
3⋅10 3⋅10
s
MEO 5000 – 20000 km 5⋅10 6 m 5 −2
t= = ⋅10 s = 0.017s = 17ms
8 m 3
3⋅10
s
LEO 500 – 1500 km 5⋅10 5 m 5 −3
t= = ⋅10 s = 0.0017s = 1.7ms
8 m 3
3⋅10
s

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°2
c)  Please name advantages and disadvantages of the orbits as well as
examples of techniques using such orbits.
GEO (TV Broadcast services, telephony, internet access)
+  fixed antenna positions, large footprint
-  high transmit power, high latency
-  bad elevation in areas above 60° latitude
MEO (GPS, telephony)
•  medium latency, medium footprint, medium visibility
•  handover may be necessary, moving satellites
LEO (Telephony)
+  low latency, small footprint: better frequency reuse
-  short visibility, handovers necessary
-  moving satellites

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°3
a)  How are priorities of different frame types modeled in IEEE 802.11?
How many priority level are defined in the standard?
b)  How is fairness among stations implemented in IEEE 802.11?

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs
N°3
a)  How are priorities of different frame types modeled in IEEE
802.11b? How many priority level are defined in the standard?

Different Inter Frame Spaces (IFS) model priority. Shorter IFS mean
higher priority.

•  Short IFS: Before ACK, CTS (10 µs)

•  Point Coordination Function IFS (30 µs)
•  Distributed Coordination Function IFS (50 µs)
•  Extended IFS: After receiving erroneous frame
•  Reduced IFS: Introduced in 802.11n; before ACK, CTS (2 µs)

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°3
b)  How is fairness among stations implemented in IEEE 802.11?

Fairness means, that all stations will eventually be able to access the
medium.

IEEE 802.11 models fairness by suspending and resuming the

backoff timer.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°4
Please explain the Hidden- and Exposed Terminal Problem and outline
how IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) and IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) solve these
problems.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Hidden Terminal
•  In wireless networking, collisions occur at the receiver

DATA DATA

A B C

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Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Exposed Terminal
•  Station B cannot transmit, since the medium is sensed busy

DATA DATA

A B C

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs
Hidden Terminal with RTS/CTS

RTS A to B

CTS A CTS A

DATA

RTS C to B

CTS C CTS C

DATA

A B C

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs
Exposed Terminal with RTS/CTS

RTS B to A RTS C to D RTS C to D

CTS A CTS C

DATA DATA

A B C

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°4
Please explain the Hidden- and Exposed Terminal Problem and outline
how IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) and IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) solve these
problems.

•  Bluetooth is a master/slave system and does not suffer from the

Hidden- and Exposed Terminal Problem. All nodes that can see the
master may be part of the network; all others are not.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°5
Assuming a wireless IEEE 802.11b-compliant network with 4 stations
that are within the same area, please outline how media access using
DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA is handled. Please ignore Acknowledgement
frames assume that the MAC layer of each node receives a frame from
the upper layer at the points in time designated by the arrows. The
medium has been busy before t0 and nodes chose their respective
backoff timer to be their station number plus 3 in slots.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs
Suspend'' Suspend'' Suspend''
Backoff'' Backoff'' Backoff''
Timer' Timer' Timer'

Sta$on'1'

Sta$on'2'

Sta$on'3'

Sta$on'4'
t''
t0'
Time'[Slots]'

Back'off''
SIFS'(1'Slot)' DIFS'(3'Slots)'
(3'+'n'Slots)'

PIFS'(2'Slots)' Data'Frame'(5'Slots)'
Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

N°6
The throughput of IEEE 802.11 primarily limited by MAC mechanisms
and not by the physical layer capabilities. Please calculate the maximum
real-world upper-layer throughput of IEEE 802.11b at 11 Mbit/s for a
frame payload size of 500, 1500 and 2312 bytes. Please assume that
each packet uses the backoff timer and also requires a subsequent
acknowledgement frame.

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Backoff Timer PLCP Header Payload Data PLCP Header ACK

DIFS MAC Header SIFS
t
Element Data Bitrate Time [µs]
DIFS 50
Backoff Timer 310
192bit
= 192 ⋅10 −6 s = 192µ s
PLCP Header 192 bit 1 Mbit/s 10 6
bit
s
272bit 272
= ⋅10 −6 s = 24.7µ s
MAC Header 272 bit 11 Mbit/s 11⋅10 6
bit 11
s

500 / 1500 / 500 ⋅ 8bit 4

= ⋅10 −3 s = 363.6µ s
Payload Data 11 Mbit/s bit 11
2312 byte 11⋅10 6
s

SIFS 10
112bit
= 112 ⋅10 −6 s = 112µ s
ACK Frame 112 bit 1 Mbit/s 10 6 bit

Sicherheit
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
 Exercise: Satellite Systems and Wireless LANs

Payload length Time per packet [µs] Maximum Throughput

500 byte 1254.3 500 byte
= 3.189MBit / s
1254.3 µ s

1500 byte 1981.6 1500 byte

= 6.056MBit / s
1981.6 µ s

2312 byte 2572.2 2312 byte

= 7.191MBit / s
2572.2 µ s

bit
Goodput =
time

−6
500 ⋅ 8⋅10 500 ⋅ 8
G500 = −6
= = 3.189MBit / s
1254.3⋅10 1254.3
Wolf-Bastian Pöttner, IBR, TU Braunschweig, www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de