⼯程數學 Chap 1-3 2020-11-5 19:00-21:30 姓名

____________
試卷要交回，考試過程不得使⽤⼿機。每題10分，共
出130分，實際得分需再除以1.3後，再開根號除以
10。如覺得題⽬有誤，請立即向助教反應，會即刻處
理。考試期間，上廁所⼀次只能去⼀⼈。
For your reference:
the integration of 1/(1-x2) = tanh-1x;
the integration of 1/(1+x2)=tan-1x
the integration of 1/sinx is -ln(cscx+cotx)

1. A fossilized bond is found to contain 0.3% of its original of C14.

Determine the age of the fossil. The half time of C14 is 5730 year.
2. Assume the temperature of a cake that just took out of an oven (at
time zero) is 300 oF, and its temperature reduced to 200 oF after 3
min. Assume the temperature of surrounding is 70 oF. Estimate the
time when the temperature of the cake is 71 oF.
3. Find the velocity profile of an ironic dropping ball with a mass of m.
Assume the drag coefficient is α. At time zero, the ball is stationary.
4. Solve xy’+2y=xy3
5. Solve (cosy sinhx + 1) dx - siny coshx dy =0
6. Solve y’+ (tanx) y = sin2x
7. (2xy4ey + 2xy3 + y) dx + (x2y4ey- x2y2 - 3x) dy = 0 is not in an exact
condition. However, it can be “exact” if you multiply an integrating
factor f(y). Find f(y).
8. x2y” - 3xy’ + 4y = 0 if y1=x2, find y2 by variation of parameter
9. Find the general solution of 3y”’ + 5y” + 10y’ - 4y = 0.
10. For x2y” + axy’ + by = 0, if the first solution is y1, find the second
solution by variation of parameter
11. Solve y” - 5y’ + 4y = 8ex by the method of undetermined coefficient
12. Solve y” - 4y’ + 4y = (x+1) e2x by the Wronskian method
13. Using the integral definition of D operator to solve (a) 1/(D-2) e3x
and (b) 1/(D-2) e2x
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ixlxo.oxo.gg
Q 曲函环

sinhx =∵ “
"
√
e te
voghx = ∵

tanhy =
sinshx= *
ex =
=
J
= tanhx q + 1

?
化成 x =
γ
rx
e ± / te
≥1
ve
1 +
Y =
*
=

e+ 1
e + 1

e华 1 -
e 华 ) ,
→
符 = drx
1
γ=
-
1

e" + =e *

= x = iin
1 Hy
itly | c 1
,
In 1
-
Inerx 符
y
,

反函封

= iln 第 tanh 'x

装 谈 =
[1 n ( 1+ x ) -
1 n () J
=
i (+ - x 1
x)
-
=
rxv
] 1- = x y = tanhx

∵| xk 1

] 1 xrdx } 4
x.
"

-
=
(1 + x +x +
.. ) dx

5 x ^+ jx
3 "
= x +
分 x + + . .

= tanh x
 J = oothx =
)
e 1 te 毕 1 verx
1
ty =

e≈ 1
⼆

lt 1

e 毕 」 e
±) ⼀v
→
, = lvx
1
γ=
- =

e ±| e± )

ifly 1 λ ,
1n
莉 =| ner * = vx → x
= iin
反函封

γ= iin 第 = vothx ,
且 1 x 1 >
1

装 谈
=
=

i ) +)x
…
[1 n 1x+ 1)

-1
(
=
-
1 nl × … )

- xrx
]
尐
∴ xdx cothx 1×1
j 1
= = >

] 1
- ,

* 比較 ] 1 - xdx = tanhx
,
itx <
1

"
"

ex . 9 olvej ' = ( x + ) e
g
Judv uv
Judu

⼀
= -

^
*

dx
y dy =
(x+ 1] e
令 M =
x +|→ du =
dx

lx
"

dv = l dx → V = -

)(
" "

積分 y = x+ De dx

f
+ *

=
(x+ D ( e ) - -
-
e dx

= -
( x + De*
e

- " t 0 =
-( x +
2 ) e 4

下⼀
γ^= -
( xt ) et 0

( x + ) e*
j
= v
, γ= x + ) ei
v
0
1 4
.
Exact ODE

ForM ( xJ ) dx + N ( xy ) dy = 0

if
等 則上述 ODE 稱為 lxaotODE
,

then irs 3 olution is u ( xy ) = 0

and

咒 = M → u =
jMdx + k(y)

互相比对解 | kly ) .
l ( x)

骂 = N → u =
) Ndy + & ( x)

ex . oog ( x+
y) dx + ) 3 yytoos ( xty Jdy
.
= 0

check 是否為 exact

xy
r 00 s (
= ⼀
gin ( x +
y)
the same ,
为 ( xact ODE
z ( 3 yry +
oogxey ) 1
=~
gin (
xty )
x

其解 為 n ( xy ) = 0 * ifu (x y, ,
t ) = 0

架 dxt
莉 dy = o 則梨 dxtydy tdz +

咒 = M =
oog ( xty )

n =| oog ( xty ) dx + k ( y ) = gin ( x + y ) + kly ]

^
3
|k( y )
= +
j
符 = N = 3
卡 rytoos xty )
( 比对
l (x] = 0

}
3 "

y =
[ 3 yiryToog ( x + y ) ) dy =
j +
y + gin ( x + y ) + l (x )

the Solutionisu y } y 拼 gin ( x y ) = + = 0

ex . Mdx +
Ndy =
0

fdx +
xdy = 0

符 =
符
: 1

Not exact

势 = 1

if multiplied
by xi
y
x
vdxtxdy = o

2 M a 1情)
zg
=

0
g
=
x
exact ,
the solution ig u (
xy )
= 0

ZN z (π) 1
⼆ ⼆
zx zx x

架 等
{
u
dx + =☆δ+
0
= →
+ :
y
对 = f 的 k (
) kly )
→
Y
xv
+
⼽ dy = o
等 =
j + n =☆ dz =☆ tllx

k 1y ) l ( )
= + = 0
,
H =
青 = O
,
thesolutionis ☆= 0

For a
given nonexact
eq .

o (
xy ) + Q ( xy ) =
dx
dy

! Flintergratingfartor )

PF dx + QF dy = 0 → exact eq .

γ ( PF ) z ( QF ]
⼆ 于 How tofindF
zy zx

Golden rule =

If Jon van '

t

3 olve your problem try ,

to solve a
gimplier one
 9 sSume F F ( 7 only
= x

符符
“

the yaml

rF + Q

F 背装 F + Q 装
↓ ÷ FQ

「 装 ( ⼀架 ) “

EdF =☆ ( 等⼀ ) dx

| nF =
) π ( Py -
Qx ) dx

) ≈ ( PJ -

Qx ) dx
F ( 4) =
F = e

條件式 ( Pz -
Qx ) =
f ()
,
不含 Y

切 .
[ sin (x +
ry ) + 3x 00 g (x +
ry ) ] dx + 6× 00 } (x+ ry ) dy = 0

check
(
Qx 是否為 f ( x)
π Pz - )

Py =
vvos ( xtry ) xsin
3 (x +
ry )
.

Qx =
6003 ( x+
zf ) - 6× gin ( xtry )

400 s 1 x )
成
+

☆
-
r

( P
γ
-

Qx ) =

1 xtry )
“

3
=
f ()
6 x 00 }

)π ( P| x )
e1
95
- d ^ xj
d *

mx
θ
1

∴ F = l ×= =
=

1isinlxtry ) t 3 x ) xioos
5
vosxty ( xtry ) dy mexact ODE

咒 =
x
5
sin ( x + ry + 3 xi
)
003 ( x + ry →
) U =3 x ; lxtry
sintkcy
) )
5
比較 theSolutionis
,
3 x gin ( xtry ) = 0
;
等 = 6x ω Sxtry ) → u = } xigin (x +
ry ) + l ( )
x
vonsume F =
Fiy ) only
Pdx +
Qdy = 0
,
notexact

( PF ) dx + ( QF ) dy = 0
,
exact

(
嗡 Ftp 品
theyame
( QF ]
F
z

zx =

背 Ftp 情冰炎
↓ 个 FP

E= (

恐⼀架 ) , F ( ⼀步 ) dg
) 5 { Qx Py ) d 」
條件书
-

F 1y ) =
F =
e
,
( Qx Pj ) f ( y ) 不含
-

= x

Theorem 1 Theorem

if E ( Pj Qx ) f ( x) if p ( Qx Py ) t (y)
-
=
-
=

SE ( Py -

Qx ) dx {p ( Qx -

Pz ) dy
F = e F =
e
ex
ger )
y
+

( ex
.

+ dx + ( xe 上 , ) dy = 0

1 not exact

含有 z
i
8
{
rcheck : ( Py -
Q + ) =
f (* →
xtzxes
)

( 9 9 e + ye er ) # f ()

3 check Ʃ ( Qx -

Py ) =
f (y)

} 不含⼒
[ ebex yer ]
y
ge fiy )
*
= .
e -
= -

1 =

ex + +r

5 - 1 dy ey
F = e =

F
Multiply
( e + y ) dx
Y
其 為 ulxy 打
-

+ ( x -
e ) = 0
,
Solution =
0

且咒 ltxytkly
' -

= l tz → u = ) k (y ) = e
比对 ,
*

+ l (] x = e

等 ef
8

= x - → u =
xf + e l ( x)

*
-
u = e txyte 8 =

* -
8
itf ( 0) = 1
,
1+ e = 0 → e +
xy + e = 1 te
Homogeneousfunotion
For f (x ,
y) ⿑次
Y7 為
"

f ) , 則稱 t ( function
if ( xx ,
x
γ) =λ + (x , x ,
homogeneous ofdegreen
ex .

4 3
f (x f ) ,
= x -
x
y

f ( xx , λ y 4 -3
) =) xz
4 4 3
=λ ( x -
x y) , degree 4

l
ex . f (t
, y ) = ☆ ttan 了
" * )
=λ (9 ttan
8
, degreeo

ex .

" "

x ^= 0
rxy y -

y +
.

' '

lety = ux
, j = u xtu

代入
vxux ( ixtu ) _ uix 午 x≥ 0

d 忙 xv

rxu .

n ' +
u

^+ 1 =

vxn = -
(
1 tu )

2计 - 1
= dx
1 tyr ×

䆍積 ^
≈

| n ( 1 + u ) = -
| nx + 0 ,

=☆ ) ^=
“
1+ u
^=☆ e
,
1 +
nY
s
!
“
A
—

Blo w)
( … ∴

A person enters the water at point A and 5 wims toward B

.
( xY )
x*
8

Vx = -

Voog α ”
8
,

vy
=
y -
ugina

dy Vgot 9 -
Vsina
= =

dx Vxot _
voga

8
☆
=
tana -

↑ 2
oos
=☆☆ -
5
=×
-

1
β
+ 18 j~

装
β
δ f
~

(
π)
= -

1 +
,

ux
lety =

dx + u = d -

☆ 1 fur

品 x =δ ( tqr

'

1 Hui dn =
i ⼽ dx

積分
tn / nt
itni du = 1
if r (x) t 0

nonhomogeneons linear ODE

"

j + p (*) dx =γ (t)

3 et Integral factor I = eSpindx

the solution

JI =
frIdxt 0

γ=
eJp () d +

[ Srelpxdx + ] 0

'

ex .

y + ( tanx ) y =
ginrx dcosx
=
-

Sinx
dx

lStanxdx ej
3
ixdx
I = =

cosx
: eJ doosx

:
ethnloostl elunlosx 1 vosx : :

YI
=
frIdxto

J
= 00 gx [ Juginxvogxvosxdxtc ]
( )
'

= c 0 }x -
rcogx + 0 = - 200 g xt 0 .

0
ogx

ifJ ( )
0 =
1

1 = -
rto ,
O = }

Y = 00 } x ( - r ω
gx + 3 )
pt ,

y +
plDy
=
rin

{ p () dx
I = e

Spi) d { pxdx { p > dx

×+ p
'

乘入 Ij = [ ()
ye =γ ( ) e

d
d × Jelpd ) =γ (x) elp ) dx

γ
I =
frIdxto

Bernoulli eq .

j (x )
+ px)
y
=

焦
g ()

γ ( x,
) 非線性

- a
setu =y
1
"
'
(1
u = a ) j 与
- 。

" "
= (1 -
a )} ( gj -

py )
^ a
=
( 1 -
a )(g -

pj ]

'
( a ) lg - pu ) uit ( a ) pl
aylinear nigifr
n = 1
- 1
- ) -

oDt

'
3
lx
xj ry +
xj
=
.

' "
ij y
" r

y + = -

,
sety = j =
g
3

rj g
'
u = -

~
4
= -

ry ) 3 - ☆ ⼦ yz ( :
vf g

*
' '

a = - v + u
,
u -

φ u = -
v

*
}π 45 π d
)
941
dx
×= ↑= x
4
p () d
[
* m

I =
l =
e =

↓
下頂 continue
uI = ] rIdxt

4
yx =
f -
2 4
x
dxto

4 " 4
y = x [5 x + )
, g " ≥
5 xtox
 Ob r second order linear ODE

:
guperposition ofSolution

if y ,
and yr are the 30 lution and
品 Foonstant ,

then g =
oyitoryr is the solution

{
"

ex .

Y ty = 0

以
γ
"
( 0) 0 5
'J
= -
.

003 x
Jr ginx
Y
= =
1 ,

010 ogxtorsinx general solution

Y =

y ( 0
) =
} ,
} = 01

'
y
oisinxtoioosx
- =

ji ] 0
= - 0 . 5 = Ov

J
=
300 } x -
0 .
5 ginx , apartivalarsolution

ex .

ji ) 0
= - ~

*
+ ore 通解
*

ei Jr
c, e
J f
=
,
=
,
= e ,
→

代入 Y ( ) 0
= 6 ,
j (
0 ] =

' *

j
= re t 4e 特解
𠯋
 For
" '

J + P ()
j +
q( )y
+ = 0

itgisknown
thanJr =
uJ ,

=
yi J jietpax
pf .

Jr
=
uyi

Ji = u' g
,
tuji
"
' "

' itn gitny

"

J v
= n
fitn y .

"

trugitny
"

= u J , ,

J 是 J + 的解
"

。
+
p ()
y q ( Dy = 0

"

J 代入題⽬ j
0 。
+
P (7
fi + q (7 Jo = 0

"

ji
"
' '

y trn
p ( gituyi )
n
ny
+ + u 0
quy
=
. , + ,

" '

(f pyi + qf )
' "
n
y . + n ( vj +
py ) 1 + u + ,
= 0
,

0 i , 是解
0
=
] ty ' ( ryi + py
"

u , , )

Reduction of order

let ' U=
"

U = u
, u

v ( +
(紧 )%
90
yi ) 0 = 0 →
。
= -

( ∵+ p ) 9 ×=
-

v
d 0

0
= -
你 px

InU = - rlnl | -

Jpdx → U =
:j efphx

∵ n= U ,
n =
) j: elpdx dx
 ^
" '
ex .
(x - x
)} -
xj +
y = 0

xrx xix xijtxvxz

"

j
"

J ' = 0 =→
8
- -

if y .
= xknown ,
findyr ? =

U =

gieSpa
elxidy xrlinlx 1
1

|
⼆ ⼆
xr

λ -1
⼆

xw
⼆
x -

xi

u= ] udx =
) ( 5 ) dx π

= 1 n |× 1 + ⼽

Jr
=
uy ,
= ( (
lm |+|+÷ ) x =
x \ nl 1× + 1

V =
:j ilpdt =
4 efxdx
x

4 x
1
= ⼆
5
x X

fudx }
4
y = =

x
5 dx
=☆ x

x
Jr =
uy 1
= 年 x 4

^
⼆ xr
 " "

( y + q ( )y
"
if gi = e is a solntion of δ -

y = 0
y +
p () × = 0
)

Findyr : ?

3 1
gjefpdx
o

iox
ex "

, andU
. gr =
ny =
= .

e =

and
n =
fUdx f = xdx =Ʃ qx
9

" *

∴ Jv =
ny =Ʃ , e ,

e
=Ʃ ex

J = c ,
ftoigr
" * *
^
= 0 . l +
i yr
=
0 ,
e + oif
 linear ooefficient
Homogeneous ODE with constant
r 2
.

" '

J tay +
by = 0

try J exx =

'
=λ exx
j
"
xexx
∂
=

入*
( λ^+ ax + b ) e i 0

a
∵ ex * tO →λ+ ax + b =
0 ≥
, λ=±

caseI
"

ifa =
4 b > 0 ,
λ=λ . ,
λ v

exix ☆
" x

J 1
=
gr eN =
generalslution : J

= 019 x 4 Orexvx
,

"

y
0
∂
- =

*
exx
* ≡ " ^

ex 代入 y 入 e ^
∂ 入
J
=
= .
,

[
1
|) e
^
* = 0 →λ V - 1 = 0 →λ=± *

oase 正
⼀ a
if a上 4 b = 0
,
λ , =λ v =τ

γ ,
= einx , fo = ?

Jr =
nz 1 ,
jielpdxV = axefade
ax

lax
-

= .

u =
Judx =
) 1 dx = x

Jr =
ny ,
= x ⼦ ,
 " 1
ex .

∂ + 6
g + 9 y = 0

*
j l × 代入
=
)

x ^+ 6 λ+ 9 = 0
3 →λ+ ( ≥ 0 ,
λ= -
3 ,
-
3
' x

general solution :

y =
() 01 + ( x
e

oage 区

q
≥ 4b < O

-
a t 4b - a 0
入 ,
=
v
=
α+β i

-
9 -
4b a
λv r
=
v
= α -

(αt β i )
li β
x
λ * x α x
,

J = l = l = e .

*
= ( ( 00 s β xtisin β x)

(x i β) *

exx fisx
xvx
-

( [
Yr = = = .

xx
=
9 ( 00 s βx
-

isin β x )

* linear oombination

J
+
.
·
9 ^
Y
= *

vos β x

*
J fr lx risin
=
, .

*
= la sin β x
√

the
genera ) solution

0, exx 003 β xtOvlxsin β x

γ=
0

[
r : * (Acos βx + Bsin β x )
 " '

ex .
J + 0 . 4
g + 9 . 04
y = 0

*
ex 代入
θ=
-
0 .4 ± 0 . 16 - 4 ×
λ^+ 0 . 4 λ+ 9 04.
= 0 λ= … -
0 .
r
± 30
, 9

general solution
* (

J = er Avos 3 x + Bgin 3 x ]

Euler -

Canchy eq 、

}
+

≥ mxm
" , " ,

拦
r
lety ) xm
-

x +
axy by
= 0
= xm j j
m (m -
1

λ品 ( m axmxm 午 bxm
~
-

) xm 午 = 0

λ ( m ≥ mtamtb )
m
= 0

[ 午 (a - +
^

X m ) m b =
≥4b
m
(1 - a
)± (a -
D
λ ÷ 0
,
m + ( a Dm -
+ b = 0 → m =

cage I
-

)" al 4
b > 0 ,
m
= m .
1 ,
mv

xm
"

Yr xm
~

J 1
=
,
=

xm orxm
' 。

f tOrYr 01 +
=

Y
→ = O , ,

oase 互

吃重根
1
( a - 1
)≥ 4b = 0
,
m =

等
J .
= xm =
x , o lnxy =
,

Ptj "
-
a

+ xj +π '
0 "
=

e☆ dx

jif pdx
,

{ x
V =
= ^

"

=λ
ay
,
falmx xa . elmx = =
x
"

→ u =
SUdx f ☆ dx = =| nx
ex .
m

ymm
,

xj ÷
^ " “

x
j + 1 . 5 - 0 . 5 g =
0 , J = .
^ g
" m (m
-

Dxm 代入

xmxm _
+

→ x m
( m -

) xm 1 . 5 0 . 5 xm = 0

m + 0 . 5 m
~
0 . 5 = 0

0 . 5
-
1
5 =λ δ x
m = 0 1 →
y
-
.
, r
=
, ,

0 . 5 "

Orx
→
Y = O,
Y , +
Orfr = 0, x +

~
, " .

=mxm =
" '
( ) xm 代入
"

ex .
λ
y
-
5
xy + 9
f
= 0
, γ= x " j
j

" m m -

m ( d - 1
) m + b = 0

m - 6 m + 9 = 0

"

( m - 3 ) = 0
,
m = 3 ,
3

3
(o orlnx ) x
→ f
=
1 +

cage 正

(a “
- )
) 4b < o

m
1
=
α+β i
, mv = α -

β i

i
α+β
o
β
xx
-

J = 01 x + U .

"
3
lnx t 0

X
30
= llnx : li β → 9 : vosofisino

lnx
ei β = 00 } ( β inx ) + isin ( β lnx )
"

λβ elnx fismx
“

= ≥

iocosoisinol
=
00 s ( β| nx ) -
isin ( β lnx )

let U1 = Or =
i
xBi xri
ix βδ=
i * * +
+β
J ,
=
ix + x v

。
x roos (β *

=λ =
x 00 s ( β inx )
 let o
. =☆ ,
Uv =☆
t
+β
Jr =π xx
i
α β
☆
-

x
-

visin ( β l
=
*

= x x
^ sin ( β lnx )

[ sin ( β inx ))
*

the
general solution :
f =
x o , vos ( β Inx) t
torianohyeq ,

ofo
" '

for j +
ay +
by = 0

i t
λ=α+β ,
λ=α -

β
α x

δ= l ( 0100 s β Xforsin β x )

exixy "

+ 0 .
6
xj
'

+ 10 . 04
f = 0

的午 ( - ) b o ≥

)
4± 4 4×
a

0 10 04
1
= 0
m + . . .

m = = 0 .
2 ± 40
^ 2

m
-
0 . 4m + 10 .
04 = 0

Urgin ( 41 mx )]
[ o

thegeneralsolution == x ^ , 0 os ( 4 ( nx ) +
v .

叫 Nonhomogeneon 了 ODE

" '
=γ ( ) fo
j +
p
( x)
y
+
q()y
x

the golution is y Yn + Yp
=

,
a
partionlar Solution 特解
p

Solutionforr ( ) 4 = 0

通解 g = oy
1 torfr

Mothods of undetermined voeffivient 待定集政法

1
basiorule

γ ( *) uhoioe of Yp

loerx Cerx

~+ knrXnr
” λn

knx + kn -
y
kxn
" f
( ε1 λ+ k0

Koog ω x →
K 0 og ω xtMginwx

ksin ω x → 同上

klaxoos
*

ω x → ea ( kcos ω x + Msinwx )

keatsin ω x →
eax ( kcoswxtMsin ω x )
^*

kexx
" + +
→ e ( knx " kn1 λ" " m .
+ k, x + k 0 )

r
mndifioation rnle x 乘到不重複
^ 3
if a term of yp is identical to
Yr multiply
,
xorx orx

γ ( x) Yp
5
] 95
x x

(9 x - 2
(Ax + B Je
3x

(AX午 Bx + )
3 x
e
^
0
x e

Sin 4 xerx ( ksin 4 x + M 0 og 4 xJex

3* Je
xe 00 g 4x × +
Ax B 3* (

000 s 4 x + Dsin 4 x )
 " ' ≥
ex 3 x + 6
y + 4
y ry vx
- =
.

FindJy04 = e
*
代入 → F x - r
=

λ=
- 2 ± 论

r )* + - ro )
ovelr
+ r 6 x

Yh = 0 e( -

Findyp

"

γ (] = rx -
}x + 0

Yp =
krx + 1k x + k 0
,

jp = r | krx + k , 代入題⽬中 2 |kit 4 rkrx +

( 1k , ) -
r ( krx 午 16 , x + k 。
]

x= 3 X
"

y = rkr = 2 + 6
p

比較係卦
1 - v | 6
v =
2 ,| r
= -
)
“

5
v 8 kr - r |k , =
- 3 →k 1 =Ʃ Jp
= -

x -

ixg
32 ( tvf 4% , -
2 k 0
= 6 → k 0
= -

" ' '

ex .

f -

ry + 5
j
=
e 00
gx
*

findyn ,
f ex = 代入

"

λ= 1 ± i
λ ≈ v λ+ 5 = 0
,
2

Yn )
= *( Aoogrx + Bsinrx

findyp ,
ri = '
vogx )

有相同項 '

yp
=
xe ( kwsrxtMsinrx
乘⼒
)
 *

Yp =
xe ( kcosrx + Msinrx )

*[
e

γ pe oogx
*
)
( koosrx + Msinx ) +λ ( - rk +M
) sinrx + ( M + k)

iogx
( kooguxtMginvx ) + * rkSinrx rMco } rx ) te * ( - rk + M sinxMi )
* e
( [
= l + )

* [

+ xe [( rk M + ) sin 2 x +( 2 M + k )c 0 grx ] +λ e ( rk + M ) vcogrx+ ( 2

*
…
|
{+ M ) ( - 2 ) ginrx ]
Kf 2 M

ei ogvx
代入 pvypt 5 yp
=
0

=|→ M
年
[k+ ]
*
→ e 2 M + 2 M + 10 + x ( vM + k) + x ( -
4 k + M) - 2 k - rx ( rM + k) + 5 kx oogrx

= O →|C = 0

[M - rk -
rk+ M + x ( - vk + M -

4M - 1 k) - 2 M + x ( -
4 k vM ) +
-
5 Mx ) yinvx

'

下 Ypixe 年 ginrx

e *

J
=
Yhtyp = * ( A ogzxtBsinvx
0 ) +本e sinzx

*
" '
ex .
J -

ry ty
= e

e^

克求 Jnj ( λ 1 )☆
λ

= * 代入 , “
r λ+ 1 = 0
,
-

,
λ= 1 , 1

δn = ( o 1 + ox ) e

不可重疊 乘上 x ^
Ax ex
^
,

Jp =

Axe + Axex
"

Ave ' +
y

gip = ArxetAxe * ,
"
p = Arxe +

ypoyptypie
'

代入
"
Ax 午 4 Ax +
*

⼈ 2 A -
rAx= 4 Ax + AD e = e

式 Jp ix ex
^

的⽇ =
,
=
0.jo/ntionbgvari ton fpar met rgi ny.vypinjtVy2For1
V1

"

啊4
9nifj.gr
areabaigotjipjtqg ⼆ 0

wigthewrongkianofg.andguwihhyigigyi-j.gl
then
h
jpg.fi dxtgfidx
0
wi ⼆
-12
1 孔 in ⼆ V

1 1 0
w = ⼆
11
yi 1

ex.gg ievxi 以

先 求 1h Ntl

lhiaosxtainxg.nvosxsinxwigijvi.si
v0
,
Nti ,

"
nxoosx

og.W1-lfgvi-ginxg.owvij.ir giěcogx
gig.fi dxtgtidx
所以 qxtsinxf 減
" dcogx
:-|
"

qxi-nx-hidgxtsinx icogxlncosxltxsinxjightypet.ly
dx y

"
⼗ 36 gi 以 03 X

jt 9g ⼆年 síri
克 求 1h ⼆八年 9 ⼆ 0
,
入 ⼆ 13 i

了✗
ynia 0073 xtasín
⼼ 了✗ 3in 了ㄨ
W ⼆ ⼆
3
了 们 了✗ 了 ⼼ 了✗

0 in 了 ✗
Wǐ 三 ⼤叭
1 3 gx

⼼ 了X o

wu ⼆
V05 3 ✗
ssinjx 1

ygfǐdxtjiidx 9 ⼼ 了ㄨ
i 冰 injx
"" 年 的 本 做
ivogjxf 叫
""
qx
xgxtsi dx
ˋ
-

了 3 diinx
巧⼼了ㄨ
✓ ""
12
xtsinix kixdsin 3✗
qx
36

⼀
⼼ 了ㄨ ""
⼆
n
x +
了6
lnlsinxl

yijntyp
 "

以 1 的 4 gsine
"
先求 jn.ge 代 入

上
入 了 八 ⼗ V20 , 入 ⼆ 2,1
"

jhhitae
èě "
W ⼆ ⼆
e
éwy

o ě
Wi -_- ě
, ux

è 0

lxjpny.fi
WǓ ⼆
é ,

dxtjfidx
ièfèinè Xtěyeini
éxdx
e
" 9

i-eysineexdxteYsineen.lt
令 ti-i-i.to
⼼ 叫 望 ) tift.int 悂 ) hunn
令

nit.dnidtiltsintdtdintdti-costitjgintdt-iltintNfi.tw
Ǜt V07 七) Èlwogttiintgc
, 以⼼比

i-twsttsintiisintitii.is
-

iné L
以 1
"
4144 扒 州
先 求 gn ,
i -4 入 ⼗ 4⼆ 0

(不 吃 0
,
入 ryv

jnltax) 比

gpiyiiaxhi '"

) ⾃⼰ 算
iěliit ii)

nndeterminedvoetliúent

gp (Axt B)
:
和 jn 重複

li ANBMdyfi.jp
AB-tex.xjsxjty.ie
代 入 題⽬ →

-_- 、

先 求 Jn
"

, Forlanchjeqgx 代 入

mǐt V3 Dmt 了 ⼆ 0

mǐ -4 mt 了 ⼆ 0
,
mi 3,1

3
Jniaxtax
Thestandardtormlj-ijtir.ie
'
i

i-.nu?ijprj,fidxtjfYgxi Ylievx39xt YXMe)zx3dXi-xl

X X o
w 。 " "
i i ,
,

iidxtxjèdx 分部 積分 2 次

oviènxè
Chap 3 .
Higher order linear ODES

(" "

ex .
f -
5 y + 4 y = 0

λ *
代入 45 x ^+ 4 =
γ= e
,
λ 0 ,
λ=± 1 , ± v

"
erx
' "
+ o
Jnicie tore 3
e + O
4

' " t

ex . x
j
_
3 xj " 6 xj ' oyo -

"

J = x 代入 ,
for third -

orderOauchgeq ,

xm y )
) xm
-
δ

mxm
'

j =
"
, " = m ( m -
1) " ,
" = m ( m
-
)( m - 2

可得 m
36 m ^+ 11 m - 4 = 0 ( m ~
)( m - r
)( m - 3 ) : 0
,

)
→
Y = U、 x + Urx ^+ U 3 x

" " 1
ex j y + lo g 100
g 0
- 0 -
=
.

ex
*
代入 λ
3 x ^+ 100 入 -
100 = 0
j
=
,

(λ 1 ] ( λ 午 100 ) = 0
,
λ= 1 , ± loi

'

Jn = oie tor 00
g 10 xtossinlox

^"" " ” 以
ex .
j - 3
j + 3 j -
j ≥ 0

0
5 4
- x

λ -
} x +
3 "
x
1
= 0 ,
λ
( - 1)" ≥ , λ= 0 , 0
,
1
,
1 , 11

"

ex
' ^

Jn
=
01 + orxtose + o4 xe to 5 x

" " '

30 ex
j +
38 + 3 j tg =

^+ 3
3
λ + 3 x x+ 1 = 0 ,
(
λ+ ) 30 λ= - 1 ,
- 1
, -
1

* * ^ -
+

+ O
Jn = o1 e + Or λ e 3 x e

' "

"%
p

Jp op e
δp "
…
,

= = …
,

= -
…

,
δ
= ∂

代入題⽬得 U =
5
ex.ijsxjtoxy-ogilnxjixmforlauchgeq.is
可得

mingix.jig ij.n xiwij vjilvxij.g 0 2 6X

' '
o X x x o x x X o

Y
了
Wf 0 以 ⼩ 冰 ,
W.nl 0 了 加⼯ 必 , Wǐ 1 以 0 ˊ

1 2 6X 0 1 6X o 2 1

thestandardformlj-i ti ig-lnx-nilnx.dn-dxyjg.fi
dxtgywidxtgiidx Mnx
lqniwii
rhhhrtz.it#nxdx-xyxlnxdxtijlnxdx
⼈
he r re

i lnxfji dx-ilnx-i i lnx-i -il ilnx.int#lxlnx-x7'ix4(lnx-i)

D operator 逆微分運⼦求 Jp
-

(n) n)+ '

For f f 9n ,
y
( . mtd ,
y + a 0

y =γ ( x)

" "

taDea
D + annD " . . ) γ= 4
r ( x)

L ( D)

Jp =
l(D )
ea
|
if r () =
" , Yp = v ( Dea *
ajeax±
=π
V a ) (
)

4 x

j
" "
5
ex .

g -

ry
-
+ 6
y =
e

3 “
4x
( D D 5D 67
2 +
Y = e
- -

x,

γ= p
3
-
rD ≥ 5 D
e +
4
D
= 1 , 3 , -
~

4 x
)
*
)
4* e
γ= - (D- ) ( D - 3 )(D +
e
( 4- 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 + 4
e =
18

~
"
" ' *
ex .

J -
ry
- 5
j + 6
g =
(e + 3 )

) ×+
4 "

Jp =
( e 6 e 49 )
/ D - r
) ( Do 3 ) ( D +

+
e

-
* 4
9 18
*
×
e
1894
0
本
= e *
☆ *
= 6 e +
03 -
-

-
0
:

0 5 .

0 +

Forj ' tpx )

yirx "
" 3
3 x

ex .
J try }
=
e

I =
! p ( x) dx
3 x

JrIdxto
Jp =

D午
- D
e

JI
2
=

提出 1 个 x

-
eSpxdxtol
fpindx
1 ⼀ } x

J x
=
e gr ) ~(
e
37 午 1
= D

9 ~ 6 -
}
rDt
2 …

espindxfospdjrixelpy 微分 →
、
-

Jp (xdx
=
XiDtiesx
…

Jh
-

∴ =
l
3* * 3 x
dx
efpxdxjr ) eSplx ie 年
-

)
=λ =
e
Yp =
( _ 6 +
 For
"

j
-
λ
, J =γ ( x]

* e

- Spxdx
代入 ( )= λ=λ
γ= e λ x 0
Jh =
-

) ,

frimgbimk
, ,

克求 Yh
Jh = ex → r
r ( D xDf :
,
*
tiiiimsi

!
-

- (x ) dx
ef exix
,

Jp =

p - x γ () + Jh = =

"
"
Jp =
exxfrixe
* *

/
*

λ=
^
* .

e e r () dx
D -

Qx eax
=
i eax
. ( why )
a
D

- i
- r

=
exJe - xeaxdx
erxJela yxdx
-

l( )x 1
er
ar

=
- i = eaxo
× a
d - v

dx

D( )
×x 、
e
- D-

eax
=
D - 5 .

a - r

dx

由定義 : e
3
xje *
a dx
)

) rllar
x
3 x
、

= e dx
a -

:
a s
-
-

a
i
-
cax

4
j e
ex ry oz = " "
-5 ' +

^
3
克求 gh ,
λ - rx -
5 λ+ 6 = 0
,
λ= 11 213
-

" ×
3
fore ) 94
3 x

Jh =
oe * + ose ( D - 2D ≥ 5 +6 =

) 4x
Jp [
lipeax llaj eax
=

(D -
1 D (D -
∠) (D -
3 ) * Jp = =

1 ¢×
“ e
3 .

6 1

4 x

e
⼆
18
 lxfr
9 ex

y
" "
= + 3
J 5 y + 8 -4
'

ex
y
'
-
.

J = e
× *
代入 ,
λ -
5 λ^+ 8 λ -

4 = 0
,
λ= 1 ,
2
,
v fcharacteristio eq ,

* 持徵市程式
forl + osxe
*

Jn = o , e

⽤ D -

operator 求 Jp

5 D午 8 D
3 +
*

(D - -
4) = l
* re + 3 e -

2
* * *

Jp =
( e tre + 3 e )
(D -
D 1D -

Dre
* x

) ÷
-

= e + -

e
(D - 2 ( D -

λ ex Je
x*
×
r ( x)
-

D -
=
r ( t) dx

A 、

)-
"

pi
'

ie ) i lexfexe
*

(
"
e :
→
(D - v
( D p - p -

"
=

D
ie -
.

* *

]
rx
xdx
-

= l e .

e .

* ~

= e .

ix
B .
=

pet Ye "
'

re " e dx

*
= vl .

6
^
*
ix
*
+
→ fp = e + rxe _
e

r
ifr ( ) x =
} in ( ax + b ]

Jp
=

( ( Dxsin ( ax + b ) =

( (a ) sin ( ax + b)

"

in 3 x
ex .
y + 4
y
=
}

λ f 4 = 0 →λ=± 2

Jh =
6100 } zxforginrx

( D 午 4) g =
gin 3 x

Jp =

午 sin 3 x =
5 sin 3 x
3 ifr ( x
) = ( )(0
9x + b )

Jp =

v ( )
p
( ) (
0 ax + b )

( aj
= ( 0 ) ( ax + b )
l -

( 4)
”

9 s ( x+ 3 )
ex f f +
y 00
= 2
. + 10

4
λ + 10 λ^+ 9 = 0
,
λ=± i ,
3
± i

Yh =
01003 xfovsinx + U 30 o } 3 x + U
4 xsin
}

4 “

( D + 10 p + 9) γ= 003 ( vx + 3 )

(9 15
Jp ] =
vos ( 2 x + 3 ) =
( ) ( rx
0 + 3)
D D午

yi 4 y
"

ex .
γ t 3 =
sinrx
×

午 94
x

λ 3 λ -
4 = 0 →
fh =
c f 0
v
9

Yp
=

( D + 4) ( D + ) sinrx
DE 3 D 4
→
-

(D -
4] ( D - 1 )
“
Sinzx
(D 10) ( D ≥ )

=
100 ( 4 ginrx
- -
600
grx
-
4 } inrx )

=
50 ( 4 sinzx + 300 grx ]

ex .

DEqvogrx

goosrxr
'
“
oogux =

( i)- -
4

"
=
(D 4]
J 4j 00
g x ] rx
= 2
-
→ = 00

D ⼿長除法可得 ( - 平
πD
“ 啊)

DE ⼿ 0
ogrx =
(平 -

π Dr ) oogrx

⼆于 ( 1 ++ n 14 70 ogux

⼗年490 464
+

⼆平 ( 1 ) 00 g
2 x

⼆平 1 )
- 1 + 1 -
1 + 1 -
|+ . . 00
grx

=☆ [1 -
Joogrx gcogrx
H -
D
=
 "

xtrxy
'
ex .
rytry + 3 y
=

( D+2 2 D+ 3 ) y
= x午 2 x -
1

→ 長除法 ) : ⼀ π ⼀可( 1 xF2

Yp = ( VD 午 2 D + ( xFrx - - 1 )
; p
) x

=
5 ( x午 x -
1 ) -

( vx + 2
) -

g .

5
t 可x ⼀可 5
4
x + 3 x xtw
" '

ex ∂ rj + 4
f
=
5
~ -
.

3
→λ+] ( x ≥ rx + ) ± 0
入 - v λ+ 4 = 0 2 = 0 λ= - v
,
1
,

exfe ( 00 oogxfo
*

Yh =
o
,
3 sinx ]

3
4=
+ _
)p -
rD + x
4 3 x “ 5 xtr

4
4 "

Jp =

p ≥ rp +
( x + 3 x - 5x + 2
)

平 + jD +π D 3 ≥
D0 4 ( x 4 3 x " = 5 x +
) +
=
) =
D

?
- -
4
=
本⼒ + 3x ^

4 Jp =

( lpeaxr 1 x)

= lax
c ( Dta ) r ( x]

xp
" 3 ~

ex .

f -
4 y
=
e

Jh 入 ( ≈ 4 = ) 0
,
λ= tv

xx
" D 3
= 4 Jy
"

Jhroie fore ( e =

piq
) *

Jp =
(e -

x]

"
=
e
(D+3) 4 加
長除法
≈
x x

= 93 ( 5 rp +
" D ^>
10
-

3 * ~

5
"
"
= l ( x -
x +
105
)
v 5
 x
"

*
e ^
e

+ r (x ) = ] γ ix ) dx
D -

itj = 0 →
pr ( x
) =
}γ ( x) dx

" ' 3 x *

θ 4 93 f rxe 39 gx
ex j
= 00
.
-
+

"

fh =λ -
4 λ+ } = 0
,
( λ -
1 )( λ -
3 ) = 0

* 3 x
Jn = oe fove

3x

43
*

Jp =
“
.

| 2 xe + 3 e 00
gox )
p D+

} 3
x "
3
= re / + 3 e vogrx
( D + 3 )≥ 4 ( D + 3 ) + ( D + 1 ) -

D
4( D+ 1 +

☆ ☆
"
= re ⼒ + 3 e 10 ) rx
“ 午2 D=2

×
j (i 年 β
“
= re -
D ) x -
e
Dfioogrx
3

xj ( ix - ) Ʃ
" D - 2
= ve e 0 } zx
-

( D + 2
)( D - r )

3 4
-
e

ie x
-
=
p ( rx -
1 )
δ
r vosrx
"
- ≥ ⼀

"

3
*

, . ( x
"
x ) + e ( sinrx
- - 0
osrx )
Chap 6 .
Laplacetransformation

) tit ) =
): estt ( t ) dt =
Fi

ex "

f ( t) = lorto

? 1 =
% esedt =
5 ese
"
=
5 ( τ做 -

τ) 5 =

ex .
⼤ eat =
?

eat f %
isteatde =

|%
(s a ) t

a
-

a
-

=
s
- e =
s -

ex .
⼟ lat
=
% este - atdt
( Sta ]
%e
t∞

sta
sta ) t -
(

=
- dt =
e
0

=
sta ( ei e ) -
=
3 ta

⼯ [ att ) +
bg (t ) )

= ⼤⼤
af (r ) +
bgl )

ex .

⼀⼤⼤
voshat
eatea =

V
⽃
=
i ( s atsta )-

=
is ≥qrra =
grqra
ex
⼤ sinh at =
l(
eate
))
=
i (s a -
-

sta ]
“
isgrra =

g“ gra

% estvoswtde
> t
st
⼈ oos
-

ω t =
let d = e
,
du = ( -
s) e

du = oogwtdt V =
☆ sinwt
vdu
,
⼆ nv -

lisinwt ? Jisinwe
'
= e _

! Jetgt
=
is isino i π -

sinot ☆ Jestsinntd :

: ① : 0

“
≈ ⼤ sinwt - 1

't st

%
- -

'
sinwtde
sinut e = let u =
l ,
du =
-
se
'
dvrsinwtdt , V =
☆ ooswt
= uv -
Jodu
= e -
st
0 oswtl % ) ≈ oog -
ω t ( s)
-
estdt
= 0 -
(π ) 003 。 - % est 0 oswtde
'
= w ~

a
丈 coswt - r

由 sinwe svoswe
⼯⼤ =

oogweL
rsin ω = ⼤ t
公元
so roswrr n ⼤
voswt

( ω+π ) L oog ω t =π

3 午 ω^
L
swcoswt =ω

-
coswt =
w
ooghuts “
s t

} fwr

“ w
由 1
⼤ sin ω t =
5 j+
ω

= “

g fwr

swrwL
xsinb ω
=
t
 voswt f%
etoosatde =

- st
let u = e

du = o 0 gwtdt

esesinatde
"%=

⼀
st
let u = e

dv =
} inwtde

—
“
w
}
~

⼀品 ⼤ ooswt
(1 + 05 ) wisL
og t
w
0 ω =

ω~
“

} f aoogwt =
}

了
⼤ cog ω t =
^
r

} t ω :

ex .
⼤ vogwt
^

7
vogv θ= rcog
-
o
^

= 1 -
rsin o

1 Hoosowt
2 oos ω t = ⼤ v

=
i ( ⼤⼤
1 oogrwt) +

=
i (5 +
5午 4ω ) 2

3午 4 5
0

ω +
: i
) ( ) F 4 w7

“ ni
p+ 2t = "

{
-

+ 1

% estt
” "

⼤t = de

" 1

ntn
-

let n = t du =
,

st
stdt 5
-

dv =
-

e V =
e
,

est
”

= t ( 5) % ) 5 esentnidt
-

号
isttnide
⼤

s = s - " tn~=
t ; … ⼈
"
" ^
: t " 吃

!
⼆ 1
n +

}
 ⽀ 1 “
5
⼤ eat =
3 - a
:

⼤ eat stae
" eat ⼤⼤
1

⼆ → "
Sfa

3
⼤ coshat =

了三 qr

a
⼤ Sinhati
了站
~

⼤ oos ω t =

s4
s
irvoswt
wrt tinverse
"
”
⼤ gin ω t =

s4
ω^ ⼤
sinwe
.午 w
=

m !
”
⼆⼤
t n + 1

ex .
vogietyets
( 4 tr - 3

,
= 4
t
"
"
-
3
3 sti
5+

. ( 4 tt 6 t 333
e 5
ex infttroogi
”
fvsFis
4
=
43 - 5 t 比
t
3 +
⼀

33 午 4 ~
 0“
ex .
tit ) =

{。 t ) 3

fit ) f % eefie )
de =

。e ;e
st . st
=
- 5

dt + f - ,

odt

- ss
5 ( lve ]
: …
.

…
…

g
ε
x .

… -
…

”
e
Ans : ⼤ f ( t ) =~ ∵
.
"
( x ⼟ oosrit
jt
.

=
^

(汇 ]

"

ex .

sisi
issinhise
2 =

()
冷
⼤ sinhrst )

= “
-5

” 3 站 63 f 9
)
s( ) ( 3 -
r ) ( 344

7 eteetisie
1
sts
e=∵ s 4 +
+
4(

1
通分 比較係取 ,

3 ^+ 63 + - - 4
rF = 9
1 β
(31 ) ( 3 - r
) ( 3 + 4) = 3 A + 3
f3 +

“ > 0

= 30463 t + B 1 (S D
器
O -

1 F -
符
( 1 D 9
= A ⼗
(} - 2
) ( })
- { f φ

下 A =
⼀号 3
0
0
了午 9 >
63 + Al 3 -
) U ( 3 - v
) 25
( B +
同理 F 3- = B
)
3 3 + =
H
) ( 3 + 4 )= - 1
}f 4 ,
0

同理 U =
30
Theorem v

) ( eatfie) )
= Fis - a

pt .
f ( e ) Fis )
de e stfie )
= =
% -

F (s ]% e <s )
tf (
- - a

) =
) dt
-
a t

f% st
( 9 atf )
-

=
9 (e ) dt

= ⼤ ( eatfi ) )

⼤ 00 gwt =
stwos
at } -
d

⼤ erogwt =

(S -
a ) 午 wv

丈 Sin ω t =

了
'

twrw
ω
eatsinwt
丈 :
^

( 3 va
) fwr

Theorem 2
:

) ( eatfit ) )
: Fis - a

⼤⼤ [ eatfce ) ] 2 )
Fis
“
= - a

eatfi
"
) F (s - a ) =

" 3 ” - 13 ”
=∴±
3 午 23 f 401

stwrs
3 -
a

13 ” } (3 + ) 140 5
al )twr
-
←

40133
^ - - 1 -

丈 = ⼤
gr + r
3 + 了 “ fzov ω

(5
-
a
)午 ω
r
←

j4
ww
"
' " s 20
3
iFroL "2
“

Fros
s ( " +

: 了 etoogrot _
Yetsinrot
ex .
L
"

(
34 ) + 4
”
” 3
:

344 3444544 -
4g

33
=
-
^

SF~ ≥
) (2 s )

33
=

|; frtis ) ( 5 Fr )
'
- vs

}
AS + B OS + D g
→ + =

}+ r
3 fr g ≥ 23 + 2 3 44
f

)
B ) ( } ≥ r 3 + 2) )
"

( AS + + ( 0s + D ) (3 + 23 + 2 = }

5
3 3
午 BS ≥ 23 B + 2 B + vs
"

, As -
2 A5 2 A 3 + + rcs + r 0 S + D 3 午 2 SD + 2 D =

A = i , B =
i ,
0 = i , D =τ

trstr
3
li
-
⼀
“
;
+
1 tsrstr ]
>+ "

13
1

= i [ ls ++ ) 午 r
+
1s +) +
]

S 13
+ 1 13
[+ ]
^
=
江 )年
+
15 + ) +

=
i [ etrosttetoost ]
^~ s ^+ 33 +
ex .
k / 4 trs + 3
)
-
3 - v

⼆ 2 ⼗ " ~

( 3 + ) + (
r )

03 +
≥ 2 ~

SH 115
+ (
)
1

⼀ H
11
+

1
( rj
6 .
2 The laplace transform is a method of S 0

lving ODE

Theorem ) 1 Lf (
t ) = F 13 )

"

Lf =
gF -

f ( ] 0

Ifit) )% stfit )
-

=
e dt

u = est , du = -
sestdt
dv = fiydt ,
v =
f( t )

= estf ( t
) | % %f ( -

τ )( s ) estdt 1 %

= 0 -

f ( ) +
0
s /% fstfct) dt
3 F

= SF -
f( 0
]

” " '

{+ =
} F -
3 (f ) 0
-

f i )
0

] ! e stf
"

⼤+
- "

=
( t) dt

u = e
-t
,
du =
-

sestdt
f
"

dv = ( e) dt ,
v =
fie )

= estfie) | % Jfit
! )1 -
-
s ) esede

[ fio ) ] ) % e stfit)
^

= 0 -
+ s dt

'
= -

f ( 0) + 3 (9 F -

f ( ))
0

F
=
} - gf (0 )
- f
( 0
]

(m
>= } F (n )
"

Lf f
" - rf

'(
f

gn (
"

-
0 )- gn 0
) + . .
-
( )
0
⼤ ( cog ω t )

f ( t) = 00 s ω t → f() 0 = 1

'

fit ) = -
ω
yin ω t → f ( ) 0 = 0

f () = -
wicogwt
”

L+ 5 F sf (
'
= -
0
) -
f [ ) 0

' '

⼤ ( - w
cos ω t ) =
5 Loogwt -
g

- ω^ L ( oog ω t
) = 5Lcos ω t -

S ,
Looswt =
jtwr
ex . ⼤ sinwt

f ( t) =
} in ω t , f() o = 0

f( t
) =ω cog ω t
,
f( 0
) =ω

" ^

+ ( t) = -
w sinwt

L ( ω^ gin
^
-
ω t ) =
s ( 法 sinwt ) - w

ex .
⼤ ( tsin ω t )

f ( t) =
tsin ω t ,
f( o

) = 0

fit) =
Jin ω tttwwtvos ,
fi 0
) = 0 + 0 = 0

" ( ^

+ (t ) =
woswttwoogwtftw ^ - sin ω t ) = 2 wcoswt _ w tsinwt
” ↑

⼤+ =
} F -
} f( 0
) -
f 10 )
“

) ( Ltsin )
'

⼤ ( rwcog ω t _ ω tsin ω t =
5 ω t -
3 x 0 - 0

r ω
( hcos ω t
) - ω^ Itsin ω t = j Itsinwt
rws
⼤ tginwt =

( 5 +ω^ )
~
ex .
⼤ tcoswt

f (t) =
tcoswt

f( t
) =
coswtfwt ( -
sin ω t )

wrtoogwt
'

f
"

( t) = -
wsinwt a sinwt - = -
rwsinwt -
w
tcoswt
wr
“

了 _

Itoosot =
sFwi
( j
~
Laplace transformofintegral

Fim
( t ) dt 5 bf =

"

ex . Find ω
s { 3F y

i
sta
sinwt stwrw , isinwt = =

占
1
⼤
∴ wsinwtdt
了 ( }舞 ω^ ]

=ω 。 vos ω t !

=
wi ooswttar
( 1- oos t )
=ω
ω

ex . Find ⼤ "
3 isF
r

ω >

”
⼤ ; 313 Fwj
"
:)
s ( siwy wi =
( 1 - ooswt

; sistwnbili
d r - osa )

=
w : (E -

wsin z ) ω

=ω
i ( t -
sinw
皆)

⼤
p .

ng 3
nmingg (
t
) =
f{ f ( t ) dt

gl
0

] =
] ∵+ ( t] dz : 0

g( τ
] = f ( t)

giofa
fe) gi = ⼤ s g e ) -
= ) 1

⼤f =
[ 3 F f
-
( o
7 ]
=
3 ⼤ 结 fia 3 dz

⼤ 结 fa
∴
) dz
=
solve ODES and inifial value problem uging baplaoe framgform

" '

ex .

Solve 8 y -
= t
, Y(
0
] = 1 .
g (0 ] =
1

j
^

takelaplace } y { f ( ) f ' 10 -
0
- )
:
-
1

弧) Y = 19
ytgi
3 +
19
Y =

s ≥|
^

g ( sr )
si ( %)
us + " 以
= + + + 通分 n = 1 b = 0 0 = 1 d = 0
s≥ ,
,
, ,

=
sjt s - si
⼦ ⼤yiettoogbtt
=

golve g
"
x
ex y
.
- =

克求 n λ^ -
1 = 0
,
λ=± 1

Jh = o
1 { fozex

"

Yp =
Ax + B , γp = A
, y p
= 0

0 -
( Ax + B ] =λ , A =
-
1 ,
B = 0

Jp = -

x
i
\
+
di
"

l* x
γ= fn fp + = 6 .
d + O 0

"

tilette
*
=
e ] - ×

= eifvoghxwx

of the lapldcemethod
Advantage
1
solving a
nonhomogeneous OPE doegn ' t require 3
olvinggh

initial
valuelareautomaticallytakenoareoff 01 y tOrfotfp , initialvalue 再求 00
r
= 1 .

多 0
omplicated input rit ) oan be handled
efficiently
" ' 4

t ,
ex γ 3
j t
y e
10 = 1
f 10 ) 5
- 2 = )
=
,

,
f

[}y g ]f 4
^ '
} y 3 3 (0) Y
y( )
j ) 2 =
- 0 -
( 0 - -

gt

化簡得 …
…

- 16 25
或
-

} t 0 gf 9 5 6
Y = ⼆
⼗
}
⺖
(3 t 4) (S - 2 ) ( 3 - 1 ) } -
J - 3 f 9

" 5
j
t

Y = ett
。
erl + se 4
 " ' t
/ f 10300
-

ε x .
f + 4 y t 6
y = te
, J 10 ] = 0
.

}^ ~ gyl 0 ~ g 10 + ) 4 gY - 0 ] + 6 Y 5 tg +i
y )
] y =

23 + 1
化簡 Yi
:

} (} + 1
] ( 3年 43 + 6 ]
i ( st ] ⼗或 19
rxx
fr

A B Ogf ⼑
3 + () + (
)
==Ʃ
H / )午 ( v)
^ ⼗ 5 19
法

f0 午
)

+ 2
St
=
3 + ) 9 午 43 + 6 ,

A =
t ,
B =
} σ≈τ , ,
D =
55
is 号
^ =
ststi -

s 44 s + 0

tjit igloosit
f =÷
jiqtsin
_ -

} + ] F ( vi )
~

fie
Fis ) de % esefi )
= 3
=f
Fis ) =
了% eitflyde

= % ( etf ( t) ) dt

%( - stfit)
-

=
t ) e de

]% si
[ tf ( ]
-

dt
=
e - t
)

⼤ fy F = ( 9)

∴ 悲⼤
[ eti ] :

ex .
⼤ tyint

=
靠 ( gtw ]
-
ω ws rwS
= ^
=

(+ ^ ( 34
^ ^

g w
j w
)
Ltfct )
=

-
( gtwrljriws
=

1 ⼤ ( tsinwt ) =
i 4w ~
)

v ⼤ ( toog ω t) =
ds ( 50 ] t

3午
ω^ ( r
~
)
- 3
33 w

= =

tw ~
'

(3 w ^ ) (s
+

"

ex .

y + 16
f = 00 s 4t
'

10 )
J = 0
j ( 0) 1
=
,

} ^| -
3 fl 0
)

- j 10 ) + 16 /

=
3
410
'

( 5410 ) Y = 1 +
g'
10 +

s
Y =

s' ti 0
+
541 ~

1 i Lsint
"
iLsin 4 t → { =

=g + j+

4101189 →
L 9
∵ 法 tsin 4 t

“j (” 3 t 0
j
=
jItsintt

J 年 ( gin 4 ) + j ( tsin
= t
4 t )
6 . 3 Unit Step function

{ }ittttra
,
u (t -
a
) =

Lu (t -
a ) =
)% estn (t -
a ) dt

{ ist
,
=
1 dt

=
5 e +d
,

=
j ( itens) = &
a
ex
…
1 …

f ( t) = ?

! i

f ( t) = r [ u (t 1)
-
-
u (t - r
) ]

ex .

! i

f( t ) =
} [ u (t - 0
) -
u (t - 1 ) ]
ex .
itv
)
八洲 f = it " [ u ( t- _ )
-
u (t r-
)
1 V

ex .

f ( t ) =| [ u (t ) -
-
u (t - r
) ] + 2 [ u (t -

)
r - u (t -3 ) ] + 3 [ u (t -
3) - u (t -

4) ] + 4 [ u (t -

)
4 -
u (t -

5) ] + .

≈ u (t ) + u -
( t- r )
fu ( t- 3
)+ a ( t- )+ 4

n . .

"
iL 1 u (t -
a
) ea=
5
3 s

=∵+ ers
sfe t
e
型

∴ Ifct ) >
T . m .

=
号 ( 1 tesfe
" +
e "
t .
m .
]
"
=
& +

1 - es
Loog ( t π ) -
u
(t π ) -

LJ aSF / 3 )
-

(t -
a
) u (t -
a
)= e

”
~
= f
4

ifoctcl

{
2
,

f (t) =

÷ t if ,
/ < tc π
vogt if , π ct
泛
if the oonvergion of fie) to f (t - o
) is inoonvenient

a 3

usingLf (t) u (t -
a ) = 9 Lf ( tta )

LJf (
"
Ifiy
- a

t -
a ) u (t
-
a
) = e
 [ ]
“
)
rLit u (t 1
) u (t
π
-
-

π
-

午 πt ⼗
→

=
i [
"

e
L
( t+ ) ^ e ☆￡ ( t -
π )]
+
π" "

=
i [ es
(
g ,
"
rgitj ) - 9
i ( gs )

proot
Ifiyn ( t ) - a

=% istf 1 yu ( t -
a ) dt

=
J % istfi ) dt

* τ= t a t [ ta
-
=
,

≈
dr = de ,
(t = a ,
τ=
)
o

" ( rta)
]? es f ( rta ) dr

}%
as 0

es f
-

= e ( rta ) dr

]%
"
stf
" -

= e e ( tta ) dt

= las Lf ( tta )

=0
{

j
(
t )

[ ] tu ( t
-

FindLf
0
() = et u (t - 0
) - u (t -
5) + e -
5)

公式

If
"
1 . (t -
a
) u (t -
a
] = e ⼤f ( e)

2 .
Lf (t) n ( t - a) =
lasLf ( tta)

ytep

"
Letu e Le
( tt )
+
0

、
(t - 0 ) = =
5 -

5) 5” 55 " j
Leltt
5

+
53
r
-

⼤ etu ( t -
5) = ( = -
[ .

e .

Let = -
e
-
10 5” (t 5) 55 " g
1
0

Le
+ 5 )
Le
5
Ltt
(
-

3 tn ( - 5 t
)
= =
9 e =
e
+

4 lat =
g
a
-
分離變邦法

莊 = 冰 ( - Ts T

) , 不苦 kdt

ex .
#
λ ( ) dy y
+ ) dx = 0

) +jdz = xrx )+

iJity = tan
' y , += J1
tanix

下
tanty = _
tanxto

^ tanaftanb
y)
"
tan ( tan xttan = tano * tanla + b ) =

1 -
tanatank

XtY
= tano
1
xy
-

For M ( xy ] zx + N (
xj ) 2 Y = 0

if 等背于 exact

解為 u (
) x = 0 , 積分解 Ox

ForP / xy ) d ×+ Q (
xy ) dy
= 0

if 驾 ,
findFiyorFy )

ita ( Py Qx )
fx -
=

) π ( Py -

Qx ) dx
F =
e
,
乘入 F 就會成 exact

r
if β ( Qx -

Py ) = f <y )

)i ( Qx -

Pz ) dj
F 1 )
= e
y

假設 F F ( = 4
) 代入 or 假設 F= Fcy ) 代入
 r
jer ) ( xe 2 . ) dy
+

ex .
( ex + dx + = 0

asbumeF Fcy ) =
,
乘入 Fcy ) 會變 exact

> F 1y 1 ( exr + fe ) : Fyp ( xe )

2

x
y

解得 Fiy ) = e ,
再乘入原題會變 exact
, AngixyteZ + e
*
: 0

ex .
[ } in ( x+
ry ) + 3 x 00 s ( xtrj ) ] d ×+ 6 x 0
og ( xfry ) dy = 0

assumeF
洲
=

F= xJ
Ang :
} xisin ( x +
ry )
= 0

" ) pxdx
j +
p ( x)
} =γ ( x)
,
I = e

其解滿⾜則
JI
=
frIdxto

" '
Fory + P ( x)
y +
q(
x
) Y = 0
 Using laplave to solve ODE

4j+ ltet Leat a

"
6
j +
y = :
s -

'

f 10 ) = 0
.

j io ) = 0

→ 3 y
"
-

sf 0) -

ji0 ) + 4 ( 31 ts
- ) Y 5 J + 6 =

“
2391
} y + 4 SY + 6 Y =

} ( 9 tD

}
=⑤+9
t 1 OS + D
Y = ) +
5 + 49 + (
6 ) 3( 3 + 5449 + 6

以 +
Ys | =
“
÷
(午 43 + 6 ) ( 3 t )
s→ o

3 t 0

⼆ A +
B 3

3+ 1
070 +
5443
OS + D

+
.

370

同理 ,
B =
法 , 通分 v
=÷ ,
D =
55
⼗

= SHHrL
Fri
5
) , 5
= il 9 t 7
+
Y ⼗
) * Le 华 ( F (s )
)
t a
-
=

⼀⽀
1

“ sH cjl
s +)
γ=÷ tjet i “ -

13 + 27 午 j￡ ) 01午

⼆⼗分 et _ ietlogrit riitsinit

-
" ,
te 3 t
'

y - 0
g +
qy (0= 10) 17
)
= 2 . =
j
J

j ∵ * Lent Fisafly =

于 3“ ji0 - 6 ( 31 - f ( ) +
-
3 0 - ) 9
y
f ) )

|= -
3

9 3^ )^
=

+ ( 71 v (3
"
- 0 s =
3 + 5 )
-
3 y = 23 + 5
3 + 3 -(
>

+
si
(3 3) + " 计!
⼤:
-
~ v
"
Y = + =

23 3 + + 5 g
;

γ
~

(
s
-
(3 -
3
) 5 (} 3] -
-
3
- )
!
vestt testtr
t 4

4ie
3

f = 11 ,
t
 代入 可 得
"

je
characterigtiueq.ir
6入⼗
9 ⼆ 0

→ (入 ⼀
班 0
,
N 3,3

njaitc.tl
"

"
jǐie ( Aět Btt v)

jf.n.jp
"
⼆、 …

-9 F
HN qg

-4
Iltinwt) ⼆
g, Ǚǒ

w-zgnii iex.jtlbyicoggt.jno.gl
-

-_-

Yiiini 89
Itin 4 比
ni
1 ⼆年 intttgtintt

116 ⼆ 0 ,
入江 4i

Jǐ V1 0094 ttl.in 4 七

gpitl Acosqtt Bsin 4 七)

ji n.jp
"

=
…

Ai 0,13 ⼆年 , Uǐo , cig

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Llfntgntffntfgtn

hlfn.g #Ifu).Igu)Hl9)iFls).GlDhM:IHnJflt7gU)dt
1
以
H-ni.fi ndh 比 ?

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Hninǒj
'

(ii)

i F (9) '

G (5)

htnf ⼗ 。
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xcogp-ginxsinpvoslx-pivosxcosptginxginpidi nwt.si
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X-P7-cogl xtpjvi flvoslwt-wttwt7-voglwt wt-wtjdt.ir

0 00 5(
i,
jinxginp :

ǚuogwttgwhttn
常以
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⼆
ǜfcoǐw t.tt ùiinw (n_n) 0

iiǒftoswttùlinwttint 吲
Ǜttvogwtt 乺 )
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ex.jiwigikiinwt.jo) ⼆

ni
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iii. Ǜiǜi "

zwgxhtsinwting.fi Ǜǒǐ
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fli ex.HN?iy,FindhM:?SHnixthuHfu)gltX
2in wt
lw
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* letuit , duidt
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