1.

At temperatures above -42°C, LPG condenses into vapor. Once converted from liquid to gas,
LPG expands to 270 times its original volume. So one liter of liquid LPG corresponds 270 liters
of gaseous LPG.

Propane is indeed a gas at room temperature and pressure, but still it liquefies when stored under
pressure. Propane, that is used as a fuel, is a byproduct of the handling of oil and natural gas.
Propane is categorized as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG gas).

LPG (1atm) Liquid Vapor (Gas)

Propane < -42℃ ≥−42℃

Butane < 0.4℃ ≥−0.4 ℃

We can see from

graph and table,

Temperature ¿ change ¿ liquid LPG ¿ gas LPG=−42℃

 2.
We know that, steam is composed of water. When we are using steam as heating medium, there
are some rule of thumbs.

For steam as heating medium,

Steaminlet temperature=120℃

Steam outlet temperature=90 ℃

3.
Mass of LPG=30 Kg

Mass of static LPG=9 kg

Storage facilities are packaging which are used to store liquid. Tank Farms are groups of tanks
that are kept around each other. API 650 is the preferred design standard for atmospheric storage
tanks. Tanks are commonly used in all types of plants. Tanks are most commonly used in the
petroleum and water industry sectors. Storage tanks come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and
capacities. Most common are cylindrical tanks. LPG is stored in spherical storage tank.

Design=API 650

Diameter=15∈¿

d2 152
Area=π =π × =176.625 ¿2
4 4

4.
Superheated steam is a poor heat conductor with low conductivity, leading to a low heat transfer
rate. Because of the mixture of fluid and gas particulate, saturated steam has good thermal
stability. Because liquid water is a good heat conductor, it raises the heat transfer coefficients of
saturated steam.
 Steaminlet temperature=120℃

At 120℃ , from steam table

Steam pressure=198.665 Kpa

5.
Heat transferred=Q=mc p ∆ T

Heat transferred=Q=( 30−9 ) × 1.68×(120−90)

Heat transferred=1058.45 KJ

There are also several major benefits of LPG transfer pump, such as strong pneumatic control,
long lifespan and sturdiness, light in weight, great gas transfer process, and other benefits.
Centrifugal pumps are used for liquefied gas pumps because they are less expensive than other
types of pumps, are extremely lightweight, and are simple to operate.

Pump type=Centrifugal∨Jet Pump

Pump power=1 Hp

6.
h L =h L− Major +h L−Minor

Major Head Loss

Major head losses in tubing flow issues will be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation as
seen below, and this Darcy-Weisbach equation would be used to determine the major loss in pipe
flow regardless of whether the pipe is horizontal, vertical, or on an inclined surface.

2
LV
h L−Major =f
2 gD
2
20 ×50
h L−Major =0.75
2 ×9.8 × 15

h L−Major =127.55∈¿
Minor Head loss
Minor head losses are pressure losses in a tubing fluid flow caused by various piping elements
such as control valve, fixtures, elbows, constriction, expansion, tees, curves, and exit points.

V2
h L−Minor =K
2g

502
h L−Minor =0.26
2 × 9.8

h L−Minor =33.16∈¿

7.
output
Thermal efficiency =
Input

746
Thermal efficiency =
1058

Thermal efficiency =70.5 %

References
Cengel, Y. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (8th Edition), McGraw-
Hill, New York, 2014

Lewis, Gilbert Newton, Merle Randall, Kenneth S. Pitzer, and Leo Brewer. Thermodynamics.
Courier Dover Publications, 2020.

Jones, R. T. "Thermodynamics and its applications–an overview." (1974).

Sinnott, Ray, and Gavin P. Towler. Chemical Engineering Design: Ray Sinnott, Gavin Towler.
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2020.