History

Studying

THE GROWTH OF THE EUROPEAN STATES

What we'll discuss
GROWTH OF THE EUROPEAN STATES
HISTORY OF NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE IN BRITAIN
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY
FAMOUS BUILDINGS
TYPES OF NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS
 History
DURING THE TIME OF KING LOUIS XVI
There was controversies and failures in leadership of the monarchy
START OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
it inspired the revival of golden age and knowledge from the age of
Romans
back to basics with purity and simplicity
aimed to regain a purity of form and expression for art and design

people were enlightened and had their use of the

knowledge
AND THERE, THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN STATES
STARTED...
FROM THE GROWTH OF THE EUROPEAN STATES, A STYLE
EMERGED FROM THE PEOPLE...

The Neo Classical

Architecture
NeoClassical Architecture
(1790-1925 A.D.)
An architectural style produced by the neoclassical
movement that began in the mid-18th century.
In its purest form it is a style principally derived from the
architecture of Classical antiquity, the Vitruvian Principles
(Firmitas, Venustas, Utilitas)
Buildings were proportioned according to the classical
orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and
Rome
In form, it emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro
A roman inspired architecture that exhibits characteristics
such as beauty, splendor and magnificence that are
common depictions of Roman.

Andrea Palladio
(November 30, 1508 - August 19, 1580)
Inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain, and United
States
An Italian architect active in the Venetian Republic and is considered as one
of the most influential in architecture history
Influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, most especially by Vitrivius
Projects: I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture)
Books: I quattro libri dell'architettura, The first book of architecture.
Buildings: Villa Barbaro Villa Capra "La Rotonda" Basilica Palladiana Church
of San Giorgio Maggiore Il Redentore Teatro Olimpico
Neoclassical Architecture
in France
Neo Classical features had begun appearing in
architectural design at the end of Louis XVI's reign in
France.
This style was then adopted during the first Napoleonic
empire
High Society employed it on their private homes (along
with extras like faux ruins, follies, grottos and fountains
to decorate the landscape)
Neoclassical Architecture in France
It was popular in France from the mid-18th century
through the mid-19th century.
Two major period within French Neoclassical Architecture:
1. Mid to late 18th century, called the Louis XVI style
2. Neoclasscial Architecture of this time connected to France to
major trends throughout Europe. Demonstrating the wealth and
intellectual refinement of the court.
Neoclassical Architecture in France
Jacques- Germain Soufflot (1713-1780).
In the 1750s, Soufflot attended a french academy in rome which exposed him to

roman architecture and italian neoclassical ideas.

Soufflot and the other french architects of the academy, are credited with bringing

neoclassicism to france.
His most famous masterpiece of this style is the church of st. genevieve,

commissioned in 1775 by louis xv.

From the columns and pediment to the rational use of geometric shapes and

mathematic proportions, it is an outstanding example of neoclassicism in france.

Most celebrated French Architects:

Parisian Pantheon;
Jacques Germain Soufflot In the 18th century, the Pantheon is a monument of

(1713-80)-designed the
neo-classical style
Parisian Pantheon; a
it is now hosting a secular mausoleum the ashes of

key highlight of the

prominent French citizens.
Grand Tour
The Panthéon is a cruciform

building with a high dome over

the crossing and lower saucer-

shaped domes (covered by a

sloping roof ) over the four arms.

the facade, like that of the roman

pantheon, is formed by a porch of

corinthian columns and

triangular pediment attached to

the ends of the eastern arm.

Neoclassical Architecture in France
Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806)
He helped expand the neoclassical style into

private and domestic architecture.

His designs, such as that of the chateau de

mauperthuis, integrated classical designs with 18th-

century comforts and tastes, again reflecting the

intellectual refinement of the patron.

Ledoux's style utilized classical forms but often

tinkered with them in playful and innovative ways.

Most celebrated French Architects:

Chateau de Benouville

Hotel Montmorency
Claude Nicolas

Ledoux

(1736-1806) Saline Royale

d'Arc-et-Senans
Hotel Montmorency
Carcassonne, France

Hotel Montmorency style can

be described as derivative of the

architecture of classical antiquity as a

form of revivalism.
 Chateau de Benouville
Benouville, Normandy (Northern France)
It is one of the best preserved

works of Ledoux, making it a

major monument of

neoclassical architecture at the

end of the eighteenth century.

its monumental staircase and

its exterior architecture were

very modern for the time.

The work is an important example of

an early Enlightenment project in

which the architect based his design

on a philosophy that favored

arranging buildings
according to a rational

geometry and a

hierarchical relation

between the parts of

ROYAL SALTWORK
the project. Arc-Et-Senans, Doubs, Eastern France
Most celebrated French Architects:
162 feet tall and 150

feet wide arch

the splendor of the

monument is

enhanced by the

Arc de Triomphe (Paris, France) sculptures on its pillar

Jean Chalgrin there are six reliefs sculpted on the facades of the

(1739 - 1811) arch representing important moments from the

French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era.
Neoclassical
Architecture in
Britain
John Nash (1752-1835)
Greatest Architect in Britain
English Neoclassical Architect
He designed the:
BUCKINGHAM PALACE
CUMBERLAND TERRACE
CARLTON TERRACE IN LONDON
JOHN NASH WORKS

BUCKINGHAM PALACE. CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE

CUMBERLAND TERRACE
BUCKINGHAM PALACE
London, England
Buckingham palace was primarily

constructed in the neo-classical

architectural style, which was

influenced by the architecture of

ancient greece and ancient rome.

bath stone was used for the exterior,

which was designed in a neo-

classical french style.

BUCKINGHAM PALACE
London, England
Bath stone is an oolitic

limestone that is widely utilized

in the construction of churches,

residences, and public structures

such as railway stations

throughout southern england.

CUMBERLAND TERRACE
London, United Kingdom
Cumberland terrace is a neoclassical terrace in london's regent's
park that was finished in 1826. the terrace is made up of three
main buildings connected by beautiful arches in the neoclassical
style and grandeur. a massive
sculptural pediment rises above
a lengthy colonnade of ionic
columns in the middle block.
CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE
City of Westminster, London
Its main architectural feature is a pair of

terraces of white stucco-faced residences

on the street's south side, which overlook

st. james's park. between 1827 and 1832,

these terraces were erected on crown land

to general designs by john nash, but with

detailed I involvement from several

architects, including decimus burton.

CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE

The terrace from the south, with

the squat doric columns on the

ground and the corinthian

columns and pediment above.

John Soane
He was considered as one of the most
inventive European architect
Notable outputs of Neoclassical Style
He designed the:
BANK OF ENGLAND
PITSHANGER MANOR
THE DULWICH OF THE BRITISH
MUSEUM
JOHN SOANE WORKS

PITZHANGER MANOR BANK OF ENGLAND

THE DUKWICH OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

BANK OF ENGLAND
London, England
Since 1734, the Bank of England has been located on

threadneedle street in the city of london.

Its most famous structure was designed by architect Sir

John Soane in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth

centuries.
It remained in use until the 1920s, when it was

demolished. many considered it to be one of soane's

greatest works.
(THIS PHOTOGRAPH LOOKS THROUGH TO THE OLD LOTHBURY COURTYARD,
WITH THE RESIDENCE COURTYARD VISIBLE BELOW IN FOREGROUND)
THE DUKWICH OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(GREAT RUSSEL ST, LONDON, UK)
THE BRITISH MUSEUM'S GREAT RUSSELL STREET
ENTRANCE FEATURES A PEDIMENT DEPICTING THE
EIGHT STAGES OF HUMANITY AND AN IONIC COLUMN.

Robert Smirke
English Architect
Greek Revival Architecture
Concrete and Cast Iron
He designed the:
THE GENERAL POST OFFICE
COVENT GARDEN THEATRE
EASTNOR CASTLE
ROBERT SMIRKE WORKS

EASTNOR CASTLE

COVENT GARDEN THEATRE

THE GENERAL POST OFFICE

THE DUKWICH OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(GREAT RUSSEL ST, LONDON, UK)

The front elevation measures 67.1 metres (220

feet) in length. it has a portico (24.4 metres (80

feet) wide) with six fluted ionic columns

measuring 137.16 centimetres (54 inches).the

frieze of the entablature is highly enriched.

THE GENERAL POST OFFICE

(O'Connell Street Lower, North City, Dublin 1, Ireland)
A portico is a porch that leads to a building's entrance or is

extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway

supported by columns or enclosed by walls. this concept was

popular in ancient greece and has influenced many cultures,

including the majority of western cultures. in architecture, the

frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and

may be plain in the ionic or doric order, or decorated with

bas-reliefs.
COVENT GARDEN THEATRE
London, England

the main entrance hall, behind the three doors in the portico, was divided

into three aisles by square doric piers. to the south was the grand staircase,

rising between walls, the flight was divided into two sections by a landinG,

the upper floor had four ionic columns each side of the staircase that

supported a barrel vault over it.

 EASTNOR CASTLE
Ledbury, Herefordshire, England)

Eastnor Castle is a norman revival structure designed and built to look

intimidating and imposing by architect robert smirke. the symmetry of the

castle’s design emphasized authority and distinguished it from the

picturesque mansions in the earlier periods at downton or lowther, Which

smirke also designed. the castle has a symmetrical central block with corner

towers, making it an authoritarian structure.

Neoclassical Architecture
in Germany
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841) and Carl Gotthard
Langhans (1732-1803) turned Berlin into a classical gem
to rival Paris and Rome.
It was inspired by the books of
Johann Joachim Winchelmann
(1717-68) and supported by
Friedwich Wilhelm II, the royal
patronage.
Carl Gotthard Langhans (1732-1808)
Gate.
a monumental construction of pillars and

Langhans was responsible for the Brandenburg

columns based on the Propylaea on the

Acropolis in Athens

Brandenburg Gate
Berlin, Germany

Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)

Konzerthaus Gendarmenmarkt
(1818-21) Berlin, Germany

the main auditorium has impressive white and gold

decorative elements
organ is the most striking feature with a total of 74
Organ stops and 5,811 organ pipes
houses the Apollo Hall for smaller concerts, a
music club and the modern Werner-Otto Hall
 Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
Altes Museum (1823-30)

Berlin, Germany

built to house the Prussian royal family's art collection

the plan is influenced by drafts of the crown late prince,
King Friedrich Wilhelm IV
surrounded by the lonic entablature or the lonic
columnar hall, with lonic pilasters at the four corners,
forming a simple yet grand main structure into which the
two floors are inserted in a subordinate manner.
was designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
Bauakademie (1823-30) Academy of Architecture

Berlin, Germany

the foundation and praxis of
applied art further
encouraged Neoclassicism in
Germany.
first secular building in Prussia
to feature exposed brickwork
its column grid with eight axes
in each direction defined a
mathematically precise layout
the themes of its ornamental
terracotta panels were more
programmatic than merely
decorative in their purpose
 3 TYPES OF

NEOCLASSICAL

ARCHITECTURE
Temple Style
features design based on the ancient temple
uncommon during the renaissance, as architects focused

mainly on applying classical element to churches and

buildings like Palazzos and Villas.

Palazzos
refers to an architectural style

of the 19th and 20th centuries

based upon the palazzi

(palaces) built by wealthy

families of the Italian

Renaissance,
began in the early 19th century

essentially as a revival style

Villas "villa" used to describe a

country house
Did you know?
In most cases, the owners

names their palazzi and villas

with the family surname.

Many temple style buildings

feature are perishyle

Perishstyle
Continuous line of
column around the
building
A rare feature of
Renaissance
Architecture
THE PANTHEON A major exemplar of late 18th century

IN PARIS architecture.
(1756-97) Designed by Jacques Germain Soufflot,

an early representative of the new

school of neoclassical architecture,

which originated in France, where

classical motifs had started to appear.

 THE BRITISH

MUSEUM, LONDON Established by act of

Parliament in 1753, the

museum was originally

based on three

collections: those of Sir

Hans Sloane; Robert

Harley, 1st earl of Oxford;

and Sir Robert Cotton.

 L’ÉGLISE DE LA
Built in the Neo-Classical style and

MADELEINE, PARIS was inspired by the much smaller

Maison Carrée in Nîmes, one of the

best-preserved of all Roman temples.

It is one of the earliest large neo-

classical buildings to imitate the

whole external form of a Roman

temple, rather than just the portico

front.
Its size is 354 feet (108 meters) long

and 141 feet (43 meters) wide.

Palladian Style
Based on Andrea Palladio's style of Villa

construction
Buildings featured balustrade

Balustrade
a railign with vertical supports along the

edge of roof
also of classical method of crowning a

building that has a flat or low lying roof

The definitive architectural style on

Capitol Hill is neoclassical, inspired by

UNITED STATES

the use of ancient Greek and Roman

CAPITOL,

styles in the design of great public

WASHINGTON, D.C.
buildings.

These styles are recognized by the use of

tall columns, symmetrical shapes,

triangular pediments and domed roofs.

Designed by British neoclassical

architect, Benjamin Henry Boneval

Latrobe.
Classical Block Style
features a rectangular on

square plan with flat roof and

rich in classical details

exterior features repeated

classical pattern on series of

arches and/or column

building was hige classically

decorative rectangular block

 Did you know?
Classical block style also

flourished in the United States,

particularly in New York...

 SAINTE-GENEVIÈVE

Was designed and

constructed under
LIBRARY, PARIS
the direction of the

architect Henri

Labrouste, a French

architect from the

famous École des

Beaux-Arts school

of architecture.
CHARACTERISTICS
Grandeur of scale
Neoclassical architecture is

characterized by grandeur of scale,

simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—

especially Doric (see order)—or Roman

detail, dramatic use of columns, and a

preference for blank walls. The new

taste for antique simplicity represented

a general reaction to the excesses of the

Rococo style.
Symmetrical form
The neoclassical architecture emphasizes

balance and form, thus holding that symmetry

has purity. The style emphasizes balance,

symmetry and geometric forms in the

columns and the walls. Neoclassical

architecture’s symmetrical purity and balance

emphasize the order and the simplicity

concepts
Supported or decorated columns

doric, ionic, Corinthians

Neoclassical buildings use columns

extensively, with the section between

the top of the columns and the roof

known as the entablature, and were

designed to complement different

types of columns
Supported or decorated columns doric,
ionic, Corinthians
Corinthians Neoclassical buildings use
columns extensively, with the section
between the top of the columns and the roof
known as the entablature, and were designed
to complement different types of columns
Triangular pediment
Pediment, in

architecture, triangular

gable forming the end of

the roof slope over a

portico or a similar form

used decoratively .
Enlarged renaissance style dome
Italian Renaissance domes were designed
during the Renaissance period of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Italy.
Beginning in Florence, the style spread to
Rome and Venice and made the
combination of dome, drum, and barrel
vaults standard structural forms.
Enlarged renaissance style dome
Italian Renaissance domes were

designed during the Renaissance period

of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

in Italy. Beginning in Florence, the style

spread to Rome and Venice and made

the combination of dome, drum, and

barrel vaults standard structural forms.

Simplicity of geometric forms,
Simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—

especially Doric (see order)—or Roman detail,

dramatic use of columns, and a preference for

blank walls. The new taste for antique

simplicity represented a general reaction to

the excesses of the Rococo style.

Neoclassicism thrived in the United States

and Europe, with examples occurring in

almost every major city.

Greek /roman detail
Classical Art encompasses the cultures of

Greece and Rome and endures as the

cornerstone of Western civilization. Including

innovations in painting, sculpture, decorative

arts, and architecture, Classical Art pursued

ideals of beauty, harmony, and proportion,

even as those ideals shifted and changed over

the centuries.
Dramatical use of column
This style recalled the beauty of ancient

architecture, and it was also a symbol of

power, agelessness, and in some ways

the roots of democracy as well.

Columns are probably the most

recognizable aspect of ancient Greek

and Roman architecture.

Blank walls
Neoclassical buildings emphasized long,
blank walls and flat roofs whereas Baroque
and Rococo architecture had sculptural
ornamentation, chiaroscuro, and trompe
l'oeil effects.