HARDWARE — A collection of instructions, data, or
computer programs that are used to run
— The physical components of a
computer.
Ex. case, CPU, RAM, monitor, mouse,
keyboard, computer data storage, graphics
card, sound card, speakers, and
motherboard.
CASE
— Encloses most of the components of
the system. It provides mechanical
support and protection for internal
elements.
MONITOR
— An electronic visual computer display
that includes a screen, circuitry and the
case in which that circuitry is enclosed.
KEYBOARD
— Enables a user to input text into a
computer or any other electronic
machinery.
— It is also an input device and is the
most basic way for the user to
communicate with a computer.
MOUSE
— A small device that a computer user
pushes across a desk surface in order to
point to a place on a display screen and
to select one or more actions to take
from that position.
MOTHERBOARD
— The main component of a computer. It
is a board with integrated circuitry that
connects the other parts of the
computer.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
— Performs most of the calculations
which enable a computer to function,
and is referred to as the brain of the
computer.
— Takes program instructions from
random-access memory (RAM),
interprets and processes them and then
sends back results so that the relevant
components can carry out the
instructions.
SOFTWARE
machines and carry out specific
activities.
Ex. MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint,
MS Publisher, Adobe Photoshop, Notepad,
Windows, Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Play
store and etc.
INPUT-process-output
— A structured methodology for
capturing and visualizing all of the
inputs, outputs, and process steps that
are required to transform inputs into
outputs.
INPUT
— The data that is entered into or
received by a computer. Some inputs
indicate to the computer what we want
it to do, while others provide data for
the computer to process.
Ex. Mouse, Keyboard, Microphone,
Controller, Stylus pens and etc.
PROCESS
— Determines what the computer does
with the input.
Ex. In word processing software, when
you press the letter A on a keyboard, the
computer may process the input and
display it as a letter A on the screen.
OUTPUT
— How the computer presents the results
of the process. Outputs can be returned
to the user in many ways such as text
on a screen, printed materials, or as
sound from a speaker.
STORAGE DEVICES
— It is used for storing, porting or
extracting data files and objects.
— Storage devices can hold and store
information both temporarily and
permanently. They may be internal or
external to a computer, server or
computing device.
TWO TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
 PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES
 — Generally smaller in size, primary
storage devices are designed to hold
data temporarily and are internal to the
computer. They have the fastest data
access speed.
Ex. Random-Access-Memory (RAM),
cache memory and etc.
 SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
— usually has a larger storage capacity,
and they store data permanently. They
can be either internal or external to the
computer.
Ex. Hard disk, Optical disk drive, USB
storage devices and etc.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
— RAM is volatile memory, which
means that the information temporarily
stored in the module is erased when
you restart or shut down your
computer.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
— ROM stands for non-volatile memory
in computers, which means the
information is permanently stored on
the chip.
PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS
— Applications that allow; viewing,
creating and modifying of general
office documents.
Ex. spreadsheets, memos, presentations,
letters, personal database, form generation,
image editing.
BASIC PRODUCTIVITY TOolS
— Computer software programs which
allow a user to create specific items
quickly and easily as opposed to
creating the same items by hand.
WORD PROCESSING
— A software program that creates
documents using text and/or graphics.
Ex. Microsoft Word, Google Docs.
SPREADSHEETS
— Spreadsheets quickly organize
numerical information and allows the
creator to input formulas into the
spreadsheet for easy calculation.
Ex. Microsoft Excel.
DATABASES
— Allow the user to save collections of
information in one easily accessible
place. This allows the user to find
information about a specific topic
much faster versus searching the
internet.
Ex. Galileo.
PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE
— Is a category of application programs
that help users produce things such as;
documents, databases, graphs,
spreadsheets and presentations.
HOW TO DOWNLOAND
MICROSOFT OFFICE
1. Go to your account’s office page.
2. Click Install.
3. Click Install again.
4. Double click the office setup file.
5. Click yes when prompted.
6. Wait for Microsoft Office to finish
installing.
7. Click Close when prompted.
CREATING A BOOTABLE
FLASHDRIVE
BOOTABLE FLASHDRIVE
— Allows you to boot the computer from
the file system on the flash drive rather
than your hard drive.
IMPORTANCE OF CREATING A BOOTABLE
FLASHDRIVE
— Creating a bootable USB drive for
windows 10 is something all users
should do.
— It’s really easy and should be done
before you encounter any problems.
— Doing this will save you the time and
hassle when you need a clean install of
windows.
MATERIALS NEEDED TO PREPARE THE
BOOTABLE FLASHDRIVE
— Flashdrive
— 7 or 10 installation Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) file
— Rufus (software utility)
 RUFUS
— A utility that helps format and create
bootable USB flash drives, such as
USB keys/pen drives, memory sticks,
etc.
 RUFUS CAN BE USEFUL WHEN:
— Creating USB installation media from
bootable ISOs (Windows, Linux,
UEFI, etc.).
— Works on a system that doesn't have an
IOS installed.
— Flashing a BIOS or other firmware
from DOS.
STEPS
1. First, go to chrome or any search engines
that you have, and search ‘Rufus
Download’.
2. Now that you’re in this website, we’ll now
download the utility.
3. We’ll download the new version by
clicking it. With that, it will download
automatically.
4. Once we finish downloading Rufus, we
can already insert the flashdrive into a
running computer (in the USB port).
5. Go to file manager.
6. Right click the one that has a picture of
flashdrive.
7. Equally important, click this ‘Run as
Administrator’.
8. When you click this one, a selection will
appear. Click the one that is the space of
your flashdrive.
9. Here in Boot Selection, select the Disk or
OSI Image.
10. Click this SELECT one.
11. Then, select the one where the location of
the windows OSI that we’re going to do.
12. In this partition scheme, select the MBR.
Once you select the MBR, beside it will
automatically change its selection, the
BIOS or EUFI-CSM.
13. Give the Volume label a name of your
choice, or leave it as it is. But to make
sure, let’s change it into ‘Windows 7 or
Windows 10’ whichever you prefer. As for
File system and Cluster size, you can leave
it like that.
14. When you click the start, you’ll get a
warning saying that any data on the USB
will be destroyed (this is normal). Click
OK and Rufus will start creating the ISO
image on the USB.
NOTES:
— If you have important files in your
flashdrive, you have to save it first for
it will not be deleted because rufus will
format it.
— If the USB/flashdrive you’re using
isn’t large enough, you’ll get an error
message you letting you know. In this
case, you’ll need to start again with a
different larger USB.
COMPUTER NETWORK
CONCEPT
— A computer network is a group of two
or more interconnected computer
systems.
— You can establish a network
connection using either cable or
wireless media.
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER
NETWORK COMPONENTS
SWITCHES
— Works as a controller which connects
computers, printers, and other
hardware devices to a network in a
campus or building.
— Allows devices on your network to
communicate with each other, as well
as with other networks. It helps you
share resources and reduce the costing
of any organization.
SERVERS
— Computers that hold shared programs,
files, and the network operating
system. Servers allow access to
network resources to all the users of
the network.
CLIENTS
— Computer devices which access and
uses the network as well as shares
network resources. They are also users
of the network, as they can send and
 receive and receive requests from the
server.
ROUTERS
— Help you to connect with multiple
networks. It enables you to share a
single internet connection with
multiple devices and saves money.
— This networking component acts as a
dispatcher, which allows you to
analyze data sent across a network. It
automatically selects the best route for
data to travel and send it on its way.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
— A carrier used to interconnect
computers in a network, such as
coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, and
optical fiber cable. It is also known as
links, channels, or lines.
ACCESS POINTS
— Allow devices to connect to the
wireless network without cables. A
wireless network allows you to bring
new devices and provides flexible
support to mobile users.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
— The network operating system is a
program which runs on computers and
servers. It allows the computers to
communicate via network.
PROTOCOL
— The set of defined rules that allows two
entities to communicate across the
network. Some standard protocols used
for this purpose are IP, TCP, UDP,
FTP, etc.
SHARED DATA
— Are data which is shared between the
clients such as; data files, printer
access programs, and email.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
— Sends, receives data, and controls data
flow between the computer and the
network.
LOCAL OPERATING SYSTEM
— Helps personal computers to access
files, print to a local printer and uses
one or more disk and CD drives which
are located on the computer.
HUB
— Device that splits network connection
into multiple computers. It acts a
distribution center so whenever a
computer requests any information
from a computer or from the network it
sends the request to the hub through a
cable. The hub will receive the request
and transmit it to the entire network.
LAN CABLE
— Local Area Network (LAN) cable is
also called as Ethernet or data cable. It
is used for connecting a device to the
internet.
OSI
— Open Systems Interconnection. It is a
reference model which allows you to
specify standards for communications.
UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS OF
NETWORK
HOSTNAME
— Every device of the network is
associated with a unique device, which
is called hostname.
PORT
— A logical channel which allows
network users to send or receive data
to an application. Every host can have
multiple applications running. Each of
these applications are identified using
the port number on which they are
running.
NETWORK COMPONENTS
ARP
— Address Resolution Protocol. Helps
network users to convert the IP address
into its corresponding Physical
Address.
RARP
— Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
Gives an IP address of the device with
given a physical address as input.
IP ADRESS
— IP (Internet Protocol) address is as a
unique identifier for each device on the
Internet. Length of the IP address is
32-bits. IPv6 address is 128 bits.
DNS SERVER
— Domain Name System. It is a server
which translates URL or web addresses
into their corresponding IP addresses
MAC ADRESS
— Media Access Control Address is
known as a physical address is a
unique identifier of each host and is
associated with the NIC (Network
Interface Card). General length of
MAC address is: 12-digit/ 6 bytes/48
bits.