﷽

EE-318

Solid State Electronics

 LEC -2
(1-hr Class)
27th Sep 2022

1130-1220 Hrs
 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
➢ Review

➢ Conductivity/Resistivity of a Metallic Bar-

Microscopic View

➢ Electrical conductivities of some common

materials-Graph

➢ How to Effect Change on Conductivity of

semiconductor?

➢ Conclusion
REVIEW
 REVIEW
➢ What distinguishes semiconductors?

Resistivity  in:
➢ metals:  < 10-3 -cm
➢ insulators:  >102 -cm
➢ semiconductors: 10-3 -cm <  < 102 -cm

6
 REVIEW

➢ What distinguishes semiconductors?

❑ Resistance/Resistivity
❑ Crystalline structure
➢ Macroscopically the resistance of a solid bar of
material with dimensions L, W, T is:

W
L L
R∝ ⇛𝑅=𝜌
WT WT
WT RA T
⇛𝜌= R= Ω − 𝐶𝑚 … . . (𝐴) L
L L
7
 REVIEW
➢ Resistance/Resistivity of a Solid Bar-Macroscopic
W
A = WT … … . . (1)
V
E
I = … … … … (2) I
R
V = EL … … … . (3) T
I
L
J = ……………….(4) V + -
A
❖ By using Eq. (2) in Eq. (4) we get: By Comparing Eqs. (6) and (7)
V RA
J= … … … … . (5) we get: 𝜌 = … … … . . (𝐵)
RA L

❖ By using Eq. (3) in Eq. (5) and also Eq.(1) we get:

EL EL
J= = … … . . (6)
RWT RA
❖ As we know that Ohm’s law may also be given as:
E
J = E𝜎 = … … … (7)
𝜌 8
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
 Semiconductor Materials
➢ Conductivity/Resistivity of a Metallic Bar-Microscopic
W
Microscopically:
E
➢ Let N be the total no of free charge
I
carriers (free electrons) in the bar T
➢ Let this free charge undergoes a drift L
velocity 𝑣𝑑 under application of V + -
external field E or voltage V
➢ Let t is the time during which this
charge q N crosses over the bar length
L thus:

qN L
➢ I=
t
and t=
vd
I qNvd
⇒J= = = 𝑞𝑛𝑣𝑑
A AL
10
 Semiconductor Materials
➢ Conductivity/Resistivity of a Metallic Bar - Microscopic
W

E
vd ∝ E I
vd = μ E T L
V + -
J = qnvd = q n μ𝐸

E 1
❖ Since macroscopically: J = 𝜎E = ⇒ 𝜎=
1 𝜌 𝜌
❖ Thus 𝜎 = 𝑞𝑛𝜇 And 𝜌=
𝑞𝑛𝜇
❖ Since in a semiconductor the current is due to both
electrons and holes so conductivity becomes as:
𝜎 = 𝑞𝑛𝜇𝑛 + 𝑞𝑝𝜇𝑝
 Semiconductor Materials
➢ Electrical conductivities of some common
materials

Figure 1: Electrical conductivities of some common materials.

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 Semiconductor Materials
➢ How to Effect Change on Conductivity of
semiconductor?
❖ Conductivity of semiconductor material can be
varied over orders of magnitude by changes in:-
❑ Temperature
❑ Optical excitation
❑ Impurity content

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Conclusi
on
Thank
You