! " #

 $% $  .        

     
2#   3    1 ! " ./0   $,- (
'  )* +   &  
(; &:/ 4 .2# ! 8 9 1 # ( %  ! " 45   /0  (  6  7 


4 A.@ 5 9  +/% 2#  3 ?/ 0  3 &2#  3 % #
+ >= <
  B   > &  $    +/% 2#   #   < B & >
!  
 ?# 4 2# ! 8 ! C  (5 
@ &   

    #@
.
  

 ( @ ! "  5 

 0 4 +/% 2# ,     $B /
5 G
 2# 2H I ( ADEF   2# 3 &
     .

 $  APO # $  N /0 (  .     2
M  +/ &"K #)  ?L#"
?L# ( 5 ( $   @G
 2# 2H ( ( 4 8 <  & * 3
.G +/ I3 ? 4 "K #)  ?#" RS Q %= .
 ! #6 ( @ K #) 
 2# 2H  .    5  5 S B
 $, #T  % (/ (/% ( 
  %      &/% 9 VM   #   3 U  ! 8M  3  ( <
  (6 &$   $ % ! " (8 @ < ( V .(/% (  ! C  $,-   )*
.?
# H 3 )  )  )#
  2# 8 5  (- ! " ./0

W #
 %   
 M S  
&.)       S6 
(/% (  ! C 5   4  @ ( V   .! "  I)  #   8 
3  <  8 @ ( * ( U +/% 2# 2H (; &%    S (
   
   )    5  X  5 S B
 $, #T ,)   VM 46
(; :/ \.+/% 2#   $ R-#  , !8  :/ &(  V 46 Z 5 
(; &W  5  ( .? +/%  46 +  1

^ ] @ 3  <  ! " I) 46 $ T

 .    ! " K #;  %@ $  8   @ (% $  () "( " RS 

.     S ! "  (  H) 
 $M 2#   # 8 5 > & %C  

.+/% 2#   # <  

 >M %     # R8
 \


        

     

EO\ ( 3 /3
FO` 9
DOF ( 
A`OAP (  / >
>  A` V/ *
 5  <M 4 $% 0 &  8  $ 46 $ 6 @ 5 9  & &2# ! 8 ( $  3
.   VM .2# ! 8 V  ,) VM &H >
@
b a5 /6   
 ,)  VM ! %
 (
+   ( & *  # &(/% (  ( ( 
.VM

A
4 2#  3 +S  $   a5  0 &5 c  <    .  3 +/% 2# #
 ( ,# &  
.

  83 9  &,   /   6   &   


\
Leo Van Houtven, 2002, Governance of the IMF:   # &      (   ( ,
:/ &Decision Making, Institutional Oversight, Transparency, and Accountability (IMF, Washington, D.C.)
Joseph Gold, 1977, Voting Majorities in the Fund: Effects of Second Amendment of the Articles, Pamphlet
2#  ! 8M ( >  5   $ 4 K)S) .Series No. 20 (IMF, Washington, D.C.)
.http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.htm : T 3 # &+/%