Prof. Dr. L.C.M.

Itard
The Essentials, Part II
Energy Supply Systems for Buildings:

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
 Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard
The Essentials, Part II
Energy Supply Systems for Buildings:

Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
 Efficiency of Energy Conversion
Eout lost
Primary Energy = Ein Eout,useful = Edemand
System

𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡, 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙
ƞ=
𝐸𝑖𝑛

Lower heating value Higher heating value

150 oC
Fumes are cooled down
and water condensates,
Combustion delivering additional heat

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + heat

>300-2200 oC
Combustion
 Typical Heating Values of Common Fuels
(= Primary Energy)
Gaseous fuels Higher Heating Value [kWh] Lower Heating value [kWh]
Natural gas (US) [per m3] 11.3 10.2
North-sea gas [per m3] 9.8 8.8
Methane [per m3] 11.1 9.9
Biogas [per m3] 7.1 6.4
Energy contents of non
Hydrogen [per kg] 39.4 33.3
combustible renewable
Liquid fuels sources (solar, wind,
Biodiesel [per kg] 11.3 10.5 tidal etc..):
Gasoil [per kg] 11.9 11.9 Primary energy = 0
Solid fuels
Charcoal [per kg] 8.2 7.9
Wood (dry) [per kg] 4.5 4.3
Wheat straw [per kg] 4.7 4.3
CO2 Emissions of Fuels During Combustion

Specific CO2 emissions (kg CO2)

Per kg fuel Per kWh (HHV) = kWh Primary Energy

Methane (natural gas) 2.75 0.18

Biogas 2.99 0.22
Butane 3.03 0.22
Hydrogen 0 0
Reference: Engineering Toolbox

Biodiesel 2.85 0.25

Gasoil 3.15 0.25
Coal (coke) 2.82 0.39
Wood (dry) 1.83 0.41
Global Warming: CO2-eq emissions
Substance Sources Global Warming GHG-emissions per
Potential (GWP) kg substance
(CO2-eq)

Carbon dioxide Combustion 1 1

(CO2)

Methane (CH4) Natural gas 25 25

systems

Nitrous Oxide Combustion 298 298

(N2O)

Hydrofluoro- Refrigerants in 120-14.800 120-14.800

carbons heat pumps and
cooling machines
Global Warming: CO2-eq emissions
= kWh Primary Energy

Equivalent CO2 emissions

(kg-CO2-eq/kWh HHV fuel)

Netherlands UK Germany USA

Methane (natural 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.27

gas)

Biogas 0.30 0 - -

Gasoil 0.26 (raw oil) 0.25 0.27 -

Coal (coke) 0.38 0.32 0.36 0.41 References: NL: RVO The
Netherlands: list of fuels and
standard CO2 emission factors
Wood (dry) 0.014 0 0.39 0.14 version of January 2019 ; UK: 2018
GOVERNMENT GHG CONVERSION
FACTORS FOR COMPANY REPORTING
Germany: Fachbuch Regeneratieve
Energiesysteme
Photo Sun Emits a Solstice CME by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ . Changes made by Rins Lindeman, 2020
Image Attribution

Combustion

Title: Smoke from a fire

Author: Tomasz Sienicki
License: CC BY-SA 3.0