Energy Demand in Buildings:

The Essentials, Part II

Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard & Dr. P.I. van den Brom

Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1

Energy Demand in Buildings:
The Essentials, Part II
Prof. Dr. L.C.M. Itard & Dr. P.I. van den Brom

Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1

 Energy demand for space heating and cooling

Determined by 4 main energy transfer processes:

1) Transmission: 2) Ventilation & Infiltration: 3) Solar gains 4) Internal heat gains:

Through the building envelope Through air flows from outside By people and appliances
Heat transmission through walls, floor, roof &
windows
𝑄!" = 𝑈 $ 𝐴 $ 𝑇# − 𝑇$ [W] Ti (Indoor)

𝑈=
!
"!
; 𝑅# =
!
$"
+𝑅 +
!
$#
; 𝑅 =
%
&
To (outdoor)
$
U : Heat transfer coefficient [W/m K]
A [m2]
Rc : Overall thermal resistance [m$ K / W]
R : thermal resistance [m$ K / W] αi
λ : Thermal conductivity of material n [W / mK]
d : Thickness of the enveloppe material n [m] αo
$
𝛼% = internal heat transfer coefficient [~7.5 W/m K]
𝛼& = external heat transfer coefficient [~25 W/m$ K] d
 Ventilation & Infiltration Heat Transfer
Ventilator
Ventilator Ventilator Ventilator
Ventilator Ventilator Ventilators
Ventilators Ventilators

Heat
Heat
Heat Heat
exchanger
exchanger
exchanger exchanger

Mechanical
Mechanical
Mechanicalsupply
supply
supply&&
&
Mechanical supply &
Mechanical
Mechanical exhaust
exhaust
Mechanical exhaust
Mechanical
Mechanical supply
supply exhaust
exhaust ventilation
Mechanical supply ventilation
ventilation
exhaust ventilation
Natural
Natural ventilation
ventilation
Natural ventilation ventilation
ventilation ventilation ventilation
ventilation ventilation with
with heat
heat recovery
recovery
recovery
with heat recovery

𝑄'()*+,)- =
𝑄'()*+,)- = 𝑚' + 𝑚, ' 𝐶. 𝑇/ − 𝑇, 𝑊
1 − 𝜂 𝑚' + 𝑚, ' 𝐶. 𝑇/ − 𝑇,
mv: mass flow rate of ventilation [kg/s] η: Efficiency of heat recovery
mi: mass flow rate of infiltration air [kg/s]
Cp: specific heat of air [J/kgK] If To>Ti-5 no heat recovery possible
To: outdoor temperature [◦C]
Ti: Indoor temperature [◦C]
Infiltration losses/gains

mv: mass flow of ventilation [kg/s]

36 [m3/h] per person, рair=1.2 kg/m3

36 ( 1.2
𝑚! = 𝑝 ( 𝑉 = = 0.012 [𝑘𝑔/𝑠]
3600
mi : mass flow of infiltration air [kg/s]
Old buildings: Vi > 1 ACH
Air-tight buildings: Vi ~ 0.2 ACH
(1 Air Change per Hour= indoor volume of the building)
Cp: specific heat of air :1000 [J/kgK]
Estimating Solar Heat Gains
For each window orientation:

Qsol = f . gshade . gglass . Awindow . Psol [W]

Solar factors of blinds: gshade

No blind External Curtains / Indoor louvre Indoor louvre
blind Roller shade half open closed
1 0.2 06-0.9 0.7 0.4 Psol: global solar radiation on window [W/m2]
Awindow: surface of the window [m2]
Solar factors of glazing: gglass gglass: solar factor of the glazing
Single Double Double Double low - Triple Double ggshade: solar factor of the solar blinds
uncoated gas filled ε coating reflective f: reduction factor for heavy buildings
(light building: f=1; heavy building: f=0.85)
0.8 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.2
 Internal gains - occupancy
House Office Classroom/Theatre

People 2 W/m2 5 W/m2 22 W/m2

Appliances 2 W/m2 10 W/m2 15 W/m2
Lighting 2 W/m2 10 W/m2 30 W/m2
Qint = 6 W/m2 25 W/m2 67 W/m2
Picture: Sam McAfee, shutterstock Sequence Number: US-0E5D7C35D-1