INTRODUCTION TO

ERGONOMICS/
HUMAN FACTOR

7 T H WEEK
PENGANTAR TEKNIK INDUSTRI
History of Ergonomics

oIndustrial Revolution
oSteel industry (shovels)
oHenry Ford
oAssembly line design

oFrank and Lillian Gilbreth

oMicro-motion studies (i.e. today’s
surgical techniques)
History of Ergonomics

oWorld Wars
oAircraft, weapon design
oCold War
oNuclear power plants
oToday
oIndustry, hospitals, offices,
product design
Ergonomics Today
Matching the job, work tools, and workplace to the worker.

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Human factors is the term used in the
USA
Ergonomics is more prevalent in
Europe and the rest of the world
For all practical purposes the terms
are synonymous.
DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS

PSYCHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY
-COGNITIVE -ENVIRONMENTAL
-WORK -WORK
-SOCIAL ERGONOMICS

ANATOMY
-ANTHROPOMETRY
-BIOMECHANICS
DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS

ECONOMICS LAW MANAGEMENT

PSYCHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY
-COGNITIVE -ENVIRONMENTAL
-WORK -WORK
-SOCIAL ERGONOMICS
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
TOXICOLOGY
ANATOMY OPERATIONS
-ANTHROPOMETRY
RESEARCH
ENVRONMENTAL
-BIOMECHANICS
MEDICINE ENGINEERING
 DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS

ECONOMICS LAW MANAGEMENT

ARTIFICIAL
INTELIGENCE MANUFACTURING

PSYCHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY
-COGNITIVE -ENVIRONMENTAL
-WORK -WORK
-SOCIAL ERGONOMICS
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
TOXICOLOGY
ANATOMY OPERATIONS
-ANTHROPOMETRY
RESEARCH
ENVRONMENTAL
-BIOMECHANICS
MEDICINE ENGINEERING

WORK
SYSTEMS DESIGN ORGANIZATION
Ergonomics
Employee Concerns Employer Concerns
◦ Comfort ◦ Worker’s comp costs
◦ Fatigue ◦ Productivity
◦ Injuries ◦ Errors
◦ Job satisfaction ◦ Products
◦ Decreased boredom ◦ Profit
◦ Decreased stress
◦ Reasonable workloads

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Results of Poor Ergonomic Design

oDiscomfort and fatigue

oInjuries and accidents
 Musculoskeletal Disorders

oNecks
oBacks
oArm and hand
oKnee and foot
What Causes These Injuries?

Repetition

Force Posture

Risk
Factors

Personal Environment
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 Poor Ergonomics

o Decreased efficiency
o Decreased productivity
o Errors
Poor Ergonomic Design

oTurnover
oAbsenteeism
oJob avoidance
How Do I Get Started?
o Pick your fights
o Sell your service
 What Should I Look For?
Awkward postures
Repetition
Force

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Where Should I Look?

Offices and Telecommuters

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Where Should I Look?
Laboratories

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Where Should I Look?
Hospitals

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Where Should I Look?
Facilities

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Where Should I Look?
Shops

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Where Should I Look?
Grounds

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 Where Should I Look?
o Housekeeping
o Dining
o Housing
o Student stores

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 What Can Ergonomics Do?

↓ discomfort
↓ accidents and injuries
↑ accuracy
↑ efficiency
↑ satisfaction
↑ job retention

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How Do I Start?

Identify problems
◦ Complaints of discomfort
◦ Symptom surveys
◦ Near misses
◦ Accidents
◦ Injuries
◦ Errors
◦ High turnover

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What Tools Can I Use?
Anthropometry tables

Body discomfort maps

Hazard check lists

NIOSH Lifting Equation

Washington Ergonomics Lifting Calculator

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What is Anthropometry?
Measurement of people
o Match size and strength with work environment and tools
Why Does Match Matter?
oAverage is not good enough
oNeed to consider reaches and clearances
 Who Should We Match?
oCentral 90 percent
oDisregard extreme body sizes
oTry to fit males/females from 20-65 yrs
What is the Golden Rule?

Design so the small woman can reach, and the

large man can fit.
S. Konz
What Rule Would You Use Here?

Design so the small woman can reach, and the

large man can fit.
S. Konz
What Rule Would You Use Here?

Design so the small woman can reach, and the large man can fit.
How Do I Make a Quick Impact?
Reduce lifting
◦ Lifting equipment
◦ Job redesign

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Physical Work Capacity

The capacity depends primarily on:

Energy available to The sum of energy provided by
worker in form of and oxygen dependent and oxygen
food and oxygen independent processes

n For continuous work at moderate intensities, oxygen

dependent processes usually make the major
contribution to energy output.
Factors Affecting Work Capacity
Fatigue

Fatigue is due to lack of carbohydrates or fluids or the

accumulation of waste products.
The most important factor in the prevention of fatigue is
the maintenance of blood flow to the active muscles.
Jobs should be designed to reduce the requirements of
static muscle loading, such as gripping, extended reaches
and awkward postures.
Work Environment
Measurement of light
The importance of light measurement is essential
in the design and evaluation of workplace

Because our eyes adapts to light levels,

automatically compensating for any changes in
illumination, therefore subjective estimates of the
amount of light in a work area are likely to be
misleading.
Potential Hazard

Bright lights shining on the display screen "wash out" images,

making it difficult to clearly see your work. Straining to view
objects on the screen can lead to eye fatigue.
NOISE

Sound waves originate from the vibration of some object, which

in turns sets up a succession of compression and expansion
waves through the transporting medium (air, water, and so on).
Thus, sound can be transmitted not only through air and liquids,
but also through solids, such as machine tool structures.
Sound can be defined in terms of the frequencies that determine
its tone and quality, along with the amplitudes that determine its
intensity. Frequencies audible to the human ear range from
approximately 20 to 20,000 cycles per second, commonly called
Hertz and abbreviated Hz.
TEMPERATURE
Most workers are exposed to excessive heat at one time or
another. In many situations, artificially hot climates are created by
the demands of the particular industry. Miners are subjected to
hot working conditions due to the increase of temperature with
depth, as well as a lack of ventilation.

Textile workers are subjected to the hot, humid conditions needed

for weaving cloth. Steel, coke, and aluminum workers are subject
to intense radiative loads from open hearth furnaces and
refractory ovens. Such conditions, while present for only a limited
part of the day, may exceed the climatic stress found in the most
extreme, naturally occurring climates.
THEORY
The human is typically modeled as a cylinder with a shell,
corresponding to the skin, surface tissues, and limbs,
and with a core, corresponding to the deeper tissues of
the trunk and head.

Core temperatures exhibit a narrow range around a

normal value of 98.6° F (37 C). At values between 100-
102° F (37.8-38.9° C), physiological performance drops
sharply. At temperatures above 105° F (40.6° C), the
sweating mechanism may fail, resulting in a rapid rise in
core temperature and eventual death.
DISPLAY AND CONTROL

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Display dan kontrol adalah antarmuka dimana
terjadi pertukaran informasi antara manusia dan
mesin.
Perancangan display dan kontrol dapat
memfasilitasi interaksi namun juga dapat
menambah kesulitan dan meningkatkan
kesalahan dalam melakukan suatu pekerjaan.
DISPLAY
Display menyediakan informasi bagi
operator mengenai status dari suatu
peralatan.
Display dapat berupa visual, auditory,
dan tactile.
Label, instruksi dan peringatan adalah
jenis khusus dari display.
Basic Design of Quantitative Display
1. Fixed scale with moving pointer
2. Moving scale with fixed pointer

3. Digital display
 Qualitative Display
Primarily interested in the approximate value
of some continuously changeable variable,
such as:
◦Temperature
◦Pressure or speed
◦Rate of change
Controls
Example of Grouping Principle in
Panel Design
Environment Health Safety Risk
Management
Occupational Safety
Industrial Hygiene (IH)
Ergonomics Program
Environmental
Protection of Minors Program
Risk Management
Hazardous Materials
SEKIAN