D.A.

V PUBLIC SCHOOL
BISTUPUR, JAMSHEDPUR
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
ON
FOMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS

Name : AYUSH KR. RAJDEEP

Aissce roll no :
Class : XII 'A2'
 CONTENTS

S.No. Topic Page no

1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Preface 3
3 Introduction 4
4 Experiment - 1 6
5 Experiment - 2 8

6 Bibliography 10
 Acknowledgement
I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the
people who have helped and supported me
throughout my project. I'm grateful to Sir
ARABINDA PATHAK for his continuous support for
my project, from initial advice & encouragement to
this day. Special thanks of mine goes to my
colleagues who helped me in completing the
project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts &
made this project easy and accurate.
I wish to think my parents for their undivided
support & interest who inspired me & encouraged
me to go my own way, without which I would be
unable to complete my project. At last but not the
last I want to thanks my friends who appreciated
me for my work & motiveted me and finally to the
God who made all the things possible.

Thanking you
AYUSH
 CERTIFICATE
OF COMPLETION

This is to certify that Ayush Kumar Rajdeep of Class XII

A2 has successfully completed the project:
FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS under the guidance and
supervision of Mr. ARABINDA PATHAK in the session of
2021-22

AISSCE ROLL NO. :

....................... ......................
Internal examiner External Examiner
 PREFACE
Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin
and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in
their cleaning action. Soaps are Na & k Salts of Higher
fatty acid such as Palmitic, Stearic & Oleic acid.
The cleansing of soaps depends upon the solubility of
long alkyl chains in grease & that of -COONa or the -
COOK part in water. Whatever soap is applied an a dirty
wet cloth the non polar -COONa part dissolves in water.
In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease
and water which appears as foam.
The washing ability of depends on its foaming capacity,
as well as the water used in cleaning. The salts of Ca and
Mg disrupts the formation of micelle. The water in which
such salts are present is called hard water. Sodium
carbonate when added to hard water, reacts with Ca of
Mg and precipitated them out. Therefore sodium
carbonate is used in the treatment of hard water.
 INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acid content like

strearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated.

They contain long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one

carboxylic acid group as the functional group.

A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure whose ends have different

polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and

hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the

short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic, i.e., soluble in water but

insoluble in oil or grease.

When soap a shaken with water it becomes colloidal in nature. Agitating it

tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and cause foaming. This

helps the soap molecules to make a unimolecular film on the surface of

water and penetrate the fabric. The long non- polar end of the soap

molecular that are hydrophobic, gravitate toward and surround the diet

(fat or oil absorbed in it). The short end containing the carboxylate ion,

the water away from our diet. A number of soap molecular surround and

encircle dirt and grease ion in a clustered structure called micelles, which

encircles such particles and emulsifies them.

Cleaning action of soap decrease in hard water. Hard water containing Ca

and Mg ions which react with sodium carbonates of higher fatty acids.
 EXPERIMENT - 1
AIM: To evaluate the foaming capacities of five different commercial

soaps.

APPARATUS: 5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100ml), test tubes stand,

Bunsen burner and stopwatch

METERIALS REQUIRED: 5 Different sample of soap and distilled water.

THEORY: The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature

of soap and its concentration. This can be compared for various samples

of foam is formed and the time taken by a solution for the disappearance

of foam in all the cases is compared.

The lesser the time taken by a solution for disappearance of foam, the

lower is its foaming capacity.

PROCEDURE: Five conical flasks are taken and numbered 1 to 5. In each

are these flasks equal amount (say 5 gm) of the given samples of soap

granules each conical flask is heated for few minutes to dissolve all the

soaps completely. In a test- tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes

are taken an numbered 1 to 5. One ml of the five soap solution is then

poured into the test tubes of the corresponding number.

10 ml of distilled 5 times the foam to each test tube. Test tube no.-1 is

then shaken vigorously 5 times the foam would be formed in the empty
space above the container. Stopwatch is started immediately and time

taken for the disappearance of foam is noted. Similarly the other test

tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of times (1.e, 5 times) with

approximately the same force and the time taken for the disappearance of

the foam in each case is recorded.

The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of the foam, the lower is

the foaming capacity.

OBSERVATION :

Amount of each soap sample taken - 5 gm

Amount of distilled water taken - 50 ml

Volume of each soap solution taken - 1 ml

Volume of distilled water added - 10 ml

SL. No. Soap Sample Time taken (in sec)

1 Dove 35

2 Lux 25

3 Santoor 15

4 Cinthol 10

5 Neema 5

CONCLUSION: The Soap for which the time taken for disappearance of

foam is highest has the maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality
soap among the soap tested.

Experiment-2
AIM: Study the effect of Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda) on the

foaming capacity of different soap solution.

APPARATUS: 3 test tubes, test tubes stand, Bunsen burner and stop

watch

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 0.5 gm sample of soap, water (distilled and tap

both) and M/10 Sodium carbonate solution.

THEORY: When sodium and potassium soaps are put into water containing

calcium and magnesium ions (hard results in the formation of scum which

applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or

cleaning action, more soap must be added.

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and

magnesium ions in contrast with soft water) Hard water minerals primarily

consists of calcium and magnesium metal cations, and sometimes other

dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium

usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate in the form of chalk

or limestone or calcium sulphate in the form of other mineral deposits.

When sodium carbonate is added tap water the calcium and magnesium
ions precipitates as their carbonates i.e foaming capacity of the soaps

increases.

PROCEDURE:5gm of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water. Take

three test tubes Add soap solution separately. Now shake first test tube

for formation of foam. Now start the stop watch to calculate taken for

disappearance of the foam Similarly, perform the experiment with other

soap solutions. Record the observations in the tabular form.

OBSERVATION:

Amount of each soap sample taken - 0.5 gm

Amount of distilled water taken - 50 ml

Volume of each soap solution taken - 1 ml

Volume of distilled water added - 10ml

SL. No. Water Used Time taken(in sec)

1 Distilled water 30

2 Tap Water 20

CONCLUSION:

The foaming capacity of soap increases on the addition of sodium

carbonate. Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled water.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET:
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.cbse.nic.in

BOOKS:
1. Together with Chemistry Lab Manual
2. Saraswati Lab Manual