: 2.

2 : [D] – MELTING & BOILING :

: PIONEER ACADEMY :
: 10 : PHYSICS

 MELTING : -
 When a solid is heated, it may melt & changes its state from solid to liquid.
 The temperature at which a solid melts is called its melting point.
 During melding, substance gains or absorbs heat energy.
 E.g. : w hen ice(solid) is heated, it become water(liquid).
 The melting point of ice is 0 0C.
 Melting point of ice can be decreased by : (1) Adding impurities to ice, E.G. salt – it reduces M.P. to
- 180C. (2) increasing the pressure on it, E.G. Ice-skating. (3) Adding antifreeze to car radiators in
winter.
 FREEZING : -
 The process in which a liquid changes to solid, is called freezing.
 The temperature at which a liquid freezes is called freezing point.
 Melting point & freezing point for pure substances is the same.
 During freezing, a liquid gives out heat energy.
 E.g. : when water(liquid) freezes it changes to ice(solid) & gives out heat energy to the surrounding.
 The melting point & freezing point of ice is the same i.e. 0 0C.
 BOILING : -
 The process in which a liquid changes to vapour or steam or gas, is called boiling.
 The temperature at which a liquid changes to vapour is called its boiling point.
 During boiling, liquid gains energy.
 Boiling point of liquid can be increased by adding impurities, like salt, in the liquid and by increasing
pressure above it, E.G. – Pressure-cooker.
 CONDENSATION : -
 The process in which gas or steam or vapour changes to liquid is called condensation.
 In condensation heat is given out to the surrounding
 During boiling, liquid gains energy.
During any change of state : Solid – Liquid, Liquid – Solid, the temperature of the substance does not
increase or decreases further, it remains the same during the change of state. The heat is used up in
braking the bonds or in joining the bonds.

 LATENT HEAT OF FUSION [lf] : -

 The amount heat required to change unit mass (1kg) of a substance from solid to liquid without change
in temperature is called its latent heat of fusion, ‘lf’.
 It is called latent or hidden heat because it does not rises the temperature during its absorption.
 Its unit is J/Kg or J/g.
 Q=m×l f
 EXPLANATION OF LATENT HEAT OF FUSION BR KINETIC THEORY : -
 According to the kinetic theory, latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy requires to overcome
the intermolecular force of attraction between the molecules.
 At some stage during the heating when it exceeds certain limit, molecules break free & their vibratory
motion about fixed position changes to the slightly greater range of movement they have as liquid
molecules & solid melts.
 The energy input is provided to increase their P.E. of the molecules but the average K.E. remains the
same & so the temperature remains the same.

 EXPERIMENT TO FIND THE LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE : -

 APPARATUS : Ice cube or crushed ice, stand , funnel, top-pan balance, stop-watch & immersion
heater of known power.
PIONEER ACADEMY : PHYSICS : 10 : 2

 Place an immersion heater of known power(P watt) in the melting ice in a funnel which contains crushed
ice.
 Wait for the some time ‘t’ (4minutes) before switching on the heater, because the ice in the funnel
absorbs some heat energy from the surroundings & melts.
 Collect this melted ice in an empty beaker & weigh the beaker + melted ice by
a top-pan balance as m1.
 Empty the beaker & switch on the heater and stop watch.
 Heat the ice for the same time ‘t’ & again weigh the beaker + melted ice as m2.
 The mass of the melted ice is : m = m2 – m1.
 We assume that, heat energy supplied by heater = heat energy gained by the
melted ice.
 Energy supplied by heater, Q = P× t, so Pt = m lf.
Pt
 lj=
m
 The value of latent heat of fusion obtained by experiment will be slightly more than that of the actual
value, because of the following reasons :
 (1) Some heat is absorbed by ice from the surroundings & the mass of the ice melted will be less than
the actual value.
 (2) We should used crushed ice instead of the ice cubes, because in ice cubes the gaps are filled by the
air and so some heat supplied by heater is vested in heating this air and the result will not be accurate.
 To improve the result : we should use crushed ice instead of the ice cubes of ice & also some heat is lost
to the surroundings so the, the apparatus should be cover by insulating materials like wool or thermo
coal.

OR Second Method :

 EXPERIMENT TO
FIND THE LATENT
HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION OF
STEAM : -
 APPARATUS : Water,
top-pan balance, stop-
watch & immersion heater
of known power.
 Place an immersion heater of known power(P watt) in the beaker which contains water & is kept on a
top-pan balance.
 Start the immersion heater and wait till water starts boiling.
 When water starts boiling, note the mass m1 on the top-pan balance & start the stop watch.
 After several minute, stop the stop watch & record the new mass of the water as m2 & the time ‘t’.
 The mass of the water vaporized is, m = m2 - m1 .
 We assume that, heat energy supplied by heater = heat energy gained by the evaporated water.
 Energy supplied by heater, Q = P× t, so Pt = m lv.
Pt
 lv =
m
 Some heat is lost to the surrounding & so the measured mass of the water converted into vapour is less
than what it should be. So the value of latent heat of vaporization of steam obtained will be slightly more
than the actual value.
 To improve the result obtained, the apparatus should be covered by insulating enclose & beaker should
be covered by a top lead.
 COOLING & HEATING CURVES : -
 COOLING CURVES : : Temperature – time – graph. Liquid – solid.
 The part O-A shows that : heat is given out(cooling) – temperature is falling
and substance is solidifying but still liquid state.
 Part A-B shows that temperature is study not decreasing further & substance
now solidifying, change of state from liquid to solid & heat lost is used to
change of state.
 Part B – C, temperature falling further & it represents a solid state.

 HEATING CURVE : -
 Temperature – time – graph. Solid – liquid - gas.
 The part O-A shows that : heat is given out(cooling) – temperature is
falling and substance is solidifying but still liquid state.

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EVAPORATION & BOILING : -

EVAPORATION BOILING
1 Evaporation takes place at surface only. 1 Boiling takes place thought liquid.
2 It occurs at any temperature. 2 It occurs at fixed temp. called boiling point.
3 Bubbles are not seen. 3 Bubbles are seen.
CAUSES OF ERROR OR PRECAUTIONS :
 PIONEER ACADEMY : PHYSICS : 10 : 2

Specific latent heat