Part II

EXERCISE # 1
NUTRIENT SOURCES: ROUGHAGES, CONCENTRATES AND SUPPLEMENTS

Name: _________________________________ Score: _______________

Lab Section: _______________ Date: __________

INTRODUCTION
Feed expense accounts for as much as 80% of the total expenses in livestock and poultry
production. Feeds do not only affect farm productivity but also impact farm profitability. Thus, a
good knowledge on feeds influences the success or failure of livestock and poultry farms.
Knowing when and how to use different species and classes of farm animals is important for
those engaged in livestock and poultry production.

OBJECTIVES
1. To identify common roughages, concentrates, and supplements.
2. To classify feeds based on their nutrient composition.

MATERIALS
Roughages:
Alabang X (Dicanthium annulatum)
Centrosema (Centrosema pubescens)
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)
Star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis)

Concentrates and Supplements:

Yellow corn Copra meal Whey powder
Rice bran Blood meal Oyster shell
Soybean meal Wheat pollard Salt
Fish meal Corn bran Limestones
Cassava meal Skim milk powder Monodicalicum phosphate
Sorghum Feed wheat Ipil-ipil leaf meal
Coconut oil Urea Molasses
L-lysine DL-methionine Copper sulfate

METHODS
1. Study the samples of roughages, concentrates and supplements that are presented in the
class. Observe the differences in color, shape, texture, and odor of the feed samples.
2. Collect adequate amount of each concentrate and supplement and classify based on
nutrient composition using the feed composition table.
 3. Draw each of the provided roughages, concentrates and supplements and label it
properly.

A. Draw, color and classify each of the provided concentrates or supplements. For
concentrates, indicate if energy, bulky, animal protein or plant protein feeds. For
supplements, indicate if synthetic amino acid, vitamin, mineral or feed additives.

Yellow corn Rice bran

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

Soybean oil meal Fish meal

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

Copper sulfate Sorghum

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________
 Copra meal Blood meal
Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

Wheat pollard DL-methionine

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

Skim milk powder Feed wheat

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

L-lysine Pork meal

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________
 Salt Limestone
Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

Monodicalcium phosphate Ipil-ipil leaf meal

Classification: _________________________ Classification: ________________________

B. Make an illustration of each of the provided roughages.

Napier grass Centrosema

Scientific name: ________________________ Scientific name: ______________________
 Star grass Ipil-ipil
Scientific name: _______________________ Scientific name: ______________________

Guinea grass Madre de cacao

Scientific name: _______________________ Scientific name: ______________________

Para grass Alabang X

Scientific name: _______________________ Scientific name: ______________________
Part II

EXERCISE # 2
FEED FORMULATION

Name: _________________________________ Score: _______________

Lab Section: _______________ Date: __________

INTRODUCTION
The aim in feed formulation is to provide the animals with the required nutrients in proper
amount and proportion that will result in the most economical production. The species, age and
the amount and type of work or product produced by the animal, determine the amount and
proportion of nutrients required. Feeding standards serve as aid in formulating rations for
livestock and poultry animals. These are tables that indicate the nutrient requirements of
different animals that were established based on results of several research studies.

OBJECTIVES
1. To use feeding standards and feed composition tables.
2. To formulate feeds.
3. To evaluate rations based on nutrient composition.

MATERIALS
Feeding standards, nutrient composition tables, calculator

METHODS
1. Using the feeding standards, determine the nutrient requirements of farm animals
indicated in the answer sheet.
2. Evaluate the ration provided in the answer sheet. Calculate the amount of nutrients
provided by each feed ingredient in the ration. Multiply the amount of each feed (kg) by
the amount of nutrient present in one kg of the same feed ingredient. Determine the total
amount of the nutrient in the ration and compare it to the nutrient requirement of the
animal. If the ration does not satisfy the nutrient requirements of the animal, adjust the
formulation using Trial and Error method.
3. Formulate rations using Pearson Square Method.
Nutrient recommendations for egg-type chicken (PHILSAN,2010).
Nutrient Starter Grower Developer Layer 1 Layer 2
0-6 weeks 6-12 weeks 12-18 weeks 18-42 weeks 42-cull
Crude protein, % 19.90 16.30 14.50 17.50 16.50
ME, kcal/kg 2850 2800 2750 2800 2800
Lysine, % 0.91 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80
Methionine, % 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.34
Met + Cys, % 0.71 0.59 0.58 0.69 0.66
Calcium, % 1.00 1.18 0.95 3.58 3.80
Phosphorus, avail., % 0.49 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.42

A. Nutrient requirements of a 20-week-old laying chicken:

1. Crude protein (%) _______________
2. Metabolizable energy (kcal ME/kg) _______________

B. Determine the CP and ME content of the feed formulation below:

Ingredient Amount % CP % CP or Energy Energy
ration (Kcal ME/kg) (Kcal ME/kg)
of ration
Yellow corn 66.0
Soybean meal 22.8
Rice bran D1 7.0
Limestone 2.2
Dicaphos 1.5
Salt 0.3
Vitamin premix 0.1
Mineral premix 0.1
TOTAL 100

Did the formulation satisfy the CP and ME requirement of 20-week-old laying chicken? If not,
do the necessary adjustments for it to satisfy the requirements (Show your computation)

Final ration:
Ingredient Amount
Yellow corn
Soybean meal
Rice bran D1
Limestone 2.2
Dicaphos 1.5
Salt 0.3
Vitamin premix 0.1
Mineral premix 0.1
TOTAL 100
C. Using the Pearson Square Method, formulate 1,000 kilograms of a ration with 18% CP
using soybean meal (47.65% CP) and yellow corn (8.05 % CP). How much of each
ingredient (in kg) should be used in order to satisfy the protein requirement of the
animals? (Show your computation).

D. A farmer wishes to formulate a 200 kg ration containing 16.8 % CP for grower pigs using
yellow corn (8.05% CP), rice bran D1 (12.14% CP) and fish meal (63.51% CP). The yellow
corn and rice bran D1 are combined in 3:1 proportion. How much of each ingredient (in
kg) should be used in the ration? (Show your computation).