DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BENGALURU 560078.

A Technical Internship on

“ARDUINO BASED ULTRASONIC RADAR

SYSTEM: A REVIEW”
Internship Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
By
NAME USN
JEEVAN S 1DS21ET030
OMPRAKESH 1DS21ET057

2ndsem B.E
Under the guidance of
Dr. Vinod B Durdi
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

2022-23
 ARDUINO RADAR FOR OBJECT DETECTION
Jeevan.S1, Om Prakesh2 , Dr. Vinod B Duradi 3.
2nd semester, B.E, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering,
Bangalore, India1,2,3.
Assistant Prof., Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore,
India4

ABSTRACT:
Radio waves are used by radar, an object detecting technology, to calculate an object's distance,
altitude, direction, and speed. It may be used to find terrain, guided missiles, motor vehicles,
ships, aeroplane, and spaceships. Pulses of radio waves or microwaves are transmitted by the
radar dish or antenna and reflect off any nearby objects. An antenna or dish that is typically
situated at the same location as the transmitter receives a small portion of the wave's energy
that is returned by the object. Air traffic control, radar astronomy, air defence, antimissile
systems, marine radar start locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft anti-collision systems,
ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems, and
meteorological precipitation monitoring are just a few of the many modern uses of radar.

KEYWORD: Arduino Uno, Servo motor 9G-Motor, Ultrasonic Sensor( HC-SR04).

I. INTRODUCTION:
The radar system is an electrical framework
that has a detection range for items that are
in that range. The radar system is diverse
and classified in several ways, each with a
unique accomplishment. An ultrasonic
sensor can be used to detect objects with a
range of 3 to 40 cm and a rotational
focusing angle of 15 to 165° [2].
The radar system's development has
advanced through several stages. A
physicist named Heinrich Hertz conducted
the first experimental verification of it in
the 1880s. Since then, progress has been
made compared to the 1930s. Before and
during World War II, the majority of
nations showed interest in its development
and modernization [3,4].
However, the ultrasonic radar system,
which essentially consists of an ultrasonic
sensor, is manufactured to detect object
position, including indicating the object's
location's distance and angular position [5].
The uploaded code on the Arduino Uno
controls the servo motor, and the processing
code created in the processing IDE
environment allows the Arduino Uno to
interface with the serial port to display input
visually.
 II. COMPONENTS:
An Arduino is essentially
microcontroller-based kit that can be made
at home using the components or bought
directly from the vendor and used right
away thanks to its open source hardware
feature. It is primarily utilized for operating
various devices and for communications. 1.
Arduino is an open-source, user-friendly
hardware and software platform for
electronics. Using an Arduino board to
capture inputs such as light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a tweet, you may start
a motor, switch on an LED, and publish
something online. Your board will be given
instructions on what to do by sending a set
of commands to its microcontroller. An
Arduino board is programmed to
accomplish this.
Figure 2.1
Ultrasonic sensors: use ultrasonic waves
to measure distance. An ultrasonic wave is
sent by the sensor head, which then picks
up the wave that the target reflects back to
it. The time elapsed between the emission
and reception is measured by ultrasonic
sensors to determine the target's distance.
While an ultrasonic sensor employs a single
a ultrasonic element for both emission and
reception, an optical sensor uses a
transmitter and a receiver. A single
oscillator generates and receives ultrasonic
waves alternately in a reflective model
ultrasonic sensor. The sensor head can now
be made smaller thanks to this. Calculating
distance The formula below can be used to
get the distance: L = 1/2 T C for distance
Where L denotes the distance, T is the
elapsed time bet
Figure 2.2
Servo Motor: A servo motor is a rotating
machine that can move in a straight line, an
angle direction, or both. In essence, it
serves as a foundation or pivot for the
movement of other parts or modules that are
attached to it. It rotates the ultrasonic
sensor, looking for obstacles between a
range of 5 and 175 degrees in the front and
175 to 5 degrees in the back.

Figure 2.3
Bread Board: The Arduino Uno, Servo
Motor, and Ultrasonic Sensor are mounted
on the prototype breadboard, which serves
as the platform for all connections and
mounting of the various modules.
Figure 2.4
III. LITERATURE
SURVEY:
Radar research and development has
advanced tremendously, fundamentally
altering computing.
Researchers that are working on radar will
eventually be able to design, develop, and
enhance security and user interfaces and be
able to fulfil the specified performance
standards sought in various environments.
When we use ultrasonic waves in place of
electromagnetic waves in a radar, we refer
to it as an ultrasonic radar. Radar is an
object detection system that uses
electromagnetic waves to determine the
range, altitude, direction, or speed of both
moving and fixed objects such as aircraft,
ships, motor vehicles, weather formations,
and terrain. The Ultrasonic Sensors are the
primary parts of any ultrasonic radar.
Similar to radar or sonar, ultrasonic sensors
assess a target's characteristics by
deciphering the echoes of radio or sound
waves. This project uses an ultrasonic
sensor that is attached to a Raspberry Pi
board, and the signal from the sensor is then
sent to a laptop screen that has been made
to measure the presence of any obstacles in
front of the sensor as well as to establish the
sensor's range and angle of detection.
In 1842, Christian Doppler effect is the
apparent change in frequency or pitch when
a sound source moves either toward or
away from the listener, or when the listener
moves either toward or away from the
sound source [1].
In 2010, Milenko S.Andri´c,Boban,
P.Bondˇzuli´c, and Bojan M.Zrnic’ s paper
the database of radar echoes from various
targets has been described. The database is
available for public download. The spectral
analysis conducted in this paper is used to
extract very basic information that could be
used for classification [2].
In 2012, Alexander Angelov, Andrew
Robertson, Roderick Murray-Smith,
Francesco Fio’s paper has presented results
for classification problems in the
automotive radar context using different
neural network architectures [3].
IV. METHODOLOGY:
The main goal of our design is to measure
the obstacle's distance, location, and speed
when it is put some distance away from the
sensor. By spinning with the aid of servo
motors, ultrasonic sensors transmit
ultrasonic waves in a variety of directions. FLOW CHART:
This wave travels through the air before
being reflected back after colliding with an
item. The sensor once more picks up this
wave, analyses its characteristics, and
displays the results on the screen along with
metrics like object distance and position.
The Arduino IDE is used to create and
transfer code in Arduino and allows us to
determine the position or angle of a servo
motor. This information is transmitted
through the serial port together with the
distance that has been travelled by the
closest item in its path. The software named
Processing displays the input/output and
the object's range as the result of all of this
effort [4]. Ultrasonic sensors are used in
sensor implementations such that they are
mounted on top of servo motors in order to
detect objects and their distances. The
ultrasonic sensor and servo motor will be
controlled by an Arduino (micro-
controller), which will also provide
electricity to both of them.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

V. CONCLUSION:
Designers had better control over many
advanced applications thanks to a variety of
improved control techniques. In our paper,
the suggested mapping approach for the
entire system is evaluated on the basis of
BLOCK DIAGRAM minor details or size. The future potential of
this technology is very great, and the field
we have selected for our design, the "Radar
System," is very broad. Radar systems have
been deployed or used in a wide variety of
applications. This architecture has a wide [4]. Radar System controlled via Arduino,
range of potential applications due of its Sarmad Hameed, Dania Rashid, Fabiha
security capabilities. It has numerous Shoaib, 2019.
applications. This framework can be
improved or changed in response to
changing requirements and demand.
Because we were designing a short-range
radar, our research was focused and
constrained. Because the servo motor we
used can only rotate in this range (0–270
degrees), this system can only detect things
in this range. As a result, our design cannot
be used in larger places or areas for obstacle
detection due to this constraint. The system
may be more effective if a servo motor with
a 360-degree rotation is used. By modifying
this system and incorporating a fully 360-
degree rotating servo and a longer-range
ultrasonic sensor, we hope to improve our
study. This system can have additional
features added to it, such as being mobile
and having an alarm system mounted on it
that activates when an obstruction is
detected. A robot that can avoid obstacles
and has a surveillance system could be
added.

VI. REFERENCE:

[1]. Arduino Uno Controlled Robotic Radar

System Object Detector Using Ultrasonic
Sensor,December 2020.
[2]. Milenko S. Andri´c, Boban P. Bondˇzuli´c,
and Bojan M. Zrni´c ’The Database of Radar
Echoes from Various Targets with Spectral
Analysis’,2010.
[3]. Aleksandar Angelov, Andrew Robertson,
Roderick Murray-Smith, Francesco Fioranelli1
’Practical classification of different moving
targets using automotive radar and deep neural
networks’,2012.