Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.

r B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

CONTENTS
First Semester
S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. Geol. 301 General Geology-I* 2+1=3
2. 301 Minor-I 3
3. 301 Minor-II 3
4. 300.1 (I.S.) Islamic Studies (Compulsory) 3
5. 300.1 (E) English (Compulsory) 3
*Also for geology minor

Second Semester
SYLLABUS FOR S.
No.
Course # Course Title Credit
Hours
B.S. IN 1.
2.
Geol. 302
302
General Geology-II*
Minor-I
2+1=3
3
GEOLOGY 3.
4.
302 Minor-II
300.2 (P.S.) Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
3
3
5. 300.2 (U) Urdu / Sindhi (Compulsory) 3
*Also for geology minor

APPROVED IN 2010

Third Semester
S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. Geol. 401 Mineralogy* 2+1=3
2. Geol. 403 Stratigraphy and Paleontology 2+1=3
3. 402 Minor-I 3
Department of Geology 4. 402 Minor-II 3
Faculty of Science 5. 400.1 Functional Maths (Compulsory) 3
(F.M.) / (for the students of Biological
University of Karachi (Bio) Sciences)
Biology (Compulsory)
(For the students of physical
sciences)
6. 400.1 (E) English-II 3
*Also for geology minor

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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

Fourth Semester Seventh Semester

S. Course # Course Title Credit S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours No. Hours
1. Geol. 402 Petrology* 2+1=3 1. 601 Statistics/Economics/Manage 3+0
2. Geol. 404 Economic Geology 2+1=3 ment (Compulsory)
3. 402 Minor-I 3 2. Geol. 601 Geology of Pakistan 2+1=3
4. 402 Minor-II 3 3. Geol. 603 Well Logging Techniques 2+1=3
5. 400.2 Functional Maths (Compulsory) 3 4. Geol. 605 Basin Analysis 2+1=3
(F.M.) / (for the students of Biological 5. Geol. 607 Petroleum Exploration 2+1=3
(Bio) Sciences) Techniques
Biology (Compulsory) 6. Geol. Optional Paper – I* 2+1=3
(for the students of Physical Note: Students who have already studied Statistics as a
Sciences) Major or Minor subject can offer Economics / Management.
6. 4001.1 (E) Computer Applications 3
(Compulsory)
*Also for geology minor
Eighth Semester
S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
Fifth Semester 1. Geol. 602 Geological Field Work and 0+3=3
Report Writing
S. Course # Course Title Credit 2. Geol. 604 Reservoir and Development 2+1=3
No. Hours Geology
1. 501 Introduction to Social Sciences 3+0 3. Geol. 606 Environmental Geology 2+1=3
2. Geol. 501 Micropaleontology and 2+1=3 4. Geol. 608 Remote Sensing and GIS 2+1=3
Biostratigraphy 5. Geol. Optional Paper – II* 2+1=3
3. Geol. 503 Igneous and Metamorphic 2+1=3 6. 662 Community Development 3+0
Petrology (Compulsory)
4. Geol. 505 Petroleum Geology 2+1=3
5. Geol. 507 Geochemistry 2+1=3 Total number of courses: 46
6. Geol. 509 Field Geology and 2+1=3 Total number of credit hours: 138
Geomorphology Note: Students can offer a research project (3 credit hours) or thesis (6 credit
hours) in lieu of 1 or 2 major courses of seventh and eighth semester
respectively.
Sixth Semester
S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. 502 Communication Skills 3+0
2. Geol. 502 Sedimentology and Sequence 2+1=3
Stratigraphy
3. Geol. 504 Structural Geology 2+1=3
4. Geol. 506 Plate Tectonics and Marine 2+1=3
Geology
5. Geol. 508 Geophysics 2+1=3
6. Geol. 510 Engineering Geology and 2+1=3
Hydrogeology

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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

Group-V Geochemistry
OPTIONAL PAPERS* S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. Geol. 651 Geochemical Exploration 2+1=3
Group-I Economic Geology 2. Geol. 652 Petroleum Geochemistry 2+1=3
S. Course # Course Title Credit 3. Geol. 653 Carbonate Geochemistry 2+1=3
No. Hours
1. Geol. 611 Ore Deposits 2+1=3
2. Geol. 612 Mining Geology and Mineral 2+1=3 Group-VI Sedimentology
Processing S. Course # Course Title Credit
3. Geol. 613 Industrial Mineralogy and 2+1=3 No. Hours
Mineral Economics 1. Geol. 661 Clastic Sedimentology 2+1=3
2. Geol. 662 Carbonate Sedimentology 2+1=3
3. Geol. 663 Sedimentary Petrology 2+1=3

Group-II Engineering Geology

S. Course # Course Title Credit Group-VII Hydrogeology
No. Hours S. Course # Course Title Credit
1. Geol. 621 Rock Mechanics 2+1=3 No. Hours
2. Geol. 622 Soil Mechanics 2+1=3 1. Geol. 671 Hydrogeological System and 2+1=3
3. Geol. 623 Geotechnical Investigations 2+1=3 Environment
2. Geol. 672 Groundwater Investigation 2+1=3
3. Geol. 673 Groundwater Engineering 2+1=3

Group-III Applied Geophysics

S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. Geol. 631 Seismic Methods and Seismic 2+1=3
Stratigraphy
2. Geol. 632 Geomagnetism and 2+1=3
Paleomagnetism
3. Geol. 633 Gravity and Magnetic Methods 2+1=3
4. Geol. 634 Electrical and Radiometric 2+1=3
Methods

Group-IV Marine Geology

S. Course # Course Title Credit
No. Hours
1. Geol. 641 Oceanography 2+1=3
2. Geol. 642 Geology of the Arabian Sea 2+1=3
3. Geol. 643 Marine Geochemistry 2+1=3

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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

DETAILS OF COURSES correlation. Stratotypes.

B. S. Ist Years
GEOL. 301: GENERAL GEOLOGY-I (Major and Minor)
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction and scope of Geology, its importance and relationship with other
sciences. Earth as a member of solar system, its origin, age, composition and
internal structure. Geological time scale. Agents and processes of weathering,
erosion and related landforms. Minerals and their physical properties. Rock
cycle and rock types. Primary structures of rocks.
Description, classification and field identification of fold, fault, joint, foliation,
lineation and unconformity. Earthquake and volcanism. Isostasy. Introduction to
plate tectonics and mountain building processes.
LAB: Study of relief and structural features with models and topographic maps,
and their identification in the field. Use of basic field instruments. Study of
geological maps and construction of cross-sections. Identification of selected
rocks and minerals.
LAB: Preparation of stratigraphic columns and their correlation. Construction of
stratigraphic cross-sections and their interpretation. Study of local stratigraphic
sections. Study of selected invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Boggs, S. 2001. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Prentice
Hall, New Jersey.
2. Moore, R. C. Lailicker, C.G. and Fischer, A.G. 1952. Invertebrate Fossils.
McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Raup, D.M. and Stanley, S.M. 1985. Principles of Paleontology. W.H.
Freeman & Co. San Francisco.
4. Romer, A.S. 1945. Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press.
5. Stanley, S. M. 2005. Earth System History. W.H. Freeman & Co. San
Francisco.
6. Weller, J. 1962. Principles of Stratigraphy. Harper Brothers.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Billings, M.P. 1974. Structural Geology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

2. Hamblin, W.K. 1989.The Earth’s Dynamic Systems. MacMillan Publishing,
New York.
3. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and William, P.F. (1976) An Outline of Structural
Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Holmes, A. 1978. Principles of Physical Geology. Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd.
Edinburgh.
5. Park, R.G. 1997.Foundation of Structural Geology. Chapman and Hall,
London.
6. Plummer, C. C; McGeary, D. and. Carlson D.H. 2005. Physical Geology, McGraw
Hill, New York.
7 Tuzo Wilson, J. 1976 Continents Adrift and Continents Aground. W.H.
Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

GEOL. 302: GENERAL GEOLOGY-II (Major and Minor)

2+1 Credit Hours

Fossils and their significance. Modes of fossilization. Theory and mechanism of

organic evolution. Introduction to invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils. Life
through the ages.Introduction to Historical Geology.

Basic principles of stratigraphy and sedimentation and their scope. Introduction

to sedimentary environments. Classification of stratigraphic units and their

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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
B. S. 2nd Years
GEOL. 401: MINERALOGY (Major and Minor)
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to mineralogy and its relationship with other branches of allied
sciences. Properties of minerals. Classification of minerals. Important rock
forming mineral groups. Silicate structures and description of important silicate
families such as Olivine, Amphibole, Pyroxene, Quartz, Feldspar, Feldspathoid,
Zeolite and Mica. Important metamorphic minerals. Clay minerals.
Introduction to crystallography. Basic concepts of crystal and crystal chemistry.
Coordinates, parameters, indices, symmetry elements and stereogram of
crystals. Description of normal class of each crystal system. Twining and its
types. Irregularities in crystal growth. Introduction to polarizing microscope.
Optical properties of common rock forming minerals.
LAB: Identification and description of common minerals. Study of crystal
models. Study of rocks and minerals in thin sections.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Hurlbut, S. and Klein, C. 1977. Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy. John Wiley
and Sons.
2. Kerr, P.F. 1959. Optical Mineralogy. McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Klein, C. 1989. Minerals and Rocks. John Wiley and Sons.
4. Nesse, W.D. 2003. Introduction to Optical Mineralogy. Oxford University
Press, London.
5. Perkins, D. 2010. Mineralogy. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
6. Perkins, D. and Henke, K.R. 2000. Minerals in Thin Sections. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
7. Schulze, D.J. 2003. An Atlas of Minerals in Thin Section. Oxford University
Press, London.
8. William, H. B. 1990. Principles of Mineralogy. Oxford University Press,
London.
GEOL. 402: PETROLOGY (Major and Minor)
2+1 Credit Hours
Magma: its types and characteristics. Magmatic processes. Texture and
structure of igneous rocks. Description and classification of igneous rocks.
Metamorphism: agents, processes, zones and facies. Texture, structure and
types of metamorphic rocks.
Texture, structure and classification of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary
provenance, processes and diagenesis. Sedimentary environments. Description
and formation of siliciclastic, precipitated and allochemical sedimentary rocks.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
LAB: Megascopic identification of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
rocks.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Best, M.G. 1982. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. W. H. Freeman &
Co. San Francisco.
2. Blatt, H. and Tracy, R. 1996. Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and
Metamorphic. Freeman, W. H San Francisco.
3. Ehlersand, E.G. and Blatt, H. 1982.. Petrology of Igneous, Sedimentary
and Metamorphic Rocks. Freeman, W. H San Francisco.
4. Greensmith, J.I. 1978. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Allen and Unwin.
5. Middlemat, E.K. 1985. Magma and Magmatic Rocks. Longman.
6. Raymond, L.A. 2002. Petrology of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
Rocks. McGraw Hill, New York
7. Whalstrom, E.E. 1980. Theoretical Igneous Petrology. John Wiley.
GEOL. 403: STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY
(Major only)
2+1 Credit Hours
Stratigraphic code of Pakistan. Correlation techniques. Concept of facies,
transgressive and regressive cycles, Introduction to global cycles chart.
Introduction to seismic and sequence stratigraphy. Outline of stratigraphy of
Pakistan and study of important stratigraphic type sections.
Detailed morphology, classification, distribution and evolution of important
invertebrate fossil groups: Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Trilobita, Coelentrata,
Echinodermata. Important index fossils of Pakistan.
LAB: Megascopic identification of common invertebrate fossil groups.
Preparation of facies maps. Study of stratigraphic features on selected
seismograms.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Clarkson, E.N.K. 1986. Invertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Allen and
Unwin, San Francisco.
2. Moore, R.E. Tucker, V.C.T. and Noeld, E.W. 1985. Paleontology.
Pergaman Press.
3. Moore, R.C. Lailicker, C.G. and Fischer, A.G. 1952. Invertebrate Fossils.
McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Raup, D. and Stanley, S.M. 1985. Principles of Paleontology. W. H.
Freeman & Co. San Francisco.
5. Salvador, A. 1994. International Stratigraphic Guide: A Guide to
Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology and Procedures. The International
Union of Geological Sciences. Trondheim and Geological Society of
America. Inc., Boulder.
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
6. Stanley, S.M. 2005. Earth System History. W. H. Freeman & Co. San
Francisco.
7. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. A to W. Geological Society of
America and the University of Kansas Press.
8. Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. 1992. Facies Models: Response to Sea
Level Changes. Geological Association of Canada.
GEOL. 404: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (Major only)
2+1 Credit Hours
Economic Geology: its scope and relationship with other branches of geology.
Classification of economic mineral deposits. Processes of formation of
economic mineral deposits. Brief description of hydrocarbons, coal, gemstones,
radioactive and metallic mineral deposits.
Relationship of mineral deposits to plate tectonic setting. Classification of
industrial rocks and mineral deposits according to their uses in construction and
other industries. Review of economic mineral deposits of Pakistan.
LAB: Megascopic study of metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Visits to important
mineral based industries and other related projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Baumgart, W. Dunham, A.C. and Amstutz, G.C. 1988. Mineralogy of
Ceramic Materials. Enke, Stutgart.
2. Edwards, R. and Atkinson, K. 1986. Ore Deposit Geology. Chapman and
Hall.
3. Evans, A.M. 1982. An Introduction to Ore Geology. Blackwell.
4. Jensen, M.L. and Bateman, A.M. 1981. Economic Mineral Deposits Mineral
Deposits and Global Tectonic Settings. Mitchell and Garson. Academic
Press. London.
5. Park, J. C. F. and MacDiarmid, R. A. 1970. Ore Deposits. W. H. Freeman
& Co. San Francisco.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
B. S. 3rd Years
Geol. 501: MICROPALEONTOLOGY AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to Foraminifera, Bryozoa, Ostracoda, Conodont, Algae, Pollen and
Spores, Organic walled microplanktons and nanofossils. Applications of
micropaleontology.
Principles of biostratigraphy. Biostratigraphic zones. Biostratigraphic techniques
and procedures. Tertiary biostratigraphy with special reference to Pakistan.
LAB:
Basic micropaleontological and biostratigraphic techniques. Morphological and
taxonomic studies of selected microfossils.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Brasier, M.D., 2001, Microfossils, Allen & Unwin.
2. Haq, B. and Boresma, A., 1980, Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology,
Elsevier.
3. Kauffman, E.G. and Hazel, J.E., 1997, Concepts and Methods of
Biostratigraphy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publicationers.
4. Jenkins, J.M., 1993, Applied Micropaleontology, Springer.
5. Jones, R.W., 2006, Applied Palaeontology, Cambridge University Press.
6. Jones, R.W., 2004, Micropalaeontology in Petroleum Exploration, Oxford
University Press.
7. Tucker, V.C.T. and Noeld, E.W., 1985, Paleontology, Pergaman Press.
Geol. 502: SEDIMENTOLOGY AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to sedimentology, origin, transportation and deposition of
sediments. Texture of sedimentary rocks and their statistical parameters.
Sedimentary structures, their classification, morphology and significance.
Classification and description of sedimentary rocks. Provenance of sediments.
Diagenetic processes and related structures. Concepts of sedimentary facies
and facies associations. Physicochemical controls of the sedimentary
environments. Diagnostic features of fluvial, lagoonal, deltaic, tidal and marine
environments. Tectonic controls of sedimentation.
Scope, concepts and principles of sequence stratigraphy. Stratigraphic tools
and methods. Interpretation of seismic, outcrop and well data. Core analysis.
Biostratigraphy and chronstratigraphic charts. Applications to depositional
systems: fluvial, deep marine clastic, carbonate and organic rich facies.
Hydrocarbon source rocks. Computer modeling of basin fill. Stratigraphic
cycles. Sea level changes: causes and effects. Eustatic sea level curve.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
LAB:
Grain size analysis of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Megascopic and
microscopic study of sedimentary rocks. Separation and identification of heavy
minerals. Study of sedimentary structures. Interpretation of stratigraphic and
seismic data. Facies analysis.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Boggs, Jr., S., 1994, Principles of Sedimentology and
Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
2. Doyle, M. and Benett, M.R., 1998, Unlocking the Stratigraphic Record, John
Wiley & Sons.
3. Hsu, K.I., 2004, Physics of Sedimentology, Springer.
4. Miall, A.D., 1990, Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis, Springer-
Verlag.
5. Pettijohn, F.J., 1975, Sedimentary rocks, Harper & Row.
6. Prothero, D. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, Freeman & Co.
7. Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980, Depositional Sedimentary
Environments, Spring-Verlag.
8. Selly, R.C., 1988, Applied Sedimentology, Chapman & Hall.
Geol. 503: IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Principles of petrology. Crystallization of silicate melts. Granitization and
hybridization. Tectonics and magmatism. Layered igneous rocks. Distribution of
igneous rocks in space and time with reference to Pakistan. Ophiolities,
mélanges and other igneous complexes of Pakistan. Monomineralic rocks.
Metamorphism: grades and facies. Equilibrium in metamorphism, phase
diagrams. Types of metamorphic reactions. Description of important
metamorphic rocks. Development of metamorphic textures. Nucleation, crystal
growth and recrystallization. Relationship of metamorphism to tectonic
processes. Paired metamorphic belts and their tectonic interpretation. Facies
series, metamorphic P-T-t path. Distribution of metamorphic rocks in Pakistan.
LAB:
Microscopic studies of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Best, M.G., 1982, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Freeman & Co.
2. Blatt, H., Tracy, R. and Owens, D., 2005, Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary
and Metamorphic, Freeman & Co.
3. Moorhouse, W.W., 1959, The study of Rocks in Thin-Section, Harper &
Row.
13
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
4. Raymond, L.A., 2003, Petrology; The Study of Igneous, Sedimentary and
Metamorphic Rocks, McGraw-Hill.
5. Turner, F.J., 1981, Metamorphic petrology, McGraw-Hill.
6. Turner, F.J. and Verhoogen, J., 1960, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology,
McGraw-Hill.
7. Whalstrom, E.E., 1980, Theoretical Igneous Petrology, John Wiley & Sons.
8. Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous Petrogenesis, Unwin Hyman Ltd.
9. Winter, J.D., 2001, Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology,
Prentice Hall.
Geol. 504: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Stress: components, types, principal planes and axes of stresses. Mohr circle
for stress. Strain ellipsoid, path and types. Strain quantities. Mohr circle for
strain. Representation of strain. Rheological relationships. Tensile cracking.
Processes of brittle faulting. Formation of shear fractures. Initiation of brittle
deformation. Frictional sliding. Effects of environmental factors in failure. Joints:
arrays, origin and interpretation. Veins and vein arrays. Fault: geometry,
displacement, classification and relation to stresses. Recognition and
interpretation of faults.
Ductile deformation processes. Fold: classification, systems, geometry,
mechanics and kinematic models. Foliation and lineation types, origin and
tectonic interpretation. Foliation in fold and fault zones. Fold and thrust belts in
regional context and mechanics. Thrust geometry and thrust related folding.
Balanced cross sections. Structural features and tectonic setting of major
continental strike slip faults. Extensional tectonics and models of rifting.
Structural analysis.
LAB:
Orthographic and Stereographic Projections, Balanced cross-sections.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Billings, M.P., 1974, Structural Geology, Prentice Hall.
2. Davis, G.H. and Reynold, S.J., 1996, Structural Geology of Rocks and
Regions, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Hatcher, Jr. R.S., 1990. Structural Geology. Principles, concept and
problems, Merrill Publishing Co.
4. Puljim, B.A. and Marshak, S., 2004, Earth Structure: An Introduction to
Structural Geology, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
5. Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I., 1983, The Techniques of Modern Structural
Geology, Vol. 1. Strain Analysis, Academic Press.
6. Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I., 1987, The Techniques of Modern Structural
Geology, Vol. 2. Folds and Fractures, Academic Press.
7. Tearpock, D.J., and Bischke, R.E., 1991, Applied Subsurface Geological
Mapping, Prentice Hall.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
8. Twiss, R.J. and Moores, M.E., 2007, Structural Geology, W.H. Freeman.
Goel. 505: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Composition, origin, migration and accumulation of petroleum. Kerogen types.
Source sediments, reservoir and seal rocks. Types of traps and trapping
mechanism. Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas. Basic concepts of
seismic and geochemical exploration methods. Drilling and well logging.
Reservoir characteristics, drive mechanism, energy and pressure maintenance.
Secondary and enhanced recovery. Petroleum basins of Pakistan. Major oil
fields of the world.
LAB:
Preparation of various types of subsurface maps, e.g. thickness and facies
maps. Preparation of fence diagrams. Visits to well/drilling sites.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Allen, P.A. and Allen, J.R., 1990, Basin Analysis, Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
2. Badgley, P.C., 1959, Structural Method for the Exploration Geologist,
Harper & Brothers.
3. LeRoy, L.W. and Low, J.W., 1954, Graphic Problems in Petroleum
Geology, Harper & Brothers.
4. Magoon, L.B. and Dow, W.G., 1994, The Petroleum System from Source to
Trap, AAPG Memoir 60.
5. North, F.K., 1985, Petroleum Geology, Allen & Unwin.
6. Selly,R.C., 1985, Elements of Petroleum Geology, Freeman & Co.
7. Surdam, R.C., 2008, Traps, Seals and Patroleum System, AAPG Memoir
67.
8. Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H. 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence.
Springer-Verlag.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Geol. 506: PLATE TECTONICS AND MARINE GEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Earthquake seismology - first motion analysis, velocity structure of earth, the
crustal types, mantle and core. Lithosphere and Asthenosphere. Geological
evidences of continental drift. Geomagnetic reversals, magnetic anomalies and
sea floor spreading. Framework of plate tectonics: plate and plate margins and
distribution of earthquakes. Oceanic ridges and continental rifts. Transform
versus transcurrent faults and ocean fracture zones. Subduction zones: general
morphology and gravity anomalies, island arcs, ocean trenches, accretionary
prism, volcanic and plutonic activity and marginal seas. Andean type mountain
ranges. Arc-continent collision. Hot spots and Aulacogens. Breakup of Pangea.
The mechanism of plate tectonics.
Development of marine geology. Contribution of Deep Sea Drilling Project
(DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). Hypsometry, topographic features
of the ocean. Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading, major ocean basins, gulfs
and seas. Geology of continental margins, estuaries, deltas, barrier islands and
coral reefs. Sediment types and distributions; shelf sedimentation, deep sea
sedimentation. Methods and instrumentation in marine geology. Non-living
marine resources.
LAB:
Map exercises and construction of geological cross-sections. Exercises of
Marine Charts, navigation and bathymetry, acoustic seismic profiling.
Geography of the marine environments. Sea floor spreading and plate
tectonics. Marine sediments.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Anderson, R.N., 1986, Marine Geology: A Planet Earth Perspective, John
Wiley & Sons.
2. Cox, A. and Hart, R.B., 1986, Plate Tectonics: How it works, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
3. Kennett, J.P., 1982, Marine Geology, Prentice Hall.
4. Kereay, P., Klepeis, K.A. and Vine, F.J., 2009, Global Tectonics, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
5. Pinet, P.R., 2000, Introduction to Oceanography, Jones & Bartlett
Publishers.
6. Popkin, B.W., Grosline, D.S. and Hammond, D.E., 1987, Laboratory
Exercises in Oceanography, Freeman & Co.
7. Puljim, B.A. and Marshak, S., 2004, Earth Structure: An Introduction to
Structural Geology, WCB/McGraw-Hill.
8. Seibold, E. and Berger, W. H., 1993, The Sea Floor: An Introduction to
Marine Geology, Springer-Verlag.
9. Willey, P.J., 1976, The Way the Earth Works, John Wiley & Sons.
10. Wilson, J.T., 1976, Continents Adrift and Continents Aground, Freeman &
Co.
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Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

Geol. 507: GEOCHEMISTRY exploration of minerals, water, oil and gas and for engineering works.
2+1 Credit Hours Earthquake seismology and geodynamics of Earth.
LAB:
Introduction to geochemistry and basic geochemical principles. The periodic
Qualitative interpretation of geophysical data. Specified assignments/ Projects.
table, elements, origin and global natural abundance of elements, classification
of elements. Crystal chemistry, chemical bonding, ionic radii and coordination,
isomorphism, substitution. Chemical composition and structure of the earth: RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
solid earth, lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere; chemical
processes and aspects of major interactions between lithosphere, hydrosphere, 1. Dobrin, M.B. and Savit, C.H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical
atmosphere and biosphere. Geochemical and biogeochemical cycles of relevant Prospecting, McGraw-Hill.
2. Kearey, P. and Brooks, M., 1991, An Introduction to Geophysical
elements, pathways, and fluxes. Distribution of trace metals in minerals,
Exploration, Osney Mead.
geochemical associations, mobility and dispersion of elements at the earth
3. Kennett, B.L.N., 2002, The Seismic Wave-Field, Interpretation of
surface; geochemical anomalies, their types and their application in mineral
Seismograms on Regional and Global Scales, Cambridge University Press.
exploration.
4. Pujol, J., 2003, Elastic Wave Propagation and Generation in Seismology,
Introduction to organic geochemistry, hydrogeochemistry, environmental Cambridge University Press.
geochemistry and health, geochemistry of rare-earth elements, isotope 5. Robinson, E.S. and Coruh, C., 1988, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John
geochemistry. Wiley & Sons.
6. Sadi, H.N., 1980, Seismic Exploration, Birkhauser Veriag.
LAB:
7. Sharma, P.Y., 1987, Geophysical Methods in Geology, Elsevier.
Geochemical sampling, preparation and dissolution procedures. Introduction to 8. Telford, W.M., Geldart, C.P., Sheriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A., 1976, Applied
quantitative chemical analyses (rocks, sediments, water). Norm Calculation of Geophysics, Cambridge University Press.
igneous rocks and determination of paleotectonic setting.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Geol. 509: FIELD GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
1. Albarède, F., 2003, Geochemistry: An Introduction, Cambridge University 2+1 Credit Hours
Press.
2. Brownlow, A.H., 1996, Geochemistry, Prentice Hall.
Philosophy of field work, Preparation for field work. Safety in the field.
3. Holland, H.D. and Turekian, K.K., 2005, Treatise on Geochemistry,
Instruments used in field. Introduction to topographic and geological maps.
Elsevier.
Methods and techniques of surface and subsurface geological mapping.
4. Krauskopf, K.B., 2003, Introduction to Geochemistry, McGraw-Hill.
Correlation techniques. Field description of sedimentary, igneous and
5. Rollinson, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation and
metamorphic rocks. Methods of section measurements. Study and interpretation
Interpretation, Longman.
of primary and diagenetic structures in sedimentary rocks. Recognition of
6. Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.H. and Webb, J.S., 1983, Geochemistry in Mineral
unconformities. Modes of geological illustrations including structure contour,
Exploration, Whitstable Litho Ltd.
isopach and lithofacies maps, block and fence diagrams. Report writing.
7. Walther, J.V., 2005, Essentials of Geochemistry, Jones & Bartlett
Publishers, Inc.
8. White, W.A. and John-Hopkins, 2003, Geochemistry, University Press. Geomorphic cycles and associated landforms. Lithology and landforms. Effects
of climates on landforms. Fluvial processes and landforms. Erosional and
depositional work of running water, valley and base-level development and its
Geol. 508: GEOPHYSICS types. Drainage basins, drainage pattern, stream meandering and development
2+1 Credit Hours of flood plains. Aeolian processes and landforms, geological work of wind.
Glacier classification and mass balance. Glacial flow processes, glacial erosion,
transportation, deposition and glacial landforms. Coastal geomorphology,
Definition and relation of geophysics with other sciences. Classification and
erosional and depositional work of sea, development of coastal land forms.
description of various branches of geophysics; seismology, geomagnetism,
Landforms produced by tectonics and volcanic activity.
geoelectricity, tectonophysics, gravimetry, geo-thermy and geodesy.
Introduction to various geophysical techniques; gravity, magnetic, seismic, for

17 18
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
LAB:
Study and observation of rocks, primary and secondary structures in the field.
Measurements of distance, height, thickness, attitude of planes and lines.
Location and contact marking. Interpretation of topographic maps.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Aharma, V.K., 1986, Geomorphology of Earth Surface Processes and
Forms, McGraw-Hill.
2. Barnes, W.J., 1991, Basic Geological Mapping, Open University Press.
3. Compton, R.R., 1985, Geology in the Field, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Davis, G.H., 1984, Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, John Wiley &
Sons.
5. Huggett, R., 2002, Fundamentals of Geomorphology, Routledge.
6. Lahee, F.H., 1987, Field Geology, McGraw-Hill.
7. Lillis, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W., 1987, Remote Sensing and Image
Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons.
8. Ritter, D.F., Kochel, R.C. and Miller, J.R., 2006, Process Geomorphology,
Waveland Press.
9. Stow, D.A.V., 2005, Sedimentary Rocks in the Field, A Colour Guide,
Manson Publishing.
10. Thornbury, W.D., 1991, Principles of Geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons.
Geol. 510: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Application of geology in engineering projects. Fundamentals of soil mechanics
and site investigation. Building materials. Geology of site for dams, tunnels,
reservoirs, buildings, highways, bridges and flyovers. Groundwater and its
impact on civil structures, water logging and salinity. Case histories of major
engineering projects.
The hydrologic cycle. Formation of aquifer system and types. Occurrence and
movement of groundwater. Hydrologic properties of rocks and their
measurements. Fluctuation of groundwater levels and causes. Recharge and
discharge of ground water. Groundwater exploration by geologic,
hydrogeologic, remote sensing and geophysical methods. Well hydraulics, tube
well drilling techniques, designing, development and pumping tests.
Groundwater chemistry and quality analysis. Groundwater resources of
Pakistan. Causes and impacts of water table declination.
LAB:
Study of various types of building materials and soils. Physical properties of
rocks, soils and aggregates. Inventory and monitoring of groundwater,
preparation of water table and piezometric surface maps. Study and
preparation of hydrogeologic maps. Graphical presentation of chemical analysis
of groundwater. Field visits to drilling sites.
19
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Beavis, F.C., 1985, Engineering Geology, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Davie, T., 2008, Fundamentals of Hydrology, Routledge Printers.
3. Deming, D., 2002, Introduction to Hydrogeology, McGraw-Hill.
4. Fetter, C.W., 2000, Applied Hydrogeology, Prentice Hall.
5. Kiley, G., 1998, Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill.
6. Todd, K.K., 1995, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons.
B. S. 4th Years
Geol. 601: GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
2+1 Credit Hours
Geomorphic divisions of Pakistan. Geology and stratigraphy of sedimentary
basins of the Indian, Arabian, Afghan and Karakoram plates, Chagai and
Kohistan magmatic arcs. Geology of regional igneous and metamorphic
complexes of Pakistan.
Tectonic divisions of Pakistan and their description. Tectonics of Salt Range,
Kohat-Potwar Plateaus; Swat-Hazara Region, Kohistan Island Arc and Kirthar--
Sulaiman Fold Belts. Chaman Transform Zone and Syntaxes of Pakistan.
Tectonics of Muslimbagh and Bela ophiolites. Makran Subduction Complex.
LAB:
Study and interpretation of geological maps of Pakistan. Construction of cross
sections on Hunting Survey Corporation and Salt Range maps. Study of
representative rocks, minerals and fossils of Pakistan.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bender, F.K. and Raza, H.A., 1995, Geology of Pakistan, Gebruder
Borntraeger.
2. Farah, A. and Dejong, K.A. (eds), 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan,
Geological Survey of Pakistan.
3. Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961, Reconnaissance Geology of Part of
West Pakistan, Colombo Plan.
4. Kazmi, A.H. and Jan, M.Q., 1997, Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan,
Graphic Publishers.
5. Shah, S.M.I., 1977, Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Memoirs of the Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Vol. 12.
6. Tahirkheli, R.A.K., 1982, Geology of Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindukush in
Pakistan, Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar. Spec. Issue 15.
20
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Geol. 602: GEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK AND REPORT WRITING
0+3 Credit Hours
Geological field work, mapping of a selected area and submission of the report.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Barnes, W.J., 1991, Basic Geological mapping, Open University Press.
2. Bender, F.K. and Raza, H.A., 1995, Geology of Pakistan, Gebruder
Borntraeger.
3. Compton, R.R., 1985. Geology in the Field, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961, Reconnaissance Geology of Part of
West Pakistan, Colombo plan.
5. Kazmi, A.H. and Jan, M.Q., 1997, Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan,
Graphic Publishers.
6. Lahee, F.H., 1987, Field Geology, McGraw-Hill.
7. McClay, K.R., 1988. Mapping of Geological Structures, Open University
Press.
8. Shah, S.M.I., 1977, Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of
Pakistan, Memoirs 12.
9. Stem, N. and Stern, R.A., 1993, Computing Information Age, John Wiley &
Sons.
10. Stow, D.A.V., 2005, Sedimentary Rocks is the Field, A Colour Guide,
Manson Publishing.
Geol. 603: WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to well logging. Rock and fluid properties. Petrophysical properties.
Resistivity concepts and invasion profile. Mud logging techniques. Wire line
logging methods. Spontaneous Potential (SP) and Resistivity measuring tools.
Induction and Laterolog, Permeability relationship. Matrix sensitivity logs: GR,
SGR Pe. and image log. Borehole calipers. Porosity-Mineralogy Logs, Density-
Resistivity cross plots. Dip meter logs and their applications. Cased hole logs.
Well testing techniques. Basic log interpretation. Study of depositional
environments using wire line logs.
LAB:
Interpretation of different log types. Specified assignments/projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Asquith, G.B., and Gibson, C.R., 1982. Basic well log analysis for
geologists, AAPG Methods Explor. Ser.,3.
2. Krygowski, D., 2004, Basic well log analysis, Amer. Assn. of Petroleum
Geologist.
3. Labo, J., 1987, A Practical Introduction to Borehole Geophysics, Soc. Expl.
Geophys.
21
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
4. Pirson, S.J., 1983, Geologic Well Log Analysis, Gulf.
5. Schlumberger, 1987, Log Interpretation Principles/Applications,
Schlumberger Educational Services.
6. Sclumberger, 2005, Basic Log Interpretation, Schlumberger Educational
Services.
7. Sclumberger, 2006, Fundamentals of Formation Testing, Schlumberger
Marketing Communications.
Geol. 604: RESERVOIR AND DEVELOPMENT GEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to reservoir development geology. Reservoir rock types: clastics,
carbonates and nonmarine reservoirs. Reservoir properties, depositional and
diagenetic controls. Porosity, permeability and relative permeability. Migration
from source to reservoir rock. Fluid properties and their saturation in reservoir.
Hydrocarbon distribution and fluid contacts.
Reserve estimation methods. Pressure and temperature regimes in the
subsurface. Origin of different pressures and their testing techniques. Drive
mechanisms and recovery efficiencies. Well spacing design criteria. Fractured
reservoirs. Economic projections and decline curves. Secondary and enhanced
oil recovery. Reservoir modeling.
LAB:
Exercises on measurements of rock and fluid properties, reserve estimation
and oil recovery/specified assignments/projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Ahmed T., 2000, Reservoir Engineering Hand Book, GPP.
2. Ashton, M., 1993, Advances in Reservoir Geology, Geological Society of
London.
3. Hobson, G.D., 1977, Development in Petroleum Geology-1, Applied
Science Publications.
4. Jones, R.W. and Simmons M.D., 1999, Biostratigraphy in Production and
Development Geology, Geological Society Special Publication No. 152,
Geological Society of London.
5. Koederitz, L.F., Haveey, A.H. and Honarpour, 1989, Introduction to
Petroleum Reservoir Analysis, Contribution in Petroleum Geology and
Engineering Geology, Gulf Publishing Co.
6. Laudon, R., 1996, Principles of Petroleum Development Geology, Prentice
Hall.
7. Tearpock, D.J. and Bischke, R.E., 2007, Applied subsurface mapping,
Prentice Hall.
22
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Geol. 605: BASIN ANALYSIS
2+1 Credit Hours
Basin classification and model concept. Sedimentation and plate tectonics.
Divergent and convergent plate margin basins. Transform margins and pull
apart basins. Cratonic basins. Petrofacies. Factors controlling basin stratigraphy
and tectonic mechanism. Eustatic sea level changes; causes and response.
Global Cycle Charts (Vail and Haq Curves), Tectonic vs. eustatic controls. The
basin fill depositional style, depositional system and facies models. Sequence
stratigraphy, continental, coastal, near shore and deep sea depositional
systems. Sedimentary basins of Pakistan. Role of basin analysis in hydrocarbon
play assessments.
LAB:
Stratigraphic columns and their correlation. Textural data interpretation.
Paleocurrent data interpretation. Basin mapping methods. Petrofacies analysis.
Interpretation of depositional basins and petroleum plays.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Allen, P.A. and Allen, J.R., 1990, Basin analysis: Principles and
Applications, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Andrew, D.M., 1990, Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis, Springer-
Verlag.
3. Bender, F.K. and Raza, A.H., 1995, Geology of Pakistan, Gebruder
Borntraeger.
4. Einsle, G., 1991, Sedimentary Basin Evolution, Facies and Sediment
Budget, Springer-Verlag.
5. Kadri, I.B., 1995, Petroleum Geology of Pakistan, PPL.
6. Kazmi, A.H. and Jan, Q., 1997, Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan, Graphic
Publishers.
7. North, F.K., 1985, Petroleum Geology, Allen & Unwin.
8. Reading, H.G., 1986, Sedimentary Environment and Facies, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
9. Shannon, P.M. and Naylor, D., 1989, Petroleum Basin Studies, Graham &
Totman.
Geol. 606: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Scope of environmental geology. Earth’s materials and dynamic system.
Relationship between processes and risk assessment. Geohazards and their
mitigations. Environmental impacts of mineral development and geotechnical
projects and remedial measures. Air pollution. Environment impact assessment
studies.
23
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Management of water, mineral and energy resources. Water pollution and soil
contamination. Renewable and cleaner sources of energy. Global warming,
desertification and sea level changes. Coastal hazards and marine pollution.
Integrated waste management. Earth’s geochemical cycle: toxicity and
deficiencies, chronic diseases and geological environment.
LAB:
Sampling methods for water, sediments and air. Assigned projects and field
visits.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Carter, R.W.G, 1988, Coastal Environments, Academic Press.
2. Duedall, I.W., Ketchum, B.H., Khilo, P. and Kester, D.R. (eds)., 1985,
Wastes in The Oceans- Volume1,2,3,4,5,6: Environmental Science and
Technology, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Keller, E.A., 2005, Introduction to Environmental Geology, Pearson
Prentice Hall.
4. Kiely, G., 1998, Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill.
5. Liu, B.C., 1981, Earthquake Risk and Damage, Westview.
6. Magnus, F. B., 1994, Toxic Substances in the Environment, John Wiley &
Sons.
7. Merritt, et al. (eds), 1998, Environmental Geology, Freeman & Co.
8. Montgomry, C., 1985, Environmental Geology, John Wiley & Sons.
9. Valdia, K.S., 1987, Environmental Geology, Tata McGraw-Hill.
Geol. 607: PETROLEUM EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES
2+1 Credit Hours
Introduction to petroleum exploration techniques. Seismic reflection surveying.
Geometry of reflected ray paths. Multi-channel reflection surveying,
seismogram, survey design and corrections. Migration. Structural and
stratigraphic interpretation of seismogram. Marine reflection surveying. Vertical
seismic profiling. Integration of geophysical data in subsurface mapping. Tying
seismic data and mis-ties. Cross sections. Projection of wells. Three-
dimensional views.
Introduction to surface and near-surface geochemical prospecting methods for
hydrocarbons. Concept and advantages of the technique. Seeps, microseeps
and mechanism of seepage. Geochemical model for microseepage.
Geochemical prospecting method for hydrocarbons. Detail study of
lithogeochemical, hydrogeochemical, atmogeochemical, biogeochemical,
geobotanical, radiometrics and microbiological methods.
LAB:
Interpretation of seismic sections. Sampling of soil, water and vegetation for
prospecting for hydrocarbons. Estimation and interpretation of important
24
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

geochemical parameters for exploration of hydrocarbons. 3. Clarke, K., 2004, Getting Started with Geographic Information Science,
Prentice Hall.
4. Gibsons, P.J., 2000, Introductory Remote Sensing: Principles and
RECOMMENDED BOOKS: Concepts, Routledge.
5. Gupta, R.P., 2002, Remote Sensing Geology, Springer.
1. Badgley, P.C., 1959, Structural Methods for Exploration Geologist, Harper
6. Jensen, J., 2006, Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource
& Brothers.
Perspective, Prentice Hall.
2. Beaumont, E.A. and Foster, N.H., 1988, Geochemistry, AAPG special
7. Langley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F. and Rhind, D.W., 2005, Geographic
publication, No.8 (Treatise on Petroleum Geology).
Information Science; Principles and Application, ESRI Press.
3. Dedesco, S.A., 1995, Surface Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration,
8. Lillesesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W., 2004, Remote Sensing and Image
Chapman & Hall, Inc.
Interpretation, John Wiley and Sons.
4. Dietmar, D., 2003, Geochemical exploration for oil and gas: Assumption,
9. Sabins, F.F., 1996, Remote Sensing; Principles and Interpretation,
applications and recent advances, Integrated Petroleum Consultant.
Freeman & Co.
5. Kearey, P. and Brooks, M., 1991, An Introduction to Geophysical
Exploration, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
6. Russel, W.L., 1955, Structural Geology for the Petroleum Geologists,
Harper & Brothers.
7. Robinson, E.S. and Coruch, C., 1988, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John
Wiley & Sons.
8. Tearpock, D. and Bischke, R.E., 2007, Applied Subsurface Geological
Mapping, Prentice Hall Inc.

Geol. 608: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

2+1 Credit Hours

Scope and development of remote sensing. Types of remote sensing.

Electromagnetic spectrum, sources and sensors. Imaging and non-imaging
systems. Digital image processing. Interaction of different wavelengths with the
earth’s surface. Types of platforms, satellite types and their functions
emphasizing on ERTS. Application of remote sensing in earth sciences.

Evolution and applications of GIS data models (raster and vector data). Data
acquisition, transformation, visualization and classification techniques.
LAB:
Study of aerial photographs and satellite imageries. Photogeological mapping
techniques. Digital analyses of satellite data. Stereoscopic vision and
photogrammetry. Introduction to GIS and satellite data softwares. Data display,
digitization. Coordinate based mapping, map layout and thematic mapping.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A., 1998, Principles of Geographical

Information Systems, Oxford University Press.
2. Campbell, J.B., 2007, Introduction to Remote Sensing, Guilford Press.

25 26
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
OPTIONAL PAPERS
Geol. 611: ORE DEPOSITS
2+1 Credit Hours
Magmatic deposits: ultramafic-mafic Cr-Ni-PGE deposits, ultramafic-mafic Fe-
Ni-Cu sulphide deposits, quartz monzonite-granodiorite Cu-Mo sulphide
deposits and anorthosite-gabbro Fe-Ti deposits. Ore associated with
carbonatites. Hydrothermal vein deposits. Iron and manganese deposits of
sedimentary origin. Stratiform sulphide deposits. Stratabound ores of
sedimentary affiliation. Ores formed by metamorphic processes. Introduction to
tectonic setting and mineralization.
LAB:
Ore dressing methods. Ore microscopy.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Edwards, R. and Atkinson, K., 1986, Ore Deposits Geology, Chapman &
Hall.
2. Evans, A.M., 1980, An Introduction to Ore Geology, Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
3. Mitchell, A.H.J. and Garson, M.S., 1981, Mineral Deposits and Global
Tectonic Settings, Academic Press.
4. Sawkins, F.J., 1984, Mineral Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonics,
Springer-Verlag.
5. Stanton, R.L., 1972, Ore Petrology, McGraw-Hill.
6. Strong, D.F. (ed.), 1976, Metallogeny and Plate Tectonics, Geol. Assoc.
Canada.
Geol. 612: MINING GEOLOGY AND MINERAL PROCESSING
2+1 Credit Hours
Terms and definitions of mine workings. Selection critetria of mining methods
and modes of extraction. Openings through adits, shafts, inclines, vertical cross
cuts. Structural controls in mining: bedding, fractures, joints, faults and folds.
Rock pressure and support for the mine and safety measures. Surface and
underground mapping methods. Mining hazards and safety measures. Waste
disposal management. Impact of mining on land, water, air and biological
resources. Remedies, long term planning and rehabilitation.
Scope and principles of mineral prossessing. Measures of efficiency of mineral
separations. Sampling systems and sampling errors. Particle size measurement.
Mineral liberation techniques and classification. Mineral concentration using
gravity, magnetic and other separating methods. Use of reagents, collectors,
frothers, depressants and activators. Precious and other metals recovery
methods. Dewatering techniques, thickening, filtering, drying, flocculants and
filter aids.
27
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
LAB:
Specified assignments/projects. Visits to the operative mines and mineral
processing plants.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Hartman, H.L., 1992, SME Mining Engineering Hand book, Society of
Mineral Exploration.
2. Leonard, J.W., 1997, Coal Preparation, SME, Littleton Co.
3. McKinstry, H.B., 1948, Mining Geology, Prentice Hall.
4. Weiss, N. (ed.), 1985, Mineral Processing Handbook, SME. Littleton Co.
5. Peters, W.C., 1978, Exploration and Mining Geology, John Wiley and Sons.
Geol. 613: INDUSTRIAL MINERALOGY AND MINERAL ECONOMICS
2+1 Credit Hours
Mineralogy, physical and chemical properties of industrial rocks and minerals.
The geological setting, exploration methods and uses. Natural abrasive raw
materials and their properties. Mineralogy and chemistry of raw materials for
ceramics, cement, glass, agriculture, chemicals and refractories. Beneficiation
of industrial minerals. Environmental impacts of mining and mineral Industries.
Estimation of ore reserves. Factors affecting mine size, grade and distribution of
ore body. Prediction and estimation of cost of mine development and operation.
Revenue calculation. Taxable income, income tax, net profit. Risk minimization,
sensitively analysis and risk management, limiting financial losses.
Development decisions based on economic evaluation.
LAB:
Specified assignments/projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Chatterjee, K.K, 2004, An Introduction to Mineral Economics, New age
International Publications.
2. Gordon, R.L. and Tilton, J.E., 2008, Mineral Economics, Elsevier.
3. Kesler, S.E., 1994, Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment,
MacMillian College Publisher Co.
4. Rudawsky, O., 1986, Mineral Economics: Developments in Economic
Geology, Elsevier.
5. Shrivastava, K.L., 2008, Economic Mineralization, Scientific Publishers.
Geol. 621: ROCK MECHANICS
2+1 Credit Hours
Fabric and mechanical nature of rocks. Determination of rock quality for
engineering purpose. Stress and strain behavior of different rock types. Rock
mass strength. Theories of failure. Types of fractures. Rock deformation under
28
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
compression. Factors controlling mechanical behavior of rocks. Excavation
methods of rocks. Distribution of stresses around underground excavations.
Measurement of in situ stresses. Dynamic models. Use of photoelasticity in rock
mechanics. Wave propagation in rocks.
LAB:
Determination of physical and mechanical properties of rocks. Specified
assignments/projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Beavis, F.C., 1985, Engineering Geology, Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
2. Brady, B.H.G. and Brown, E.T., 1985, Rock Mechanics for Underground
Mining, Allen & Unwin.
3. Franklin, J.A. and Dusseault, M.B., 1989, Rock Engineering, McGraw-Hill.
4. Jeager J.C., Cook, N.G.W. and Zimmerman, R.W., 2008, Fundamentals of
Rock Mechanics, Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
Geol. 622: SOIL MECHANICS
2+1 Credit Hours
Concepts of soil mechanics. Soil formation and classification. Analysis of stress
and strain. Compression and swelling. Survey and sampling techniques.
Behavior of soil
before failure. Geotechnical properties of soil: shearing strength, bearing
capacity, consolidation and settlements. Slope stability.
LAB:
Determination of index properties of soil.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Atikson, J., 1993, An Introduction to Mechanics of Soils and Foundations,
McGraw-Hill.
2. Beavis, F.C., 1985, Engineering Geology, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
3. Bowles, J.E., 1984, Physical and Geotechnical Properties of soils, McGraw-
Hill.
4. Murthy, V.N.S., 2007, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, CBS
Publishers.
29
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Geol. 623: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
2+1 Credit Hours
Geological and geophysical surveys. Application of aerial photographs and
satellite data. Drilling and other exploratory methods. Well logging, disturbed
and undisturbed samples. Field testing and applications. Site investigations for
dam and other civil structures. Case histories of various heavy structures in
Pakistan. Analysis of slope stability and protection. Foundation analyses and
evaluation of the design parameters.
Methods of tunnel excavation in different materials. Evaluation of sub-grade
materials, highways and building aggregates.
LAB:
Geotechnical mapping techniques and geotechnical report writing.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Beavis, F.C., 1985, Engineering Geology, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Bell, F.A.G., 1983, Fundamentals of Engineering Geology, Butter Worth.
3. Carter, M., 1983, Geotechnical Engineering Hand Book,
Pentech.
4. Earth Manual Part I, 2000, Earth Sciences and Research Laboratory,
Geotechnical Research, Technical Services centre, Scientific Publisher.
5. Goodman, R.E., 1993, Engineering Geology, John Wiley & Sons.
6. McCarthy, D.F., 1998, Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations,
Prentice Hall Publishers.
7. Singh, A., 1992, Modern Geotechnical Engineering, CBS Publishers.
Geol. 631: SEISMIC METHODS AND SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY
2+1 Credit Hours
Physical principles and theories. Seismic waves. Types of seismic methods.
Velocities of seismic waves in rocks and factors influencing these velocities.
Surveying techniques. Seismic energy sources. Instruments. Data acquisition
and processing techniques. Interpretation, applications and case histories.
Fundamentals of seismic stratigraphy. Concepts and models of various
depositional systems. Seismic reflections in response to strata surfaces and
unconformities. Seismic sequence analysis. Integration of seismic data with
geology. Seismic facies analysis. Reflection character analysis. Geologic
interpretation, of structural and stratigraphic traps.
LAB:
Assignments on data processing, analysis and interpretation.
30
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Geol. 633: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC METHODS
1. Al-Sadi, H.N., 1980, Seismic Exploration, Birkhauser-Verlag.
2+1 Credit Hours
2. Brown, Jr., L.F. and Fisher, W.L., 1982, Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation
and Petroleum Exploration, AAPG, CNS 16.
Physical principles and theories. Instrumentation. Planning of the survey and
3. Dobrin, M.B. and Savit, C.H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical
evaluation of errors. Different survey methodologies. Rock
Prospecting, McGraw-Hill.
densities/susceptibilities and their measurements. Isostasy. Data acquisition
4. Kearey, P. and Brooks, M., 1991, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting,
and reduction. Gravity/magnetic anomalies. Interpretation: Regional fields and
Osney Mead.
residual anomalies, Derivatives, continuation of the field, two and three
5. Milson, J., 1989, Field Geophysics, Open University Press.
dimensional modeling. Application and case histories.
6. Robinson, E.S. and Coruh, C., 1988, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John
Wiley & Sons.
7. Sharma, P.V., 1987, Geophysical Methods in Geology, Elsevier.
LAB:
8. Telford, W.M., Geldart. L.P. and Sheriff, R.E., 1990, Applied Geophysics,
Cambridge University Press. Problems on data acquisition, processing and interpretation /specified
assignments /projects.

Geol. 632: GEOMAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM

2+1 Credit Hours RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

Principles of magnetism, geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Present
geomagnetism, secular variation, geomagnetic field reversal. Physical and
chemical bases of paleomagnetism. Origin of natural remnant magnetization,
mineralogy of magnetic minerals. Environmental magnetism. Applications of
palemagnetism in earth sciences.
LAB:
Excercises on data acquisition, processing and interpretation. Specified
assignments /projects.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bozorth, R.M., 1951, Ferromagnetism, Van Nostrand Publishers.
2. Butler, R.F., 1992, Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic
Terranes, Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
3. Campbell, W., 2008, Introduction of Geomagnetic Fields, National Centre
for Atmospheric Research.
4. Carmichael, R.S., 1984, Practical Hand Book of Physical Properties of
Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press.
5. Smith, W.F., 1990, Principles of Material Science and Engineering, Mc
Graw-Hill.
6. Yoshida, M., Khadmi, I.M. and Ali, M., 1994, Magnetic Approaches to
Geological Sciences, Part I, II and III, GSP-JICA.
1. Burges, R.H., Jones, C., Shoehan, A., Sheehan, A.F. and Jones, C.H.,
2006, An Introduction to Applied Geophysics, Norton & Co.
2. Dobrin, M.B. and Savit, C.H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical
Prospecting, McGraw-Hill.
3. Kearey, P. and Brooks, M., 1991, An Introduction to Geophysical
Exploration, Osney Mead.
4. Milson, J., 1989, Field Geophysics, Open University Press.
5. Pick, M., Picha, J. and Vyskocil, V., 1973, Theory of the Earth’s Gravity
Field, Elsevier.
6. Robinson, E.S. and Coruh, C., 1988, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John
Wiley & Sons.
7. Sharma, P.V., 1987, Geophysical Methods in Geology, Elsevier.
8. Telford, W.M., Geldart. L.P. and Sheriff, R.E., 1990, Applied Geophysics,
Cambridge University Press.
Geol. 634: ELECTRICAL AND RADIOMETRIC METHODS
2+1 Credit Hours
Fundamentals of current flow in the earth. Electrode arrangements and field
procedures. Processing and interpretation of resistivity data. Field procedure,
data acquisition and interpretation of self-potential, Induced polarization and
electromagnetic methods. Study of case histories. Physical principles and basic
theory of radiometric method. Radioactivity of rocks. Radioactive dating
methods. Field surveys and instruments. Data processing, interpretation and
applications.

31 32
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
LAB:
Assignments on data acquisition, processing and interpretation.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Asquith, G.B., and Gibson, C.R., 1982. Basic well log analysis for
geologists, AAPG Methods Explor. Ser.,3.
2. Burges, R.H., Jones, C., Shoehan, A., Sheehan, F. and Jones, C.H., 2006,
An Introduction to Applied Geophysics, Norton & Co.
3. Dobrin, M.B. and Savit, C.H., 1988, Introduction to Geophysical
Prospecting, McGraw-Hill.
4. Milson, J., 1989, Field Geophysics, Open University Press.
5. Moone, P.L., 1986, Drilling Practices Manual, Pen Well.
6. Telford, W.M., Geldart. L.P. and Sheriff, R.E., 1990, Applied Geophysics,
Cambridge University Press.
Geol. 641: OCEANOGRAPHY
2+1 Credit Hours
Morphology of ocean floor. Chemical and physical nature of seawater.
Temperature, Salinity and density of sea water. Oceanic heat budget. Mixing
processes in the oceans. Light and sound in the ocean. Gases in seawater.
Oceanic circulation: surface circulation and thermohaline circulation, ENSO and
Indian Monsoon. Coastal and ocean upwelling. Upwelling zones and ocean
sedimentary record. Ocean waves and Tides. Sea level changes. Coastal
oceanography: shorelines and estuaries, continental shelf and its water.
Sources of marine energy: waves, tides, current and OTEC. Oceanographic
tools and technology. The Law of the sea.
LAB:
Solar radiation and heat balance, Seawater temperature and salinity, Water
masses and Temperature-Salinity diagrams, Surface currents, tides, waves,
shallow water waves and coastal processes.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Carter, R.W.G., 1988, Coastal Environments, Academic Press.
2. Dudley, W.C. and Min Lee, 1982, A workbook in Oceanography, Burgess
Co.
3. Emiliani. C., 1981, The Sea, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Gerry, B. (ed.), 1989, Sea water: Its Composition, Properties and Behavior,
Pergamon Press & Open University Press.
5. Pinet, P.R., 2000, Introduction to Oceanography, Jones & Bartlett
33
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Publishers.
6. Popkin, B.W., Grosline, D.S. and Hammond, D.E., 1987, Laboratory
Exercises in Oceanography, Freeman & Co.
7. Stewart, R.H. 2007, Introduction to Physical Ocenography. Texas A and M
University.
Geol. 642: GEOLOGY OF THE ARABIAN SEA.
2+1 Credit Hours
Geological evolution of Arabian Sea. Geology of the coastal regions of Arabian
Sea. Physiographic and structural features of Arabian Sea. Geo-dynamics and
sedimentation of Makran and Indus continental margins. Geology of the Indus
delta and Indus fan systems. Geology of DSDP and ODP-Well sites from
Arabian Sea. Seismic stratigraphy of the northern Arabian Sea. Mineralogy and
geochemistry of Arabian Sea
sediments. Sea level changes, Oxygen Minimum Zone variations and its
influence on Arabian Sea sediments. Sedimentary record of climatic variations
and Himalayan orogeny. Offshore hydrocarbon and mineral resource prospects.
LAB:
Exercises based on national and international geological research cruises data
of Arabian Sea.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Clift, P.D., Kroon, D., Gaedicke, C. and Craig, J., 2005, The Tectonic and
Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region, Geological Society London
Special Publication No.195.
2. Haq, B.U. and Milliman, J.D. (eds.), 1984, Marine Geology and
Oceanography of Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan, Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
3. Legget, J.K. (ed.), 1982, Trench and Fore-arc Geology: Sedimentation and
Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margin, Blackwell Scientific
Publishers.
4. Nair, A.E.M., and Stehli, F.G. (eds.), The Ocean Basins and Margins, The
Indian Ocean, Plenum.
5. Weimer, P. and Link, M.H. (eds.), 1991, Seismic Facies and Sedimentary
Processes of Submarine Fans and Turbidite Systems, Springer.
6. Whitmarsh, R.D. (ed.), 1975, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,
Vol. 23. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Geol. 643: MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY
2+1 Credit Hours
The geochemical cycle and the composition of ocean water. The transport of
material to ocean, nutrients, organic carbon and carbon cycle in seawater.
34
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

Trace elements in the ocean, Residence time and reactivity of elements. The RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
composition of oceanic suspended matter. The geochemistry of marine
1. Bradshaw, P.M.D., Clew, D.R. and Walker, J.L., 1973, Exploration
sediments, sediment interstitial waters and diagenesis. Organic matter
Geochemistry, Barringer Research.
production, accumulation and preservation. Marine carbonates, Isotopes in
2. Elliott, I.L. and Letcher, W.K., 1974, Geochemical Exploration, Elsevier.
marine geochemistry. Chemical characteristics of hydrothermal vent fluids,
3. Govett, G.J.S., 1993, Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration: Handbook
Geochemistry of ferromanganese deposits in the ocean. Geochemical proxies
of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier.
and global environmental history. Pollution in the sea. Geochemical models.
4. Joyee, A.S., 1984, Geochemical Exploration, Australian Mineral
LAB: Foundation. Inc.
5. Moon, C.J., Whateley, M.F.G and Evans, A.M. 2005, Introduction to Mineral
Exercises on determination of salinity, residence time and reactivity of major
Exploration, Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
elements. Calculation of chemical fluxes, paleoproductivity and interpretation of
6. Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.S., 1981, Geochemistry in Mineral
geochemical proxies. Geochemical analysis of marine sediments.
Exploration, Academic Press.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Chester, R., 1990, Marine Geochemistry, Chapman & Hall. Geol. 652: PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY
2. Gerry, B. (ed.), 1989, Sea water: Its Composition, Properties and Behavior,
2+1 Credit Hours
Pergamon Press & Open University Press.
3. Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K. and Ehrhardt, M., 1999, Methods of Seawater
Types of biogenic matters and their composition. Impacts of paleogeography
Analysis, Wiley-VCH.
and sedimentary environment on production of organic matter. Geochemical
4. Schulz, H.D. and Zabel, M. (eds.), 2002, Marine Geochemistry, Springer.
conditions for the accumulation and formation of hydrocarbons. Source rock
5. Thiede, J. and Suess, E. (eds.), 1983, Coastal Upwelling: Its Sedimentary
assessment; organic richness, potential and thermal maturity parameters.
Record, Part B: Sedimentary Records of Ancient Coastal Upwelling,
Temperature, time and quantitative modeling of maturity for systems with
Plenum Press.
unconformities, changing gradients and faulting. Kerogen and its types,
6. Tyson, R.V. and Pearson, T.H. (eds.), 1991, Modern and Ancient
generation and composition of petroleum. Source rock-oil-gas relationships.
Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geological Society London Special Publication
Expulsion efficiency. Physicochemical and geochemical assessment of primary
No. 58.
migration. Efficiency and direction of secondary migration.
7. Whelan, J.K. and Farrington, J.W. (eds.), 1992, Organic Matter:
Productivity, Accumulation and Preservation in Recent and Ancient
Sediments, Columbia University Press.
LAB:
Top
Estimation of important geochemical parameters (TOC, EOM and Kerogen) for
Geol. 651: GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION the assessment of source rock.
2+1 Credit Hours

Principles of geochemical exploration. Primary and secondary geochemical RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

environments. Geochemical dispersion, mobility and association of elements.
1. Beaumont, E.A. and Foster, N.H., 1988, Geochemistry, AAPG special
Metallogenic provinces and epochs. Geochemical anomalies: types of
publication, No.8.
anomalies in bed-rock, residual and over burden, drainage sediments and
2. Bernard, C., 2004, Insights into Petroleum Geochemistry, Lavoisier.
natural waters. Background and threshold anomalies. Role of path finder
3. Garg, A.K., Dwivedi, P., Swamy, S.N. and Banerji, V. (eds.), 2000,
elements in mineral exploration. Decay pattern in stream sediments and waters.
Application of different geochemical prospecting and exploration methods for Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration, in the Afro-Asian Region, B.R.
Publishing Corporation.
minerals. Regional and detailed lithogeochemical, hydrogeochemical,
4. Hunt, J., 1995, Petroleum Geology and Geochemistry, Freeman & Co.
geobotanical and biogeochemical surveys. Presentation, statistical treatment
5. Selley, R.C., 1998, Elements in Petroleum Geology, Academic Press.
and interpretation of data.
6. Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984, Petroleum Formation and Occurrences,
LAB: Springer-Verlag.
Introduction to instrumental techniques. Analysis of geochemical samples and
report writing.

35 36
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010 Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Geol. 653: CARBONATE GEOCHEMISTRY
1. Boggs Jr. S., 1992, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Merril Publishing Co.
2+1 Credit Hours
2. Evans, D.J., 2004, A Practical Guide to the Study of Glacial Sediments,
Oxford University Press.
Mineralogy, crystal chemistry and geochemistry of sedimentary carbonate
3. Friedman, G.M. and Sanders, J.E., 1978, Principles of Sedimentology, John
minerals. Mineral dissolution-precipitation, saturation index, solubility diagrams,
Wiley & Sons.
stability diagrams, adsorption, ion exchange, and surface complexation. Kinetic
4. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Sever, R., 1972, Sand and Sandstones,
controlled mineral dissolution-precipitation, solid solutions and phase
Springer-Verlag.
relationship. Abundance, distribution and significance of trace elements in
5. Pettijohn, F.J., 1975, Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row.
carbonate minerals. Major controls on carbonate sedimentation. Depositional
6. Reading, H.G., 1986, Sedimentary Environments and Facies, Blackwell
processes and facies in carbonate rocks. Carbonte depositional systems.
Scientific Publications.
Chemical diagenetic processes. Chemistry of interstitial water. Nomenclature
7. Renieck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980, Depositional Sedimentary
and classification of dolostones. Dolomitization reactions and models.
Environments, Springer-Verlag.
LAB: 8. Tucker, M.E., 1981, Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
Chemical analysis of carbonate rocks. Interpretation of depositional
environments. Staining, calcimetry and XRD techniques.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS: Geol. 662: CARBONATE SEDIMENTOLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
1. Bathurst, R.G., 1964, Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis, Elsevier.
2. Milliman, J.D., 1974, Marine Carbonate, Springer-Verlag.
Texture and mineralogy of carbonate rocks. Classification of carbonate rocks.
3. Mackenzie, F.T., 2005, Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks,
Modern carbonate systems. Dolomites and dolomitization models. Facies
Volume 7: Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier.
models of carbonates. Controls on carbonate sedimentation: biogenic and
4. Morse, J.W. and Mackenzie, F.T., 1990, Geochemistry of Sedimentary
physicochemical. Environments of carbonate sedimentation and tectonics. Reef
Carbonates Developments in Sedimentology Series, Elsevier.
and their development. Diagenesis of carbonates. Geological records of
5. Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G. and Moore, C.H., 1993, Carbonate Depositional
carbonate rocks. Economic importance of carbonate rocks.
Environments, AAPG Memoir 33.
6. Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P., 1990, Carbonate Sedimentology, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
LAB:
Identification of carbonate sediments in hand specimen and thin-sections.
Geol. 661: CLASTIC SEDIMENTOLOGY Microfacies analysis. Staining and XRD techniques.
2+1 Credit Hours

Origin of terrigenous clastic sediments. Detailed study of composition and RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
textures of siliciclastic sediments. Heavy minerals analysis and provenance.
1. Bathurst, R.G., 1964, Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis, Elsevier.
Sedimentary structures and paleo-current analysis. Fluid mechanics in sediment
2. Flugel, E., 2004, Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks; Analysis, Interpretation
transport and deposition. Continental, transitional and marine clastic
and Application, Springer-Verlag.
environments. Depositional environments and tectonics. Turbidity currents and
3. Milliman, J.D., 1974, Marine Carbonate, Springer-Verlag.
turbidites. Diagenesis of clastic rocks.
4. Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G. and Moore, C.H., 1993, Carbonate Depositional
Environments, AAPG Memoir 33.
5. Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P., 1990, Carbonate Sedimentology, Blackwell
LAB:
Scientific Publications.
Petrographic study of clastic rocks. Heavy mineral analysis. Recording, plotting
and analysis of paleocurrent data. Field techniques for the study of clastic
sedimentary rocks.

37 38
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
Geol.663: SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY
2+1 Credit Hours
Classification of sedimentary rocks. Fabric and framework geometry of
sedimentary rocks. Classification, texture, composition and diagenesis of
carbonates, rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous and other rock types.
Provenance of sedimentary rocks. Fluid inclusions. Heavy minerals.
LAB:
Study of texture, mineral composition and diagenesis of various types of
sedimentary rocks in hand specimens and thin sections. Heavy mineral
separation and analysis.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Cefrey, H., 2003, Sedimentary Rocks, Rosen Publishing Group.
2. Greensmith, J.T., 1988, Petrology of the Sedimentary Rocks, George, Allen
& Unwin.
3. Mattern, J., 2006, Sedimentary Rock and the Rock Cycle, Rosen Publishing
Group
4. Pettijohn, F.J., 1975, Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row.
5. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Sever, R., 1972, Sand and Sandstones,
Springer-Verlag.
6. Tucker, M.E., 2001, Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Science Publications.
7. Tucker, M.E., 2003, Sedimentary Rocks in the Field, John Wiley & Sons.
Geol. 671: HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT
2+1 Credit Hours
Hydrologic cycle and water budget. Occurrence of groundwater and aquifer
characteristics. Groundwater movement and well hydraulics. Quality of
groundwater and contamination sources. Mitigation measures. Groundwater
modeling. Sustainable development of groundwater resources in Pakistan.
LAB:
Specified projects/assignments
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Bouwer, H., 1988, Groundwater Hydrology, McGraw-Hill.
2. Brassington, R., 1988, Field Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Denning, D., 2002, Introduction to Hydrogeology, McGraw-Hill.
4. Fetter, C.W., 2000, Applied Hydrogeology, Prentice Hall.
5. Kruseman, G.P., 1988, Hydrology and Groundwater Resources of NWFP
39
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010
WAPDA.
6. Michael, P., 1985, Introduction to Groundwater, George, Allen & Unwin.
7. Ragunath, H.M., 1992, Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
8. Todd, D.K., 1995, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons.
Geol. 672: GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION
2+1 Credit Hours
Groundwater exploration techniques: geological and hydrogeological maps,
aerial photographs and satellite imageries. The application of surface
geophysical methods for groundwater investigation: aquifer geometry, aquifer
properties. Application of well logging techniques in hydrogeology.
LAB:
Field survey and interpretation of available data.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Braissington, R., 1998, Field Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Driscoll, F.G., 1989, Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Filtration System Inc.
St. Paul.
3. Domenico, P.A. and Schwartz, F.W., 1996, Physical and Chemical
Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Fetter, C.W., 2000, Applied Hydrogeology, Prentice Hall.
5. Price, M., 1995, Introducing Grounds Water, Allen & Unwin.
6. Todd, D.K., 1980, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons.
7. Walton, W.C., 1970, Groundwater Resource Evaluation, McGraw-Hill.
8. Ward, R.C. and Robinson, M., 1990, Principles of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill.
Geol. 673: GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING
2+1 Credit Hours
Groundwater problems in site selection and construction of dams and other
mega structures. Geotechnical logging and grouting techniques. Groundwater
table and its flow into excavations. The principles and applications of
dewatering. The effect of groundwater on soil and rock strength. Deep aquifers
testing and groundwater flow analysis into underground workings.
Hydrogeology of mining areas. The analysis of ground subsidence related to
groundwater obstruction.
LAB:
Case studies related to site selection of dams and other engineering
projects.
40
Syllabus for B.S in Geology, University of Karachi Approved in 2010

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Brassington, R., 1988, Field Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Delleur, J.W., 1999, The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering, Springer.
3. Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater, Simon & Schuster Co.
4. Kashif, A.I., 1986, Groundwater Engineering, McGraw-Hill.
5. Kono, L., Nishigaki, M. and Komatsu, M., 2003, Ground Water
Engineering-Recent Advances, Taylor & Francis.
6. Nalton, W.C., 1991, Principles of Groundwater Engineering, CRC Press.
7. Wilson, E.M., 1991, Engineering Hydrology, MacMillian Education Ltd.
8. Yong, R.N. and Thomas, H.R., 2004, Geoenvironmental Engineering:
Integrated Management of Groundwater and Contaminated Land, Thomas
Telford.

41