Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Q1 Mod5 The-Brain
Q1 Mod5 The-Brain
Personal
Development
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
The Brain: Parts, Function &
Societal Relationship
1
Personal Development – Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: The Brain: Parts, Function and Societal Relationship
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Office Address: _ _
_ _
Telefax: _ _
E-mail Address: _ _
11
Personal
Development
Quarter 1 – Module 5: The
Brain: Parts, Function &
Societal Relationship
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helpin g
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
3
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level
of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
4
What I Need to Know
The brain plays an important role in our consciousness. It is the center of our
being, which makes us who we are, what we are as an existential being. After
all every system in our body are interconnected from our brain (the nervous
system). The ANS and CNS are mainly responsible for the other systems
function well, just like the heart, our skin, our response to hunger and love, etc.
This module was designed and written with you in mind; to understand and
study the underlying concept of the brain, its parts and function, as well as, its
relationship to its body and eventually to others.
5
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
6
8. The brain structure that regulates movement and balance
A. Hypothalamus
B. Pituitary gland
C. Cerebellum
D. Spinal Cord
7
Lesson
The Brain: Parts, Function &
1 Societal Relationship
Our brain is one of the most complex parts of the body that is very much
attributed to the consciousness of the very uniqueness of the self. Studies in
the brain in field of Neuroscience, is a challenging subject course that gives
emphasis on the role of the brain in our everyday function in the society.
Especially, during this pandemic, the ability to cope and handle challenging
situations, also call for the strength of the mind to withstand any stressful
predicament that we face. After all, our brain is a temple for the consciousness
to linger, without a house for the consciousness to think and act, we become
ordinary animal beings, the only consideration that we separated ourselves
from them.
8
What’s In
Instruction: Below is piece of article. Read the article together a member of your
family, have a discussion of whether the decision of the individual in the article
is a rational or logical one or not. Narrate your findings and discussion on the
space provided. You may collaborate with the member of your family to narrate
your discussions. You may also try to look some follow-up questions below to
help your discussion.
Follow-up Questions:
1. Do you think the nurse did make the right choice? Explain.
9
2. According to the research done in neuropsychology, biopsychology and
psychiatry, usually people with brain damage usually do not know what
they are doing. In the article given, do you think the nurse has contacted
brain damage to render herself to decide unfairly of her demise? Explain.
3. If you are in the position of the nurse, as a front liner, would you also do
the same, as retribution for your mistake? Why? Why not?
4. Why do you think stress can affect the brain’s function to perceive and
handle problems, especially in traumatic experiences?
Narrative Discussion…
10
What’s New
Instruction: Read the two paragraphs below. After reading, make a simple reflection
about what you have read.
-
-
- Source: Wikimedia
My Reflection…
11
What is It
12
behavior on its own, without any help from the brain. These behaviors, called spinal
reflexes, are automatic, requiring no conscious effort. Example, if you accidentally
touch a hot iron, you will immediately pull your hand away, even before the brain can
actually comprehend the pain or the receptors kicks in. This is due to the nerve
impulses that brings message to the spinal cord, in this case “hot”. The spinal cord
immediately sends out a command via other nerve impulses, telling muscles in your
arm to contract and pull your hand away from the iron. (Although there some specific
parts in the brain that governs other reflexes such as our blinking and sneezing). The
neural circuitry underlying a reflex is called reflex arc. This could be best explained
through situations such as knee jerking, shifting balance of weight of the body, when
stepped broken glass or shards.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) – as the term “outlying” or “beyond” the CNS, this
system handles the CNS’s input and output (depicted in green color). It contains all
portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, right down to nerves in
the tips of the fingers
and toes. The sensory nerves
in the peripheral nervous system
carry messages from the special
receptors in the skin, muscles
and other internal and external
sense organs to the spinal
cord, which sends them along to
the brain. These nerves put us
in touch with both the outside
world and the activities of our
own bodies. Motor (motion-
producing) nerves carry orders
from the central nervous
system to muscles, glands and
internal organs. They enable us
to move our bodies, and they cause
glands to contract and secrete
various substances,
including chemical messengers
called the hormones. This system is
further divided in two parts: the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system. The somatic (body) nervous system, sometimes called the
skeletal nervous system, controls the skeletal muscles of the body and permits voluntary
action. Examples of these are, when you are running, writing, going to work by
walking, doing a lecture in front of the class, following a dance moves or simply
creating your own moves, the somatic system is presently active. The autonomic (self-
governing) nervous system, as the term implies; these are movements or actions that
are involuntary, regulates blood vessels, glands and internal (visceral) organs like the
bladder, stomach and pumping of the heart. The autonomic nervous system works
more or less automatically, without a person’s conscious control. Under the
autonomic system, there are two subdivision,
13
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. These two subdivisions work together
but in opposing ways to adjust the body to changing circumstances (see illustration).
To simplify, the sympathetic system acts like the accelerator of a car, mobilizing the
body for action and an output of energy. It makes you blush, sweat, and it pushes up
your heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic system is more like a brake. It
doesn’t stop the body, but it does tend to slow things down or keep them running
smoothly. It conserves energy and helps the body store it. If you have to jump out of
the way of a preoccupied motorcyclist, sympathetic nerves increase your heart rate.
Afterwards, parasympathetic nerves slow it down again and keep its rhythm regular.
Both system are involved in emotion and stress.
The nervous system can be likened to complex system, a network strands connected
to every fiber or part of the body.
And this system mostly run, just
like in the circulatory system,
blood cells and the like, the
nervous system has a nerve cells
or neurons. This neurons conducts
electromagnetic signal; and are the
basic unit of the nervous system;
and they are held in place by glial
cells (from the Greek word,
“glue”), which also provide them
with nutrients, insulate
them, and remove cellular “debris”
when they die.
Neurons are
communication cells. They
transmit information to, from or
inside of the central nervous
system, and are often called the building blocks of the nervous system. The structure
of a simple neuron differs in every region of the brain, and it differs also in main
function. But the simple neuron has its three (3) major basic structure namely, cell
body, dendrites, and axon.
The Cell Body is shaped roughly like a sphere or a pyramid. It contains the
biochemical machinery for keeping the neuron alive. It is responsible in the
transmission of messages to other neurons.
The Dendrites of a neuron look like branches of a tree, which is used as an
antenna, receiving messages from other nerve cells and transmitting them toward the
cell body.
The Axons can be likened to trunk of a tree, which is slenderer. It transmits
messages away from the cell body to other cells. Axons have branches at their tips, but
these branches are usually less numerous than dendrites. Dendrites and axons give
each neuron a double role: As one researcher in the field of Neurology, a neuron is first
a catcher, then a batter (Gazzaniga, 1988).
14
In adult human beings, axons vary from only a tenth of a millimeter to few feet in
length. The large ones, of course, are found outside the brain. In the peripheral
nervous system, the axons of individual cells collect in bundles called nerves (not to be
confused with nerve cells). The human body has 43 pairs of peripheral nerves, one
nerve from each pair on the left side of the body and the other on the right. Most of
these nerves enter or leave the spinal cord, but the 12 pairs that are in the head go
directly to and from the brain. (the central nervous system also contains bundles of
neuron fibers, but they are called tracts.) Most axons are insulated by a layer of fat
cells called the myelin sheath. A major purpose of this covering is to prevent signals
from adjacent cells from interfering with each other. The myelin sheath is divided into
segments that make the axon look a little like a string of link sausages. When a neural
impulses travels down the axon, it “hops” from one break in the “string” to another,
making direct contact with the nerve cell. This action allows the impulse to travel
faster that it could if it had to move along the entire axon. The thicker the myelin
sheath, the faster the impulse. Nerve impulses travel more slowly in babies than in
older children and adults, because babies’ myelin sheaths have not fully developed.
The communication of neuron to neuron usually involves separated tiny gaps called
synapses.
The Brain
The storage of our memories, the seat of our intelligence (Davis, 1984) and you may
not know it, it is also where our emotions are found (Darwin, 1872; James & Lange,
1884; Cannon & Bard, 1900; Papez, 1937; Macchi, 1989). The brain’s structure is also
as complicated as its counterpart on moving the body itself. In this term, we are also
speaking on how we should feel, elicit emotion, act towards an emergency, our
brain plays an important role in our thoughts, behavior and feelings. The brain have
three (3) main sections divided: Hindbrain, Midbrain and Forebrain. The reflexive or
autonomic behavior is controlled by the Hindbrain a n d Midbrain. The complex
behavior of the individual belongs to controlled area of the Forebrain.
The Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
This part of the brain starts at the base of the skull and the brain
stem. It is the region of the brain in which the medulla oblongata,
pons and cerebellum. The Hindbrain coordinates functions that
are fundamental to survival, including respiratory rhythm,
motor activity, sleep and wakefulness.
The Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
15
cerebral peduncles. Of the 12 cranial nerves, two thread directly from the midbrain
- the oculomotor and trochlear nerves, responsible for eye and eyelid movement.
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Source: Wikimedia
Source: https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-
anatomy/corpus-callosum
These also provided proof that there is no truth that some people use one brain
hemisphere more than the other depending on their personality. Some functions may
be specialized in a particular cerebral hemisphere, but the truth is that we use both
16
hemispheres equally. Even though one hemisphere is specific for a function. The truth
on the matter is that the continuous communication of both hemispheres works far
better. Even, the theory that the establishment of creativity is strictly for the right-
brained or the right hemisphere, on the contrary, there is no specific evidence to really
establish this theory. Creativity is a complex process. According to a study, creative
thinking does not seem to depend on a single mental process or the brain region. Nor
is it particularly associated with the right brain, attention, low level of activation or
synchronization with the alpha waves emitted by the brain (Cerdan, 2017).
A psychologist by the name of Roger W. Sperry was responsible for the theory of the
right and left-brain dominance. Sperry and his colleagues showed that perception and
memory had been profoundly affected, just as they had been in earlier animal
research. In 198, Sperry received a Nobel Prize for his work.
17
What’s More
Instruction: The following exercises is a good opportunity for you the practice
what you have learned from the previous lesson. Our constant use of the brain
is already a practice that we should maintain and be part of our healthy habit
as we venture to the “new normal”. In part 1 write “True” if the statement is
correct and if it is otherwise, change the word, to make the statement correct.
In part 2, provide what is asking. Write the answer on the spaces provided.
Part 1
1. According to research done by the University of New York, our brain
can read the sentence, with just only the first and last letter of the word is in
place. The brain reads by the word, not by letter in every word.
2. Pons are behavioral doings of the brain that are autonomic and does
not require consciousness effort.
3. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic are the two major systems of the
nervous system.
4. Occipital lobe = eyes: Parasympathetic = Liver
5. The Central Nervous = Brain: Somatic System = Sympathetic
System
6. These nerve cells conducts electromagnetic signal; and are the basic
unit of the nervous system.
7. There 3 main sections of the brain, they are Frontal lobe, Temporal Lobe
and Parietal Lobe.
8. The receptacle activating system is a stem extending to its structure
of the brain, usually it screens information and irrelevant information are
filtered out.
9. The Limbic System = Emotional: Basal ganglia = Motor functions
10. White matter = gray matter: Myelin sheath = axon
18
Practice Questions:
1. What are the two types of nervous system? Which system does the spinal cord belong to?
2. The peripheral nervous system has two parts. What activities does each control?
3. When tasked to answer these questions, usually in which hemisphere of the brains we usually use?
Why?
4. In the Autonomic Nervous System, what organs of the body does this system usually handles? Why
they must be in an autonomous fashion?
5. In the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, which lobes usually work together when processing or
retrieving information (memory)? Why?
19
What I Have Learned
1. The Brain is a major part of the Nervous System, responsible for the peripheral
and autonomic responses of the other parts of the system in the body.
2. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is responsible for the processes, interprets
and stores sensory information, considered the central command system,
alongside the spinal cord that acts as the bridge to the different parts of the
body.
3. There two (2) types of the nervous system, the central and peripheral nervous
system. The Peripheral Nervous System, is located beyond the (CNS) and
handles the input and output of the latter. It has two division, autonomic and
Somatic.
4. Autonomic is responsible for actions or responses that are involuntary, while
Somatic, for the voluntary responses.
5. The Autonomic Division has to system, the Parasympathetic; which is tasked
to slow down the actions and responses of the body, while the Sympathetic is
the accelerator, mobilizing the body for action and output of the body.
6. A Nerve Cell or Neuron has three (3) major structures; the axons, the cell body
and the dendrite.
7. The Brain can be divided in to three (3) major parts, each responsible for the
processes of memory, intelligence can be found and emotion that can be
elicited.
8. The Cerebral Cortex which is the cap of the brain, has four (4) Lobes. The
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital Lobes.
9. The Cerebellum is responsible for the cognitive skills, procedural learning and
movement coordination.
10. The Corpus callosum is a bridge that connects the interaction of the two
hemispheres of the brain.
11. Understanding the brain from the point of the lateralization of the left and
right hemisphere tend to produce different evidences that suggests the
distinction of the personality. The personality of the individual is complex and
unique, therefore the interaction and communication of both hemispheres is
needed to further understand the complexity of personality in every
individual.
20
What I Can Do
21
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Autonomic System
B. Sympathetic
C. Spinal Cord
D. Parasympathetic
2. Recognizing a long lost friend
A. Pre-Frontal lobe
B. Temporal Lobe
C. Occipital Lobe
D. Parietal Lobe
3. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Colliculi
B. Cerebral Cortex
C. Cerebral Peduncles
D. Tegmentum
4. A dense network for neurons that connects to higher areas of the brain
A. Nerve Fibers
B. Pons
C. RAS
D. Mesencephalon
5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Medulla Oblangata
B. Pons
C. Cerebellum
D. Cerebrum
6. A layer of fat cells that insulates to prevent signals from adjacent cells from
interfering with each other.
A. Mitochondrion
B. Glial cell
C. Myelin sheath
D. Broncha’s region
7. Can be likened to a tree trunk, transmits messages away from the cell body
to other cells
A. Dendrites
B. Cell Body
C. Mitochondrion
D. Axons
8. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Blood Vessels
B. Liver
C. Digestive System
D. Sweat Gland
22
9. Giving speech in the class
A. Right Hemisphere
B. Left Brain
C. Pons
D. RAS
10. Latin word for “hood”, this section of the brain involves coordination of the
movements.
A. Colliculi
B. Midbrain
C. Medulla Oblangata
D. Tegmentum
11. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Thalamus
B. Amygdala
C. Hippocampus
D. Pineal Gland
12. Emotional Responses
A. Frontal Lobe
B. Temporal Lobe
C. Pons
D. Occipital lobe
13. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Logic
B. Science and Math
C. Number skills
D. Music Awareness
14. Creativity
A. Neither
B. Either
C. Left Hemisphere
D. Right Hemisphere
15.Wiggling the left big toe
A. Right Hemisphere
B. Left Hemisphere
C. Corpus Callosum
D. Cerebral Cortex
23
Additional Activities
Portfolio Output 5: “My Healthy Resolution Table” (Critical Thinking, Creativity, and
Character-Building)
Instruction: Making a list of resolution is a proactive behavior that leads to an
intended improvement and enhancement. When facing/experiencing th
pandemic times, it is up to us to make our own resolution, as part of our daily
coping mechanism to combat the anxiety of the crisis. In this portfolio you are
asked to remember at least five parts (5) of the brain that you have learned and
want to improve, below is an example of the parts given. You may choose your
own new list. Please follow the example given in that table.
What I can
Parts of the My Healthy My Learning
Its Function do to
Brain Lifestyle Avenue
improve
Ex. Hindbrain Coordinates Every start of the I stay away from I practice
fundamental day, I so some too much coffee, proactive reading,
survival such as simple exercise energy drinks I and usually being
motor activity etc. such as walking have too. Eat sensitive and
and jumping to healthy fruits and critical on the
sustain motor don’t smoke messages of the
activity from the reading materials I
body read.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
24
6
2
What I can do
1. C
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. D
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897366/
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/34/14/5003
https://bjgp.org/content/66/642/44
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/mood-change-
following-bilateral-hemisphere-brain-injury/AAC5D637093914B36C1EA54EE7C5D446
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/rb-trf110518.php
https://blog.cognifit.com/brain-hemispheres/
https://brainmadesimple.com/left-and-right-hemispheres/
https://blog.cognifit.com/brain-hemispheres/
https://human-memory.net/left-and-right-hemisphere-of-the-brain/
https://teenbraintalk.wordpress.com/cerebral-cortex/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex
https://teenbraintalk.wordpress.com/limbic-system/
https://www.britannica.com/science/forebrain
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/forebrain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain
https://psych.athabascau.ca/html/Psych289/Biotutorials/6/midbrain.shtml?
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/midbrain
https://exploringyourmind.com/the-hindbrain-structure-and-functions/
https://psych.athabascau.ca/html/Psych289/Biotutorials/6/hindbrain.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindbrain
https://www.britannica.com/science/hindbrain
https://psychologyhub.co.uk/the-structure-and-function-of-sensory-relay-and-motor-neurons/
https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html
27
https://sites.google.com/site/appsychology54899/unit-2/the-nervous-system
https://imotions.com/blog/nervous-system/
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/12-1-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-
system/
Images:
https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi1.wp.com%2Fbrainmadesimple.com
%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2F959966.jpg%3Fresize%3D435%252C435%26ssl%3D1&imgref
url=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainmadesimple.com%2Fleft-and-right-
hemispheres%2F&tbnid=1NR6F7v5GB0MJM&vet=12ahUKEwjdzZTpxdPpAhXqy4sBHS6xBbcQMygBe
gUIARDWAQ..i&docid=_c2EshvTvxDcvM&w=435&h=435&q=brain%20hemispheres&ved=2ahUKEwj
dzZTpxdPpAhXqy4sBHS6xBbcQMygBegUIARDWAQ
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/lobes-brain
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/563935184568581406/
https://teenbraintalk.wordpress.com/limbic-system/
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-neuron
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/midbrain
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/forebrain
https://www.legalgraphicworks.com/product/brain-cross-sectional-anatomy-functions-2/
https://psychologyhub.co.uk/the-structure-and-function-of-sensory-relay-and-motor-neurons/
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/253749760234917832/
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fd2jmvrsizmvf4x.cloudfront.net%2FWxSvl
epvTE6FWe3JoQB4_Screen%2BShot%2B2016-06-
22%2Bat%2B9.48.42%2BAM.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsocratic.org%2Fquestions%2Fwhat-is-
the-difference-between-the-peripheral-nervous-system-and-the-central-
ner&tbnid=KJwlWAQh5mTugM&vet=10CBEQxiAoAmoXChMIuOvS5KrJ6QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY..i&d
ocid=OvBncBlr8za23M&w=239&h=295&itg=1&q=the%20cns%20and%20pns&ved=0CBEQxiAoAmoX
ChMIuOvS5KrJ6QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY
28
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
29