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Chapter 18 - Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction - Cross My Heart and Hope To Live Level III
Chapter 18 - Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction - Cross My Heart and Hope To Live Level III
Chapter 18 - Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction - Cross My Heart and Hope To Live Level III
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Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 18: Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Cross My Heart and Hope
to Live Level III
Julia M. Koehler; Alison M. Walton
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email User Services (userservices@mheducation.com) for more
information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize the signs and symptoms of heart failure.
Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Outline a monitoring plan for heart failure that includes both clinical and laboratory parameters.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I’ve been more short of breath lately. I can’t seem to walk as far as I used to, and either my feet are growing or my shoes are shrinking!”
HPI
Rosemary Quincy is a 68yearold AfricanAmerican woman who presents to her family medicine physician for evaluation of her shortness of breath
and increased swelling in her lower extremities. She reports that her shortness of breath has been gradually increasing over the past 4 days. She has
noticed that her shortness of breath is particularly worse when she is lying in bed at night, and she has to prop her head up with three pillows in order
to sleep. She also reports exertional dyspnea that is usual for her, but especially worse over the past couple of days.
PMH
Hypertension × 20 years
CHD with history of MI in 2005 (PCI performed and bare metal stents placed in LAD and RCA)
Heart failure (NYHA FC III)
Type 2 DM × 25 years
Atrial fibrillation
COPD (GOLD 3, group D)
CKD (stage 4)
FH
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Father died of lung cancer at age 71, mother died of MI at age 73.
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SH
COPD (GOLD 3, group D)
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CKD (stage 4)
FH
Father died of lung cancer at age 71, mother died of MI at age 73.
SH
Reports occasional alcohol intake. States she has been trying to follow her lowcholesterol and lowsodium diet. Former smoker (35 packyear history;
quit approximately 10 years ago).
Meds
Valsartan 160 mg PO BID
Furosemide 40 mg PO BID
Warfarin 2.5 mg PO once daily
Carvedilol 3.125 mg PO BID
Pioglitazone 30 mg PO once daily
Glimepiride 2 mg PO once daily
Potassium chloride 20 mEq PO once daily
Atorvastatin 40 mg PO once daily
Aspirin 81 mg PO once daily
Albuterol MDI, two inhalations by mouth q 4–6 hours PRN shortness of breath
Tiotropium DPI 18 mcg, one inhalation by mouth daily
Fluticasone/salmeterol DPI 250 mcg/50 mcg, one inhalation by mouth BID
All
Lisinopril (cough)
ROS
Approximate 7kg weight gain over the past week. No fever or chills. Denies any recent chest pain, palpitations, or dizziness. Reports worsening
shortness of breath with exertion and threepillow orthopnea. Describes a chronic, dry (nonproductive), hacking cough, which she describes as usual
without recent worsening. No abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, or change in bowel habits. Denies joint pain or weakness.
Physical Examination
Gen
AfricanAmerican woman in moderate respiratory distress
VS
BP 134/76 (sitting; repeat 138/78), HR 65 (irreg irreg), RR 24, T 37°C, O2 sat 90% RA, Ht 5′5″, Wt 79 kg (Wt 1 week ago: 72 kg)
Skin
Color pale and diaphoretic; no unusual lesions noted
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HEENT
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PERRLA; lips mildly cyanotic; dentures
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BP 134/76 (sitting; repeat 138/78), HR 65 (irreg irreg), RR 24, T 37°C, O2 sat 90% RA, Ht 5′5″, Wt 79 kg (Wt 1 week ago: 72 kg)
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Skin
Color pale and diaphoretic; no unusual lesions noted
HEENT
PERRLA; lips mildly cyanotic; dentures
Neck
(+) JVD at 30° (7 cm); no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs/Thorax
Crackles bilaterally, 2/3 of the way up; no expiratory wheezing
Heart
Irregularly irregular; (+) S3; displaced PMI
Abd
Soft, mildly tender, nondistended; (+) HJR; no masses, mild hepatosplenomegaly; normal BS
Genit/Rect
Guaiac (–), genital examination not performed
MS/Ext
3+ pitting pedal edema bilaterally; radial and pedal pulses are of poor intensity bilaterally
Neuro
A & O × 3, CNs intact. No motor deficits.
Labs
BUN 32 mg/dL ALT 27 IU/L
SCr 2.3 mg/dL (baseline SCr 2.1 mg/dL)
eGFR 20 mL/minute/1.73 m2
Glucose 124 mg/dL
BNP 776 pg/mL (BNP drawn 2 months prior: 474 pg/mL)
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ECG
Neuro
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Labs
BUN 32 mg/dL ALT 27 IU/L
SCr 2.3 mg/dL (baseline SCr 2.1 mg/dL)
eGFR 20 mL/minute/1.73 m2
Glucose 124 mg/dL
BNP 776 pg/mL (BNP drawn 2 months prior: 474 pg/mL)
ECG
Atrial fibrillation, LVH
Chest XRay
PA and lateral views (Fig. 181) show evidence of congestive failure with cardiomegaly, interstitial edema, and some early alveolar edema. There is a
small right pleural effusion.
FIGURE 181.
A. PA CXR demonstrates increased vascular markings representative of interstitial edema, with some early alveolar edema. The arrow points out fluid
lying in the fissure of the right lung. Note the presence of cardiomegaly. B. Lateral view of CXR. Arrow points out the presence of pulmonary effusion.
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FIGURE 181.
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A. PA CXR demonstrates increased vascular markings representative of interstitial edema, with some early alveolar edema. The arrow points out fluid
lying in the fissure of the right lung. Note the presence of cardiomegaly. B. Lateral view of CXR. Arrow points out the presence of pulmonary effusion.
No evidence of infiltrates; evidence of pulmonary edema suggestive of congestive heart failure; enlarged cardiac silhouette.
Echocardiogram
LVH, reduced global left ventricular systolic function, estimated EF 20%; evidence of impaired ventricular relaxation, stage 1 diastolic dysfunction
Assessment
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Admit to hospital for acute exacerbation of heart failure
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QUESTIONS
Echocardiogram National Medical Library
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LVH, reduced global left ventricular systolic function, estimated EF 20%; evidence of impaired ventricular relaxation, stage 1 diastolic dysfunction
Assessment
Admit to hospital for acute exacerbation of heart failure
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of heart failure?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s heart failure?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the type and severity of heart failure based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of this patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety,
and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating an acute exacerbation of heart failure and for chronic management of
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s heart failure and other drug
therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect
and prevent adverse events?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Develop a table illustrating the recommended target doses for ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, an angiotensin receptorneprilysin
inhibitor, and βblockers in patients with heart failure with reduced EF.
2 . Research the topic of diuretic resistance, and write a report describing the phenomenon and methods used to overcome it.
3 . Review the guidelines and evidence describing the role of routine BNP monitoring in patients with heart failure.
CLINICAL PEARL
The presence of pitting edema is associated with a substantial increase in body weight; it typically takes a weight gain of 10 lb to result in the
development of pitting edema.
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REFERENCES
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3 . Review the guidelines and evidence describing the role of routine BNP monitoring in patients with heart failure.
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CLINICAL PEARL Access Provided by:
The presence of pitting edema is associated with a substantial increase in body weight; it typically takes a weight gain of 10 lb to result in the
development of pitting edema.
REFERENCES
1. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology
Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147–e239. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019.
2. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a
report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure
Society of America. Circulation 2017;136:e137–e161. [PubMed: 28455343]
3. McMurray JV, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensinneprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993–1004.
[PubMed: 25176015]
4. Yancy CW, Januzzi JL Jr, Allen LA, et al. 2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for optimization of heart failure treatment: answers to 10
pivotal issues about heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert
Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71(2):201–230. [PubMed: 29277252]
5. Mentz RJ, Wojdyla D, Fiuzat M, Chiswell K, Fonarow GC, O’Connor CM. Association of betablocker use and selectivity with outcomes in patients
with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (from OPTIMIZEHF). Am J Cardiol 2013;111:582–587. [PubMed: 23200803]
6. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebocontrolled study. Lancet
2010;367:875–885.
7. Page RL, O’Bryant CL, Cheng D, et al. Drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 2016;134:e32–e69. [PubMed: 27400984]
8. American Diabetes Association. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care
2019;42(1):S103–S123. [PubMed: 30559236]
9. Jackevicius CA, Page RL, Buckley LF, Jennings DL, Nappi JM, Smith AJ. Key articles and guidelines in the management of heart failure: 2018
update. J Pharm Pract 2019;32(1):77–92. [PubMed: 30798691]
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