Professional Documents
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Presentation Seminar LA
Presentation Seminar LA
Presentation Seminar LA
10:00 Introduction
Speaker(s) introduction
Who is OMICRON?
12:00 Lunch
13:00 Power transformers
Methods for PD testing on transformers
Off-line PD testing on transformers (set-up and examples from factories)
On-line PD testing (case studies)
Electrically triggered acoustic measurements for defect localization
2001 2010
© OMICRON Page 3
Sensitive PD measurements
4
1 June 2018
Sensitive PD measurements
Definition from IEC 60270: localized electrical discharge that only partially
bridges the insulation between conductors and which can or can not occur
adjacent to a conductor
Electrical:
Conventional (according to IEC60270) – Measurement results in pC
HF/VHF/UHF
Nonelectrical:
Acoustic
Optical
Chemical
Electrical (IEC 60270) Electrical (HF, VHF)
© OMICRON Page 7
Conventional PD measurement
IEC60270: measurement set-up
IEC60270:2000-12
Conventional PD measurement
IEC60270 Requirements
Wide-band detectors
Narrow-band detectors
∆f
f1 fm f2
9
Conventional PD measurement
Filter output for narrow and wide-band detectors
10
TDR – Time domain reflectometry
> The reflected pulse will also be measured at the near end
> The time delay of these 2 pulses depends on the PD fault position
scope view
near end
far end
u t1 ∆t t2
t
PD fault
measuring location
point
Analog PD measurement system
PD
pC
C R
MPD600 digital PD measurement system with digital
filtering
Communications
PD A Processor
D
V A
D
USB 2.0
+
Power Fiber Optic Cable
-
Management
Unconventional method
Acoustic method
HF-Method
© OMICRON 15
Unconventional method
UHF-Method
UHF-Sensor
16
PD interpretation
Corona discharge cut of the semi conductive layer
17
Noise reduction
Sensitive PD measurements
Sources of noise in a PD circuit
© OMICRON Page 19
Sensitive PD measurements
How does it look?
Page 20
Sensitive PD measurements
Tuning the PD filter for an optimal SNR
© OMICRON
Sensitive PD measurements
Working principle of unit gating
PD
pulse
detected
External gating
channel, usually
nearby the HV
PD
source
pulse
detected
© OMICRON Page 22
Sensitive PD measurements
Working principle of external gating
disturbance
MPD
Gate PD threshold
Unit
time axis
PD pulses
MPD
Unit
time axis
© OMICRON PAGE 23
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature
∆t 1/∆t ~ selectivity
Inner PD source in L1
L2
L3
L3 L1
timeframe
1 µs
noise
L2
L3
L3 L1
timeframe
1 µs
Electrical interferences and outer noise usually have the pulse-like nature of PD
but occur with almost the same amplitude on all three phases of the machine.
© OMICRON PAGE 26
2018-06-01
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3PARD feature
© OMICRON PAGE 27
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature
Ck
CD MPD600
Acquisition
unit
© OMICRON PAGE 28
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature
FFT pulse 1
PD source 1
PD source 2
fc3 fc1
PD source 3
© OMICRON PAGE 29
Sensitive PD measurements
Partial discharges analysis using 3CFRD feature
© OMICRON PAGE 30
Power transformers
1 June 2018
Power transformers
© OMICRON
Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on power transformers
© OMICRON
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
36
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
37
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
Defect localization based on signal analysis (time and frequency domain)
Phase V Phase W
Calibration pulse
PD pulse
39
Factory testing of 115kV/11kV distribution transformer
Defect localization based on acoustic method
40
Power transformers and bushings
Off-line PD measurement on dry-type transformers
6,6 kV dry-type transformer
6.6 kV
11.5 kV
42
Power transformer 230/115 kV
PD activity confirmation
Sensors
© OMICRON PAGE 46
PAGE 161
Acoustic PD measurement
2nd sensor position
PD Location
48
Case study 2: Internal inspection
49
Findings
Power cables
1 June 2018
Power cables
> „... The test voltage shall be raised gradually to and held at 1,75 U0 for 10 s
and then slowly reduced to 1,5 U0 ...”
1,75 U0
10s 1,5 U0
PD Test
Application: Dual-End-PD
l
X t0
Z
MPD 1 MPD 2
© OMICRON Page 57
Testing of power cables
Tuning the PD filter for an optimal SNR
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 220 kV XLPE Cable of 100 m length
PRPD pattern before (a) and after separation and back transformation (b)
5 MHz 7 MHz
9 MHz 11 MHz
2018-06-01 Page: 60
Testing of power cables
61
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970
62
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970
63
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970
OHL terminations
64
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970
65
Testing of power cables
On-site testing: 110 kV internal gas pressure cable of 1.9km length,
manufactured in 1970
66
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 33 kV GIS to XLPE cable terminations
© OMICRON Page: 67
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable
2018-06-01 Page: 68
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable
© OMICRON Page: 69
Testing of power cables
On-site and on-line testing: 20 kV XLPE cable
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
Off-line testing using VLF voltage source
I c = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ C ⋅U
© OMICRON
Testing of power cables
VLF vs 50 Hz voltage source
0,1 Hz 50 Hz
© OMICRON
PD localization based on Time Domain Reflectometry
Reflected
Original PD pulse
PD pulse
© OMICRON
Continuous monitoring of power cables: MONCABLO
OMICRON support during project realization
Customer
cable project
Integration of additional parameters IT structure for cyber security Confirmation of installation quality
Sheath voltage limiters monitoring Safe remote connection SAT with the monitoring system
Sheath current monitoring Remote data evaluation Supervision of SAT
© OMICRON Page 74
Monitoring of 4 x 380 kV buried cable systems – 11 km
75
MONCABLO system elements review
© OMICRON Page 76
Monitoring system installation at the cable terminations
© OMICRON Page 77
Monitoring system installation at the cable terminations
© OMICRON Page 78
Step 1: Monitoring system Site Acceptance Test
79
Step 2: Cable system SAT
1 h; 374 kV; 26.3 Hz
80
After-installation test using the monitoring system
Test of four 380 kV parallel cable lines (12 phases sequentially tested)
Voltage T1 T2
source J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10
PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD
Page 81
Software
Charge (C)
T1 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 T2
© OMICRON Page 82
Software
Scalar values with timestamp Visualize PRPD patterns Automated cluster separation Pulse distribution Navigation panel
© OMICRON Page 83
Software
Automatic multiple PD sources
(cluster) separation
> Click on the separated clusters to obtain its
individual PRPD pattern
> All raw PD data is saved and available
for download for detailed analysis
© OMICRON Page 84
...to remember about MONCABLO
85
Rotating machines
1 June 2018
Rotating machines
> Off-line PD testing on rotating machines (relevant standards and test set-up)
> On-line PD testing on rotating machines
> Architecture of continuous monitoring system
> Data analysis based on case studies
…good to know
> PD bevahiour:
© OMICRON Page 89
What do we evaluate?
© OMICRON Page 90
Offline test: open star point
© OMICRON Page 91
Offline test: open star point
© OMICRON Page 92
How to perform charge calibration
U2 U1
HFCT
V2 V1 Coupling
MPD600
Capacitor
1.2
W2 W1
MPD600
1.1
Offline test IEC 60034-27-1: test voltages
> Test voltage shall be applied in steps (∆U = 0.2 Umax) or continuous ramping (<
1kV/s)
© OMICRON Page 94
Case studies
Testing of motors 1 MW, 11 kV
Motor data
> Manufacturing year: 1981
> Rated voltage: 6400 V
> Rated power: 5.6 MVA
> Rotational speed: 600 rpm
© OMICRON Page 96
Contamination of windings
© OMICRON Page 97
Case studies
Observations
> High discharges at 7kV up to 100nC
> Very high single discharges at 8kV up to 500nC!!
© OMICRON Page 98
Case studies
Visual inspection
© OMICRON Page 99
Case studies
Visual inspection
(offline) (online)
• 1-channel-measurement • 3-channel-measurement
• good to find insulation faults • high stress only on the front parts
> Defects at OCP and EPG lead to heavy outer PD at end-winding area
> High energy discharge in air cause generation of ozone – O3
> Very aggressive O3 cause further degradation of insulation material
> Reaction at metallic surfaces (aluminum) further cause generation of “sulfites”
> Distribution through cooling system through whole generator
Coupling
capacitors
Add
Protected machines to
enclosure with be monitored
acquisition unit
© OMICRON
MONGEMO: System components
4
1 1
1 2
© OMICRON Page 12
MONGEMO: Acquisition unit
Standard Rating
Vibration EN 60068-2-6 Frequency range 10 Hz … 150 Hz
Acceleration 2 g continuous (20 m/s2),
10 cycles per axis
Shock EN 60068-2-27 15 g/11 ms, half-sinusoid, each axis
Protection class EN 60529 IP 50 (OMS 841 acquisition unit)
IP 65 (OMS enclosure)
MCC 117
17 kV
MCC 124
24 kV
Permanent installation of sensors
Terminal box for periodic monitoring with permanently-installed sensors
> Plug-and-play connection to fix-installed coupling capacitors
> Available with either 3-channel inputs/outputs or 4-channel inputs/outputs
> Protection rating: IP 66 (EN 60529)
> 5m coaxial cables are pre-installed at the terminal box
Protected
enclosure with
acquisition unit
3rd Party monitoring sensors
(i.e. temperature, voltage,
power, H2 pressure, etc.) Central computer
with monitoring
SCADA system
software
Step 1: Automated
PD separation
Step 2: Discrimination
between PD and noise
Step 3: Knowledge
based analysis result
Abbreviation Source
End-winding discharges in
E2
gas / sparking
S4 Improper The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate. The magnitude may
impregnation decrease with the increase of temperature. This type of discharges will not reduce the operation reliability as long
as the size of the cavities doesn’t increase.
S2 Improper The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate, or possibly, the
impregnation negative polarity pulses will predominate. The magnitude of the PD pulses will change as a result of the
Thermal deterioration temperature increase. This is sometimes a sign of delamination between layers of tape. The magnitude of the
Ageing pulses increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc. remain constant)
S1 Improper When negative polarity pulses (on the positive cycle of the voltage) predominate in magnitude the source of the
impregnation PD can be expected to be at or near the copper strands. In the case of multi-turn coils, there may be an
Thermal deterioration inadequate bond between the turn insulation and the groundwall. The time to failure is relative short in
Load cycling comparison with the other type of defects.
S3 Loose windings Positive polarity pulses (on the negative cycle of the voltage) will have higher amplitude than the negative polarity
(damaged conductive pulses. In case of air cooled machines, ozone will be produced. In case of loose windings, it is expected that
coating, loss of positive polarity pulses at least twice the magnitude and ten times the repetition rate of the negative polarity
wedging pressure, pulses. Both amplitude and the repetition rate of the pulses will increase with the machine load (assuming
abrasion) the voltage and temperature remain constant). Changes in temperature may affect the magnitude of the pulses as
well. The magnitude of the pulses increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc.
remain constant). The patterns may show rather a triangular shape. Appears in areas with higher voltage stress
and the time to failure is relative short especially in case of bar/coil vibration.
E1 Surface Negative polarity pulses predominates. The magnitude and repetition rate of the PD pulses are influenced by the
contamination humidity of the surrounding air (or gas). Higher PD has been attributed to the surfaces of the end arms at times
Ageing when the humidity is low. It may form a vertical cloud around 30-40° more often on the positive cycle of the
voltage. In case of hydrogen-cooled machines, surface discharges, will be more prominent at low gas pressure. If
the magnitude and PD pattern shape remains the same at both low and high pressures, the source is not likely to
be from the stator winding (inside the hydrogen seal). On the other hand, if the PD magnitudes increase with
decreased Hydrogen pressure, then the source is likely from the stator winding. The magnitude of the pulses
increases in time (voltage, temperature, load, humidity, gas pressure etc. remain constant).
E2 Insufficient phase-to- The positive and negative polarity PD pulses will be similar in magnitude and repetition rate. The patterns form as
phase clearances or horizontal clouds. A phase shift may be visible in the pattern as this type of PD is triggered by the phase-to-phase
between other voltage. This is a dangerous type of defect as it may result in a phase-to-phase breakdown.
elements
E3 Electrical stress Positive polarity pulses will predominate and their magnitude increases with the increase of temperature. The
Thermal degradation patterns will show a rather rounded shape. This is a slow failure mechanism, even though the PD behavior might
Material be subjected to relatively fast changes due to surface effects.
incompatibility
Overview about slot PD defect types
S1
S2
S3
S3
S4
core winding: mica, paint, epoxy laminated core / stator slot wall
Overview about end winding PD defect types
end winding protection
E3 spacer
outer
winding
protection
E2
E2 E1
S3
E1
conductor
mounting parts
laminated core
Summary of PD classes
high high S2 high
S1 S3 high S3
Delamination winding - main Insulation Slot discharge, semicon paint abrasion Slot discharge, semicon paint abrasion
from conductor – void between inner Delamination of tape layers - bigger - void between stator/ slot iron and - void between stator/ slot iron and
conductor and insulation symmetrical inner micro void insulation insulation
medium
Inner PD + End winding surface Inner PD + End winding surface Insufficient Spacing, Tracking, Sparking, Insufficient Spacing, Tracking, Sparking,
discharge - contamination discharge - contamination Contact, Corona, Floating Potential Contact, Corona, Floating Potential
Connection area between slot corona Connection area between slot corona protection
protection and end winding corona and end winding corona protection, surface Background Noise and Disturbances - Excitation Thyristor – 6 Peaks also 12
protection, surface endwinding discharge endwinding discharge asynchronous with AC and 24 peaks
Summary of PD classes
high S1 high S2 high S3 high S3
Delamination of insulation tapes Delamination of insulation tape Abrasion of slot corona Abrasion of slot corona
from winding conductor layers protection tape / paint protection tape / paint
End-winding surface
Micro voids / cavities Micro void – different scaling Micro void - different scaling discharge / tracking
Discharge between Discharge between Noise (asynchronous noise) Excitation / converter noise
OCP and EPG OCP and EPG
2018-06-01 119
Coupling capacitors comparison
1 June 2018
Coupling capacitors under test
MCC112 250 pF, MCC117 2nF, EATON 80pF, IRIS 80pF, HVPD 1nF, TechImp 470pF
80 pF 500 pF
pre-defected stator bar
Laboratory testing
80 pF 500 pF
Testin of generator
with PD problems
1 June 2018
Typical Sensor Installations #1
2018-06-01 126
Typical Sensor Installations #2
2018-06-01 127
Acquisition unit installation
PD monitoring of two synchronous motors
130
Case study, 15,75 kV 267 MVA turbo generator
131
Case study
Generator data
> Turbo generator (gas turbine)
> Manufacturing year: 1991
> Rated voltage: 16500 V
> Rated power: 180 MVA
> Two generators under monitoring in the same plant
PRPD 3PARD
> After stator cleaning the surface discharge was no longer detected
> PD trend after the generator start-up is not relevant for its condition
> Monitoring results of MKA11 can be use for maintenance planning of MKA12
Generator data
> Hydrogenerator
> Manufacturing year: 1987
> Rated voltage: 16500 V
> Rated power: 140 MVA
> Eight generators under monitoring in the same plant
Generator 1
Generator 6
Generator 2
Generator 7
Generator 3
Generator 8
Generator 4
© OMICRON 139
Case study
Preventive maintenance based on PD monitoring
One year trend
One week trend
© OMICRON 140
Case study
Separation of multiple PD sources Corona protection abrasion (slot exit)
R PRPD 3PARD
S
S
R T
T
Noise
© OMICRON 141
Internal inspection and results
After repair
142
Before repair Before repair
143
Internal inspection and results
144
Thank you!
laurentiu-viorel.badicu@omicronenergy.com
1 June 2018
OMS 605 portable equipment for diagnosis and monitoring
146