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Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
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Parul Chauhan,
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida
Mahender Singh Rawat,
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida
Pammi Gauba*
Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida
*Corresponding Author
ended up breathing many harmful gases and syndrome([7]. According to WHO report Sick
contaminants. Building Syndrome (SBS) describes as the medical
condition where people in a building suffer from
symptoms of illness or feel unwell for no apparent
reason. SBS increases with the time people spend in
the building which also affect their work
performance and personnel relationships [8].
There are number of indoor air pollutants and have
various sources from where they originate in houses
FIGURE 1. Types of gases and their amount and office buildings, some pollutants can be drawn
present in outdoor air pollution[9,10]. from outdoor sources, hence all these pollutants get
Every year about 3 million people die prematurely trapped and accumulates indoor [10].Table 1 shows
due to indoor air pollution.([6].In some cases indoor the different types of pollutants, their sources and
air pollution sources are unknown that causes effects on human health
health issues that is because of sick building
Table 1: Various indoor pollutants, their sources and effects on human health.
Sr. Name of Referen
Sources Effects
No pollutant ces
Interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the brain, heart and [11]
1. Carbon monoxide Fuel ,tobacco combustion other tissues. Also headaches, fatigue and reduced reflexes due to CO
exposure.
Fuel, Tobacco combustion, cleaning, fumes Increases Personal Discomfort. Various Lung and Cardiovascular [12]
2. Particulate Matter
from cooking oils. Disorders.
Arsenic and Diarrhea, Numbness, Skin lesions, Hyperkeratosis, Muscle cramping and [14]
5. Coal combustion
fluorine Death.
7. Aldehydes Furnishing, Construction materials, Cooking. Cancer, Decreases Immunity, Breathing Problems, Headache. [10]
Malignant Tumor, Genetic changes, blood and nerve disorders, Endocrine [15]
8. Pesticides Consumer products, Dust from outside.
Disruption, Reproductive effects.
[12]
10. Lead Wear of painted surfaces. Attack on brain and central nervous system to cause coma.
Biological
11. Moist areas, ventilation systems, furnishings. May causes allergy. Hypersensitive situation occur. [10]
pollutants
Coughing, throat irritation, pain, burning or discomfort in the chest when [14]
13. Ozone Photocopier, printers
taking a deep breath, chest tightness, wheezing and shortness of breath.
14. Hydrocarbons Fuel combustion. Causes cancer, Failure of Nervous System, Tumor , etc. [10]
Trichloroethene Adhesive solvents, Paints, Building and Effects on CNS, Liver, Kidney, Reproductive and immune system and
15. [18]
(TCE) Furniture material, Fabricated metals. may also affect foetal development during pregnancy.
AIR REMEDIATION METHODS is evaporated back into the air leaving behind the
There are several methods used traditionally particles. These lamps work in off mode too [21].
improve indoor air quality. Activated Charcoal or Carbon filters: They are also
HEPA filter: These filter help in grasping all the used as air purifiers due to its adsorptive property,
accumulated dust particles like lead particles, When air passes through filters the carbon adsorbs
brominates fire-retardant chemicals (PBDEs).HEPA all the contaminants and air get purified [21].
filters used with vacuum give best results. They are
commonly known as air purifiers, which are very Many of these methods are in use since a long time
beneficial for the allergic people as it can capture and they are very effective.Due to urbanisation and
large amount of biological and chemical allergens industrialisation the level of pollution is much
[19]. higher now. So, more efficient methods needed to
Mopping: It is a very old method to clean all dusts improve the indoor air quality. Theremust be less
particle settled down on the floor surfaces that is expensive, natural and required low maintenance.As
left behind by vacuum cleaner. Due to water all the HEPA filters,BeeswaxCandles, Activated Charcoal
dust get stick to mobs fibre and provide the clean
Filters cannot be cleaned very frequentlymaking
surface [19].
them non-replaceable and expensive.
Ventilation: In a household deodorant spray, nail
paint, polishing,cleaner, cookingetc. can release Due to the stated limitations of traditional methods
many VOCs that connected to many health a newer natural technique has come in account.
problems. Ventilation help in maintaining the air That is bioremediation, which is a waste
flow, exhaust fans in kitchens, proper windows and management technique that uses organisms to
sunlight exposure in home removes foul odour, remove or neutralize pollutants from contaminated
germs and indoor polluted air [20].
site (Soil, Water and air
Ban on Smoking: Smoking leads to emission of ).This eradication of pollutants can be both in-situ
Volatile organic compounds, Particulate Matter and
carbon monoxide due to burning tobacco, it and ex-situ. The removal, detoxification or
produces a foul smelling smoke which is harmful stabilization of contaminants is by using the natural
for the person which is smoking as well as for the biological, chemical or physical activities of green
passive people in house also as they inhale the same plants.For organic pollutants, it makes use of
air. So avoiding smoking in house it can prevent mechanism like phytostabilization,
manycarcinogenic diseases [20]. phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation and
Beeswax Candles: They arenot only an alternative rhizofiltration. Similarly for inorganic pollutants,
to the paraffin candles but they also ionize the air to mechanisms used are phytovolatilization,
neutralize toxic compounds and other phytostabilization, rhizofiltration and
contaminants.Beewax candles produce the ions phytoaccumulation.
which combined with free floating chemical ions
This is a natural, low cost and solar energy driven
making them heavier and hence fall off to ground
process that is quite effective and eco-friendly
[21].
[22].Precisely, “the use of Plant-based systems to
Salt Lamps: made up of Himalayan Pink Salt can lower the concentration or change the
also help in purification of indoor air. These lamps bioavailability of pollutants in soil or water is
pull toxins from environment and neutralize them commonly referred to as Phytoremediation”[23].A
rendering the air pure. The principle behind their lot of work has been done on phytoremediation of
working is hygroscopy, they attract water molecules soil and water and relatively fewer studies have
with toxins. Hence, when lamp is lit up then water focused on the ability of plants to take up pollutants
from indoor air[22,23].
Table 2: Summarizes various indoor plants and the pollutants eradicated by them.
S PLANT BENZEN OZON TOULEN FORM TRICH AMMON HYDR REFER
r. E E E AND ALDE LORO IA OCAR ENCES
XYLENE HYDE ETHYL BON
N ENE
o.
1. Phoenix roebelenii No No Yes Yes No No No 29,31
(Dwarf date palm)
26 Homalomena No No Yes No No No No 29
. wallisii
(King of hearts)
27 Phalaenopsis spp. No No Yes No No No No 29
. (Moth orchids)
There are various varieties of plants that remove etc. were found in soil in which commonly known
different pollutants from the air such as as mother in law’s tongue had been growing
Pelargonium domesticum,Ficuselastica and Similarly Bacteria such as Aureobacterium,
Chlorophytum comosum that efficiently remove Bacillus, Curtobacterium, Micrococcus,
benzene.C.comosum also removes TCE [24].Plants Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces were found in soil
species like as Hedera helix,hoya of Peace Lily root was effective[32].
carnosa,Asparagusdensiflorus remove VOCs
[4].Sansevieriatrifasciata(snake CONCLUSION
plant),Chlorophytumcomsocum(spider plant)and
Inefficient and polluting household energy systems
Epipremnumaureum are helful in removal of
hold back development through resulting ill health
ozone[25,27].According to NASA report of
effects, constraints on environmental impacts, and
1989,Data from 2 years study was generated on
other factors. Although there is a trend toward
various indoor plants growing in soil and
cleaner and more efficient energy with increasing
microorganism found in their surrounding soil
prosperity, little improvement is in prospect for
environment. It was found that bacterial counts
more than 2 billion of the world's poorest people,
were directly dependent on plants ability of
particularly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
removing pollutants.Bacterial isolates
The number of people who were relying on
likeAlcaligens,Bacillus,Micrococcus,Myxococcus
traditional biomass is actually expected to increase With a range of innovative projects and programs
until 2030. under way in a number of countries and regions of
The development of new energy technologies has a the world, now is an important time to focus
role to play in addressing this problem, many attention and effort on achieving the health, social,
effective interventions are also available. The single and economic gains that should result from
greatest challenge is to dramatically increase the improvements in household energy systems in
access of poor households to cleaner and more developing countries
efficient household energy systems. Much valuable
experience has been gained from successful—and FUTURE ASPECTS
unsuccessful—programs in household energy over
The growing population and improved standards of
the past three to four decades. Despite their
living suggest that air pollution will persist and it
experiences, coherent, evidence-based policy is
will be an increasing problem until and unless the
lacking in most of the countries concerned, where
population is controlled which at present seems a
the lessons from experience now need to be
nearly impossible thing to happen. Since we are all
implemented. Implementation will require greater
aware about the effects of air pollution on both
awareness of the problem at international and
health and environment it is necessary to wake up
national levels, provision of support for national
and do something to protect the present and future
collaborative action, and a focus on supporting
generations. Future researches will most likely
appropriate, mainly market-based interventions.
happen in the highly populated countries like China,
Better information is crucial to this effort, including India, United States of America, etc. where the
stronger evidence of the health effects of IAP problem is more and air pollution is prominent.
exposure; assessment of the social, economic, and Since a lot of work has been done on outer air
environmental benefits of interventions; and pollution, indoor air pollution now needs attention
indicators to monitor progress. Economic analysis and need to be worked upon. With regard to indoor
can help bring the case for action into policy, but it air pollution studying the characteristics of different
needs to be applied at country level and to include a household plants the pollutants that they are
wider range of benefits. Results from analysis at the stabilizing or removing from the air, should be
regional level show that interventions can be cost- done. Even if certain plant is not that much efficient
effective, particularly improved stoves, as long as or effective is eliminating certain pollutant
these interventions can deliver substantial exposure optimisation needs to be done to increase its
reductions in practice. This conclusion, as well as potential of remediation. The pollutants on which
its qualification, is important given the expectation not much work is done should be identified focused
that biomass will remain the principal household and worked upon. Development of transgenic
fuel in many developing countries for more than 20 indoor plants at a faster pace to enhance the process
years. The balance of effort and resources put into of phytoremediation. Guidelines can be set for
promoting cleaner biomass interventions rather than emission of particular pollutant in schools, offices,
cleaner fuels, or vice-versa, will be an important buildings or houses. Finally if one really wants to
policy issue for many countries and for the fight air pollution and get rid of this problem each
international community. and every individual will need to do his or her part
as a whole[33].