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Construction Equipment Management for Engineers, Estimators, and Owners

Book · June 2006

DOI: 10.1201/9781420013993

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 Gransberg, D.D., C. M. Popescu and R.C. Ryan, Construction Equipment Management for Engineers,
Estimators, and Construction Managers, Taylor and Francis Books, Inc., ISBN 0-8493-4037-3; 2006, 544
pages.

https://www.crcpress.com/Construction-Equipment-Management-for-Engineers-Estimators-and-
Owners/Gransberg-Popescu-Ryan/p/book/9780849340376

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Construction Equipment Management for Engineers, Estimators, and Construction Managers
by: Douglas D. Gransberg, P.E., Ph.D., Calin M. Popescu, P.E., Ph.D.
and Richard C. Ryan, C.P.C.
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Heavy Construction Equipment
1.0 The Role of Heavy Construction Equipment
1.2 Tools to Machines
1.3 Development of Earthmoving, Excavating and Lifting Machines
1.4 Heavy Construction Equipment Today
1.5 The Future of Heavy Construction Equipment
References

Chapter 2: Cost of Owning and Operating Construction Equipment

2.0 Introduction
2.1 Ownership Cost
2.1.1 Initial Cost
2. 1. 2 Depreciation
2.1.2.1 Straight-Line Depreciation
2.1.2.2 Sum-of-Years’-Digits Depreciation
2.1.2.3 Double-Declining Balance Depreciation
2. 1. 3 Investment (or Interest) Cost
2. 1. 4 Insurance Tax, and Storage Costs
2.2 Total Ownership Cost
2.3 Cost of Operating Construction Equipment
2.3.1 Repair and Maintenance cost
2.3.2 Tire cost
2.3.3 Consumable cost
2.3.3.1 Fuel Cost
2.3.3.2 Lubricating Oil Cost

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 2.3.3 Mobilization and Demobilization cost
2.3.4 Equipment operator cost
2.3.5 Special Items Cost
2.4 Methods of Calculating Ownership and Maintenance cost
2.4.1 Caterpillar Method
2.4.1.1 Ownership Costs
2.4.1.2 Operating Costs
2.4.2 Corps of Engineers Method
2.4.2.1 Ownership Costs
2.4.2.2 Operating Costs
2.4.3 AGC Method
2.4.3.1 Ownership Costs
2.4.3.2 Operating Costs
2.4.4 Peurifoy/Schexnayder Method
2.4.4.1 Ownership Costs
2.4.4.2 Operating Costs
2.4.5 Comparison of costs calculated by different methods
2.5 Summary
References
LCCA
Sustainability- fuel use, emissions.
Intelligent compaction, intelligent
GPS, GIS, automated machine guidance.
Chapter 3: Equipment Life and Replacement Procedures
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Equipment life
3.1.1 Physical life
3.1.2 Profit life
3.1.3 Economic life

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3.1.3.1 Depreciation costs and replacement
3.1.3.2 Inflation
3.1.3.3 Investment costs
3.1.3.4 Maintenance and repair costs
3.1.3.5 Downtime
3.1.3.6 Obsolescence
3.1.3.7 Summary of costs
3.2 Replacement analysis
3.2.1 Theoretical methods
3.2.1.1 Intuitive method
3.2.1.2 Minimum cost method
3.2.1.3 Maximum profit method
3.2.1.4 The payback period method
3.2.1.5 Mathematical modeling method
3.2.2 Practical methods
3.2.2.1 Public agency methods
3.2.2.1.1 Texas Department of Transportation
3.2.2.1.2 Montana Department of Transportation
3.2.2.1.3 Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
3.2.3 Sensitivity analysis on theoretical methods
3.2.3.1 Sensitivity analysis on minimum cost method
3.2.3.2 Sensitivity analysis on maximum profit method
3.2.4 Comparison and discussion of sensitivity analysis results
3.3 Replacement equipment selection
3.3.1 Replacement decision-making
3.3.1.1 Decision-making foundations
3.3.1.2 Examination of alternatives
3.3.1.3 Decision to invest
3.3.2 General factors

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 3.3.2.1 Machine productivity
3.3.2.2 Product features and attachments
3.3.2.3 Dealer support
3.3.2.4 Price
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Earthmoving, Excavating and Lifting Equipment Selection
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Basic Considerations for Equipment Selection
4.2 Earthmoving and Excavating Considerations
4.2.1 Tires and Tracks
4.2.2 Blades and Buckets
4.2.3 Accessories and Attachments
4.2.4 Earthmoving and Excavating Work
4.2.4.1 Earthmoving and Excavating Work Activities
4.3 Earthmoving Equipment Selection
4.3.1 Bulldozer
4.3.1.1 Bulldozer Production
4.3.2 Front-end Loaders
4.3.2.1 Loader Production
4.3.3 Motor Graders
4.3.3.1 Motor Grader Production
4.3.3.2 Box Blades
4.3.4 Scrapers
4.3.4.1 Scraper Production
4.3.5 Trucks
4.3.5.1 Truck Production
4.4 Excavating Equipment Selection
4.4.1 Excavators

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 4.4.1.1 Excavator Production
4.4.2 Backhoes
4.4.2.1 Backhoe Production
4.4.3 Front Shovels
4.5 Lifting Considerations
4.5.1 Placing a Load
4.5.2 The Operator
4.5.3 Mobilization and Set-up
4.5.4 Booms
4.5.5 Forks
4.5.6 Rigging
4.5.7 Jibs
4.5.8 Hoist Speed
4.6 Lifting Equipment Selection
4.6.1 Cranes
4.6.1.1 Telescoping Boom Mobile Cranes
4.6.1.2 Lattice Boom Crawler Cranes
4.6.1.3 Tower Cranes
4.6.2 Forklifts
4.6.3 Personnel Lifts
References

Chapter 5: Advanced Methods in Estimating and Optimizing Construction Equipment

System Productivity
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Background
5.2 Peurifoy's Method of Optimizing Productivity
5.2.1 Rimpull
5.2.2 Cycle Time and Optimum Number of Units

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 5.3 Phelps' Method
5.3.1 Fixed Time
5.3.2 Variable Time
5.3.3 Instantaneous and Sustained Cycle Time
5.4 Optimizing the Hauling System Based on Loading Facility Characteristics
5.4.1 Load Growth Curve Construction
5.4.2 Belt Conveyor Load Growth Curve
5.4.3 Rounding Based On Productivity
5.4.4 Rounding Based on Profit Differential
5.4.5 Optimizing with Cost Index Number
5.4.6 Selecting Optimum Size Haul Unit
5.4.7 Optimizing the System with a Belt Conveyor
5.4.8 Selecting Optimum Size Loading Facility
5.5 Comments on Optimizing Equipment Fleets
References

Chapter 6: Stochastic Methods for Estimating Productivity

6.0 Introduction
6.1 Background
6.2 Developing mathematical models.
6.2.1 Probability theory
6.2.2 Statistical analysis
6.2.3 Historical data
6.2.3.1 Cost performance data
6.2.3.2 Production performance data
6.2.3.4 Maintenance failure data
6.3 Simulations
6.3.1 Monte Carlo simulation theory
6.3.1.1 Developing Monte Carlo simulation input

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 6.3.1.2 Analyzing Monte Carlo simulation output
6.3.2 Other simulations
6.3.2.1 Developing input
6.3.2.2 Analyzing output
6.4 Expected production
6.4.1 Cost estimating factors
6.4.2 Production management factors
6.5 Validating simulation models
6.5.1 Verifying assumptions and inputs
6.5.2 Sensitivity analysis
References

Chapter 7: Scheduling Equipment-Intensive Horizontal Construction Projects

7.0 Introduction
7.1 Background
7.2 Precedence Diagramming Method
7.2.1 Determining the Critical Path
7.2.1.1 Forward Pass Calculations
7.2.1.2 Backward Pass Calculations
7.2.1.3 Calculating Float
7.2.2 Critical resource identification
7.2.3 Resource loading the schedule
7.2.4 Cost loading the schedule
7.3 Linear Scheduling Method
7.3.1 Identifying production-driven activities
7.3.2 Establishing Production Rates
7.3.3 Lines, bars, and blocks
7.3.4 Converting to PDM
7.4 Developing equipment resource packages

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 7.4.1 Rules for developing crew sizes
7.4.2 Developing crew costs
7.5 Establishing project management assessment parameters
7.5.1 Minimum required daily production
7.5.2 Expected daily production
7.5.3 Allowable cycle time variation
7.5.4 Cost and unit targets
7.6 Summary
References

Chapter 8: Scheduling Lifting Equipment Vertical Construction Projects

8.0 Introduction
8.1 Lifting and Vertical Construction
8.2 Lifting Productivity
8.3 Scheduling Lifting for High-Rise Work
8.3.1 The Lifting Strategy
8.3.2 Typical Lifting Activities for High-Rise Construction
8.4 Concrete Placing Cranes
8.4.1 Bucket Pouring
8.4.2 Pumping
8.4.3 Scheduling and Ordering Concrete
8.5 Tower Crane Erection and Dismantle
References

Chapter 9: Rent, Lease, or Buy Decision

9.0 Introduction
9.1 Acquiring Heavy Equipment
9.2 Financing Methods
9.2.1 Outright Cash Purchase

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 9.2.2 Conventional Financing Purchase
9.2.3 Leasing
9.2.4 Renting
9.2.5 Rent to Own (Rental Purchase)
9.2.5 Rental and Lease Contract Considerations
9.3 Equipment Financing Comparison
9.3.1 Acquisition Comparison
9.4 Rental and Lease Contract Considerations
9.5 The Buy, Lease or Rent Decision
References

Chapter 10: Construction Equipment Maintenance

10.0 Introduction
10.1 Need for a Maintenance Program
10.1.1 Types of Maintenance Programs
10.2 Designing the maintenance program
10.2.1 Define objectives and goals
10.2.2 Establish responsibility and authority
10.2.3 Actions and Controls
10.3 Preventive Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance Management
10.3.1 Preventive Maintenance
10.3.2 Availability and Reliability
10.3.2.1 Availability
10.3.2.1.1 Downtime
10.3.2.1.2 Uptime
10.3.2.1.3 Availability calculation
10.3.2.2 Reliability
10.3.3 Oil sample analysis
10.3.4 Preventive Maintenance Reporting Systems

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 10.4 Maintenance Performance Control
10.4.1 Maintenance Labor Productivity Control
10.4.2 Training
10.4.3 Practical maintenance guidelines
10.5 Preventive Maintenance Programs
10.5.1 Operator Training
10.5.2 Maintenance Guidelines
10.5.3 Maintenance Cost Control Metrics
10.6 Field Maintenance
10.6.1 Field maintenance personnel and support facilities
10.6.2 Design features for field maintenance facilities
10.6.3 Specialized Maintenance Tools
References

Chapter 11: Construction Equipment Site Safety

11.0 Introduction
11.1 Safety is a Profit Center
11.2 The Job Safety Plan
11.3 Heavy Construction Equipment Site Safety Considerations
11.4 Job Safety Analysis for Earthmoving
11.5 Lifting Safety
11.5.1 Safety Considerations
11.5.2 Pre-Lift Meetings
11.6 OSHA Accident Reporting and Record Keeping
11.6.1 Reporting
11.6.2 Record Keeping
11.7 Safety Requirements for Construction Equipment
References

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Chapter 12: Construction Equipment Security
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Security issues
12.2 Theft and vandalism
12.3 Security Programs
12.3.1 Security Planning
12.2.2 Security inventories and markings
12.3.3 Job Site Security
12.3.4 Heavy Equipment Protection
12.4 Insurance
12.4.1 Policy Information
12.4.2 Types of Policies
12.4.3 Rates and Deductibles
12.5 Summary
References

Chapter 13: Inventory Procedures and Practices

13.0 Introduction
13.1 Objectives of inventory control
13.2 Equipment and parts identification
13.2.1 Equipment identification
13.2.2 Parts identification
13.3 Inventory Record Keeping and Management Systems
13.3.1 Paper Based Record Keeping
13.3.2 Electronic Record Keeping
13.4 Equipment Location And Utilization
13.4.1 Geographic Information System applications
13.4.2 Global Positioning System equipment fleet management systems
13.4.3 Comparing GPS systems

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13.5 summary
References

Appendices
Appendix A: Corps of Engineers Equipment Ownership Cost Tables for Chapter 2
Appendix B: Lifting tables and other support material for Chapter 4

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