Republic of the Philippines

BASILAN STATE COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
OFF-SITE CAMPUS STA. CLARA LAMITAN CITY, BASILAN
GE 101 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

Vision: A leading institution of excellent in innovative instruction and creative research and extension programs and projects, directed
towards lasting peace and total human development.

Mission: Basilan State College shall provide quality human resources equipped with adequate knowledge, skills, and attitude in
technological, vocational and professional fields of instruction, research, extension, and production to improve the quality of life of its
clientele.

Core Values:
A – Accountability
C – Commitment
C – Cultural Sensitivity
E – Excellent
S – Service

Basilan State College Hymn

In this island south of our country

Lies a school of higher knowledge
With her goals and our aspirations
We attain and we achieve
With honors filled with her glory
In her halls we learn the truth
Oh! State School we all revere
We vow our praises true!
Oh! Basilan State College
We sing this Hymn for you
We Pledge support forever to work with lofty aims
Hail! Alma Mater help us
In all that’s right and true
Dear Basilan State College
We will live for you!
Dear Basilan State College
We will live for you!

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Introduction
“The art of communication is the language of leadership.” (James Humes)
It is a mistake to believe that communication is a simple process. Although people communicate with one another
every day, the real question is whether the ideas one has expressed are truly understood another. Communication
breakdowns happen in every part of the globe and these have led to plethora of problems. Effective communication can
breach peace, spark revolutions, and affect change in government. However, to communicate properly, one cannot simply
strive to express oneself and leave understanding to fate; one must also learn how to organize one’s thoughts, control one’s
emotions, use one’s words to articulate concepts and arguments, and express oneself in the best way possible.
The art of one’s communication reflect the art of one’s thinking. According to James Berlin (1982), one of the major
proponents of The New Rhetoric, “In teaching writing, we are not simply offering training in a useful technical skill that is
meant as a simple complement to the more important studies of other areas. We are teaching a way of experiencing the
world, a way of ordering and making sense of it” (776).
This is also true when it comes to all the language skills essential in communication, whether this is in writing,
reading, listening, or speaking. They are tools that help us analyze, critique, and negotiate with the world. To construct ideas
and bring people to believe in one’s vision, it is important to be able to communicate in an effective, articulate manner. On a
personal level, honing one’s communication skills can also bring about success to one’s personal and professional life.
To lead nations or corporations, communication skills are essential. To work smoothly as a team, communication is
indispensable. And to create a vision that people will believe in, one needs to learn how to communicate purposefully in
today’s society.
WHAT ARE THE COMMUNICATION MODELS?
Communication Models
One way of thinking about communication processes is by looking at the different communication models available.
According to Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl (2013), in their book Communication Models for the Study of Mass
Communications, “a model seeks to show the main elements of any structure or process and the relationship between these
elements… it helps in explaining by providing in a simplified way information which would otherwise be complicated or
ambiguous.” (2)
Professor Ramona S. Flores (2016), in her book Oral Communication in Context, discusses four models of
communication in the chapter, “Explaining the Nature of Communication.” She discusses the different communication
models as follows (Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Schramm, and White, 2016):
The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains that speakers should
adjust their messages according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect. Let us apply this to a
modern example. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, then US President Franklin Roosevelt
delivered a stirring message to declare a war on Japan on December 8 (National Geographic, 2017).The speaker, in this
case, US President Franklin Roosevelt and his speech was crafted especially for the occasion, filled with strong words that
were crisps and straight to the point. The occasion was the US President’s response to the attack on Pearl Harbor; the main
audience was the US Congress; and the effect was to persuade members of Congress to declare war on Japan, which they
did, with only one dissenting vote. These components of speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect should be
considered when communicating one’s message.
 The Shannon – Weaver model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (Flores, 2006). According to
the website model was Communication.Org, in 1948. Shannon and Weaver wrote an article in the Bell System
Technological Journal entitled “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” According to Flores (2006), this is also often
called the “Telephone Model,” since it was developed because of the technology of a telephone and the experience of
“noise” coming from the switchboard.
The sender would be the person giving the message, while the encoder would be the transmitter who converts the
message into signals. Let us use the modern example of the mobile phone. With our modern example, the encoder would
be the cell phone, and the sender, of course would be the person calling. The decoder, on the other hand, would be the
reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. This is why in the modern parlance, when there is “no
signal “, there is difficulty in decoding the message. The receiver would be the destination of the message by sender which
would be the person who is being called - and when there are problems or “noise” that interferes with the message, then the
receiver would give feedback, which is usually phrased as “choppy”, when the messaged cannot be heard because of the
signal. The messages are transferred by the use of channel, in the case of telephone the channel would be the cables,
while the case of cell phones, the channel would be radio frequencies (Communication Theory.Org). This model can also be
used in the situations, and can tell us how the messages may sometimes get lost because of the noise, which can be
physical or psychological, and how feedback is an essential component of communication to ensure that the message is
successfully received.
 On the other hand, when it comes to Schramm’s model of communication, there two primarily models involved. The
first one is built on the theories of Osgood, which is why this is also known as the Osgood-Schramm model.

Osgood– Schramm Model of Communication

In this model, pay attention to the role of the interpreter. Encoding and Decoding are not automatic process both go
through the filter of interpreter. Therefore, the message may succeed or fail, Based on the interpreters appreciation of the
message. There are times when the receiver and sender may apply different
meanings to the same message, and this termed semantic noise” (Communicative, Theories.org). His second
model, on the other hand, builds this theory about the interpreter into the different fields of experience of the sender and
receiver.

For the message to reach the receiver there must be a common field of experience between the sender and
receiver. Although the receiver might not fully appreciate all the nuances of the message as there parts of the senders
experience that the receiver has no knowledge of, the receiver may still understand the core meaning of the message.
According to Sneha Mishra (2017), this field of experience may constitute “culture, social background, beliefs, experiences,
values and rules.”
The last model is Eugene Whites Stages of Oral Communication. According to Whit, it is possible to begin at any of
stages outlined in his model. People are under the mistaken impression that when we communicate, we usually start with
thinking, but that is not necessary the case. Since it is a circular model, it means that oral communication is a continue
process with no real beginning or end. The most important contribution from Eugene Whites model is the concept of
feedback, which can only be processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener,
Hence, the speaker must also pay attention to the speaker’s verbal and non-verbal cues. (Flores, 2016).

White’s Stages of Oral Communication

T h in k in g S y m b o liz in g

M o n ito rin g E x p re s s in g

F e e d b a c k in g T ra n s m itti n g

D e c o d in g R e c e iv in g

In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that starts with the speaker and ends with the listener there
are many factors that should be considered. When it comes to the message, how the messaged is organized and what field
of experience it comes from should be taken into consideration. When it comes to the sender, the best communication is the
one that involves feedback. Furthermore, there are several kinds of “noise” that may be severely affect the reception of the
message and thus, should be considered and avoided. Cultural differences, technology and interpretation need to be
considered as well. To be good communicators, one needs to pay attention to how people are responding to the message
and adjust accordingly, rather than being pre occupied with simply expressing oneself.

The Tools Needed in Critical/Creative Report

In today’s day and age, everyone is expected to be able to critical and creative reports. This includes lawyers, engineers,
and government employees, not just those who are working in the fields of media and the arts. Modern technology has
made it easier for people complement their reports with arresting visual aids and helpful videos, and has helped
tremendously in the spread of all kinds of information. To succeed in one's academic and professional life, one should be
able to master the report.

What makes a speech What makes a speech so effective it can make the audience
electric? have goose bumps or make them flush in rage or joy?
Some speeches can be so effective they trigger adrenaline, while other speeches, just as effective, trigger a sense of peace
and calm in the midst of chaos. Great speakers have been called hypnotic, magnetic, and charismatic, and this is not just
because they have a compelling message, but because of the captivating manner they deliver these speeches, as well.
Performance. Speeches are performances, and they are delivered best when they have the feel of authenticity and
earnestness. People respond when they think that the one speaking is being honest and sincere, and they respond even
more strongly when they feel that they can relate to the speaker in question. Because of this, a sense of humor helps break
the ice, and strategic shows of vulnerability and concern can make an audience feel closer to the speaker.
Plan the Speech. It is important to express oneself in an expressive and articulate manner. It is best to choose one's words
carefully, and for ensure that one's speech builds on the foundations of logos, pathos, and ethos. To come across as
articulate, one must also nurture a speaking style that is effective, and this style varies from one person to another.
Eye Contact. One way of coming across as authentic is the ability to make good eye contact with the audience, and to
speak in a manner that touches them. It is important fo engage the audience, and eye contact helps in doing that. Some
people, however, have a hard time making eye contact. Should this be the case, if would help to pick out three people from
the audience, placed in a mental triangle from one's position, and try to make eye contact with them instead of the rest of
the people in the room., If one is truly hesitant to look at people's eyes, one may look at their foreheads instead; this creates
the illusion of making eye contact with people without actually doing it. On the other hand, if one is comfortable making eye
contact, it would help to pick out people who seem to be friendly or accommodating to look at, so that when one speaks,
one feels confident and at ease.
Speaking Style. Different people have different speaking styles and one can only find one's personal style through constant
practice. Some people seem to be more effective when they come across as calm, trustworthy, and reasonable, and their
hand gestures seem more open and thoughtful. Others, on the other hand, can get away with bursts of passion and
bombast, infecting the audience with their fervor and enthusiasm.
This is usually matched with pointing and/or punches thrown in the air, to punctuate their speeches and make a strong
impression on the crowd.
Hand Gestures. Whatever kind of speaker one may be, it is always best to be more purposeful when it comes to choosing
hand gestures. Hand gestures can create as much of an impact as the content of the speech itself. They must always look
smooth and natural, rather than robotic or artificial. Hand gestures can be useful signposts in making a point, such as the
usual hand gestures of enumeration. They can signal inclusiveness such as when both hands are stretched towards the
audience palm up, or division, Such as when there are sweeping gestures to indicate difference. Although they are intuitive
in nature, they are extremely Useful when used effectively, and note that these gestures are also culturally informed. Some
hand gestures are considered rude, and it is important to be able to match the appropriate hand gestures to one's audience.
Recording the Speech for Feedback. One of the best practices in public speaking is to videotape speakers, and then have
these speakers watch themselves. It might surprise them that they use hand gestures or mannerisms that distract from or
lessen the impact of their speeches. Some hand gestures are so exaggerated they look like policemen directing traffic, and
some people pepper their speeches with foo much nervous laughter, or fillers like "Umms" and "Uhhhs" in their speech. This
process is usually done inside speech laboratories, where students can access videos of themselves, and allow them to
study their speeches. They can watch for the flaws of their performances, instead of being too dependent on the teacher or
their peers when it comes to constructive criticism.
Peer Evaluation. Unfortunately, not all schools have the means to record their students' speeches. Should this be the case,
it is important to have discerning teachers, coaches, or peers to provide feedback when it comes to the affectivity of one's
speech. It is not enough to be given a grade for the speech, or just be accorded high praise. Feedback from people is
important, and this will be a great fool in improving one speech and one's speaking style in general. Observations can range
from the speaker's posture, one's facial expressions, and one's general appearance. This can also be done alone with the
speaker rehearsing their speech in front of a mirror.
Appearance. When it comes to appearance, it is important of look credible and worthy of respect. In the real world, this
depends a lot on one's audience, as the way one's dresses should match the kind of audience one wants fo impress.
Whether one's audience are corporate clients or creative directors, this should have an influence on the appearance one
presents.
Clothing. Traditional audiences often call for more formal clothing. For men, this would mean donning a suit and fie at the
most formal level, or at the very least, the use of long-sleeved button-down shirts, slacks, and leather shoes. In the
Philippines, the use of a barong and slacks is acceptable. For the women, a pantsuit or a formal coat and skirt ensemble
should suffice. In less formal instances, a dress or blouse and skirt (or slacks) outfit should do as well.
Good Grooming. In addition, good grooming is a must, and that extends to one's hair to one's nails. As long as one looks
neat and clean, that should be enough to satisfy most audience's requirements. Some audiences, however, may require
women to wear more (or less) make-up, don a hijab, or wear high heels - in these instances, it is always best to know the
cultural expectations of the audience and the venue.
Visual Aids. Since we live in a world that is more dependent on information technology, it has become de rigueur for
audiences to expect speeches to be accompanied with visual aids, such as PowerPoint presentations, video or audio clips,
and info graphics. Any off these are acceptable, and in most cases, commendable, as long as they are relevant to the topic
at hand.
PowerPoint Presentations. When it comes to the use of PowerPoint one should ensure that the font size of the text is not
too small. An acceptable size font would be type 24 or larger and the text should be in dark colors for easier reading. The
best PowerPoint presentations are not text-heavy: instead, they are visually oriented, which is why the use of photographs,
illustrations, charts, and the like would better serve one's Use of the medium. Video clips may or may not be embedded in
the presentation, as well as audio clips and animation.
The University of Leicester gives a few guidelines about the use of PowerPoint, as well. When it comes to color, it is best to
be consistent and to have the same color and background schemes for each slide. It also mentions the "six by six rule,"
whereby, "slides should have no more than six bullet points and each bullet point should be no more than six words long".
Although it is good to Use animation, it would be best not to overuse this feature. Once the PowerPoint presentation is
finished, one can view it several ways; one can view it in the "Notes" tab to see the comments and notes for the speaker,
aside from the actual slide presentation and another is the "Slide Sorter" view to see the visual impact of the presentation. A
good rule of thumb is one slide for every two minutes. One should also rehearse the speech while using the presentation,
and check the infrastructure (such as the room, laptop, and projector) before the speech (2017).
Handouts. It would be best to have handouts ready for one's audience, so that members of the audience will not have fo
scramble when faking notes during the presentation. These should be written succinctly, and should have appropriate
citations.
Feedback. Although the speech is a performance, it is also one where is audience can participate, often bythe speaker
asking rhetorical or directing actual questions to the audience. It is always good fo read the verbal and non-verbal cues from
the audience, such as whether they agree with what one is saying or whether they are resisting of certain ideas, mirrored by
their use of body language. The speaker is seen as more responsive and sympathetic to the audience when they modify
their speeches to match the audience's visual cues.
Conclusion. In the end, public speaking is a dynamic performance that is meant to disseminate information, create greater
awareness, and evoke emotions in the audience. It is utilized by teachers, lawyers, politicians, and the like. It has been
used effectively to promote human rights on the street and to create policies in government. Although it is a performance,
the most important speeches in the world have had material effects, such as the speeches of Abraham Lincoln, Susan B.
Anthony, and Martin Luther King, Jr., and these still affect the world today long after their speakers have already been long
gone.

Globalization
Globalization has affected us in numerous ways. Airfare has become cheaper, and one can travel internationally more than
one could in the past. Many Filipinos have decided to work or live abroad, with some of them migrating to other countries. The free
trade of goods and services all over the world has brought multinational companies and foreign investors to our shores. Because of all
of these factors, it is imperative to be aware of the differences between our culture and the rest of the world's cultures.
Because of the advent of the Internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually. One can communicate internationally in a
matter of seconds, whether one is sending an email, chatting in social media, or sending a text message. One can read about different
cultures, and have access to films, academic papers, and the like from countries around the world, and vice versa. Given this
increasingly shrinking world, one should know the difference between the kind of English that we write and speak and the kind of
Englishes that exist outside of the Philippines

World Englishes
David Crystal (2003) begins the first chapter of the book English as a Global Language with the assertion that English is, in
fact. the global language. After giving various examples to support this statement, he questions the assertion by asking, "What does it
mean to say that a language is global?" (Crystal, 2003). In asking this, he considers the implications of English having this status,
especially for its many users who speak different mother tongues.
In The Story of English, Robert McCrum et al. (1986) discuss the "success story" of the rise of English. They also provide a
variety of examples that demonstrate the global presence of English.

Readings in World Englishes

Read "Speak English: The story of a Once-obscure Language and How It Became the Last word in Global Communication,"
excerpted from the Chicago Tribune from the story of English (McCrum et al. 1986).
(First paragraph)
The rise of English is a remarkable success story. When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly 2,000 years ago, English did not exist.
Five hundred years later, English, incomprehensible to modern ears, was probably spoken by about as few people as currently speak
Cherokee-and with about as little influence. Nearly a thousand years later, at the end of the 16th Century, when William Shakespeare
was in his prime, English was the native speech of between 5 and 7 million Englishmen, and it was, in the words of a contemporary, "of
small reatch, it stretcheth no further than this iland of ours, naie not there over all."
(Final paragraph)
The emergence of English as a global phenomenon-as either a first, second or foreign language-has recently inspired the idea
(undermining the above claims) that we should talk not of English but of many Englishes, especially in Third World countries where use
of English is no longer part of the colonial legacy but the result of decisions made since their independence. Throughout the history of
English there has been a contest between the forces of standardization and the forces of localization, at both the written and the
spoken levels. The appearance of the first substantial English dictionaries in the 18th Century was a move towards written
standardization. It was Victorian England that realized the idea of "the Queen's English," a spoken standard to which the "lesser
breeds" could aspire. The industrial revolution meant roads, canals and, above all, trains: People travelled more, both geographically
and socially. The pressures of class ambition speeded the emergence of a standard form of English speech.
It is now a more widely accepted fact that there are many World Englishes, sometimes referred to as "varieties.of English'"
Used in the world. All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the communication needs of its speakers. However, not all are
equal in prestige. Some varieties are more prestigious than others because of social attitudes about the speakers of these varieties.
For example, in the social variety of English called African American English AAE) "used by many (but not all) African Americans in
different regions of the USA," certain features such as 'g-dropping' in words like readin' reading). walkin (walking), and singin' (singing)
are stigmatized" (Yule 2010). This process of stigmatization follows "a regular pattern whereby the social practices, especially speech,
of dominated groups," such as African Americans, "are treated as 'abnormal by those dominant groups who are in charge of defining
'normalYule, 2010). Some scholars, like Ruanni Tupas and Rabdy (2015), Use the term "unequal Englishes" to focus discussions of
"the unequal ways and situations in which Englishes are arranged, configured, and contested." It is important for writers from a
postcolonial context such as the Philippines, which has a conflicted historical relationship with English, to be aware of the political
forces not just economic ones-guiding their use of the language.
The two most well-known varieties of English are those of the colonial superpowers: British English and American English. But
there are many multilingual countries around the world in which varieties of English have developed. This may be because English was
initially "transported" to that country by English-speaking settlers-as in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It could
also be that English may have been brought to that country as a language of conquest by English-speaking colonizers- as in South
Africa, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. In the latter countries, English has a particular role as official language,
medium of instruction, or even language of law and government. English is also studied as a foreign language in some non-English
speaking countries, such as Holland and Yugoslavia, as mentioned earlier by McCrum, and in Korea and Japan. In these countries,
there is less exposure to English, and if is often learned for career progression because it is the language of international business.
As mentioned earlier, all of these World Englishes are equal in functionality, but not all are equal in prestige. The idea,
however, in writing is to adhere to the Standard English of one's country because each variety, including those of the United States and
United Kingdom, has its own peculiar or individual features. These features include differences in spelling, punctuation, favored words
and expressions, and sometimes grammatical constructions. The table that follows gives an example of some of these differences for
American English and British English
Thus, two English speakers- one from the US and the other from the UK-may become confused when encountering the
other's unfamiliar accent and word choices in a conversation and when seeing different spelling and punctuation conventions in writing.
Philippine English, as well, has its unique and idiosyncratic usages. For example, "comfort room" is a Philippine term for
"washroom." "toilet," or "lavatory." When Filipinos say, "There's traffic," they mean "There's heavy traffic." Moreover, the word "salvage"
in the Philippine Context Can mean either "to save" or "to brutally murder, usually for political reasons." Matthew Sutherland, who
writes about Philippine English from an Englishman's perspective talks about the expression "for a while," which he says baffles
foreigners because the expression does not exist outside of the Philippines. The UK's equivalent, he says, is "just a second" or "just a
moment" (quoted in Aguilar, 2004). Similarly, Sutherland notes that "for a while" is frequently used in the Philippines on the telephone,
whereas in the UK, the more typical expression would be "hold on" or "hang on" (quoted in Aguilar, 2004). Importantly, he mentions
that these British idiomatic equivalents would be just as baffling to those unfamiliar with these usages. Filipinos might, in response to
being fold to "hang on," may very well ask, "Hang on to what?"
Sutherland also notes that "every English speaking nation has its own set of English phrases and idioms; English is equally
idiosyncratic in, say, India, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, or Singapore." In other words, there is no wrong way of speaking English as long as
those who speak it understand each other. In fact, Sutherland says, "The many versions of English spoken around the globe merely
serve to make English an even richer tongue." However, the fact that all varieties of English have individual or peculiar usages is why it
is important- in the context of academic and professional writing- to follow a standard. This standard advocates the use of a consistent
spelling and punctuation system. It also avoids colloquial and informal usages, eschewing these in favour of more widely understood
uses or explaining such usages for the reader if it becomes necessary to use them in writing.
The label for this variety is Standard English or depending on the region- Standard American English, Standard British
English, or Standard Philippine English. This is defined as consisting of "the conventional vocabulary and usage of educated speakers
and writers of English" (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). To use this kind of English means to follow a spelling or punctuation system that is
consistent with the prescribed standard. For example, Standard Philippine English follows Standard American usages for spelling,
punctuation, and the formatting of dates. In terms of grammar and diction, Standard English "does not include slang, vulgarisms,
regionalisms, and other constrictions that are considered…unorthodox by those seeking a language acceptable to a general audience"
(Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). In general, then, writers should avoid local idioms, expressions, and constructions like those examples
mentioned, and essentially, to use words that will be clearly understood by English speakers from any region of the world.
 In summary, in everyday speech and informal contexts, one is free to use his or her own variety of English. However in more
formal writing contexts, one should be able to identify which features of this variety may not be understood by other speakers of English
and to use alternatives that will be understood by a wider audience.

Introduction to PUBLIC SPEAKING

The importance of public speaking cannot be denied. Great speeches have moved nations of war and revolution;
they inspire and move people to act. What people say, and how they say it, can get them elected in public office or create a
new movement in society. For the Greeks, public speaking was political in nature, and the spoken word was thought to be
such an important skill that citizens were taught the art of rhetoric.
Public speaking is an important life skill, yet few people master it. In fact, many people are afraid of speaking in
public. However, the significance of public speaking has only gotten stronger in contemporary times. Public speaking
platforms, such as TED Talks and YouTube, have captured and disseminated public speech to an unprecedented scale and
what one says at the spur of the moment can live forever on the Internet. Great speeches have created hope in perilous
situations, and have made people change their minds about the world and their places in it.
According to acclaimed public speakers Dale Carnegie and Joseph Berg Esenwein (2007). "Public speaking is
public utterance, public issuance, of the man himself therefore, the first thing both in time and importance is that the man
should be and think and feel things that are worthy of being given forth."
Although this chapter includes a short history on public speaking, we believe that this is not complete without
actually reading or watching great speeches. Aside from the written speeches included, links are also provided to access
these speeches online, should they be needed. To be able fo understand how to become a good speaker, one needs to
learn how to appreciate a good speech and aspire to have the kind of skills that good speakers have.
There are many public speaking traditions around the world. We will discuss a few of these traditions, from the
more well-known public speaking traditions of the Greeks and Romans, and the public speaking traditions that are found in
the Philippines.
The most well-known public speaking traditions come from the West, specifically from the Greco-Roman tradition.
The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on the island of Sicily, and it began with a practical need. Their government had been
overthrown, a new democracy was formed, and the Greek courts were filled with clashing property claims. The Greek
teacher of rhetoric, Corax, and his student, Tisías, proceeded to help citizens when it came to speaking persuasively in
courts of law, and this led to the expansion of the teaching of rhetoric to mainland Greece. According to Corax.a basic
speech has three parts, the introduction, evidence, and conclusion, and this simple organization of speeches has endured
throughout the ages (Moreale, 2010).
Other famous Greek teachers were Protagoras, the father of debate, who made his students argue for and against
issues of the day, to sharpen their reasoning skills and appreciate different sides of an issue. And there was the famous
Greek philosopher, Aristotle, also known as the father of modern communication. Aristotle wrote a treatise entitled
20"Rhetoric," where he discussed the use of logos (logical argument), pathos (emotional argument), and ethos (the
speaker's character and credibility). in the use of persuasive speaking (Morreale, 2010).
According to Grenville Kleiser (2009), in Successful Methods in Public Speaking, "The great orators of the world did
not regard eloquence as simply an endowment of nature, but applied themselves diligently to cultivating their powers of
expression." The most famous orator in Ancient Greece was Demosthenes. In the 'beginning, he had many flaws when it
came to public speaking, chief among them were his stammer and weak voice. According to Kleiser (2009), Demosthenes
practiced earnestly by "declaiming on the seashore with pebbles in his mouth, walking up and downhill while reciting," and
that his speeches were known for their deliberation and forethought.
On the other hand, the most famous Roman orator was Cicero, whose eloquence was described as a "resistless
torrent" (Kleiser, 2009). Cicero was a statesman who argued that the teaching of rhetoric should be considered an art form,
and that this could be useful in "all practical and public affairs." Cicero believed that in order to prepare a speech, one
should first think of one's listeners and their interests, and to use certain strategies, such as Using humor, questions, etc., to
engage the audience (Moreale, 2010).
The Roman lawyer and educator, Quintilian, also forwarded the idea that public speakers should be ethical.
According to Morreale (2010), the ideal speaker was "a good man speaking well... a good speaker is ethical and of high
character, and speaking well-meant being well-informed and presenting the speech effectively."
It is interesting to note that during these times, women were not allowed to speak publicly in these countries, and
that for a long time, this was true for women in other areas of the world. However, during pre-colonial times, the Philippines
was one of the few places that allowed women to speak in public for the purpose of presiding over religious rituals. These
women were known as the babaylan, priestesses of the community, and along with the warriors of the community, the
mandirigma, they were the leaders of pre-colonial Philippines (Mallari, 2013). Although most of the babayian were women,
babaylan priests also existed, wearing feminine clothing and adopting a feminized role in Philippine society.
The Philippines actually has its own tradition of public speaking. It is called different words in different regions in the
Philippines. According to Montemayor (n.d.). among the Tagalogs, the Karagatan is said to be a game wherein young men
and women duel with each other using words when it comes to talking about love, while the "Huwego de Prenda... is a
game used to entertain guests and the bereaved family during wakes. During the American period. the more widely known
Balagtasan was also staged, on order fo honor Francisco Balagtas, a well-known Filipino poet.
The Balagtasan is "like an ordinary debate, except that one has to reason and argue in verse. Two master poets
are assigned to defend the pros and cons of an issue, and a board of judges sits to determine the winner." At first, this
whole enterprise was scripted and staged, but thereafter, they were made in a more impromptu manner.
When the Americans brought public education in the Philippines, they also brought their public speaking traditions
along with them. The Ameicans wanted to distinguish themselves from the Spanish colonizers by emphasizing public
education, and did so on a massive scale. They did this Using the medium of the English language, which has its own
peculiarities and forms, foremost among them is the dictum to be straightforward. It is anchored on the public speaking
tradition founded on Western Civilization which is based on the Greek and the Roman traditions.
In this manner, the Filipino public speaking tradition brings with it the flamboyant, poetic manner that flourished
under Spanish colonization, and the simpler, methodical public speaking traditions of the West.