A.P. Survey Material

INDEX
1. Introduction of Survey
2. A.P.S&B ACT.1923
3. Methods of Survey Systems in Vogue in A.P.
4. Formation of Fields
5. Process of Resurvey and Supplementary Survey
6. Survey Instruments
7 Drawing Instruments
8 Street Survey in Panchayats and Municipalities
9 Rules to Conduct Town Survey
10 Demarcation of Boundaries in Town Survey
11 Traverse Survey, Computation and Plotting in Town Survey
12 Field boundaries Demarcation in Town Survey
13 Field Inspection, Street Alignment and Preparation of Maps
14 Area Computation
15 Appendix
16 ETS(Electronic Total Station)
17 GPS
18 Differential GPS Survey
19 CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station)
20 Pentax Rover
21 SOP on YSR Jagananna Saswata Bhu Hakku Mariyu Bhu Raksha
Pathakam
22 Global Mapper
23 Image To CAD
24 Quality Check of ORI(Ortho Rectified Image)
25 QGIS Software
26 Auto Generation of final LPM/PPM
1
1. ã¨~ˆ fi ÑïK«Ü∞« =Ú
(INTRODUCTION OF SURVEY)
ã¨~ˆ fi (Survey) :
ã¨~ˆ fi J#QÍ U^Œ~Ú<å ãÖã¨÷ QÆ∞iOz QÍh, U^≥<· å q+¨Ü∞« O QÆ∞iOzQÍh, =ã¨∞=Î Ù QÆ∞iOzQÍh, ã¨=∞„QÆ=∞~Ú#
Ñ¨ÓiÎ q=~°=ÚÅ∞ ¿ãHõiOz âß„ã‘Ü Î ∞« |^ŒOú QÍ J\ì̃ q=~°=ÚÅ#∞ Éè„í ^ŒÑ~¨ K° _« =» Ú.
JÖÏˆQ Éè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# q=~°=ÚÅ∞ ~Ô `· ∞« Å "åsQÍ J#QÍ „Ñ¨f~Ô `· ∞« Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Éè∂í q∞ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞, "å\˜
H˘Å`«Å∞, qã‘~Î =‚° Ú, Ñ¨@=Ú (Map), Éè∫QÀoHõ QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ∞, Éè∂í q∞ `«~=° Ú, ^•xqÅ∞=, tã¨∞Î "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Éè∂í q=~°=ÚÅ∞
JxflÜ«¸ ¿ãHõiOz K«@Ñì ~¨ O° QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz Éè„í ^ŒÑ~¨ K° _« ®<Õfl =∞#O Éè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# 'ã¨~ˆ fi— Jx JO\Ï=Ú.
P=â◊ºHõ`« =∞iÜ«Ú „áê=ÚYº`«« (Necessity & importance) :
„Ñü ~Ô `· ∞« ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#, „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# Éè∂í =ÚÅ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°~‚ ÚOK«∞@, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í =ÚÅ
Ñï~°H} Δõ , „Ñ¨É∞íè `Õfi`«~° J#QÍ Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å #∞O_ç <åºÜ«∞Ñ¨~=° ∞~Ú# tã¨∞#Î ∞ (Assesment) „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi Y*Ï<å‰õΩ
~å|@∞ì@, JÖÏˆQ ~ÀA"ås HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞=ÚÅÖ’ "åi =∞^èºŒ U"≥∞<ÿ å Éè∂í ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì q"å^Œ=ÚÅ∞ `«Öuˇ #Î Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ã¨~ˆ fiKÕã#≤
iHÍ~°∞Å¤ P^è•~°=ÚQÍ "åiH˜ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #, K«@Ñì ~¨ =° ∞~Ú# <åºÜ«∞O, ~°H} Δõ HõeÊOK«∞@, JÖÏ<Õ ÑÖ@Å q=~°=ÚÅ∞
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=Ú `≥eã≤H˘#∞@‰õΩ KåÖÏ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆH~õ =° Ú.
ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù K«i„`« (Historical Back ground) :
„H©.â◊. 1571= ãÖII~° „áêO`«OÖ’ JHõƒ~°∞ ÑïáêÅ#Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ Éè∂í q∞ tã¨∞#Î ∞ „Hõ=∞|núHiõ OK«∞@‰õΩ
ã¨~ˆ fiÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_=» Ú [iy#k. Éè∂í q∞x =∞kOÑ¨Ù KÕã≤ =sæHiõ Oz JÑ¨Ù_»∞ 19 ãÖIIÅ ÑÖ@ ã¨~åãï fã≤,
ÑÖ@Ö’ 1/3= =O`«∞ qÅ∞=#∞ tã¨∞QÎ Í x~°~‚ ÚOK«_=» Ú [iy#k. P `«~∞° "å`« „Ñü Ñ¨k (10) ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ‰õΩ
XHõ™êi |O^À|ã¨∞Î (Settlement) [iˆQk. JHõƒ~°∞ ÑïáêÅ# `«~∞° "å`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ =zÛ# ~åAÖˇ=~°∂ Éè∂í q∞ tã¨∞Î
qkèOÑ¨ÙÃÑ· Z‰õΩ¯= „â◊^úŒ K«∂Ñ¨ÖHË áõ ÈÜ«∂~°∞. Éè∂í q∞tã¨∞#Î ∞ ZÖÏO\˜ xÜ«∞=∞ x|O^è#Œ Å∞ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ,
Ç≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú`«OQÍ, ^Ò~°̊#º=ÚQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. Éè∂í q∞ tã¨∞Î ^•fi~å<Õ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=Ú#‰õΩ Z‰õΩ¯= P^•Ü«∞O =KÕÛk.
1817 = ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÖ’ ~Ô `· ∞« "ås |O^À|ã¨∞Î Ñ¨ûúŒ x „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ@ì=∞x HÀ~°∞"ì å~°∞ É’~ü¤ PÑ¶π _≥~Ô· Hõ~ì #¡° ∞
HÀ~°_=» Ú [iy#k. D Ñ¨ûúŒ „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú „Ñ¨f il+¨~ì ∞° Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞x Éè∂í q∞ Ü«∞[=∂xQÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«_=» Ú [iy#k.
JÖÏˆQ Éèí∂q∞ tã¨∞Î#∞ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi=Ú#‰õΩ „Ñ¨`«ºHõΔ=ÚQÍ K≥e¡OK«_»=Ú [iy#k. Éèí∂q∞x H“Å∞‰õΩ W=fi_»=Ú,
`åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@ì_=» Ú, |Ç¨ï=∞uQÍ W=fi_»=Ú, J=Ú‡H˘#_»=Ú. Éè∂í qã‘~Î =‚° Ú ÃÑOK«∞H˘#∞@, `«yOæ K«∞H˘#∞@QÍx, Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ
=^Œ∞Å∞H˘#_»=ÚQÍh, ÑÖ@ #+ì̈=Ú [iy#KÀ tã¨∞#Î ∞ `«yOæ K«=∞x „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=Ú#∞ HÀ~°_=» Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å∞
~Ô `· ∞« Å‰õΩ ãÖ„Hõq∞Oz#q. tã¨∞#Î ∞ ^è•#º ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ HÍHõ „^Œ=º~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ K≥eO¡ K«_=» Ú "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ k.
1828 #∞O_ç 1853 =∞^èºŒ HÍÅOÖ’ „a\˜+π ÑïáêÅ#Ö’ ÑÖ@Å ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÉÏQÍ `«yáæ È=_»=Ú [iy#k.
Jk 1/4 =O`«∞#‰õΩ Ñ¨_áç È~Ú#k. ^•xÖ’ ~Ô `· ∞« Å∞ tã¨∞Î K≥eO¡ K«_=» Ú Éèií OK«~åx^≥#· k.
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ fi „>ÿ̌xOQ∑ =∂#∞ºÖò – 1= J^è•ºÜ«∞=Ú
2
J\ì̃ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘xfl ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« ÅÖ’ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=ÚÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« _»=Ú [iy#k. Jq....
1) ÃÑ=· ∂+π Ñ¨ûúŒ (Pymash)
1858 ãÖII=Ú Hõ#fl =ÚO^Œ∞
2) 'Y„™ê— Ñ¨^Œ÷u '`«H±— Ñ¨^Œúu (Khasra Tak)

1858 – 1865
3) ™ê^è•~°} „uHÀ} Ñ¨ûúŒ (Simple Triangulation)

1866 – 1877
4) =OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ JO`«~O¡° ÉÏÅ`À „uHÀ} Ñ¨ûúŒ (Triangles with offsets inside
field) 1878 – 1886
5) ã¨=∞`«Å |Å¡ Ñ¨ûúŒ (Plane Table Survey)

1887 – 1891
6) YO_»Ñ@
¨ O Ñ¨ûúŒ (Block map)
1892 – 1896
ã¨~ˆ fi ÑïK«Ü∞« =Ú
3
7) Ñ¨ÙOQÆ#∂~°∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ (Punganoor System)
1918 – 1920
8) qHõ~‚° JO`«~O¡° Éèí Ñ¨ûúŒ (Diagonal & Offset System) 1923 #∞O_ç (PO„^èŒ „áêO`«OÖ’)
1948 ‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó~°fi=Ú ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞‰õΩ ~å*ÏºkèHÍi =ÙO_≥#∞. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~å„+ì̈O U~°Ê_»∞@‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞
ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ÚÖ’ (17) lÖÏ¡Å∞ LO_Õq.
1. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ 2. "≥∞^ŒH± 3. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü
4. x*Ï=∂ÉÏ^£ 5. #ÖÁæO_» 6. PkÖÏÉÏ^Œ∞
7. HõsO#QÆ~ü 8. Y=∞‡O 9. =~°OQÆÖò
10. ~åÜ«∞K«∂~°∞ 11. QÆ∞Åƒ~åæ 12. c^Œ~ü
13. <åO^Õ_£ 14. cè_£ 15. Ñ¨~ƒ° }˜
16. B~°OQÍÉÏ^Œ∞ 17. L™ê‡<åÉÏ^Œ∞
JÑ¨C_»∞ PO„^èÖŒ ’ =Ù#fl ã¨~å¯~°∞ lÖÏ¡Å∞, ~åÜ«∞Åã‘=∞ lÖÏ¡Å∞ =∞„^•ã¨∞ L=∞‡_ç ~å„+Öì Ö’ =ÙO_Õq. `Õn
1–11–1956Ö’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨C_»∞ ÃÑ· K≥ÑÊ≤ # "å\˜Ö’ 1 #∞O_ç 9 =~°‰Ωõ QÆÅ lÖÏ¡Å∞ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò
~å„+ì̈OÖ’#∞, 10 #∞O_ç 12 =~°‰Ωõ Hõ~å‚@HõÖ’#∞, 13 #∞O_ç 17 =~°‰Ωõ =∞Ç¨~å„+¨Öì ’#∞ Hõeã≤#q. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò
~å„+ì̈O U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ê\˜‰Ωõ #∂fl, =∞^Œ~åã¨∞ „ÃÑã≤_h≥ ûÖ’=Ù#fl PO„^è,Œ ~åÜ«∞Åã‘=∞ lÖÏ¡ÅÖ’ ''ã¨~ˆ fi =∞iÜ«Ú É∫O_»s
K«@ìO (PO.„Ñ¨) 1923, `≥ÅOQÍ}ÏÖ’ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ ÖÏºO_£ Ô~"≥#∂º K«@ìO 1317 Ñ¶¨ã‘¡ J=∞Å∞Ö’ Ü«Ú#flq.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î =« Ú `≥ÅOQÍ}ÏÖ’ L.R.Act 1317 Ñ¶ã¨ ¡‘ J=∞Å∞Ö’ =Ù#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© `Õk 1–8–1959 #∞O_ç PO.„Ñ¨ S & B. Act
1923 á⁄_çyOK«|_ç#k.
`≥ÅOQÍ}ÏÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fi [iy# ''ÉÏOÉË ã≤ã"ì¨ ∞£ —— PÑ¶π ã¨~ˆ fi#∞ ''QÀÖòã¤ ‡≤ `ü & eOˆQ\ò—— J#∞ âß„ã¨[Î¨ Å˝ ∞ Hõ#∞H˘<åfl~°∞.
Wk JK«Û=ÚQÍ Ñ¨ÙOQÆ#∂~°∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ xáÈe Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. J#QÍ 3 ÖËHõ 4 QÆ∞~°∞ ~Ô `· ∞« Å á⁄Å=ÚÅ∞ XˆH 'G' Öˇ#· ∞ÃÑ#·
fã¨∞H˘x Jxfl á⁄Å=ÚÅ =OÑ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò fÜ«∞_»=Ú KÕã,≤ nx ^•fi~å „Ñ¨f~Ô `· ∞« á⁄Å=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ qã‘~Î =‚° ÚÅ∞,
ÅO|HÀ} „uÉè∞í [=Ú, ÖËHõ ã¨=∂O`«~° K«`∞« ~°∞ƒù[=ÚÅ∞QÍ KÕã≤ ÖˇH¯õ Hõ@∞ì^∞Œ ~°∞. `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`«=ÚÖ’ J"Õ iHÍ~°∞Å¤ ∞
=Ù#flO^Œ∞# ~ÀA"ås Ñ¨xÖ’ L.R.Act 1317.F. Sections <Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK≥^~Œ ∞° . q∞QÆ`å H˘`«Î ã¨~ˆ fiÑ¨#∞Å‰õΩ =∂„`«=Ú
A.P. S & B Act 1923 #∞ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOK≥^~Œ ∞° .
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ J=∞Å∞Ö’ =Ù#fl ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ (System's of survey) :
ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¨^Œ÷`«∞Å∞ Ô~O_»∞ Jq...
1. _»Ü∂« QÆflÖò =∞iÜ«Ú PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò ã≤ã"ì̈ ∞£
2. =∞~å~îåfi_® ã≤ã"ì̈ ∞£ (`≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`«O)
ee
4
2. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ fi =∞iÜ«Ú É∫O_»sÅ K«@Oì , 1923

ÃãHõΔ<£ 1 : (1) D K«\Ïìxfl ''1923 PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ fi, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ K«@Oì —— QÍ Ñ≤Å∞==K«∞Û.
(2) =∞„^•ã¨∞ „ÃÑã≤_h≥ ûÖ’x Jxfl „áêO`åÅ‰õΩ D K«@Oì =iÎã∞¨ Ok.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 2 : 1897 =∞„^•ã¨∞ ã¨~ˆ fi, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ K«\Ïìxfl WO^Œ∞ =¸ÅOQÍ ~°^∞Œ KÌ Ü Õ ∞« _»=∞~ÚOk.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 3 : D q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ ÖË^• ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° OÖ’ H˘O`«=~°‰Ωõ „Ñü‰õÄÅOQÍ L#fl<Õ `«ÑÊ¨ DK«@Oì Ö’
(1) Z¿ã@ ì ∞ J#QÍ –
(Z) Z¿ã\ì ò [q∞O^•s *Ïw~°∞, q∞\Ïì ÖË^• / âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ Ñïëê¯~°"∞≥ #ÿ U^≥<· å Ñ¨ÖÏÜ«∞O
(a) HõÖHˇ ~ìõ ∞° HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ „Ñ¨`ºÕ HõOQÍ #"≥∂^Œ∞ J~Ú# Ñï+¨¯iOK«|_ç# Z¿ã@ ì ∞Ö’x U^Õx
H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO.
(ã≤) Ñï+¨¯iOK«|_»x Ñ¨ÖÏÜ«∞O ÖË^• *Ïw~°∞.
(_ç) „a\˜+μ¨ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO „QÍO@∞ WzÛ# ÖË^• MÏÜ«∞Ñ¨~z° # U^Õx W<å=Ú „QÍ=∞O,
(W) (Z), (a), (ã≤) YO_®ÅÖ’ xiÌ+ì¨ Ñ¨~z° # U^Õx Z¿ã@ ì ∞ÅÖ’x XHõ¯\˜ ÖËHõ Z‰õΩ¯= „QÍ=∂Å#∞
Hõey L#fl U^Õx ÉèÏQÆO J\˜ì Z¿ã@ ì ∞ HÍÅÑïq∞u =ÚyÜ«∞x âßâ◊fi`« ÉèÏQÆOQÍ LO@∞Ok.
(2) ''„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞—— J#QÍ Z¿ã@ ì ∞QÍ ~°∂á⁄O^Œx U^Õx Éè∂í q∞ ÖË^• JO^Œ∞Ö’x U^Õx ÉèÏQÆO Jx
J~°O÷ .
(3) ''xs‚`« Ñ¨~z° #—— J#QÍ D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ ~°∂á⁄Ok# xÜ«∞=∂=o ^•fi~å xs‚`« Ñ¨~z° # Jx J~°O÷ .
(4) ''Ü«∞[=∂x—— J#QÍ Z¿ã@ ì ∞ L#fl lÖÏ¡ HõÖHˇ ~ìõ ∞° HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ `«`å¯ÖÏxH˜ U =ºHÎ̃ ¿Ñ~°∞# Z¿ã@ ì ∞
#"≥∂^≥· L#fl^À P =ºH˜,Î ÖË^• (W) YO_»OÖ’x (1) = LÑ¨ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ xiÌ+ì¨ Ñ¨~z° # Z¿ã@ ì ∞
q+¨Ü∂« xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# Ü«∞[=∂x Jx J~°O÷ .
(5) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ ''il+ì̈~ü Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~∞° —— JO>Ë, Éè∂í q∞ U =ºHÎ̃ ¿Ñ~°∞#, „QÍ=∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ÖˇH¯õ ÅÖ’ #"≥∂^≥·
LO^À P =ºH˜Î Jx J~°O÷ .
ilãì̈~∞° Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~∞° HÍ‰õΩO_® J`«x U*ˇO@∞ ÖË^• ¿ã=‰õΩ_»∞ QÍx, `åHõ@∞ì ^•~°∞ ÖË^• H“Å∞^•~°∞
Z=Ô~<· å, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞x K«@ì |^ŒOú QÍ Hõey L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ, J\ì̃ Éè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#O`« =~°‰Ωõ
P =ºHÎ̃x ''il+ì̈~¤ü Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~∞° —— QÍ ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(6) Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞, W^Œ~Ì ∞° ÖËHõ JO`«‰Ωõ q∞Oz# =º‰õΩÅÎ ¿Ñ~°∞# L=∞‡_çQÍ ilãì̈~∞° J~Ú
=Ù#flÑ¨Ù_∞» , „á⁄„Ñ¨~Ú@~°∞ ÖË^• ilã¨~ì ∞° Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~∞° Z=Ô~<· å D K«@Oì „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [<å~°O÷ , Z¿ã@ì ∞ "Õ∞<Õ[~°∞QÍ,
W`«~° L=∞‡_ç Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ^•~°∞Q¡ Í QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ~∞° . U^≥<· å `«QÍ^• U~°Ê_ç# ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ J`«xx, ã‘xÜ«∞~°∞
L=∞‡_ç Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯^•~°∞QÍ HõÖHˇ ~ìõ ∞° QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ~∞° .
(7) ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞‰Ì Ωõ ÖË^• ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ‰õΩ ÖË^• ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì ÉèÏQÍxH˜ K≥Ok# x~å÷~} ° , H˘Å`«Å∞, iHÍ~°∞‰¤ Ωõ
ãÖ|OkèOz# Jxfl ãÖ|Okè`« HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ ''ã¨~ˆ fi—— „HÕkH˜ =™êÎ~Ú.
(8) ''ã¨~ˆ fi zÇ¨Ïfl=Ú—— J#QÍ U^≥<· å áê~ÚO@∞ ÖË^• áê~ÚO@¡ ™ê÷~Úx ã¨∂zOz, x~å÷iOz ÖË^•
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ fi =∞iÜ«Ú É∫O_»sÅ K«@Oì , 1923
5
"å\˜x QÆ∞iÎOK«@OÖ’ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞Ñ¨__» ®xH˜, ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi x~å÷iOz# U^≥<· å QÆ∞~°∞Î ÖË^• áêuÃÑ\ì̃#
U^≥<· å ~å~Ú.
(9) ''ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi—— J#QÍ 4= qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍiQÍ xÜ«∞q∞OK«#QÆ∞ Z=ˆ~x =ºHÎ̃ Jx
J~°÷=Ú.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 4(( i) : ~å„+ì̈ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Z=i<≥<· å „Ñ¨H@ õ # ^•fi~å =ºHÎ̃ ¿Ñ~°∞`À ÖË^• HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞ Ç¨ÏŸ^•<≥<· å, K«@„ì Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [<åÅ
HÀãÖ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍiQÍ xÜ«∞q∞OK«=K«∞Û#∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 4(( ii) : ~å„+ì̈ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi Ñïkèx xˆ~tÌ OK«=K«∞Û#∞. ~å„+ì̈„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’ U JkèHÍi QÍh
PÜ«∞# `«~Ñ° Ù¨ # xÜ«∂=∞HõO á⁄Ok# U =ºH˜Î J~Ú<å „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi P^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ Ö’|_ç PÜ«∂ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ =iÎ™êÎ_∞» .
ÃãHõ<Δ £ 5 (Gazzette Publication) : ~å„+ì̈ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO HÍh, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO J[=∂~Ú+‘ KÕ¿ã U JkèHÍi J~Ú<å,
ãÖ„Hõq∞`« JkèHÍ~åÅ∞#fl U JkèHÍi J~Ú<å „Ñ¨H@ õ # ^•fi~å „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í =ÚÅ ã¨~ˆ fi ÖË^• Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O
KÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, „Ñ¨É∞íè `Õfi`«~° Éè∂í =ÚÅ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ ã¨~ˆ fiKÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ L`«~Î ∞° fiÅ∞ „Ñ¨H\õ ™˜ êÎ~∞° (~å[Ñ¨„`«=Ú)
ÃãHõΔ<£ 6 : ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi „Ñ¨H@ õ # „Ñ¨K∞« i™êÎ_∞» .
ÃãHõΔ<£ 6(( i) : ÃãHõ<Δ £ (5) "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ ã¨~ˆ fi L`«~Î ∞° fi *Ïs J~Ú`Õ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi D "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ „Ñ¨H@ õ # "≥Å∞=~°∞™êÎ_∞» . ã¨~ˆ fi
KÕÜÚ« Éè∂í q∞Ñ¨@¡ Pã¨HÎ̃ QÆÅ"åix, ÖË^• ã¨~ˆ fi KÕ¿ã Éè∂í q∞x J#∞H˘x L#fl "åix =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ O« QÍ HÍh J`«x `«~Ñ° Ù¨ #
U*ˇO@∞#∞QÍh xs‚`« ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜, xs‚`« „Ñ¨^âÕ ßxH˜ =zÛ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ ã¨∂zOz `«Q∞Æ ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú JOkOK«_®xH˜
Ç¨[~°∞ Hõ=∞‡x HÀ~°`å_»∞. „QÍ=∞OÖ’ '\ÏO \ÏO— ^•fi~å, „QÍ=∞Kåq_ôÖ’ „Ñ¨H@ õ # „Ñ¨K∞« i™êÎ_∞» .
ÃãHõΔ<£ 6(( ii) : ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 6(i) „Ñ¨H@ õ #<Õ ã¨^~Œ ∞° Pã¨HQÎ̃ ÅÆ =º‰õΩÅÎ O^Œ~∂° K«@|ì ^Œ=Ì ∞~Ú# <À\©ã∞¨ (Valid Notice) QÆ
ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«∞@‰õΩ xˆ~tÌ ã¨∞OÎ k.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 7 : ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi ã¨~ˆ fi „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« #∞ x~åúiOz# suÖ’ [iÑ≤OK«=Öˇ#∞.
ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi ã¨~ˆ fi „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« #∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ÚKÕ P"≥∂^Œ=Ú á⁄Ok# ÉÏÇ¨Ïº ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ÖË^• JO`«~`æ° « ãÖã¨Å÷
^•fi~å x~åúiOz# suÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÑ@¨ ∞ì@ ÖË^• ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨#∞Å#∞ [iÑ≤OK«=Öˇ#∞. (Act 36 of 1995 `Õk. 28–11–1995)
ã¨~ˆ fi KÕã#≤ Éè∂í =ÚÅÖ’ Pã¨HÎ̃ HõÅ =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ Y~°∞ÛÅ∞ Éèií OKåe –
ÃãHõΔ<£ 8 : (1) 5= qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ *Ïs KÕã#≤ ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ‰õÄbÅ‰õΩ, ã¨~ˆ fi QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ J~Ú# Y~°∞Û#∞
x~åúiOz P ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# Éè∂í q∞ ÖË^• ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ `À Pã¨HHÎ̃ Åõ =º‰õΩÅÎ ‰õΩ xs‚`« „Hõ=∞OÖ’
qÉèlí Oz P =º‰õΩÅÎ #∞O_ç P Y~°∞Û#∞, Éè∂í q∞ tã¨∞Î ÉÏHÍ~ÚÅ∞QÍ =ã¨∂Å∞"ÕÜ∂« e. P q^èOŒ QÍ,
x~å÷iOz qÉèlí Oz# Y~°∞Û <À\©ã∞¨ #∞ ÃÑ#· ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl =º‰õΩÅÎ ‰õΩ JO^Œ*Ü Ë ∂« e.
(2) 1= LÑ¨qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ KÕã#≤ f~°∞Ê=Å¡ #+¨Ñì _¨ #ç U=ºH˜Î J~Ú<å xs‚`« JkèHÍiH˜ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û#∞.
^•xÃÑ· P JkèHÍi `«# f~°∞Ê#∞, HÍ~°}ÏÅ`À ã¨Ç¨ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∂« e. J\˜ì f~°∞Ê <À\©ã∞¨ #∞ xiÌ+sì¨ uÖ’
JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ#fl áêsìÅ‰õΩ W"åfie.
(3) f~°∞Ê #HõÅ∞ HÍÑ‘x fã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ Ñ¨\ #ì˜ HÍÖÏxfl q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz (1)= LÑ¨qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ <À\©ã∞¨
JOk# `Õn #∞O_ç =¸_»∞ <≥ÅÅÖ’Ñ¨Å (2)= LÑ¨ qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞#∞ ^•YÅ∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀ"åe.
J~Ú`Õ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ ^•~°∞, xs‚`« =º=kèÖ’ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ ^•YÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« HõáÈ=_®xH˜ QÆÅ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ ã¨~Ô #· =x,
ã¨|Éˇ#· =x JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ JkèHÍi ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î K≥Ok`Õ, J\˜ì JÑ‘ÊÅ∞#∞ xs‚`« QÆ_∞» =Ù ^•\˜# `«~∞° "å`« ‰õÄ_®
J#∞=∞uOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
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q=~°} : 1= LÑ¨ qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ ^•~°∞‰õΩ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ <À\©ã∞¨ #∞ JO^Œ*Ü
Ë ∞« ÖË^<Œ Õ "åãÎ̈=O, ÃÑ· q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù
x|O^è#Œ Ö’x J~°q÷ =~°} Ñïkè Ö’Ñ¨Å ãÔ̈~#· ^Õ#x, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤HÎ ~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ^Õ#x ÉèÏqOKåe.
(4) 2= qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ *ÏsKÕã#≤ L`«~Î ∞° fi HÍÑ‘x Pã¨HÎ̃ QÆÅ U=ºHÎ̃HÔ <· å, J`«#∞ ^Œ~M° Ïã¨∞Î ÃÑ@∞ìH˘#fl g∞^Œ@
ã¨fiO`«Y~°∞ÛÃÑ· W=fi=K«∞Û.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 9 : `«QÍ^•ÖËx Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi x~åúiOz iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕ¿ã JkèHÍ~åÅ∞
ÃãHõΔ<£ 9(( i) : ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi `«# <À\©ã∞¨ ‰õΩ ~åx U Ç¨Ï^Œ∞<Ì #·≥ `«QÍ^•ÖËx Ç¨Ï^Œ∞QÌ Í x~°~‚ ÚOz iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ
JkèHÍ~°=Ú Hõey LO\Ï_»∞.
ÃãHõ<Δ £ 9(( ii) : 9(i) x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =Ú =Å¡ „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«∞Å~Ú# Éè∂í q∞ il+¨~ì ∞° ¤ Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å <À\©ã∞¨ ^•fi~å J\˜ì x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =Ú#∞
`≥eÜ«∞Ñ¨~°K«=Öˇ#∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 10 : `«QÍ^• =ÙO_Õ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ x~åúiOz iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕ¿ã JkèHÍ~°O.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 10(( i) : Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ `«QÍ^• =Ù#flÑ¨C_»∞ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi qKåiOz, J=ã¨~=° ∞~Ú# Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°~‚ ÚOz ^•xH˜ QÆÅ
HÍ~°}ÏÅ#∞ „"å`«ÑÓ¨ ~°fiHõ=ÚQÍ iHÍ~°∞K¤ ¿Õ ã JkèHÍ~°O HõeÜ æ Ú« O_»∞#∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 10(( ii) : ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 10(i) „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú `«QÍ^•Å∞ =Ù#fl áêsìÅ‰õΩ, Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ã¨~ˆ fiJkèHÍi „Ñ¨f x~°Ü ‚ ∂« xfl xs‚`«
q^è•#OÖ’ "åiH˜ <À\©ã¨∞ *Ïi KÕ™êÎ_»∞. JÉèíºO`«~°=ÚÅ∞ =Ù#fl 60 ~ÀAÅÖ’Ñ¨Ù ÃÑ· JkèHÍ~°∞Å‰õΩ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞
KÕã≤H˘#=K«∞Û#∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 11(( i) : ÃãHõ<Δ £ 9, 10Å "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =ÚÅ =Å# Z=Ô~<· å „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«∞Å~Ú# "å~°∞ x~å÷i`« ÃÑ· ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍiH˜
Js˚ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=K«∞Û#∞. JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ "å\˜ÃÑ· ã¨^~Œ ∞° Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å‰õΩ <À\©ã∞¨ ^•fi~å qKå~°}‰õΩ Ç¨[~°∞ HÍ"åÅx HÀi
qKå~°} KÕ™êÎ_∞» . ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi x~°Ü ‚ ∂« xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# =∂~°∞ÊÅ‰õΩ iHÍ~°∞Å¤ Ö’ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕ™êÎ_∞» . fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
x~°Ü
‚ ∂« xfl áêsìÅ‰õΩ JO^Œ*Ü Ë ∂« e.
ÃãHõ<Δ £ 11(( ii) : ÃãHõ<Δ £ 9, 10 ÃãHõ<Δ £ 11(i) "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ =∂áêOkOz# iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕã#≤ Ñ¨\Ïxfl Pã¨HÎ˜ QÆÅ"åiH˜ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’
=ÙOz ^Œ~M° Ïã¨∞Î KÕã∞¨ H˘#fl ^•x xs‚`« ^è~Œ ° K≥e¿¡ ãÎ W"åfie.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 12 : JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ Js˚x ã‘fiHõiOKÕ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú
ÃãHõΔ<£ 12(( a) : ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 11 "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ Js˚x ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 9, 10 Å "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ <À\©ã∞¨ JOk# (2) <≥ÅÅ Ö’Ñ¨Å
ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åe. x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O P~°~¤ ∞° iHÍ~°∞¤ „Ñ¨`∞« Å∞ JO^Œ∞‰õΩ#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú Js˚ Ñïq∞uÖ’H˜ ~å^Œ∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 12(( b) : ÃÑ· HÍÅÑïq∞u ^•\˜# `«~∞° "å`« Z=~°~Ú<å Js˚^•~°∞ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ `«y# HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤¿ã,Î
Jq JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ JkèHÍiH˜ `«$Ñ≤Î Hõey`Õ (2) <≥ÅÅ `«~∞° "å`« ‰õÄ_® Js˚x ã‘fiHõiOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 13 : Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù =Úyã≤O^Œx „Ñ¨H\õ O˜ K«∞@.
ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 5 "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ „Ñ¨H\õ O˜ z# Éè∂í =ÚÅ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨~ˆ fi, ÃãHõ#Δ ∞¡ 9, 10, 11 Å "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ qKå~°} Ñ¨ÓiÎ J~Ú#
`«~∞° "å`« lÖÏ¡ QÆl\òÖ’ Pq+¨Ü∞« O J#QÍ ã¨~ˆ fiÑ¨#∞Å∞ =Úyã≤#q Jx „Ñ¨H\õ O˜ K«∞@ – ^•x x[„Ñüx ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ
ãÖ|OkèOz# „QÍ=∞ Kåq_ôÖ’ JO\ÕKåe.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 14 : U =ºHÎ̃ J~Ú<å 9, 10, 11 ÃãHõ#Δ ,¡ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O =Å# #+¨áì È`Õ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ñïkè K«@Oì (Indian
Limitation Act), 11, 111, ¿Ñ~åÅ "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ ÃãHõ# Δ ∞ 13 „HÕ^Œ „Ñ¨H@ õ # *Ïs J~Ú# `Õn #∞O_ç =¸_Õà§◊ (3) Ö’Ñ¨Ù#
ã¨^~Œ ∞° x~åú~} ° =∂~°∞Ê QÆ∞iOz ã≤qÖò HÀ~°∞Öì ’ ^•"å "Õã∞¨ H˘#=K«∞Û#∞.
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ÃãHõΔ<£ 15 : ã¨~ˆ fi QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ x~°fiÇ¨Ï} il+ì̈~∞° ¤ Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å^Õ
ÃãHõΔ<£ 15(( i) : ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨ÓiÎ J~Ú# `«^∞Œ Ñï ã¨~ˆ fi~åà◊√§, ã¨~ˆ fiÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ HÍáê_Õ ÉÏ^èºŒ `« il+ì̈~∞° ¤ Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å^Õ. `«=∞
Ñ¨\ÏìÖ’x ã¨~ˆ fi~åà◊§#∞, x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞H˘x, Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^ŒiÌ OK«∞H˘x =∞~°=∞‡`«∞ÅÎ ∞ KÕ~ÚOK«∞H˘<Õ ÉÏ^èºŒ `« Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å^Õ,
"å~°∞ KÕÜÚ« ‰õΩ#fl „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO J\ì̃ "å\˜x Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^Œiú Oz ^•xH˜ JÜÕ∞º Y~°∞Û#∞ Éè∂í q∞tã¨∞Î ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å
#∞O_ç =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã JkèHÍ~°O „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ HõÅ^Œ∞.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 15(( ii) : Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^Œ~ú }° ‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ J\˜ì ~åà◊§q=~°=ÚÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∂ "å\˜x (15) ~ÀAÅÖ’QÍ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^Œiú Oz
=∞~°=∞‡`«∞ÅÎ ∞ KÕ~ÚOKåÅx <À\©ã∞¨ Å∞ *Ïs KÕ¿ã JkèHÍ~°O.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 16 : „QÍ=∂kèHÍ~°∞Å∞ q^èŒ∞Å∞ -
„Ñ¨f „QÍ=∂kèHÍi `«# „QÍ=∞=ÚÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fi QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ <åâ◊#O, `˘ÅyOK«_=» Ú K≥_Ñç "≤ Ü Õ ∞« _»=Ú x~ÀkèOKåe.
`«# ÑïkèÖ’ =Ù#flO`«"∞Õ ~°‰Ωõ QÆ=∞xOz, ã¨~ˆ fiQÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ∞ KÕ_Ñç "≤ ÜÕ ∞« _»=Ú ÖÏO\˜k [iy`Õ `«#ÃÑ· =Ù#fl x~åúi`« JkèHÍiH˜
"≥O@<Õ `≥eÜ«∞Ñ¨~K° Õ ÉÏ^èºŒ `« „QÍ=∂kèHÍi^Õ.
ÃãHõΔ<£ 22 : Éè∂í =ÚÅÖ’ „Ñ¨"tÕ Oz x~À^è•Å#∞ `˘ÅyOKÕ JkèHÍ~°O -
D K«@„ì Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú ã¨~ˆ fi KÕ¿ã U ã¨~ˆ fiHõ~Ú<å, qKå~°}‰õΩ, W`«~° ã¨~ˆ fiÑ¨#∞Å∞, x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞@‰õΩ ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi,
ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜ∂« eû# Éè∂í q∞Ö’ „Ñ¨"tÕ Oz, Ñ¨sHΔ̃Oz H˘eKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ J_»∞Q¤ Í LO_Õ K≥@#¡ ∞, HõOK≥Å#∞, W`«~° J_»O¤ ‰õΩÅ#∞
`˘ÅyOz ã¨~ˆ fi KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ JkèHÍ~°=Ú HõeÜ æ Ú« O_»∞#∞.
™ê‰õΩΔ Å#∞ Ñ≤eÑ≤Oz, ^Œ™êÎ"A
Õ #∞ ã¨=∞iÊOK«=∞x HÀ~°_®xH˜ JkèHÍ~°O -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 23 : WO^Œ∞HÀãÖ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ÖË^• „Ñ¨`ºÕ HõOQÍ JkèHÍ~°O á⁄Ok# Z=ˆ~x ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi ÖË^• lÖÏ¡ HõÖHˇ ~ìõ ∞°
ÖË^• D K«@Oì Ö’x U"Õx x|O^è#Œ Å „HÕ^Œ JÑ‘ÊÅ∞ ^•YÖˇ#· \˜ì Z=ˆ~x JkèHÍi, U^Õx Éè∂í q∞ ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~åxfl
JOkOK«_®xH˜QÍ#∞, WO^Œ∞‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# Pã¨H=Î˜ Ù#fl Z=ˆ~x =ºH˜xÎ Ñ≤eÑ≤Oz Ç¨[~°∞HÍ"åÅx K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û#∞.
JO`ÕHÍ‰õΩO_®, D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ U^Õx ã¨~ˆ fi qKå~°} ÖË^• W`«~° „á⁄ã‘_Oç QÆ∞Å HÀãÖ Z=ˆ~x =ºHÎ̃x Ñ≤eÑ≤Oz,
™êHõΔ ºq∞=fi_®xˆH, ^Œ™êÎ"AÕ Å#∞ ã¨=∞iÊOK«_®xH˜ QÍ#∞ Ç¨[~°=fi=∞x ‰õÄ_» K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û#∞. Pq^èOŒ QÍ ™ê‰õΩΔ Å#∞
Ñ≤eÑ≤Oz, Ç¨[~°=fi=∞xK≥Ñ¨Ê_®xH˜, ™êHΔÍºxfl iHÍ~°∞¤KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ QÍ#∞ ã≤qÅ∞ „á⁄ã‘[~°∞ HÀ_»∞Ö’ x~°‚~ÚOz#
HÍ~°ºq^è•<åxfl, =iÎOÑ¨*Ü Ë ∞« ^ŒQ∞Æ #O`« "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ J#∞ãïOKåe.
=∞^èºŒ =iÎ`åfixH˜ xˆ~tÌ OK«_O» -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 24 : (1) ãÖ|Okè`« áêsìÅxfl\˜ ã¨=∞‡u`À ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì q+¨Ü∞« "≥∞ÿ U^Õx q"å^•xfl lÖÏ¡HÖõ Hˇ ~ìõ ∞° QÍx, ã¨~ˆ fi
JkèHÍiQÍx =∞^èºŒ =iÎ`åfixH˜ xˆ~tÌ OK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(2) J\ì̃ f~°∞Ê „Ñ¨HÍ~°O lÖÏ¡ HõÖHˇ ~ìõ ∞° ÖË^• ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi P"≥∂kOz# x~°Ü
‚ ∞« O J\ì̃ =∞^èºŒ =iÎ`åfixH˜
QÆÅ áêsìÅ‰õΩ "å\˜ „HÕ^Œ HÔ ~¡ ÚOKÕ¿ã "åiH˜ =∞^èºŒ JOu=∞"≥∞#ÿ kQÍ =ÙO_®e.
Ü«∞[=∂x ÖË^• ilãì̈~~° Ú# Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞ `å#∞ K≥eO¡ z# ÃÑH· Íxfl Z¿ã@
ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiÉè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# Ü«∞[=∂x
#∞O_ç ~å|@ì =K«∞Û#∞. P"Õ∞~°‰Ωõ Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· Kåi˚ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û#∞ -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 25(( i) : `«kfi~°∞^ŒOú QÍ XÑ¨ÊO^ŒO ÖË#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, ã¨~ˆ fi „HÕ^Œ U^Õx Z¿ã@
ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiÉè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz
Ü«∞[=∂x ÖË^• ilãì̈~~° Ú# Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞ U^≥<· å ÃÑH· Íxfl Y~°∞Û KÕã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÖË^• J\ì̃ ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz D K«@Oì
„HÕ^Œ PÜ«∞# #∞O_ç U"Õx Y~°∞ÛÅ#∞ ~å|\˜ì#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, PÜ«∞# JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz Ü«∞[=∂x HÍ#@¡~Ú`Õ,
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P q^èOŒ QÍ Y~°∞Û KÕã#≤ ÖË^• PÜ«∞# #∞O_ç ~å|\˜#ì Y~°∞ÛÅ"Õ∞~°‰Ωõ J\˜ì Z¿ã@
ì ∞ ÃÑ· ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· PÜ«∞#
Kåi˚x á⁄O^•e. JO`Õ HÍ‰õΩO_® U_®kH˜ 9 âß`«O K˘Ñ¨C# ^•xÃÑ· =_ôx¤ ‰õÄ_® á⁄O^•e.
Pã¨HxÎ̃ HÔ ~¡ ÚO KÕ¿ã Z=ˆ~x =ºHÎ̃, Ü«∞[=∂x QÍx, ilã¨~ì ~° Ú# Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞QÍx K≥eO¡ K«^QŒ ∞Æ Kås˚Å#∞ K≥eO¡ z, P Ñ≤=∞‡@
J\˜ì Kås˚Å#∞ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û#∞ -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 25(( ii) : ã¨~ˆ fi „HÕ^Œ Z¿ã@
ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Éè∂í q∞ Ñ¨@¡ Pã¨HxÎ̃ HÔ ~¡ ÚOKÕ¿ã Z=ˆ~x =ºHÎ̃ J\ì̃ Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^•
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ ã¨~ˆ fiH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ K≥eO¡ K«^QŒ ∞Æ Kås˚Å#∞ K≥eO¡ K«_O» K«@ì ã¨=∞‡`«"∞≥ =ÿ ÙO_®e.
H“ÖÏÌ~∞° ÖË^• J^≥^Ì •~°∞ J\ì̃ "≥Ú`åÎÅ#∞ K≥eO¡ z#@¡~Ú`Õ, J\˜ì Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiÉè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz `å#∞
|HÍ~Ú Ñ¨_#ç JÑ¨Ê\˜ J^≥Ì #∞O_ç QÍx, P `«~∞° "åu J^≥Ì #∞O_çQÍx J\˜ì "≥Ú`åÎÅ#∞ `«yOæ K«=K«∞Û#∞. Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^•
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ Ñ¨@¡ Pã¨H=Î̃ Ù#fl ÖË^• ã¨^•ƒù=O`À Pã¨HxÎ̃ HÔ ~¡ ÚOKÕ¿ã Z=ˆ~x =ºHÎ̃ K≥eO¡ z#@¡~Ú`Õ J\ì̃ "≥Ú`«OÎ
Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· Kåi˚QÍ =ÙO_®e. J\ì̃ "≥Ú`åÎÅÃÑ· U_®kH˜ 9 âß`«O K˘Ñ¨C# =_ô¤ qkèOK«^yŒ
=ÙO_®e.
J\ì̃ Kåi˚ =iÎOÑ¨Ù -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 25(( iii) : D qÉèÏQÆO „HÕ^Œ Z¿ã@ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· Kåi˚x Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ Hõey =Ù#fl =ºHÎ̃ J\ì̃ Z¿ã@ì ∞ ÖË^•
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨ÇÏ¨ Ü«∞[=∂x J~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ, J\ì̃ Z¿ã@ ì ∞ ÖË^• „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz W`«~° ã¨ÇÏ¨
Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å "å\Ï‰õΩ K≥Ok# |HÍ~ÚQÍ PÜ«∞# #∞O_ç ~å|\˜#ì ÖË^• PÜ«∞# Y~°∞ÛKÕã#≤ ÖË^• PÜ«∞# K≥eO¡ z#
"≥Ú`«OÎ "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ =∂„`«"∞Õ ÃÑ#· `≥eÑ≤# ~ˆ @∞ =O`«∞# =_ô`¤ Àáê@∞QÍ J\ì̃ Kåi˚x =iÎOÑ¨*Ü Ë ∂« e.
K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ ™ê÷xHõ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO xÜ«∞=∂Å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK« =K«∞Û#∞ -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 26 : (1) K«@Oì Ö’x HÍ~åºÅ#∞ KÕÑ@ ¨ _ì ®xH˜QÍ#∞ ™ê÷xHõ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO, Wk=~°H\õ ˜ „Ñ¨K∞« ~°} `«~åfi`« xÜ«∞=∂Å#∞
KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞.
(2) =ÚYºOQÍ, ã¨^~Œ ∞° JkèHÍ~°ÑÙ¨ ™ê^è•~°}`«‰Ωõ ÉèOí QÆO HõÅ∞QÆ‰Ωõ O_® J\˜ì xÜ«∞=∂=o, –
(Z) qq^èŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ßÅ‰õΩ ã¨~ˆ fiÜ«¸x\ò#∞, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# ã¨Éò_qç [#¡#∞, ã¨~ˆ fi QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ
q=~åÅ#∞ x~° ‚ ~ ÚOz, J\˜ ì QÆ ∞ ~° ∞ Î Å x~° fi Ç¨ Ï }#∞, #gHõ ~ ° } #∞, =∞~° = ∞‡`« ∞ #∞
gÅ∞HõeÊOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(a) ã¨~ˆ fiKÕã#≤ ÖË^• ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜ∞« #QÆ∞ U^Õx Éè∂í q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz, U^≥<· å ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ¿ãHõiOz,
iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ gÅ∞HõeÊOK«=K«∞Û#∞†
(ã≤) D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ Hõ~"Î° åºÅ#∞ x~°fiiÎOK«_®xH˜ QÍ#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«=Åã≤# qq^èŒ `«~Q° `Æ ∞« Å
JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞, J\˜ì JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«=Åã≤# JkèHÍ~åÅ#∞ x~°fizOK«=K«∞Û#∞†
(_ç) D K«@ìO „HÕ^Œ „á⁄ã‘_çOQÆ∞Å#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»OÖ’ D JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤#
HÍ~°ºq^è•<åxfl x~°~‚ ÚOz, „Hõ=∞|^ŒOú KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û#∞†
(W) D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ *Ïs J~Ú# Jxfl „Ñ¨H@ õ #Å „Ñ¨K∞« ~°}‰õΩ, D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ *Ïs KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤#,
ÑÖÑ¨=Åã≤#, W=fi=Åã≤# ÖË^• JO^Œ*Ü Ë ∞« =Åã≤# Jxfl L`«~Î ∞° fiÅ#∞, ãÖ^ÕâßÅ#∞ <À\©ã∞¨ Å#∞
~°∂á⁄OkOK«_®xH˜, *ÏsKÕÜ∞« _®xH˜, JO^ŒKÜ Õ ∞« _®xH˜ gÅ∞ HõeÊOK«=K«∞Û#∞†
(ZÑ¶)π D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ „Ñ¨H\õ O˜ z# ã¨~ˆ fiÅ‰õΩ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ #∞, HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°Û@O,
9
`«k`«~° q+¨Ü∂« Å#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°Û_®xfl =∞iÜ«Ú Kåi˚Å#∞ ~å|@ì =Åã≤ÜÚ« #flÑ¨Ù_»∞ P Kåi˚Å#∞
~å|@ì_®xfl, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# q+¨Ü∂« Å#∞ „Hõ=∞|^ŒOú KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û#∞†
(l) D K«@ìO ^•fi~å qÉèílOK«=Åã≤O^Œx P^ÕtOz#\˜ì Jxfl Kås˚Å#∞ qÉèílOK«_®x<Õ,
xÜ«∞q∞Oz#\˜ì HÍi‡‰õΩÅ =ºÜ«∂xfl, U^Õx J\˜ì ã¨~ˆ fi`À LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz#\˜ì ã¨~ˆ fi QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ #∞
x~°~‚ ÚOK«_®xH˜ gÅ∞HõeÊOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(ÃÇÏKü) D K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ *Ïs J~Ú# P^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ, =∞OEÔ~#· „Ñ¨`∞« Å#∞ K≥eO¡ K«^QŒ ∞Æ ~°∞ã¨∞=Ú#∞
x~°‚~ÚOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(S) =∞^èºŒ =iÎ`åfiÅ#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«#QÆ∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ x, =∞^èºŒ =iÎ`åfiÅ#∞ <≥~Ñ° =¨ Åã≤# HÍ~°ºq^è•<åxfl
x~°‚~ÚOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
(3) âßã¨# Ñï+¨`∞« Î ã¨=∂"ÕâO◊ Ö’ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ ~Ô O_»∞ <≥ÅÅ‰õΩ `«‰Ωõ ¯= HÍ#\ì̃ HÍÖÏxH˜QÍ#∞ D Ñï+¨`∞« Î
ã¨=∞HõOΔ Ö’ J\˜ì Jxfl xÜ«∞=∂Å#∞ =ÙOKåe.
ã¨^∞Œ ^ÕâÌ O◊ `À KÕã#≤ ÖË^• KÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ L^ÕtÌ Oz# HÍ~åºÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«_O» -
ÃãHõΔ<£ 27 : DK«@Oì „HÕ^Œ ã¨^∞Œ ^ÕâÌ O◊ `À KÕã#≤ ÖË^• KÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ L^ÕtÌ Oz# U q+¨Ü∞« O HÀã¨"∞≥ <ÿ å U=ºHÎ̃ ÃÑ#· ‰õÄ_»
Z\˜ì ^•"å#∞QÍx, <åºÜ«∞ „á⁄ã‘_Oç QÆ∞Å#∞ QÍx ^•YÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« ‰õÄ_»^∞Œ .
ee
ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
25
9. ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞
(METHODS OF SURVEY SYSTEMS IN VOGUE IN A.P.)
1. _»Ü∂« QÆflÖò & PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò ã≤ã"ì̈ ∞£ PÑ¶π ã¨~ˆ fi (D&O)

2. =∞~°~åî fi_» ã≤ã"ì̈ ∞£ PÑ¶π ã¨~ˆ fi ÖË^• ÉÏOÉË ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨ûúŒ
1. qHõ~,‚° JO`«~O¡° | ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨ûúŒ (D & O System of Survey) :
Wk "å_»∞HõÖ’ L#fl `å*Ï ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨ûúŒ . Éè∂í =ÚÅ ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ ™ê÷#xˆ~âÌ O◊ (Location) Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O (De-
marcation), H˘Å`«, Ñ¨@=ÚÅ∞ wÜ«∞_»O, Ñ¶Å ‘ ∞¤Å qã‘~Î =‚° Ú#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_=» Ú, |O^À|ã¨∞Î Hõ$+≤x (settlement work)
KÕÑ@
¨ _ì ®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ Éè∂í Hõ=∞`åÅ q=~åÅ#∞ `≥e¿Ñ Ñ¶Ö‘ òi¤ l+ì̈~ü ÖË^• Éè∂í q∞ il+ì̈~∞° (Land Register) `«Ü∂« ~°∞
K≥Ü∞« º_»O J<Õq „Ñ¨^•è #"≥∞#ÿ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Å∞. qq^èŒ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Å ^•fi~å D "≥Ú`«OÎ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ H˘#™êyOK«∞H˘#=Åã≤
=ÙO@∞Ok.
qq^èŒ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Å QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O -
'A' Work ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O (Boundary Demarcation) (Field work)
'B' Work K«O„Hõ=∞} (Traverse Survey) (Field work)
'C' Work K«O„Hõ=∞} QÆ}`˜ O« (QÆ}`˜ H« Åõ #O) (Traverse Computation) (Office work)
'D' Work K«O„Hõ=∞} QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù (Traverse Plotting) (Office work)
'E' Work Hˆ „Δ `«ãi¨ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O (Field Demarcation) (Field work)
'F' Work Éè∂í q∞H˘Å`«Å∞ (Field measurment) (Field work)
'G' Work „QÍ=∞™ê÷~Ú =∂#z„`«} ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@ (Office work)
'H' Work =∂#z„`«} Ñ¨ÓiÎKÜ Õ ∞« _»O, "≥â· ßÅºO ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_=» Ú (Office work)
ÃÑ#· `≥eÑ≤# „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Å QÆ∞iOz XH˘¯Hõ¯\˜QÍ ã¨q=~°OQÍ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO^•O.

'A' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« (ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O) : ã¨~ˆ fi J<Õk Ñ¨Ó~°O‚ (whole) #∞Oz áêHΔ̃HOõ ‰õΩ (part) ™êQÍe J<Õk ÉèÏs `«~Ç° ¨
ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤# „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ã¨∂„`«=Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å# "≥Ú^Œ@ „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞#Ì ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_=» Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
'Z— =~ü¯Ö’ =∞#O x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞ Ñ¨#∞Å∞ :
1. „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =Ú
2. Öˇ#· ∞ H˜Ü
¡ ∞« ~Ô <£û
3. YO_»=ÚÅ U~åÊ@∞
4. "≥∞#ÿ ~ü ã¨~∂° ¯ º\ò Ñ¶Å‘ ∞¤Å U~åÊ@∞ (MC fields)
5. Éè∫QÀoHõ QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@
6. ~åà◊√§ áêuOK«∞@ (~åà◊√§ q=~°=ÚÅ∞)
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ fi „>ˇxÿ OQ∑ =∂#∞ºÖò – 9= J^è•ºÜ«∞=Ú
26
1. „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =Ú :
=¸_»∞ (3) JO`«HOõ >Ë Z‰õΩ¯= „QÍ=∂Å∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞H˘<Õ „uãÖQÆ=∞=ÚÅ (Trijunctions) aO^è∞Œ =ÙÅ =^Œ#Ì ∞O_ç
"≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x W~°∞"≥Ñ· Ù¨ „QÍ=∂Å ÃÑ^ŒÅÌ `À, „QÍ=∂kèHÍ~°∞Å`À, „QÍ=∞„Ñ¨[Å ã¨=∞Hõ=Δ ÚÖ’ „QÍ=∞=Ú Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞
x~°~‚ ÚOK«_=» Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. „QÍ=∞ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì ÃÑ#· „Ñ¨f „QÍ=∂Å „uãÖkè ™ê÷<åÅÖ’ käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò =~ü¯ H˘~°‰Ωõ
~åà◊§#∞ áê`«_=» Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. (1) =¸_»∞ „QÍ=∂Å Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ Hõe¿ãÎ „QÍ=∞ „uãÖkè™ê÷#O Jx ~Ô O_»∞ „QÍ=∂Å
ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞#Ì ∞ kfiãÖQÆ=∞ ™ê÷#=Ú (bijunction) Jx JO\Ï~°∞. 'A' Ñ¨x KÕÜÚ« ã¨~ˆ fiÜ«∞~°∞ „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì K«∞@∂ì
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ Trijunctions (village) =^ŒÌ 'A' class & 'pointers' =^ŒÌ 'A' ~åà◊§#∞, bijunctions =^ÌŒ 'B' class ~åà◊§#∞
áêu™êÎ_∞» . ~å~ÚH© ~å~ÚH© =∞^èºŒ gÅ~Ú#O`« Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ∂~°O =ÙO_Õ@@∞¡QÍ J#QÍ 10–40 "≥∞„\˜H± Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å∞
=∞^Œº =ÙO_Õ@@∞¡QÍ ~å~ÚH© ~å~ÚH© =∞^èºŒ Ö’ ZÖÏO\˜ P@OHõ=ÚÅ∞ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® K«∂ã¨∂Î áêu™êÎ_∞» . g@xfl\˜h
‰õÄ_® 'käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò ™ê÷<åÅ∞— (Theodolite stations) Jx JO\Ï=Ú. (2) „QÍ=∞ „uãÖkè ÖË^• kfiãÖQÆ=∞ ™ê÷#=Ú#‰õΩ
W~°∞"≥Ñ· Ù¨ Å #∞O_ç kÜ≥∞_»Ö\·ˇ ò ™ê÷<åÅ#∞ ( pointer) ã¨∂zHõ ™ê÷#=Ú JO\Ï~°∞.
2. ¡ ∞« ~Ô #∞û : „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°~‚ Úã¨∞#Î flÑ¨C_»∞ ¿ã+ì <¨ ‰£ Ωõ ¿ã+ì <¨ ‰£ Ωõ =∞^èºŒ Ö’ U=~Ú<å K≥@∞¡, z#fl
Öˇ#· ∞ H˜Ü
z#fl á⁄^ŒÅ∞ "≥ÚIIÅ#q P@OHõ=ÚQÍ =ÙO_ç ¿ãì+¨#∞¡ XHõ^•xH˘Hõ\ ˜ HõxÑ≤OK«x Z_»Å „QÍ=∞¿ã=‰õΩÅ∞, „Ñ¨[Å
ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~°=Ú`À J_»O¤ ‰õΩÅ∞ `˘Åy™êÎ~∞° . nx<Õ 'Öˇ<· H£ Ü ¡˜ ∞« ~Ô <£û— Ñ¨x JO\Ï~°∞. JÖÏ gÅ∞ HÍx Ñ¨H=Δõ ÚÖ’ J=~À^è=Œ ÚÅ∞
U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ JO`«~ˆ fit`« (interpolated) Hˆ O„^•Å∞ U~åÊ@∞KÕ™êÎ~∞° .
3. YO_»=ÚÅ U~åÊ@∞ (Formation of Khandams) : „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =Ú KÕã#≤ g∞^Œ@ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò
ã¨~ˆ fi É∫O_»sÅ K«@Oì ÃãHõ#Δ ∞ 7 „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú xˆ~tÌ Oz# qã‘~Î =‚° ÚÅ P^è•~°=ÚQÍ „QÍ=∞=ÚÖ’x Hõ=∞`åÅ H˘Å`«Å∞
KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ gÅ∞QÍ H˘xfl ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK≥^~Œ ∞° . J\˜ì ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ 'YO_»=ÚÅ∞— J#|_»∞#∞.
YO_»=ÚÅ U~åÊ@∞
=∂QÍ}˜Ö’ 100 #∞Oz 200 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ∞ XHõ YO_»OQÍ
"≥∞@ìÖ’ 200 #∞Oz 300 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ∞
=∂QÍ}˜ "≥∞@ì Hõeã≤# Éè∂í =ÚÅÖ’ 150 #∞Oz 250 ZHõ~=° ÚQÍ qÉèlí OK≥^~Œ ∞° .
YO_»=ÚÅ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ, ™ê^èºŒ =∞~Ú#O`«=~°‰Ωõ t"å~°∞ „QÍ=∂Å ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∂, „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Å#∞,
HÍÅ∞=Å∞, ~À_»∞¡, Ô~·Å∞=∂~°æ=ÚÅ =O\˜ ã¨Ç¨Ï["≥∞ÿ# ÖËHõ „Ñ¨Hõ$u ã≤^Œú=∞~Ú# âßtfi`« ãÖˆH`«=ÚÅ∞ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞QÍ
=ÙO_»∞#@∞¡ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞. D YO_»ÑÙ¨ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ÃÑ#· ‰õÄ_® ~åà◊√§ áê`«=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok.
4. "≥∞ÿ#~ü ã¨~°∂¯ º\ò Ñ¶‘Öò¤û (MC fields) : „QÍ=∞ HõO~î=° Ú, QÆ∞@ìÅ∞, K≥~∞° =ÙÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ K≥#· ∞, „HÍãπ™êìÑ`π¶ À
H˘Å∞K«∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞HÍx 50 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ‰õΩ q∞Oz#, 100 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ qã‘~Î =‚° Ú Ö’Ñ¨Å HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Éè∂í =ÚÅ#∞
‰õÄ_® "Õ~∞° QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok. J\ì̃"å\˜x ''"≥∞#ÿ ~ü ã¨~∂° ¯ º\ò Ñ¶Ö‘ òû¤ —— Jx JO\Ï~°∞. K≥#· ∞, „HÍãπ™êìÑÙ¨ `À
H˘Å`«Å‰õΩ gÖˇ#· Ñ¨Ê\˜H,˜ XˆH Éè∂í ™êfiq∞ =^ŒÌ 50 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ‰õΩ q∞Oz Z‰õΩ¯= Éè∂í q∞ XˆH ^ŒQ~æÆ ° =Ù#flKÀ ^•xx ‰õÄ_®
"MC field" QÍ<Õ H˘Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
5. Éè∫QÀoHõ QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ∞ : „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÖÌ ’ QÆÅ Éè∫QÀoHõ QÆ∞~°∞ÅÎ ∞ (Topo Details) ~À_»∞,¡ ~Ô Å· ∞=∂~åæÅ∞, HÍeÉÏ@Å∞,
K≥~∞° =ÙÅ∞, QÆ∞@ìÅ∞, QÆ∞_ç, K«~Ûü , =∞ã‘^∞Œ , ZÅ„Hì̃HÖõ òÖ#·ˇ ∞ WÖÏ "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ „QÍ=∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# „Ñ¨H$õ u =∞iÜ«Ú
=∂#= xi‡`« âßâ◊fi`« ã¨Ö÷ ÏHõ$u q=~°=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_=» Ú [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. ÃÑ#· `≥eÊ# Jxflq=~°=ÚÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç#
'A' sketch J#∞^•xx `«Ü∂ « ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« _»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JO^Œ∞Ö’ „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÃÌ Ñ· QÆÅ '„uãÖkè— ™ê÷#=ÚÅ∞,
ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
27
kfiãÖQÆ=∞ ™ê÷#=ÚÅ∞, YO_»=ÚÅ∞ "MC Field" topo Details =∞iÜ«Ú áê`«|_ç# 'A' , 'B' class ~åà◊§ q=~°=ÚÅ∞
LO\Ï~Ú. 'A' Ãã¯Kü J#∞#k „Ñ¶‘ Ç¨ÏºO_£`À ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ wz# Éè∂í Hõ=∞`åÅ PHÍ~°=Ú, ™ê÷#=ÚÅ q=~°=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù
Ñ¨@=Ú.
~åà◊§ q=~°=ÚÅ∞, áê`«∞ ™ê÷#=ÚÅ∞ :
~åà◊§Ö’ Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ~Ú# ~åà◊√§ =Ù<åfl~Ú. Jq –
"≥Ú`«OÎ ÃÑ#· ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl Ñ¨#∞Åhfl J~Ú# `«~∞° "å`« 'A' sketch `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕ™êÎ~∞° . ^•xÖ’ 'A' `«~Q° uÆ , 'B' `«~Q° uÆ
~åà◊§ ãÖYº#∞ "Õ™êÎ~∞° . 'A' class stone Register, 'B' class stone Register `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕ™êÎ~∞° .
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'B' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - K«O„Hõ◊=∞} ã¨ˆ~fi (Traverse Survey) : 'A' =~ü¯ KÕã≤# `«~°∞"å`« ã¨ˆ~fiÜ«∞~ü `«#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤#
q=~°=ÚÅ#∞ ã¨ˆ~fi HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ ^•YÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ_»∞. ^•x P^è•~°=ÚQÍ "Õ~˘Hõ ã¨ˆ~fiÜ«∞~°∞ 'a— „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞#∞
x~°fiÇ≤Ï™êÎ_»∞. nxÖ’ „QÍ=∞ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì, YO_»O ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì, M.C. field "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ "å\˜x kèÜ≥∂_»Öˇ·\ò (Theodo-
lite) "≥∞+‘<£ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ HÀ}=ÚÅ∞ fã¨∂Î, 20g∞@~°¡ Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ 30 g∞@~°¡ Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å`À "Õ~°∞ "Õ~°∞QÍ ¿ãì+¨#∞Å
=∞^èŒº ^Œ∂~°=ÚÅ#∞ H˘Å∞™êÎ_»∞. nx<Õ 'K«O„Hõ=∞}— ã¨ˆ~fi JO\Ï~°∞.
'C' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ : nxÖ’ 'a— ã¨ˆ~fiÜ«∞~ü JOkOz# P „QÍ=∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# q=~åÅ (Data) P^è•~°OQÍ (J#QÍ
J`«_»∞ KÕã≤# HÀ}=ÚÅ∞, H˘Å`«Å∞) HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ „QÍ=∞, YO_»O, "≥∞ÿ#~ü ã¨~°∂¯ º\ò Ñ¶‘Öò¤û Ü≥ÚHõ¯ qã‘Î~°‚=Ú
ÖˇHõ¯Hõ@∞ì^Œ∞~°∞. nxx "Traverse computation" Ñ¨x JO\Ï~°∞.
'D' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ : ÃÑ·# KÕã≤# q=~åÅ#∞ P^è•~°=ÚQÍ KÕã≤H˘x P „QÍ=∞O Ü≥ÚHõ¯ (Frame work plotting) #=¸<å
Ñ¨@=Ú Skeleton `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ™êÎ~°∞. ¿ã¯Å∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O M.C.fields, Khandam, Topo details and Village boundry
Å`À Map KÕ™êÎ~°∞. nxx "Traverse Plotting" JO\Ï~°∞.
'E' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - ˆHΔ„`« ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ x~°‚Ü«∞=Ú (Field Demarcation) : "åã¨ÎqHõ H˘Å`«Å#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞ q^èŒOQÍ
ã¨ˆ~fi „áê~°OaèOK«_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ ã¨ˆ~fiKÕÜ«∞=Åã≤# Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ#∞ (holdings) (fields) "≥Ú^Œ@ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ x~°‚Ü«∞O
KÕã≤ (Location), "åã¨Î= ã¨ˆ~fiKÕÜ«∞=Åã≤# ã¨ˆ~fiÜ«∞~ü‰õΩ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HõOQÍ XHõ z`«∞ÎÑ¨@=Ú (Rough skatch)
`«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok. D ÖÁˆH+¨<£ Ñ¨xÖ’ Survey fields #∞ ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
JÖÏˆQ Ô~"≥#∂º Ñ¨^Œ∞ÌÅ xˆ~Ìâ◊ºO`À. XHÀ¯Hõ¯ Ñ¶‘Å∞¤, ^•xfl J#∞ÉèíqOKÕ =ºH˜Î¿Ñ~°∞, "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ q=~°=ÚÅ`À Éèí∂q∞
il+¨ì~°∞ (Land Register) ‰õÄ_® `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤Ok Uq∞@O>Ë
Ô~q#∂º Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Å∞ "Õ~°∞ "Õ~°∞ Jq. xs‚`« qã‘Î~°‚O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O H˘xfl Éèí∂Hõ=∞`åÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤ XHõ
ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤QÍ ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕ™êÎ~°∞.
Ñ¶‘Å∞¤ (ˆHΔ„`«ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ) x~°‚Ü«∞=Ú QÆ∞iOz =∞#=Ú Section 7 (S&B Act, 1923) „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú xs‚`«
qã‘Î~°‚=ÚÅ`À ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`«=ÚÅ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. "å\˜ QÆ∞iOz =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O^•=Ú.
ee
ã¨~ˆ fi Hˆ „Δ `«=ÚÅ x~å‡}=Ú
29
10. ã¨~ˆ fi Hˆ „Δ `«=ÚÅ x~å‡}=Ú

(FORMATION OF FIELDS)
1. =∂QÍ}˜ (wet) Éèí∂=ÚÅÖ’ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 2 ÃÇÏHÍì~°∞¡ ÖË^• 5 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ =~°‰õΩ Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ#∞

HõeÑ≤ XHõ ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`«OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOKåe (survey field) J~Ú`Õ Hõ=∞`åÅ (sub-divisions) ãÖYº 20H˜ q∞OK«~å^Œ∞.
XHõ "Õà◊ D ãÖYº 20 sub-divisions ‰õΩ q∞Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ survey field Ñïkè ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 2 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ∞QÍ KÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
ˆHΔ„`«=ÚÅ∞ gÅ~Ú#O`«=~°‰õΩ =∞Oz PHÍ~°=ÚÖ’ =ÙO_»∞#@∞Å K«∂_»=Öˇ#∞.
2. "≥∞@ì (Dry) Éèí∂=ÚÖ’¡ (4 ÃÇÏHÍì~°∞¡) 10 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ‰õΩ ãïÑ¨_»∞#@∞¡ Hõ=∞`åÅ#∞ (Sub-divi-
sions) HõeÑ≤ XHõ ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ „`«OQÍ (survey field) `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∂e. J~Ú`Õ Sub-divisions ãÖYº 20H˜
q∞OK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. H˘xfl „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ 20 S.D. Å‰õΩ q∞Oz# Z_»Å ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`« Ñïkè 4 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ
=~°‰õΩ KÕÜ«∂e.
3. 50 eO‰õΩÅ HõO>Ë "≥_»Å∞Ê Z‰õΩ¯= =ÙO_Õ ~À_»∞¡, |O_ç ÉÏ@Å∞, HÍÅ∞=Å∞, "≥ÚIIÅQÆ∞ =O\˜
á⁄_»"å\˜ ã¨#flx ˆHΔ„`åÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ (Long narrow fields) ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`«O á⁄_»=Ù 10 Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å∞ =ÙO_®e. "å\˜
"≥_»Å∞Ê 50 eO‰õΩÅ #∞O_ç 20 eO‰õΩÅ =∞^èŒº =Ù#fl@¡~Ú`Õ Jq survey fields Ö’<Õ Sub-divisions QÍ
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∂e. "å\˜ "≥_»Å∞Ê 20 eO‰õΩÅ HõO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ =Ù#fl@¡~Ú`Õ "å\˜x (Topo details) QÍ K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.
H˘xfl „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ =Å¡ Ô~"≥#∂ºâßY "å\˜x Sub-division QÍ K«∂Ñ¨=∞x ‰õÄ_® HÀ~°=K«∞Û#∞.
4. ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤‰õΩ ãïÑ¨_»∞ "≥·âßÖÏºxH˜ q∞Oz# ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Hõ=∞`åÅ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ ÖË^• H˘O_»Å∞,
#^Œ∞Å∞, |O[~°∞ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ "≥ÚIIÅQÆ∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩÅ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ "å\˜ qã‘Î~°‚=Ú#∞ qÉèílOK« #=ã¨~°=Ú
ÖË^Œ∞. "å\˜x XˆH ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`«=ÚQÍ (Sy.field) ã¨ˆ~fi KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J\˜ì "å\˜Ö’ xs‚`« qã‘Î~°‚=Ú
q∞Oz# "å\˜x M.C Ñ¶‘Öò¤û QÍ fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
ÃÑ· ã¨∂„`åÅ#∞ J#∞ãïOz ã¨ˆ~fi ˆHΔ„`åÅ#∞ (Sy.Nos) #∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. WkÜÕ∞ HÍHõ
=∞#‰õΩ =OÑ¨ÙÅ ã¨~åãï (Equalisation of bends) J#∞ Ñ¨x ‰õÄ_® KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ =ÙO@∞Ok. ^•xH˜ ‰õÄ_® H˘xfl
xÜ«∞=∂Å∞ áê\ÕK«=Öˇ#∞.
=OÑ¨ÙÅ ã¨~åãï (Equalisation of bends) : Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Å =∞^Œº# z#fl z#fl =OÑ¨ÙÅ∞#flKÀ "å\˜x W~°∞"≥·Ñ¨ÙÅ Ô~·`«∞
ã¨=∞HõΔOÖ’ ãïKÕã¨∞H˘#=K«∞Û#∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ wet Ö’ 10 eO‰õΩÅ∞, Dry 20eO‰õΩÅ =~°‰õΩ#fl =OÑ¨ÙÅ#∞
ãïKÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞.
KÕÜ«∞‰õÄ_»x xÜ«∞=∂Å∞ : W~°∞"≥·Ñ¨ÙÖÏ "Õˆ~fi~°∞ Ñ¨@ì^•~°∞Öˇ·#Ñ¨C_»∞, á⁄Å=ÚQÆ@¡ÃÑ· qÅ∞=~Ú# K≥@∞¡ ÖË^•
Hõ@ì_»=ÚÅ∞ =Ù#flÑ¨C_»∞, XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù wet =∞~˘Hõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù dry Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ =Ù#flÑ¨C_»∞, „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞, XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù
=Ù#flÑ¨C_»∞, W~°∞"≥·Ñ¨ÙÅ =Ù#flÑ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å∞ XÑ¨CHÀ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =OÑ¨ÙÅ ã¨~åãï KÕÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
„Ñ¨f ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤Ö’x Ç¨ÏŸe¤OQÆ∞Å#∞ LÑ¨ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ (sub-divisions) QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«_»=Ú, ÖÁˆH+¨<£ Ãã¯Kü
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ JqzÛù#fl (continues) ˆ~YÅ∞QÍ, sub-divisions
ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ qzèÛ#fl ˆ~YÅ∞ (broken lines) QÍ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Å#∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ ãÖYºÅ`À
QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ~°∞. D ãÖYºÅ#∞ ˆH\Ï~ÚOK«_»=Ú#∞ YO_®xH˜ K≥Ok# (North west) L`«Î~°-Ñ¨_»=∞~° ("åÜ«Ú=º)
30
=¸Å #∞O_ç "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ ì (South East) ^ŒH˜Δ}-`«∂~°∞Ê (PˆQflÜ«∞) =¸Å`À =ÚQÆ∞ã¨∞ÎOk. „QÍ=∂xH˜ K≥Ok#
YO_»O z=i ã¨ˆ~fi#O|~ü (S.No.) =~°‰õΩ J^Õ =~°ã¨ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok. W^Õ q^èŒOQÍ „Ñ¨f ã¨ˆ~fi #O|~üÖ’x
(sub-divisions) ‰õÄ W=fi_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Wk‰õÄ_» NW #∞O_ç „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ South East Ö’ =ÚQÆ∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
nx<Õ "Rough Location Sketch" JO\Ï~°∞.
JÖÏˆQ Ô~"≥#∂º Ñ¨^Œ∞ÌÅ ##∞ãïOz Hõ=∞`åÅ „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú Éèí∂q∞ il+¨ì~°∞#∞ (Land Register)
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. nxÖ’ Sy.No. qã‘Î~°‚O, J#∞Éèí=^•~°∞x ¿Ñ~°∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ q=~åÅ∞
á⁄O^Œ∞Ñ¨~°Kåe. nxx (Rough Land Register) JO\Ï~°∞.
z`«∞Î ™ê÷# z„`«Ñ¨@=Ú (Rough Location Sketch) JO\Ï~°∞.
ÃÑ·# L^ŒÇ¨ÏiOz# Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ∞ (sub-divisions) ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú z`«∞Î Éèí∂q∞ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú

(Rough Land Registers) `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«Ú^Œ∞~°∞. áê`« ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤ #Å¡ ã≤~å`À H˘`«ÎÑ¶‘Å∞¤ Z„~°ã≤~å`À#∞ Rough
Location Sketch Ö’ K«∂Ñ¨Ù^Œ∞~°∞.
'F' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - Éèí∂q∞ H˘Å`«Å∞ (Field Measurement) :
=∞#=Ú 'E' =~ü¯Ö’ áê\Õz# xÜ«∞=∂#∞™ê~°=ÚQÍ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ x~°‚~ÚOz#@∞=O\˜ Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ

JxflO\˜h ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Å "åiQÍ H˘Å`«Å∞ KÕÜ«ÚÑ¨xx 'F' work JO\Ï=Ú.
ã¨~ˆ fi Hˆ „Δ `«=ÚÅ x~å‡}=Ú
31
nxÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ =∞#=Ú ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ K«∞@∞ì H˘Å`«Å∞ ('F' line measurements) LÑ¨qÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ 'F'
H˘Å`«Å∞, fã¨∞H˘O\Ï=Ú `«^Œ∞Ñï Ñ¶‘Å∞¤ „uãÖkè ™ê÷#=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞H˘x "å\˜ =∞^èŒº# Diagonal lines ('G'
lines) "Õ™êÎ=Ú. _»Ü«∂QÆflÖò ÖË^• qHõ~°‚=Ú ã¨ˆ~fi Ñ¶‘Å∞¤#‰õΩ "≥<≥fl=ÚHõ =O\˜k. Wk TÇ¨ˆ~Y =∂„`«"Õ∞. nx<Õ
Guess line Jx ‰õÄ_® JO\Ï~°∞. Wk Ô~O_»∞ ˆHΔ„`« ãÖ^èŒ∞Å =∞^èŒº<Õ x~°‚~Ú™êÎ~°∞. D diagnols "ÕÜ«Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
=∞#=Ú XHõ xs‚`« ã¨∂„`«=Ú#∞ áê\ÕK«=ÅÜ«Ú#∞.
Jk n-2 J#QÍ No.of Junctions-2 = x L^•:: =∞#Ñ¶‘Å∞¤ A B C D E J#∞ J~Ú^Œ∞ [OHõΔ#∞Å∞ Hõey
Ü«Ú#fl^Œ#∞H˘#∞=Ú. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ =∞#O ã¨∂„`«=Ú P^è•~°=ÚQÍ (n-2) 5-2 = 3 JO>Ë =∞#O =∞#‰õΩ#fl ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤Ö’
3 „uÉèí∞[=ÚÅ∞ (diagonals) U~°Ê~°K«=Öˇ#∞.Jq‰õÄ_® [OHõΔ#∞Å =∞^èŒº^Œ∂~°=Ú `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ=ÙO_»∞#@∞¡QÍ
U~åÊ@∞KÕã¨∞H˘#=ÅÜ«Ú#∞. Diagonal lines #∞O_ç Junctions offsets fã¨∞H˘#=ÅÜ«Ú#∞. `«^Œ∞Ñï Ñ¶‘Å∞¤Öˇ·#∞ÃÑ·#
z#fl z#fl =OÑ¨ÙÅ∞#flKÀ [OHõΔ<£ #∞O_ç [OHõΔ#∞‰õΩ common 'G' lines "Õã≤ ^•xÃÑ· #∞O_ç offset fã¨∞H˘#=ÅÜ«Ú#∞.
=∞#‰õΩ=Ù#fl ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤ ÖËHõ ã¨Éò_çq[<£ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ (ÉˇO_£û) =OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ U 'G' ˆ~Y‰õΩ ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ Ü«ÚO_»∞<À P ˆ~YÃÑ·#<Õ
P =OÑ¨Ù Ü≥ÚHõ¯ offset #∞ fÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ KÕã≤# H˘Å`«Å#xflO\˜x Laddar ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ „Ñ¨Hõ¯#
"Õã¨∞H˘O\Ï=Ú. Ãã¯KüÖ’ 'G' lines, 'F' lines =∂„`«"Õ∞ "ÕÜ«∞|_»=ÅÜ«Ú#∞. "å\˜ QÆ∞iOz =ÚO^Œ∞ =ÚO^Œ∞
iHÍ~°∞¤Å∞ `«Ü«∂sÖ’ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘O^•=Ú. =∞#=Ú fÜ«Ú PÑ¶πÃã\òÅ∞ Z\˜ì Ñïã≤÷uÖ’#∂ 5 Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å HõO>Ë
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =ÙO_Õ@@∞¡QÍ fã¨∞H˘#~å^Œ∞.
'G' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - „QÍ=∞ Ñ¨@=Ú `«Ü«∂~°∞ (Preperation of Village Map) :
=∞#=Ú ã¨ˆ~fiKÕã≤# J#QÍ 'F' =~ü¯Ö’ KÕã≤# ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤Å#∞ JxflO\˜h ‰õÄ_® 'D' process Ö’
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕÜ«∞|_çÜ«ÚO_ç# „\Ï=~üû áê¡\ ÕQ∑ Ãã¯Å@<£Ö’ áê¡\ ÕQ∑ KÕÜ«∞_»=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
'H' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - „QÍ=∞Ñ¨@=Ú =ÚyOK«∞@,qã‘Î~°‚=Ú#∞ QÆ}ÕK«∞@ (Finishing of Village Map, Area Com-
putation) :
'G' processÖ’ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤# „QÍ=∞ Ñ¨@=Ú#∞ h\òQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤ JÖÏˆQ "å\˜ qã‘Î~°‚=ÚÅ#∞
Ãã¯Å@<£, =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨ˆ~fiÑ¶‘Å∞¤Å qã‘Î~°‚O QÆ}##∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ«Ú^Œ∞~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ qã‘Î~°‚=ÚÅ =º`åºã¨=ÚÅ#∞ Ñ¨sH˜ΔO`«∞~°∞.
JO^Œ ∞ Ö’ 1% =º`åºã¨ = Ú =∞#‰õ Ω JÅ"≥ < £ û QÍ Hõ Å ^Œ ∞ . J#QÍ 1% =º`åºã¨ = Ú =zÛ#KÀ ^•xx
JOwHõiOK«=K«∞Û#∞.
áê¡@∞ KÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ ¿ã¯Å∞ x~°‚Ü«∞=Ú :
1) 1 ZHõ~°O #∞O_ç 5 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ =~°‰õΩ Ñ¶‘Å∞¤=Ù#fl 1 cm = 1/2 chain of (20) meters
(0 to 2-0 Hectars) 1 : 1000
2) 5 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ #∞O_ç 20 =~°‰õΩ 1 cm = 1 chain of (20) meters
(2 Hec - 8 Hec) 1 : 2000
3) 20 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ ÃÑ·# (8 Hec above) 1 cm = 2 chains
1 : 4000
4) 'D' Sketch & 'D' process (Traverse sketch) 1 cm = 2 1/2 chains
1 : 5000 QÍ KÕÜ«Ú^Œ∞~°∞.
ee
sã¨~ˆ fi =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨Ñ"¡≤ ∞≥ O@s ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜÚ« q^è•#=Ú
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30. sã¨~ˆ fi =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨Ñ"¡≤ ∞≥ O@s ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜÚ« q^è•#=Ú

WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ XHõ™êi ã¨ˆ~fi KÕã≤# „QÍ=∂xH˜ K≥Ok# Éèí∂q∞x ã¨ˆ~fi KÕÜ«∞_»O #∞ s ã¨ˆ~fi JO\Ï~°∞.
P=â◊ºHõ`« : 1. Hˆ „Δ `«=ÚÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fi „¿ÑO¶ =~ü¯ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ qzÛ#flO J~Ú#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ nxx KÕÑ_¨ `» å~°∞. JO>Ë Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· ã¨~ˆ fi
<≥O|~°∞,¡ ã¨Éò _çq[#∞¡, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ JkèHâõ ß`«OÖ’ `«∞_çzÃÑ@∞ì‰Ωõ áÈ~Ú#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞~Ì åà◊√§ JkèHõ âß`«OÖ’
HõxÑ≤OK«Háõ È=@O, `«`Ê« eù `«OQÍ iHÍ~°∞Å¤ ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ, Hˆ „Δ `åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«@O Hõ+`ì¨ ~« O° HÍ=@O HÍ~°}OQÍ ZÑ¶.π ZO.a.,
„QÍ=∞ Ñ¨@OÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤# ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ "åãÎ̈=OQÍ Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ L#fl "å\˜`À ãïáÈHõáÈ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Éè∂í q∞
iHÍ~°∞Å¤ #∞ ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«Hõ áÈ=_»O =Å¡ D Ñïã≤`÷ ∞« Å∞ Z^Œ∞~°=Ù`å~Ú. ~ÀA"ås ~Ô "≥#∂º áêÅ#Ö’ qq^èŒ
~°HÍÅ Ñï}Ï=∞OÖ=Å¡ U~°Ê_Õ „H˘`«Î ã¨Éò _çq[#∞¡ H˘Å=HõáÈ=@O, "å\˜x iHÍ~°∞Å¤ Ö’ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∞« HõáÈ=_»O =Å¡
ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì ~åà◊√¡ HõxÑ≤OK«‰Ωõ O_® áÈÜ«∂Ü«∞x, QÆ=∞xOz# `«~∞° "å`« HÍÅÜ«∂Ñ¨# KÕÜ∞« Hõ "å\˜x Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^Œiú OK«Hõ
áÈ=@O =Å# D Ñïã≤u÷ ãÖÉèqí ã¨∞OÎ k.
2. „Ñ¨^•è #"≥∞#ÿ h\˜ áê~°∞^ŒÅ „áê*ˇ‰Ωõ ì ÑïkèÖ’H˜ =KÕÛ „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ "≥∞@ì Éè∂í =ÚÅ#∞ =∂QÍ}˜ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞QÍ =∂~°Û_»O,
J<ÕHõ |kbÅ Hõ=∞`åÅ Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ D „áêO`«O PHõã‡≤ HõOQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# HÍ~°}OQÍ KåÖÏ `«‰Ωõ ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ
J`«ºkèHõ âß`«O ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ ~°∂Ñ¨Ù=∂Ñ¨\ÏxH˜ sã¨~ˆ fi J=ã¨~O° J=Ù`«∞Ok.
3. Z¿ã\ì ò ~°^∞Œ Ì K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ™êfinè#O KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ#fl [q∞O^•i Z¿ã\ì ò „QÍ=∂Å∞, W<åO „QÍ=∂Å q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’
‰õÄ_® s ã¨~ˆ fi KÕã,≤ P „QÍ=∂Å‰õΩ <åºÜ«∞Ñ¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ =∂#º`«fiO „Ñ¨™êkOK«\ÏxH˜ ilãì̈~xü P^è∞Œ hHõO KÕÜ∞« \ÏxH˜,
Ñ¨\ÏìÅ∞ *Ïs KÕÜ∞« \ÏxH˜ , P „QÍ=∂Å‰õΩ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ s ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤LO@∞Ok.
H˘Å`«, qã‘~Î O‚° QÆ}#, iHÍ~°∞Å¤ `«Ü∂« s "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Ñ¨#∞Å q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤# xÜ«∞=∂Å∞
XHõ¯>Ë. Initial =∞iÜ«Ú s ã¨~ˆ fi H˜ J~Ú`Õ „HÕ^Œ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl H˘xfl q+¨Ü∂« Å∞ QÆ∞iOz H˘O`« =º`åºãÖ LO@∞Ok.
„\Ï=~üû ã¨~ˆ fi É∫O_»s Ñ¨xx Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù „\Ï=~üû _Õ\Ï P^è•~°OQÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ∞« @O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. U"≥∞<ÿ å
käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò ~åà◊√¡ HõxÑ≤OK«‰Ωõ O_® áÈ~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ "å\˜x —_ç— Ãã¯Kü Ö’ Z„~° ã≤~å`À#∞, Ü«∞^ä•`«ÔŒè QÍ L#fl ~åà◊§#∞
#Å¡ ã≤~å`À#∞ Ãã¯Kü QÆ∞iÎOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. xÜ«∞=∂=o „Ñ¨HÍ~°O „>ÿ̌ [OHõΔ<£ ~åà◊√§ =∞iÜ«Ú áê~ÚO\~üû
=∂„`«"∞Õ käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò`À H˘ez uiy áêuOK«=Åã≤LO@∞Ok. W`«~° käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò ~åà◊§#∞ J=ã¨~O° J~Ú#KÀ
käÜ∂≥ _»Ö\·ˇ ò `À#∞ ÖË^• F.M.B. Ö’ iHÍ~°∞¤ KÕã#≤ H˘Å`«ÅP^è•~°OQÍ K≥<· £ =∞iÜ«Ú „HÍãπ™êìÑπ¶ Å`À H˘Åz uiy
áêuOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Ì ~åà◊√¡ JkèHâõ ß`«O HõxÑ≤OK«‰Ωõ O_®áÈ~Ú#, KåÖÏ J~°∞^≥#· ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ =∂„`«"∞Õ
Fresh traverse ã¨~ ˆ fi KÕÑ@¨ _ì O» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ã¨^~Œ ∞° JOâßxfl ã¨~ˆ fi JkèHÍi x~°~‚ ÚOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. xÜ«∞=∂=o
„Ñ¨HÍ~°O i–Ñ¶H≤ û˜ OQ∑ Ñ¨xH˜ ÖË^• Fresh traverse ã¨~ˆ fi H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# iHÍ~°∞Å¤ #∞ _ç–Ñ¶Ö‘ ò¤ |∞H±, _ç–Ãã¯Kü Ö’
`«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕÜ∞« @O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
ÖÁˆH+¨<£ =~ü¯ : D Ñ¨x KÕã∞¨ #Î fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ initial ã¨~ˆ fi HÀãÖ, s ã¨~ˆ fi HÀãÖ, `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕ¿ã ÖÁˆH+¨<£ Ãã¯Kü Å =∞^èºŒ
=º`åºãÖ LO@∞Ok. Ñ¨Ó~°fiO KÕã#≤ ã¨~ˆ fi „Ñ¨HÍ~°O YO_»O "åiQÍ ÖÁˆH+¨<£ Ãã¯Kü `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã,≤ ^•xÖ’ L#fl
ã¨Éò–_çq[<£ JxflÜ«Ú K«∂Ñ¨=Öˇ#∞. áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi<≥O|~ü Ö’x ã¨Éò–_çq[<£û JxflÜ«Ú #Å¡ ã≤~å`À K«∂áêe. Ñ¶Ö‘ ò¤
É∫O_»s Öˇ#· #¡ ∞, continuous lines QÍ, ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ Öˇ#· #¡ ∞ „É’ÔH<£ Öˇ<· û£ (- - - - -) K«∂Ñ¨=Öˇ#∞. áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi
=∞iÜ«Ú ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ <≥O|~°#¡ ∞ #Å¡ ã≤~å`À K«∂Ñ¨=Öˇ#∞. ÃÑ#· K≥ÑÊ≤ # „Ñ¨HÍ~°O á⁄ÅOÃÑ· qKå~°}KÕã≤ „H˘`«QÎ Í
U~°Ê_ç# ã¨Éò-_çq[#∞¡ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ ÃÑxûÖ’Î wÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞, Ñ¨\Ïì <≥O|~ü, "≥∞~°Hõ ÖËHõ Ñ¨Å=¡ Ú, "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞
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ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO`«ÜÚ« initial ã¨~ˆ fi ÖÁˆH+¨<£ =~ü¯ =∂kiQÍ<Õ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∂« e. `«^∞Œ Ñï „H˘`«QÎ Í U~°Ê_ç# ã¨Éò
_çq[#∞¡ Z„~° ã≤~å`À „É’ÔH<£ Öˇ<· Q£ Í K«∂Ñ¨=Öˇ#∞. "≥∞@ì Éè∂í =ÚÅÖ’ 10 ZHõ~=° ÚÅ∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O, =∂QÍ}˜ Éè∂í =ÚÖ’¡ 5
ZHõ~=° ÚÅ∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¶Å‘ ∞¤Å#∞ ã¨$+≤Oì K«=Öˇ#∞. ™ê^èºŒ "≥∞#ÿ O`«=~°‰Ωõ áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ <Õ H˘`«Î Ñ¶Ö‘ ò¤ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞QÍ
U~°Ê~°K∞« H˘#=Öˇ#∞. ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¶Ö‘ ò¤ (#∂º) ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ Z„~° ã≤~å`À continuous line QÍ ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ hfl
Z„~° ã≤~å`À „É’ÔH<£ Öˇ<· Q£ Í#∞ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. `«~∞° "å`« „H˘`«Î ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¶Ö‘ ò¤ <≥O|~ü, ã¨Éò–_çq[#∞¡ Z„~° ã≤~å`À W=fi=Öˇ#∞.
D „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ÃÑ~¶ Ú~ü Ö’ˆH+¨<£ Ãã¯Kü `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞.
Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O (Demarcation) : Initial ã¨~ˆ fi ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞ J=ã¨~åÅ∞ U"≥∞<ÿ å iHÍ~°∞¤
KÕã#≤ P„Hõ=∞}Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ JOâßÅ∞ ^Œ$+≤Öì ’ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x, áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ x~°~‚ ÚOKÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞
iHÍ~°∞Ö¤ ’ L#fl q^èOŒ QÍ<Õ KÕÜ∂« e. Éè∂í =ÚÅ g∞^Œ L#fl J#∞Éè=í O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O Hõ=∞`åÅ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°~‚ ÚOK«=Åã≤LO@∞Ok.
ÉÏQÍ HÀã¨∞QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩ =zÛ# =OÑ¨ÙÅ#∞ `«yOæ K«_O» ^•fi~å Hõ=¸º#Öò áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩÅ#∞, ã¨Éò–_çq[<£
K«H¯õ QÍ KÕã∞¨ #Î flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ , áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÍxH˜ P@OHõO HõÅQÆ‰Ωõ O_® KÕÜ∂« e. J\Ï¡ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ #∞O_ç
q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz# U^≥<· å Éè∂í YO_»O 5 ÃãO@∞¡ q∞Oz LO_ç, JO^Œ∞Ö’ qÅ∞"≥#· K≥@∞¡ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ |O[~°∞ (AW) QÍ
ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞ J\Ï¡O\˜ Éè∂í YO_»O 5 ÃãO@∞¡ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_ç, JO^Œ∞Ö’ qÅ∞"≥#· K≥@∞¡ ÖËHáõ È~Ú#KÀ
"å\˜x ã¨g∞Ñ¨ Ô~"≥#∂º ˆHΔ„`«OÖ’ qb#O KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û. JO^Œ∞Ö’ qÅ∞"≥·# K≥@∞¡ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ "≥·âßÅºO xq∞`«ÎO
ÖË‰Ωõ O_® ^•xx "|O[~°∞" ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ QÍ KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞ |O[~°∞ Éè∂í q∞H˜ P#∞H˘x
L#fl@∞¡J~Ú`Õ J\Ï¡O\˜ Éè∂í YO_®Å#∞ ã¨Éò–_çq[<£ KÕÜ∞« ‰õΩO_® qb#O KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ s ã¨~ˆ fi ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’
Jxfl áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞, ™ê÷xHõ ãÖã¨Å÷ Pnè#OÖ’ L#fl W`«~° Éè∂í =ÚÅ#∞ , ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞, áê`« ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ iHÍ~°∞¤
KÕã#≤ H˘Å`«Å P^è•~°OQÍ uiy x~åúiOK«=Öˇ#∞.
s ã¨~ˆ fi ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ D iHÍ~°∞¤ J~Ú# ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞, H˘Å`«Å#∞, HõzÛ`«OQÍ áê\ÕK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
P„Hõ=∞}Å#∞ |∞H± KÕã#≤ `«^∞Œ Ñï |O^À|ã¨∞Î âßY K«~º° Å∞ KÕÑ_¨ ∞» `«∞Ok. H˘xfl Ñ¨\Ïì Éè∂í =ÚÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆs`åº
™ê=∂lHõ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞QÍ (Hõ=¸º#Öò ÖÏºO_£û) QÍ =∂~°Û_»O, qq^èŒ HÍ~°}ÏÅ=Å¡ Éè∂í q∞ =sæH~õ } ° #∞ iHÍ~°∞Å¤ Ö’
=∂~°ÛHõáÈ=@O, [iy# ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅ∞ LO_»=K«∞Û.
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ãÖ|Okè`« Ñ¨\Ïì^•~ü J#∞=∞u fã¨∞HÀ=@O ^•fi~å, Ñ¨\Ïì Éè∂í =ÚÅÖ’ ÑÖKåÜ«∞f É’~°∞¤ ÖËHõ
lÖÏ¡ Ñï+¨`ü "Õã#≤ ~À_»∞,¡ J\Ï¡O\˜ ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ D q+¨Ü∂« xfl ilã¨~ì ü <≥O. 7 Ö’ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∞« \ÏxH˜, ã¨Éò–_çq[<£
77
Ñ¨xKÕ~ÚOK«_®xH˜ , HÍ¡ãÑ≤ Hˆ≤¶ +¨<£ Ñ¨\Ïì #∞O_ç áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩQÍ =∂iÊOK«_®xH˜, „QÍ=∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’#∞, `åÅ∂HÍ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’#∞
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ Éè∂í q∞ iHÍ~°∞Å¤ Ö’ D =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∞« \ÏxH˜ `«ÇÏ¨ ã≤ÖÏÌ~‰ü Ωõ gÅ∞HõeÊOKÕ q^èOŒ QÍ ãÖ|Okè`«
lÖÏ¡ Ñï+¨`ü ÖË^• ÑÖKåÜ«∞f ÖËHõ ãÖ|Okè`« Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞ K«~º° fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤LO@∞Ok. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ W@∞=O\˜
=º=Ç¨~åÅÃÑ· U q^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ K«~º° fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ sã¨~ˆ fi ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ J\Ï¡O\˜ Éè∂í =ÚÅ#∞
ã¨~ˆ fiÜ«∞~ü áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞QÍ ÑïQÆ}O˜ Kåe. ã¨Éò–_çq[<£ Å‰õΩ Éè∂í q∞ ilã¨~ì ü Ö’x ãÖ|Okè`« Ñ¨\Ïì ã¨~ˆ fi<≥O|~ü
Å‰õΩ ÖË^• LÑ¨qÉèÏQÍÅ‰õΩ QÆÅ ã¨ÇÏ¨ ãÖ|O^è•xfl (Correlation) K«∂¿Ñ ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ J#∞Éè=í ^•~°∞Å∞ J<Õ HÍÅOÖ’
~À_»∞¡ J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl i=∂~°∞¯Å HÍÅOÖ’ Éè∂í ã≤u÷ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl ~å™êÎ~∞° . Éè∂í q∞ ilã¨~ì ü Ö’x |O^À|ã¨∞Î
HÍÅ"£∞Å#∞ Éèsí Î KÕ¿ã ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ =sæH~õ }° =∂~°∞Ê q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ `«^∞Œ ÑïK«~º° KÕÑ@ ¨ _ì ®xH˜ Wk |O^À|ã¨∞Î ã≤|ƒOkH˜
=∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HõOQÍ LO@∞Ok.
P q^èOŒ QÍ QÆÒ« Ö’ [iy# ã¨~ˆ fi `«~åfi`« ™ê=∂lHõ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩÅ∞QÍ =∂i#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© x~°fiÇ¨Ï} ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
U q^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ K«~º° fã¨∞H˘x Éè∂í =ÚÅxfl\˜h s ã¨~ˆ fi ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ áÈ~°OÉ’‰õΩ QÍ =∂~°Û_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ
„ÃÑ"· @
Õ ∞ Hõ=∞`åÅ q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fiÜ«∞~ü Éè∂í q∞g∞^Œ HõzÛ`«OQÍ J#∞Éè=í Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯#∞ J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ ã¨Ê+ì̈"∞≥ #ÿ Ñïq∞`«∞Å∞ ÖË^• QÆ@∞¡ ^•fi~å ~°∞A"≥#· =º=ã¨ã`÷≤ "« ∞≥ #ÿ 12 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ q∞Oz#
JqzÛù#fl"≥∞#ÿ ™êfinè#Ñ¨Ù J#∞Éè=í O J<Õk q"å^ŒOÖ’ L#fl Éè∂í q∞ Ñ¨@¡ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ #∞ HõeÊOK«_"» ∞Õ WO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò Hõ=∞`åÅ q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ ã¨∞~°H`Δ˜ "« ∞≥ #ÿ Ñ¨ûúŒ x J#∞ãïOK«_O» `À áê@∞ Éè∂í q∞g∞^Œ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ã¨∞ã¨Ê+¨"ì ∞≥ #ÿ
Ñï^è∞Œ Å#∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ J#∞=∞u™êÎ=Ú. J~Ú`Õ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Éè∂í =ÚÅ q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ Ñïã≤u÷ WO^Œ∞‰õΩ aè#flOQÍ LO@∞Ok.
ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë 30 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ ÃÑ|· _ç JqzÛù#flOQÍ, x~°O`«~åÜ«∞OQÍ#∞, Éè∂í q∞ `«=∞ ™êfinè#OÖ’ LO^Œx „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò
áêsì ~°∞A=Ù KÕ¿ãÎ `«ÑÊ¨ J\Ï¡O\˜ Éè∂í q∞H˜ „Ñü‰õÄÅ Pnè#Ñ¨ÙÇ¨Ï‰õΩ¯ ^•fi~å U q^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ HÔ ~¡ Ú=Ú#∞ ~°∞A=Ù KÕÜ∞« ÖËHõ
áÈ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù ã¨~ˆ fi ‰õΩ K≥Ok# iHÍ~°∞Å¤ Hˆ <åºÜ«∞ Ñ¨~O° QÍ =∞Oz qÅ∞= LO@∞Ok.
HÍ|\ì̃ ã¨∞~°H`Δ̃ O« QÍ "å\˜x J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. s ã¨~ˆ fi ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ~åà◊√¡ áê`« =Åã≤# ã¨Ö÷ ÏÅÖ’ Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù
ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# áê`« ~åà◊√,¡ „H˘`«Î ã¨~ˆ fi‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# ~åà◊`¡ À Co-inside J~Ú`Õ áê`« ~åà◊<¡ Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«_O»
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok . s ã¨~ˆ fi „Ñ¨HÍ~°O Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« Hˆ O„^•Å`À UH©Éqíè OK«x áê`« ~åà◊√¡ U"≥∞<ÿ å L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ x~°fiÇ¨Ï}
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Hˆ „Δ `åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_O» Ö’ U~°Ê_Õ QÆO^Œ~Q° ÀàÏxfl x"åiOK«_®xH˜ J\Ï¡O\˜ ~åà◊#¡ ∞ `˘ÅyOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
~åà◊¡ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ xq∞`«OÎ ~åà◊¡ Ãã¯Kü Å#∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕ¿ã@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ s ã¨~ˆ fi Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# áê`« ~åà◊§#∞ #Å¡ ã≤~å`À
s ã¨~ˆ fi HÍÅOÖ’ „H˘`«Î ~åà◊§#∞ Z„~° ã≤~å`À ã¨∂zOKåe.
ÖÏºO_£ ilã¨ì~ü (Land Register) : HÍÅO <≥O. 4 #∞ xOÑ¨_»O Ö’ `«Ñ¨Ê Éèí∂q∞ ilã¨ì~°∞#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã
q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ Initial ã¨~ˆ fi H˜, s ã¨~ˆ fi H˜ `Õ_® Ug∞ ÖË^∞Œ . Initial ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ ã¨~ˆ fi Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ K«∂Ñ≤# ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~ü =∞iÜ«Ú
ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ <≥O|~ü #∞ D HÍÅOÖ’ <À\ò KÕÜ∞« @O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ s ã¨~ˆ fi ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi<≥O|~ü,
ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ <≥O|~ü #∞ <À\ò KÕÜ∞« _»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok .
„QÍ=∞O JO`«ÜÚ« , ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¨ÓiÎ J~Ú# `«~åfi`« „QÍ=∞OÖ’#∂ áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi<≥O|~°¡ JxflO\˜H© "Correlation
statement" "ÕÜ∞« =Åã≤ =ÙO_»∞#∞. JO^Œ∞H ˆ áê`« ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~°#¡ ∞ H˘`«Î ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~°#¡ ∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. s
ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ Wk KåÖÏ =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ q+¨Ü∞« O. Ju *Ï„QÆ`QÎ« Í KÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞.
78
Correlation Statement
J#∞|O^èŒ ã¨~ˆ fi (Supplemental Survey) : Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ ã¨~ˆ fi „¿ÑO¶ =~ü¯ ÃÑ^ŒQÌ Í =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ ÖËHõ „H˘`«Î ã¨Éò-_çq[#¡
H˘Å`« xq∞`«OÎ ã¨~ˆ fi Ñ¶Ö‘ ò#¤ ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_O» Hõ+Oì̈ HÍ^Œx, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ `«∞_çzÃÑ@∞ì‰Ωõ áÈ~Ú# qã¨‡iOK«^yŒ #k Jx
QÆ=∞xOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ , Z¿ã\ì ò ~°^∞Œ Ì K«@Oì ^•fi~å ™êfinè#O KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ#fl Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù Z¿ã\ì ò „QÍ=∂Å ã¨~ˆ fi HÀãÖ D Ñ¨^•Å#∞
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok . JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ã¨ˆ~fi HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞, „HÕk "å\˜H˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ñïq∞`«O HÍ"åÅx
x~°‚~ÚOK«_»"≥∞ÿ#k.
1) ÖÁˆH+¨<£ =~ü¯
2) „H˘`«Î ã¨Éò _çq[#¡ H˘Å`« =∞iÜ«Ú J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ KÀ@ áê`« ã¨Éò–_çq[<£Å qb#O.
3) HõxÑ≤OK«‰Ωõ O_®áÈ~Ú# ~åà◊#¡ ∞ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞^Œiú OK«@O
4) ÖÏºO_£ ilãì̈~ü `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕÜÚ« @
5) ã¨ÇÏ¨ ãÖ|O^èŒ q=~°}#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«@O (Correlation statement)
XHõ „QÍ=∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# J#∞|O^èŒ ã¨~ˆ fi#∞ KÕÑ\¨ #ì˜ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Hˆ „Δ `« ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞, LÑ¨qÉèÏQÆO ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞,
=~°∞ã¨QÍ JqzÛù#fl (continuous). qzÛù#fl (broken line) ~ˆ YÅ`À #Å¡ ã≤~å`À QÆ∞iÎOK«@O ^•fi~å XHÀ¯ YO_®xH˜
location sketch #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«_O » [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. WO^Œ∞Ö’ ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~°#¡ ∞ ‰õÄ_® #Å¡ ã≤~å`À #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕÜ∞« _»O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«~∞° "å`« ã¨~ˆ fiÜ«∞~ü „Ñü ã¨Éò-_çq[<£x ÑïjeOK«_®xH˜ Hˆ „Δ `åxH˜ "≥o#¡ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „H˘`«QÎ Í H˘Å"åeû#
ã¨Éò-_çq[<£ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ Z„~° ã≤~å`À QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ~∞° . áê`« ã¨Éò _çq[#¡‰Ωõ K≥Ok# ~Ô O_»∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ XˆH =ºHÎ̃ Pnè#OÖ’
L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞, ã¨Éò–_çq[<£ ÉèÏQÍÅ#∞ Z„~° ã≤~å`À ÉèÏ}Ñ¨Ù QÆ∞~°∞`Î À HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù`å~°∞.
J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ü«∞^è•`«ÔŒè QÍ =Ù#fl x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ü≥∂QÆº"≥∞#ÿ ~åà◊#¡ ∞ #Å¡ ã≤~å`À, HõxÑ≤OK«‰Ωõ O_® áÈ~Ú#
~åà◊#¡ ∞ Z„~° ã≤~å`À QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ~∞° . ã¨=iOz# Ãã¯Kü „Ñ¨HÍ~°O XHÀ¯ ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~°∞Ö’#∞ ã¨Éò–_çq[<£ <˘>Ë+<¨ £ `«Q∞Æ q^èOŒ QÍ
ã¨=iOK«_O» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok . s ã¨~ˆ fi Ö’ =∂kiQÍ<Õ ÖÏºO_£ ilã¨~ì ü `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« _»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J^Õq^èOŒ QÍ
=~°∞ã¨QÍ ã¨~ˆ fi<≥O|~ü Ö’x áê`« ã¨Éò _çq[<£ Å#∞ "å\˜`À UH©Éqíè OKÕ H˘`«Î ã¨Éò–_çq[<£Å#∞ K«∂¿Ñ "Correlation
statement" #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«_O » [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. x~°~‚ ÚOz# âß`«O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O L#fl`åkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ `«xv KÕã#≤ `«~∞° "å`«
H˘eK≥Ñx¨ x KÕÑ@ ¨ _ì O» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. s ã¨~ˆ fi Ö’ =∂kiQÍ<Õ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# iHÍ~°∞Å¤ #∞ J#∞|O^èŒ ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤LO@∞Ok.
79
Ô~O_»∞ „ÃÑ·"Õ\ò Hõ=∞`åÅ =∞^èŒº [iy# P„Hõ=∞}Å#∞ ã¨ˆ~fiÜ«∞~ü ÑïQÆ}Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ‰õÄ_»^Œx ã¨ˆ~fiÖ’
áê\ÕK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ ã¨∂„`«O. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë Jk ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ x~°~‚ ÚOK«_®xH˜ ^Œ~M° Ïã¨∞Î KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO>Ë KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤#
Ñ¨x.
Ñ¨\Ïì Éè∂í =ÚÅ q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ [iˆQ ã¨fiÅÊ P„Hõ=∞}Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_O» KÕÜ∞« ~å^Œ∞. iHÍ~°∞Å¤ #∞ ã¨=iOK«‰Äõ _»^∞Œ .
J@∞=O\˜ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ áê`« ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ Ü«∞^è•`«ÔŒè QÍ LOKåe. J#∞|O^èŒ ã¨~ˆ fi q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ „\Ï"≥~ûü ã¨~ˆ fi
LO_»^∞Œ . ã¨~ˆ fi <≥O|~°¡ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞‰õÄ_» =∂ˆ~Ûã¨=∞ã¨ºÖË^∞Œ . „QÍ=∞ Ñ¨@=Ú#∞ ‰õÄ_» uiy~°∂á⁄OkOK«|_»^∞Œ . H˘`«Î
ã¨Éò–_çq[#∞¡ H˘ez#O^Œ∞Hˆ (ZÑ¶.π ZO.a.) #∞ =∂~°Û_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ãÖ|Okè`« Ñ¨\Ïì^•~°∞Å#∞O_ç ^Œ~M° Ïã¨∞ÅÎ ∞
ÖË‰Ωõ O_® ã¨fiÜ«∞O „¿Ñi`«OQÍ (suo-mutto ) QÍ KÕÑ@¨ _ì O» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. HÍ|\˜ì ÃãHõ<Δ £ 5 „HÕ^Œ <À\˜ÑHˆ≤¶ +¨<£ „Ñ¨K∞« ~°}`À
„áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ ÿ ÃãHõ<Δ -£ 13 <À\˜ÑHˆ≤¶ +¨<£ „Ñ¨K∞« ~°}Ö’ JO`«=∞ÜÕ∞º, A.P. S&B Act, 1923 K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ L#fl Jxfl <åºÜ«∞Ñ¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ
ÖÏOKè<« åÅ#∞ K«@Oì xÜ«∞=∂=o „HÕ^Œ x~°~‚ ÚOz# q^èOŒ QÍ J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
Location Sketch
ee
ã¨~ˆ fi ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞
15
4. ã¨~ˆ fi ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞

(SURVEY INSTRUMENTS)
=∞#=Ú Éè∂í ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ H˘Å`«Å∞ KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ H˘xfl ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ=Ú.
Jq 1. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞, 2. „HÍãπ ™êìÑ,π¶ 3. "Õ∞‰õΩÅ∞ (Arrows), 4. „áê=∂}˜Hõ ^ŒO_»=Ú, 5. ~°≠O_®Å∞ (Flags).
1. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ (Chain) : Ô~O_»∞ ™ê÷#=ÚÅ =∞^Œº ^Œ∂~°=Ú H˘Å∞K«∞@‰õΩ QÍ#∞ 'Q˘Å∞ã¨∞— J#∞ ÑïHõ~°=Ú#∞
LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ=Ú. Wk |Å"≥∞#ÿ W#∞=Ú ÖËHõ L‰õΩ¯ fQÆKÕ `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« |_ç W~°∞„Ñ¨H¯õ Å Ñ¨@∞ìH˘#∞@‰õΩ J#∞=ÙQÍ
~Ô O_»∞ W`«_Î ç Hõ_Ü ç ∞« =ÚÅ∞ J=∞~°Û|_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. XHõ eO‰õΩÖ’ XHõ á⁄_»"#·≥ fQÆ 1 ÖËHõ 2 Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= QÍx
KÕãÜ ≤ Ú« #fl LOQÆ~=° ÚÅ#∞ KÕi Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. LOQÆ~=° ÚÅ∞ `åÑ¨_=» Ú KÕÜ∞« ‰õΩO_® J=ã¨~=° Ú#∞ |\˜ì W=∞_»∞Û@‰õΩ
QÍh fã≤"Ü Õ Ú« @‰õΩQÍx gÅ∞O_»∞#∞. z@ì z=iÖ’x Hõ_Ü ç ∞« =Ú Hõ_Ñ» \¨ ˜ eO‰õΩ á⁄_»=ÙÖ’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨|_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
K≥#· ∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ á⁄_»=Ù W`«_Î ç Hõ_Ü
ç ∞« =ÚÃÑ· K«∂Ñ¨Ù^Œ∞~°∞.
"≥∞„\˜H± K≥#· ∞ : DQ˘Å∞ã¨∞ 'eO‰õΩÅ∞— J#|_»∞ (100) ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞QÆ qÉèlí OÑ¨|_ç LO_»∞#∞. nx "≥Ú`«OÎ á⁄_»=Ù
20 g∞@~°∞.¡ XHõ eO‰õΩ 20 ÃãO.g∞. Hõey LO@∞Ok. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =∞^èºŒ Ö’ (J#QÍ YzÛ`«=ÚQÍ ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆO)
(50) eO‰õΩÅ ^Œ∂~°=Ú# XHõ QÆ∞O„_»x W`«_Î ç aà◊§ J=∞iÛ LO@∞Ok. „Ñü H˘#Å #∞O_ç =~°∞ã¨QÍ 10, 20, 30,
40, eO‰õΩÅ =^ŒÌ 1, 2, 3, 4 <åÅ∞HõÅ∞ (H˘#Å∞) Hõey#@∞=O\˜ W`«_Î `ç À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ =ÙO_»∞#∞. g\˜
=Å# eO‰õΩÅ ãÖYº `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞QÍ LO@∞Ok. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ =∞_»∞K«∞@‰õΩ, "≥∂ã¨∞H˘x áÈ=Ù@‰õΩ, qÑ¨C@‰õΩ
KåÖÏ J#∞‰õÄÅ=ÚQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
"≥∞„\˜H± Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ Hõ#fl =ÚO^Œ∞ 'QÆO@~°∞— Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ J#∞#k LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆOÖ’ LO_≥_kç . nxx 'QÆO@~°∞— J#∞
âß„ãÄ
Î _˝ ∞» Hõ#∞Q˘#∞@ =Å# P¿Ñ~°∞ =zÛ#k. Wk K«∂K«∞@‰õΩ "≥∞„\˜H± Q˘Å∞ã¨∞=Öˇ<Õ LO_»∞#∞. HÍx (100)
eO‰õΩÅ∞, 22 QÆ[=ÚÅ∞ ÖËHõ 66 J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Hõey Ü«ÚO_≥_kç . "≥∞„\˜H± Ñ¨ûúŒ „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ\˜#ì `«~∞° "å`« Wk "å_»_=» Ú
xeÑ≤"Õã≤<å~°∞.
2. „HÍãπ ™êìÑ¶π (Cross staff) (â◊OY∞=Ù) : K≥#· ∞ ã¨~ˆ fiÖ’ Wk J`«ºO`« LÑ¨ÜÚ« Hõ"Î ∞≥ #ÿ ™ê^è#Œ =Ú. nx`À 900
HÀ}=Ú#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ ÅO|HÀ}=ÚÅ∞ ZK«Û>ÿ̌# U~åÊ@∞
KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ gÅ∞ JQÆ∞#∞ ã¨~ˆ fi KÕÜÚ« JkèHÍ~°∞Å‰õΩ ZO`À ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞HÍiQÍ
LO_»∞#∞.
x~å‡}=Ú : nxÖ’x „Ñ¨^•è # ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞ ~Ô O_»∞. (1) W#∞Ñ¨ TK«,
(2) H˘Ü«∞º k"≥∞‡. H˘Ü«∞º k"≥∞‡ (`«ÅÉèÏQÆO) 4II JOQÆ∞à◊=ÚÅ K«^~Œ =° Ú,
2 1 2 JOQÆ∞à◊=ÚÅ ^Œà◊ãï HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞. `«Å ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅÃÑ· 1 2
JOQÆ ∞ à◊ = ÚÖ’`« ∞ ã¨ = ∞ Éè Ï QÆ = ÚÅ∞ (4) QÍ U~° Ê _Õ @ @∞¡ 90 0
ã¨=∞HÀ}=ÚÅ∞ =K«∞ÛÖÏQÆ∞# (2) QÍ_»∞Å∞ éOÑ¨=Ú`À HÀÜ«∞|_ç
Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞.
16
W#∞Ñ¨ TK« 5 8 JO.K«„Hõ"åºã¨=Ú Hõey 44412 #∞O_ç J~Ú^Œ∞ 5I J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ x_çq HõÅ W#∞Ñ¨ Hõ_¤ô
Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. nx z=iH˘# Éè∂í q∞Ö’ „QÆ∞K«∞Û@‰õΩ QÍ#∞ "≥Ú#^ÕeÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞. `«ÅÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞, „HÕk ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞
J#∞ãÖ^è•#=Ú KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ „ã¨∂¯ (Screw) É’Öòì (Bolt) ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞=Ú`À ayOK≥^~Œ ∞° .
LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=ÚÅ∞ :
1. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ Öˇ#· ∞Ö’ ~Ô O_»∞ aO^Œ∞=ÙÅ =∞^èºŒ ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ YÃÑ· ã¨=∞HÀ}=Ú U~åÊ@∞KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ.
2. Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Öˇ#· ∞ ÃÑ· #∞O_ç ^•xÔH^Œ∞~°∞QÍ XHõ aO^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ (offset) ÖËHõ ÅO|HÀ}=Ú U~°Ê~°K∞« @‰õΩ, J\˜ì
™ê÷#=Ú#∞ Hõ#∞Q˘#∞@‰õΩ.
3. H˘Å=|_»∞ =∞^èºŒ ^Œ∂~°=ÚÖ’ P@OHõ=ÚÅ∞#flKÀ "å\˜ H˘Å`«Å#∞ Hõ#∞Q˘#∞@‰õΩ "cross staff" ZO`À
LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_»∞#∞. H˘Åz# ˆHΔ„`«=ÚÅÖ’ ~åà◊√§ K≥_çáÈ~Ú#KÀ "å\˜x =∞o§ ™êkOK«∞@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_»
LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_»∞#∞.
4. XHõÖ#·ˇ ∞#∞ u#flQÍ á⁄_çyOK«∞@‰õΩ.
PÑ¶Ãπ ã@∞ì (Offset) : XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ Y #∞O_ç "Õ~˘Hõ aO^è∞Œ =Ù#‰õΩ HÀ}=Ú KÕÜ∞« #@∞¡QÍ XHõ ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ Y wz# Z_»Å
^•xx 'PÑ¶πÃã\ò— 'offset— JO^Œ∞~°∞. D q^èŒ=ÚQÍ ã¨=∞HÀ}=Ú`À U~°Ê~°z#
ã¨~°à◊ˆ~Y#∞ ÅO|HÀ} PÑ¶πÃã\ò (perpendicular offset) JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wk Ô~O_»=
aO^Œ∞=Ù ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ Y‰õΩ "å\˜HÔ ^Œ∞~°∞ aO^è∞Œ =Ù‰õΩ #_»∞=∞#∞O_»∞ J`«ºO`« ã¨g∞Ñ¨^∂Œ ~°=Ú.
5 Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å∞ JO`«HOõ >Ë Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ∂~°O QÆÅ "offset" Å#∞ xi‡OK«~å^Œ∞.
„HÍãπ ™êìÑ#π¶ ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞ q^è•#=Ú : „HÍã¨∞ ™êìÑπ¶ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ z=i "≥Ú# ã¨∂kQÍ =ÙO_»∞@KÕ Éè∂í q∞Ö’ ÅO|=ÚQÍ
LO_»∞#@∞Å, ã≤~÷ =° ÚQÍ xÅ|_»∞ su# |Å=ÚQÍ áê`«=Öˇ#∞. ZOK«|_ç# ~Ô O_»∞ ™ê÷#=ÚÅ =∞^èºŒ Ö’ U ™ê÷#=Ú
^Œ∂~°=Ú #∞#fl^À Jk QÍ_ç Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =∞^èºŒ ãÖ÷ QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«∞ÖÏQÆ∞# H˘Ü«∞ºk"≥∞‡#∞ ‰õΩ_çKuÕ x =∂„`«"∞Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz
ãïKÕÜ∞« =Öˇ#∞. JÖÏˆQ ~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#O QÆ∂_® J^Õ QÍ_çQ∞Æ O_® HõxÑ≤OK«∞K«∞#flk, ÖËxk K«∂_®e. WÖÏ ãïKÕã#≤
`«~∞° "å`« ^•xx Z\ì̃Ñi¨ ã≤u÷ Ö’#∂ `åHõ~å^Œ∞. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ ~Ô O_»∞ aO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ XˆH QÍ_çÖ’ HõxÑ≤Oz# ~Ô O_»∞ ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ YÖ’
#∞#fl=x J~°=ú Ú. Ñ≤=∞‡@ P ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ YÃÑ· 'PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò— fÜ«∞=Åã≤ =zÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ H˘Ü«∞ºk"≥∞‡ÃÑ· QÆÅ ~Ô O_»=QÍ_ç QÆ∞O_®
™ê÷#=Ú HõxÑ≤Oz# Z_»Å K≥<· Ö£ #·ˇ ∞Ö’ áêu# ™ê÷#=Ú =^ŒÌ 'PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò— (ÅO|HÀ}=Ú) =zÛ#@∞¡ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=Öˇ#∞.
ZÅ¡Ñ¨C_»∂ ''cross staff'' =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ Öˇ·#∞Ö’ ãïQÍ Ü«Ú#fln ÖËxn K«∂ã¨∞H˘#fl `«~°∞"å`«<Õ
'PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò— fÜ«Ú@‰õΩ „Ñ¨Ü∞« uflOK«=Öˇ#∞. 5 Q˘Å∞ã¨∞Å ^Œ∂~°O q∞Oz 'PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò— fÜ«∞~å^Œ∞.
'
3. "Õ∞‰õΩÅ∞ (Arrows) : Wk ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 1I J_»∞QÆ∞#∞O_ç 1 1 2 ' J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ J#QÍ 30 #∞O_ç 45 ÃãO.g∞@~°∞¡
á⁄_»=Ù Hõey |Å=∞~Ú# W#∞Ñ¨ ÖËHõ L‰õΩ¯ fQÆKÕ KÕÜ∞« |_ç Éè∂í q∞Ö’ ã¨∞à◊√=ÙQÍ „QÆ∞K«∞Û@‰õΩ
„HÕkH˘# ã¨∂k"≥Ú#QÍ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. Ñ¨@∞ìH˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞QÍ ~Ô O_»=H˘# =~°∞ÖÎ ÏHÍ~°=ÚQÍ
=OK«|_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. XH˘¯Hõ¯ ~ˆ Y Ü≥ÚHõ¯ áÈ_»=Ù ZxflQ˘Å∞ã¨∞Å ^Œ∂~°O H˘Åz#k
ã¨∞ÅÉèOí QÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ Wq LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞. „Ñ¨f K≥#· ∞`Àáê@∞ (10) =ÙO_»=Öˇ#∞.
ã¨~ˆ fi ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞
17
4. „áê=∂}˜Hõ ^ŒO_»=Ú (Standard Pole) : =∞#=Ú LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ x_çq YzÛ`«OQÍ Ü«Ú#flk,
ÖËxk H˘Å∞K«∞@‰õΩ nxx LÑ¨Ü≥∂y™êÎ~°∞. ZO^Œ∞Hõ#QÍ Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ZO_»HÍÅOÖ’ "åºHÀK«=Ú, K«eHÍÅOÖ’
‰õΩOzOK«∞‰õΩáÈ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. W@∞¡ Wk 1 1/2 JO. "åºãÖ Hõey, 10 eO‰õΩÅ á⁄_»=Ù Hõey, "≥^∞Œ ~°∞ ÖËHõ >Ë‰Ωõ
Hõ„~°`À `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜ∞« |_»∞`«∞Ok. „Ñ¨f eO‰õΩ^ŒQ~æÆ ° XH˘¯Hõ¯QÍ_ç K≥H¯õ |_ç ~Ô O_»∞H˘#Å∞ JiyáÈ‰õΩO_® W~°∞"≥Ñ· Ù¨ ÖÏ
'W`«_Î —ç 'á⁄#∞flÅ∞— "ÕÜ∞« |_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. H˘Å`«Å∞ KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ nx`À Q˘Å∞ã¨∞#∞ K≥H± KÕã∞¨ H˘O^Œ∞~°∞.
5. ~°≠O_®Å∞ (Fiags) : ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞, Éè∂í =ÚÅ =OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ ã¨∞ÅÉèOí QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@‰õΩ "å\˜ =∞^èºŒ ^Œ∂~°O H˘Å∞K«∞@‰õΩ
PÜ«∂™ê÷<åÅÖ’ Wq áê`«∞^Œ∞~°∞ Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù, `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù ~°OQÆ∞Å∞ QÆÅ =„ã¨=Î ÚÅ∞ HõeÑ≤ ~Ô O_»∞
ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÍÅ∞QÍ n~°K… `« ∞« ~°„ãÖQÍ Ü«ÚO_»∞#@∞Å `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕ~Ú™êÎ~∞° . g\˜x ã¨∞=∂~°∞
6 Fts QÆÅ "≥^∞Œ ~°∞ Hõ„~°‰Ωõ `˘_çy =OÑ¨ÙÅ, ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ™ê÷#=ÚÅ =^ŒÌ áê`«∞^Œ∞~°∞.
^Œ∂~°=Ú #∞O_ç K«∂z# ~åà◊√§ Hõ#Ñ¨_H» õ offset "ÕÜÚ« @ H˘Å∞K«∞@‰õΩ Hõ+=ì̈ ∞QÆ∞#∞.
ee
18
5. „_®~ÚOQ∑ ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞

(DRAWING INSTRUMENTS)
=∞#=Ú Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· H˘Åz# H˘Å`«Å#∞ x+¨ÊuÎ`À ^•xx HÍy`«=ÚÃÑ· x+¨ÊuÎ „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú ¿ã¯Å∞`À áê¡@∞
KÕÜÚ« @ JO^Œ∞~°∞. JÖÏ áê¡@∞ KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩQÍ#∞ =∞#‰õΩ H˘xfl ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅ∞ J=ã¨~=° Ú. Jq...
1. ¿ã¯Å∞ : „_®~ÚOQ∑ ÑïHõ~=° ÚÅÖ’ Ju=ÚYº=∞~Ú#k ¿ã¯Å∞. D ÑïHõ~=° Ú Hõ„~°`ÀQÍh, ÖË^• ivory `À QÍh
KÕÜ∞« |_çÜÚ« O_»∞#∞. ^•xÃÑ#· „Ñ¨f ÃãO.g∞@~°∞‰õΩ XHõ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~ˆ Y, =∞^èºŒ Ö’ 10 g∞.g∞@~°‰¡ Ωõ XHõ z#flx ~ˆ YÅ∞
wÜ«∞|_ç 30 cm's, 15 cm's ÃãA · ÅÖ’ KÕÜ∞« |_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. =∞#=Ú Éè∂í q∞ÃÑ· H˘Åz# H˘Å`«Å#∞ `«y#
x+¨ÊuÎÖ’H˜ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x ¿ã¯Å∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú áê¡@∞ KÕÜ∞« @‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞.
¿ã¯Å∞Ö’ 1 cm = 1 chain QÍ#∞1 cm=1/2 chain QÍ#∞,1 cm= 2 chains QÍ#∞ =∞#‰õΩ J=ã¨~=° ∞~Ú# suÖ’
áê¡@∞ =∂ºÑ¨Ù `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã∞¨ H˘#=K«∞Û#∞.
2. a\ò : Wk ‰õÄ_® ¿ã¯Å∞ 5 cm's HõeyÜ«ÚO@∞Ok. nxx ¿ã¯Å∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨~à° ~ˆ◊ Y g∞^Œ ÅO|HÀ}=Ú
U~°Ê~°K∞« @H˘~°‰Ωõ nxx LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK≥^~Œ ∞° .
3. HõOáêã¨∞ (Compass) : D ™ê^èŒ#=Ú XHõ H©Å∞# Wq∞_çÜ«Ú gÅ~Ú#@∞=O\˜ Ô~O_»∞ HÍà◊√§Hõey# XHõ
Ñ¨x=Ú@∞ì. ^•x`«ÅÑ¨@∞ì, H©Å∞, D ~Ô O_»∞#∞ ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ W`«_Î `ç À#∞, ã¨∂k"≥Ú#QÆÅ
HÍà◊√§ L‰õΩ¯`À#∞ KÕÜ∞« |_çÜÚ« O_»∞#∞.Diagonals "Õã≤ U"Õx W`«~° [OHõ#Δ ∞¡ U~°Ê~°∞K«∞@‰õΩ
nxx LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK≥^~Œ ∞° .
L^• : ABC J#∞ „uÉè∞í [=Ú wÜ«Ú@‰õΩ AB áê^Œ~ˆ YQÍ fã¨∞H˘x, C J#∞ aO^Œ∞=Ù#∞
x~åÌiOK«∞@‰õΩ ¿ã¯Å∞ÃÑ#· A #∞O_ç C H˜ B #∞O_çç C H˜ QÆÅ H˘Å`«Å∞ HõOáêã¨∞`À fã¨∞H˘x
~Ô O_»∞ ~ˆ YÅ#∞ U~°Ê~°KQ« Í YO_çOK«∞H˘#∞ ™ê÷#=Ú#∞ C QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK≥^~Œ ∞° .
ee
ETS (ఎల ట ష ):
ఎల ట ష అ న ఎల శ ం ం ం ల మధ
ర మ ఎ ల అమ క ఉన స ప కరం.
ఈ స ప కర ఉప ం ం వ ల మధ ఉన స ంతర (horizontal) మ
(vertical) ణ మ మధ ఉన ర (slope distrance) లవవ
ఈ ప కర ,ఎ క క మ స
అ సం ంచబ ఉం .
ఈ ప కరం ఉన మన క న ఈ ం
గణన ట ఉప గప .
ట ష క ఖ న రక :
1) ం ం ల మధ ర ట : ట ష యం EDM (Eletornic
Distance Measuring) అ న ప న గ . EDM కప 2.8 KM ం 4.2 KM వర
స ం ఉం . లతల క తతం 5mm ం 10 mm వర ం ఉం .
లవవల న ల అంతట అ ం . ట ష ఎ ఇ ం ం
వ క ర (Slope distance) గ ం .
2) ణ ల ట: ట ష యం అమరబ ఉన ఎ ఆ
గ స ంతర మ ణంల ట ఉప గప . స ంతర
ణ ల ట మన లభం ఉన శ చన (reference) శ నవ .
ణంల ట (vertical upward) అం zenith చన శ
నవ . యం గణన ణ ల క క తతం 2 ం 6 కం ఉం .
3) ం : ETS ప కరం నం అమరబ ఉన స బ ళ ప లనల క
స స ం (averages multiple observations) . మన ప కరం మ ల ం కఎ
న , ప కరం ర , స ంతర మ ణ ల గ ం ,
స స ంతర ర మ X, Y,Z అ ంశంల య . మన
ప కర న వరణం క ఉ గత మ ఒ సమ న అ స
క ం అ ణం అన ం .
4) పదరన (Display) : పదరన నం ఉన ద ఉప ం న మన

నం ద వ పద త మ . ఈ వవస స ంతర మ ర ,
ణ , ం గమన ం ల మధ ఉన ఎ ల వ సం మ గమన ం క
అ ంశం పద త మ .
5 ) ఎల సకం : ఈ ప కరం నం ప ఉన ఎల సకం 2000

ం ం 4000 ం వర యగల శ క ఉం . కం ట ఈ
న ం మ న దప ఎల ఉప ం నవ .
ట ష క ఖ ప జన :
1) త తగ న వ ట ఉప గప
2) లతల ఖ తతం ఉం
3) లతల సమయం ఏర నవ షంల ంచ వ
4 ) ఒక ం కఅ ంశంల ఖ తం , త తం గ ంచ వ
5) క ం న కం ట పం న డల క త న
పటం ల క ఆకృ ల త ట ప . పటం త ట
ం సమయం గణ యం త ంచ వ .
6) ప కరం కప ప ఎప క స ం ఉప ం న డల
క త నఫ తంల బట వ .
Scanned with CamScanner
GPS
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System,
is the only system today able to show you your
exact position on the Earth anytime, in any
weather, anywhere.
Applications of GPS
• Providing Geodetic Control
• Photogrammetry
• Finding out location of offshore drilling
• Pipe line and power line survey
• Navigation of civilian ships and planes
• Crustal movement studies
The History of GPS
 Feasibility studies begun in 1960 .
 Pentagon appropriates funding in 1973.
 First satellite launched in 1978.
 System declared fully operational in April, 1995.
There are four GNSS systems in
existence
GPS, GLONASS,Galileo & Compass
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is also called
NAVSTAR GPS ( Navigational System with Time and
Ranging )operated by United States Government.
 The GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
operated by the Russian Government.
 The Galileo Navigation Satellite System to be operated
by European Union.
 The Compass Navigation Satellite System to be
operated by Chinese Government.
GPS Satellites
The GPS Operational

Constellation consists of
24 satellites that orbit
the Earth in very precise
orbits twice a day. GPS
satellites emit
continuous navigation
signals.
Components of the GPS
GPS
Space Segment Control Segment User Segment

Space Segment:
• 24 GPS space vehicles(SVs).
• Satellites orbit the earth in 12 hrs.
• 6 orbital planes inclined at 55 degree with
the equator.
• This constellation provides 5 to 8 SVs from
any point on the earth.
Control Segment:
• The control segment comprises of 5 stations.
• They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every 1.5
seconds and send the corrected data to Master control.
• Here the satellite orbit, clock performance and health of the satellite
are determined and determines whether repositioning is required.
• This information is sent to the three uplink stations
The tasks of Control Segment is as follows:
• To monitor and control the satellite system continuously
• To predict the satellite ephemerides and the behaviour of
satellite clocks.
• To update periodically the navigation message for each satellite
User Segment:
• It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the
satellites.
• The receiver performs following tasks:
– Selecting one or more satellites
– Acquiring GPS signals
– Measuring and tracking
– Recovering navigation data
• Precision Oscillator,Power Supply,User Interface ,Command and
Display Panel, Memory data Storage
Differential GPS survey
Differential GPS
v Differential GPS( DGPS) is a system in which differences
between observed and computed co-ordinates
ranges( known as differential corrections) at a particular
known point are transmitted to users(GPS receivers at other
points) to upgrade the accuracy of the users receivers
position.
v Differential positioning user finds the point position derived
from the satellite signals and applies correction to
that position. These corrections, difference of the
determined position and the known position are generated
by a Reference Receiver ,whose position is known and is fed
to the instrument and are used by the second Receiver to
correct its internally generated position. This is known as
Differential GPS positioning.
Differential Correction
Differential correction is a
technique that greatly
increases the accuracy of the
collected DGPS data. It
involves using a receiver at a
known location - the "base
station“- and comparing that
data with DGPS positions
collected from unknown
locations with "roving
receivers."
Limitation & Errors of GPS/DGPS
a) International Limitation of Accuracy
b) Receiver Independent Exchange Format
c) Reference System Co-ordinates
DUAL FREQUENCY DGPS RECEIVER

Dual-Frequency receivers receive signals from the
satellites on two frequencies simultaneously.
Receiving GPS signals on two frequencies

simultaneously allows the receiver to determine very
precise positions.
Selection of DGPS observation Mode
• Static
• Rapid Static/PPK
• Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
1) Introduction of CORS :
The use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for positioning and mapping
has been steadily increasing since its introduction in the late 1980’s. In the last few years, the
use of GNSS has exploded across many countries, primarily due to the establishment of
regional or state-wide CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) networks that
provide real-time correction data.
A continuously operating GPS reference station or permanent reference station as it
is often called comprises a GPS receiver and antenna set up in a stable manner at a safe
location with a reliable power supply. CORS are geodetic quality GNSS receivers and antennas
that are permanently installed. These stations collect GNSS data continuously, and transmit
data via the Internet to a central server. At the server, the data is archived for future use, and
made available for download by any user. The incoming data is also processed at the server
to generate corrections which are made available over the Internet to users in real-time.
2) Combine Network with RTK :

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is a method of surveying with GNSS that provides
positioning accuracy at the 1-3 cm level. This is a form of differential GNSS requiring two
receivers, one stationary (base) located at a known control station, and one rover to locate
new positions. Since the base is located at a station with known coordinates, corrections can
be computed and transmitted in real-time to the roving receiver, where they are applied to
the raw positions being collected.
However, the conventional RTK is limited by the baseline length between the two
receivers, the communication jamming, rapidly moved reference station and high cost. The
CORS stations will serve as permanent bases. A group of CORS will be linked to central server
and work as a network. Users with only one receiver can use the network RTK service in the
coverage of this network.
3) Advantages of Network RTK over conventional RTK:
 Modeling GNSS error over the entire network area.

 Increased positioning robustness against RSs failures.
 Increased mobility and efficiency - no need for temporary reference stations.
 Quicker initialization times for rovers.
 Extended surveying range.
 No restriction on the network size.
 Capable of supporting multiple users and applications.
 Continuous operation 365/24/7.
 Provide data & corrections in a consistent datum.
 Allow central control and monitoring of all stations – (high integrity monitoring
scheme).
3 CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATION (CORS) | Survey & Land Records Dept.
 Apart from RTK GNSS corrections, other services provided include: RINEX datasets for
post-processing, GNSS corrections for DGPS, wide exploitation for geospatial,
meteorological, transport, environmental and engineering applications.
4) Conventions and Definitions:
1. Monument: The structure (e.g., pillar, building, etc.), including the mount, which keeps
the GNSS antenna attached to earth’s surface.
2. Mount: The device used to attach the antenna to the monument.
3. Mark: This is a unique and permanent point on the monument to which the antenna
reference point is measured. This mark must remain invariant with respect to the
monument.
4. Antenna Reference Point (ARP): The point on the exterior of the antenna to which
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) references the antenna phase center position.
5. Antenna phase center: The electrical point, within or outside an antenna, at which the
GNSS signal is measured. The realization of the phase center is determined by the set of
antenna phase center variations (PCV) corrections that have been adopted by NGS to
account for the non-ideal electrical response as a function of elevation and azimuth
angles.
6. Antenna eccentricity: The vertical and horizontal distances from the mark to the ARP.
7. Site operator: Point of contact responsible for operating the CORS site
8. Multipath: Multipath occurs when GNSS satellite signals arrive at the antenna via a
number of paths. The signal arrives once directly from the satellite, and then a number
of additional times having reflected off other surfaces.
5) Selecting Suitable Site for Base Station:

A. Location:
Choose an open area with minimal obstructions and minimum likelihood of change in the
environment surrounding the monument; e.g. avoid sites with future tree or shrub growth,
building additions, rooftop additions, new antenna masts, satellite dishes, parking lots, chain
link fences, etc.
B. Obstructions:
No obstructions 10 degrees (10° cut-off angle)

above the horizon from the ARP and minimal
obstructions from 0 to 10 degrees. Obstructions can
lead to loss of satellite signals and may also cause
multipath (reflected signals). Multipath can have a
negative influence on the quality of the data and,
therefore, accuracy.
Fig.1
Survey & Land Records Dept. | CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATION (CORS) 4
The greater the volume through which uninterrupted/unreflected signal can reach the
antenna, the greater the likelihood of a robust position estimate. No lightning rods, RTK
broadcast antennas, or any other objects should extend above the antenna or be anywhere
within 3 m of the antenna and all should be below the 0 degree of the horizontal surface
containing the ARP.
C. Radio Frequency Environment:
The signals received by CORS antenna and receivers can be detrimentally affected by
interference from other radio frequency sources (e.g. TV, microwave, FM radio stations,
cellular telephones, VHF and UHF repeaters, RADAR, high voltage power lines). This can cause
additional noise, intermittent or partial loss of lock or even render sites inoperable. Every
effort should be made to avoid proximity to such equipment now and in the future.
6) CORS Base Station Components:
Fig.2
a - Power supply. b - Interface cable.
c - Optional DB9 surge arrester with 12V DC pass through. d - Meteorological sensor (or) Tilt
Sensor.
e - GNSS receiver. f - Radome.
g - GNSS Antenna (Choke Ring Type). h - GNSS Antenna (Compact Type)
i - Antenna cable. j - Optional surge arrester
k - CF Card. l - Cable from GNSS receiver to

modem
m - Radio/GSM modem. n - Cable from modem to antenna
o - PC running GNSS Spider software. q - Cable GNSS receiver to PC or

Communication device
r - Radio/GSM antenna. s - Optional surge arrestor
7) Power Supply :
GPS/GNSS permanent stations are typically powered either through a solar
(photovoltaic) system, or a connection to an AC power feed, and use a varying number of
batteries. Stations relying on solar power typically contain between 4 and 30 batteries,
whereas those using AC power have fewer batteries to maintain constant power during brief
power outages. Both systems supply continuous 12-volt DC power to a GPS receiver,
communications device, and if any meteorological equipment. General system loads will vary
from 4 to 24 Watts. Solar powered stations with power needs greater than 9 Watts are
generally split into two DC systems, so that the communications equipment power draw will
not affect the GPS power system. The Power supply is swappable between the regular power
and solar supply.
7.1) Power System Components:

The CORS systems utilize a combination of solar panels, batteries, back panel
(consisting of AC/DC charge controllers, DIN rails, and circuit breakers), lightning protection,
RF surge protection, and associated wiring to maintain sufficient continual voltage to the
installed electronics.
7.2) Solar Panels:

Using solar panels to supply input voltage to DC systems has proven the most effective
and reliable source of power. Solar panels are wired in parallel and connected to the back
panel via a solar isolation block, which incorporates a lightning protection device.
7.3) Batteries:
The standard specification used by base station for batteries at both DC and AC
stations is the 12V, 110 amp-hour deep cycle gel cell battery, specifically made for slow
charge/discharge situations. These batteries perform well across a broad temperature range,
and do not spill corrosive contents if a cell is punctured. The batteries in a given system are
wired in parallel and connected to the back panel. The terminals of these batteries vary
according to customer specifications, and come in flag, stud, and threaded stud
configurations. For ease of installation in space restricted enclosures, the threaded stud
terminals have become the choice of Base Station.
All batteries at base station are suggested to replace at every 5 to 10 years, generally
before they start to seriously degrade in performance.
7.4) DC Systems:
For DC System batteries are charged to a maximum voltage of 14.25v, and resumes
charging when batteries drop to 13.70v. The unit also features a low voltage disconnect (LVD)
that eliminates power to the system load circuit when the batteries drop below 10.92v, which
reduces the possibility that batteries are drained completely dry, a scenario that generally
results in severely reducing the battery lifespan. The charge controller is mounted to the back
panel, and wired to the circuit breakers.
7.5) AC Systems:
For AC systems, a larger charge controller is installed to convert the 120v AC current
into 12v DC current for battery charging. The charge controller provides a small float-charge
to keep the batteries near optimum charge levels when there is constant AC power. In the
event of an AC power outage that results in battery discharge, the unit will charge the
batteries more rapidly when power is restored.
7.6) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply):
For a CORS facility to provide a high level of reliability, it should be able to operate
during periods of power outage. This functionality is usually provided by an
uninterruptable power supply (UPS), which is always ready to provide power for the
operation of a CORS through power outages up to 24 hours with the help of Batteries
and provide power backup.
Note: The GR25/50 has a built-in battery and

charger that can act as a short Uninterruptible
Power Supply. For long-term protection against
power failure, an external Uninterruptible Power
Supply can also be used.
Fig.3
8) Lightning Protection (Optional):
To protect the DC power system from surges due to atmospheric static discharge via
the solar panels, a lightning protection device is installed on the exterior of the enclosure. It
is wired in common with the solar panel input to the solar isolation block. It is rated to clamp
a 50,000A surge in 25 milliseconds, and will clamp up to a maximum of 100,000A surge but
will be destroyed in the process. It should be noted that no lightning protection can truly
guard against a direct lightning strike, and in such an event, it is likely that some or all of the
electronics in the enclosure will be destroyed.
9) RF Surge Protection (Optional):

To limit power surges travelling down the various coaxial antenna cables that are
connected to the GPS choke ring antenna and communications antennas, in-line surge
protectors are installed inside the enclosure, mounted to the bottom of the top equipment
shelf and grounded via the enclosure itself. RF surge protectors which protect on frequencies
up to 2.5 GHz, and can stop a surge of up to 30kA a single time, or multiple surges of up to
20kA. The mechanism at work is a small gas filled discharge tube inside the device, which
sparks excess current over to ground (levelling charge in both conductors of the coaxial
antenna cables) when a surge travels down the cable. After the surge has discharged, the gas
capsule reverts to a near infinite resistance, once again separating the two conductive
elements of the coaxial cable.
10) Monument:
Since there is no “perfect” monument, these guidelines only aim to avoid designs that
are known to cause (or are likely to cause) data quality issues, based on designs used in
CORS/IGS (International Global Navigation Satellite System Service) during the last 12 years.
First, ensuring that the antenna is well anchored to the ground is essential so the
position and velocity associated with a given site represents the crustal position and velocity
of the site, not just of the antenna. Second, minimize multipath and differences in antenna
phase center position as compared to models used in data analysis.
10.1) Stability of Monument:
A CORS monument should be designed to maximize its stability (maintain a fixed

position in three dimensions) and minimize measurement of near-surface effects. The
uppermost part of the ground is subject to the greatest amount of motion e.g. soil expansion
and contraction due to changes in water saturation, frost heave, soil weathering, thus
increasing the depth of the monument improves its stability.
10.2) Monument Types:
Most CORS installations can generally categorized into two groups, building mounts
and ground mounts. Within these two categories, there are a number of different sub-types
that have been designed to address specific site characteristics.
1. Building Mounts 2. Ground Mounts
1. Building Monuments:
Building mounts installation adopted for this number of reasons
a. Accessibility of power and communications

b. Site security
c. Increased elevation to help overcome local obstructions
d. Receiver environmental factors (temperature, humidity)
e. Existing structure (implied long-term stability)
f. Often reduced installation cost due reasons listed above
1) Flush Monuments
A flush mount can be used if the roof overhang

(eve) is small. This is the most desired type of building
mount as it provides the best stability
2) Outrigger and Corner Monuments Fig.4
In cases where the roof overhang is large or

there is a decorative cornice, two types of mounts are
commonly used. These are the Outrigger Mount and
the Corner Mount.
2. Ground Monuments:
Fig.5
Though ground mounts will generally be more expensive due to the cost of
excavation, concrete, installation, and cabling, they do offer some advantages as
they can be installed in almost any location that provides a good view to the sky.
Ground mounts are well suited to locations that have (or can have) all required infrastructure
(power, communications, etc…)
1) Braced Monuments
The deep drilled braced monument provides

for a high degree of stability and longevity and can be
anchored in bedrock or unconsolidated material. It is
in the form of a tripod, each leg extending into the
ground up to about 40 feet and welded at the top with
gusset reinforcements.
Fig.6
2) Pillar Monuments
A pillar mount generally consists of a concrete

monument that extends at least 1.5 meters (2 to 2.5
meters is recommended) above ground and is poured
to a depth of 4 meters or poured to a depth of less than
4 meters and pinned to bedrock.
The top of the pillar must be narrower than the
widest part of the antenna, and the smaller the surface
the better. In constructing the pillar, consider that
future antennas may be smaller; hence the narrower
the top of the pillar the better. The distance between
the top of the pillar (if it has a surface) and the antenna
should be less than 5 cm or greater than 1 GPS
wavelength (~20 cm). This will allow enough room to
manipulate a leveling and orienting device Fig.7
3) Tower Monuments
A Tower Mount can be used in locations with

conditions that are similar to those for a pillar, but have
some local obstructions that require elevating the
antenna more than would be accomplished with a pillar.
The foundation should be poured to the same depth as
that of a Pillar Mount. Also depending on the height of
the tower, a system of guy wires may be needed to
ensure stability against wind loading.
Fig.8
10.3) Antenna mounts:
The antenna mount connects the GNSS antenna to the monument. Mount is a device
that exist between the monument and the antenna that allows the antenna to be leveled and
oriented to north (Orienting Antenna) and if the antenna is changed, the new ARP must return
to the exact same point in 3-dimensional space as the previous ARP, or the change in position
between the mark (See definitions) and the ARP must be measured to within 1mm.
If the antenna is simply attached to a threaded rod when it is replaced the new
antenna may not return to the same 3-D position or may be oriented differently (the latter
would be immaterial only if the phase center variation model is perfectly symmetrical). Both
events would require a new position to be computed, which is undesirable. The antenna must
be leveled to within 0.15 degrees or 2.5 mm/meter.
Fig.9
10.4) Orienting Antenna:
The antenna must be oriented to true north using the convention of aligning the
antenna cable attachment point, unless the antenna has a different inscribed North point.
Remember that declination is the angle between magnetic north and true north. All antenna
phase center patterns assume an oriented antenna, and phase center values can differ
between north and east by up to a centimeter.
11) GNSS Antenna:
Choke Ring Antenna meets the demanded high
precision and has passed the phase center certification in IGS.
It is designed to mitigate multipath and ability to track low
elevation satellites. Antenna and monument would be coupled
by orienting / leveling device. Lightning rod and surge
protection would be installed to protect antenna and GNSS
receiver.
Fig.10
• The antenna must be at least dual-frequency (L1 and L2).
• An IGS absolute antenna calibrated phase center model for the antenna model must
be available. If the CORS station is to install a radome (Antenna Radome), an IGS
absolute calibrated antenna phase center model for the antenna and radome pair
must be available.
A consistent phase center and ARP for the antenna is essential to tie the GPS
measurements to the mark. Ignoring the phase center variations can lead to multi centimeter
errors. To ensure consistency in data analysis with other analysis groups, National Geodetic
Survey (NGS) uses only IGS absolute antenna calibration values.
Antennas must be inspected regularly for damage.
12) Antenna Radome:

National Geodetic Survey (NGS) strongly recommends that no antenna radome be
used.
It is well documented that an antenna radome

changes the antenna phase center position. Its benefit is
limited as antennas are constructed so they do not need
the “protection” of a radome. The choice of material used,
the effects of UV radiation, as well as possible
manufacturing in homogeneities in the thickness of
certain radomes, may create additional problems in using
a single Phase Center Variation (PCV) model for a
particular radome model. These two problems imply that
either a time-dependent effect on the PCV exists as the
radome deteriorates or a calibration of each individual
radome is needed as a general model calibration would
not be valid. Fig.11
13) Antenna Cable:
The antenna cable should not be under tension. Looping the first section of cable next
to the antenna and attaching it to the mount can best avoid this problem. If the cable is not
encased in conduit, then care should be taken that it will not move around and be damaged.
Take particular care at any point where the cable is subject to increased friction, e.g. edges
and egress points. Typical GPS antenna cables for CORS (RG213/RG214) have a signal loss of
9 db/100ft/30m at 1Ghz. Total loss for installed length of cable at a CORS must be 9 db or less,
implying a maximum cable length of 100ft/30m. If a longer cable is needed then a lower loss
cable must be used (The type, manufacturer, and length of cable must be listed in the site
log).
The antenna cable should directly connect to the receiver and antenna, no connectors
should be inserted e.g. TNC to N-type. The junction point of the antenna cable and antenna
after the two have been connected should be sealed with waterproof material e.g. butyl wrap.
Site operators are strongly recommended to insert a lightning arrestor in the antenna cable
between the antenna and the receiver with its own independent ground. The arrestor should
be located on the outside of the building at or near the egress point of the cable into the
building. This should protect the receiver in the event of a lightning strike on or near the
antenna.
Fig.12
14. Working Principle of CORS Network
Base station software running on a computer (let us call it a server) can control a single
receiver at a stand-alone station or all the receivers at all stations in a network. In case of a
single stand-alone station, the receiver will often be connected directly to the computer. In
case of a multi-station network, the server will usually be at a control center and connected
to the receivers by telephone, LAN, WAN or Internet (PCs are not required at the receivers).
GPS receivers at base stations run continuously. The raw measurement data are
usually logged internally in the receivers in files of the required length. Base station software
running on the server controls the receivers and downloads the data files automatically at
regular intervals. Receivers can also stream raw data continuously to the server instead of
logging data or even stream raw data at the same time as they are logging data.
Base station software running on the server checks the raw data for completeness,
compresses the raw data, converts it to RINEX, compacts RINEX, archives raw data and RINEX
files, and pushes raw data and RINEX files to an File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server for easy
access by the GPS user community. The software also monitors the operation of the receivers,
the quality of the data, the communication links, the functioning of the entire network, and
generates messages and reports as necessary.
Data Flow in CORS Network

Once configured and started, a base station or a network of stations controlled by
Fig.13
software running on a server will operate fully automatically. Well-designed reference
stations and networks are extremely powerful yet, once set up, they are very easy to use.
System supervisors have full control over the receivers at the stations and the entire
network. They can log in to the server, perhaps even from remote locations, inspect the
operation of the receivers and the network, start and stop the various operations, change
configurations, parameters and operating modes, upload new firmware to the receivers etc.
14.1) RTK and DGPS data: output from the receivers

The receivers at base stations can be configured to output RTK and/or DGPS data
continuously in standard RTCM V2.1/2.2/2.3/3.0 formats and/or in Leica, CMR and CMR+
proprietary formats. The data can be transmitted from one or more ports in one or more
formats. The Internet, radios and phones can
be used to transmit RTK and DGPS data
directly from the receivers.
14.2) Using the Internet to Transfer Fig.14

RTK and DGPS data:
IP based methods for communication
between the receivers and the server running
the base station software, and also for
distribution of RTK and DGPS data. IP based
communication can be LAN, WAN, WLAN, Internet, Intranet, and Radio IP etc.
The main attraction of using the Internet for communication between the server and
the receivers is that it is usually possible to reduce
running costs (charges). The running costs with the
Internet will usually be much lower than with
telephone connections. A possible disadvantage of
using the Internet could be that the reliability and
quality of standard Internet connections may not be
quite as high as with standard telephone connections.
RTK/DGPS data can be distributed using the Fig.15

Internet. In order to access the Internet and obtain the
required data, RTK and GIS rover receivers have to be
equipped with Internet capable devices such as GPRS
or CDMA phone modems (SIM).
14.3) Distribution from a network control center:

In CORS network, the raw data have to be streamed continuously from the receivers
to the server. The connection between the server and the receivers can be via the Internet.
Software running on the server computes the required RTK/DGPS data in the required format
(standard RTCM formats or proprietary formats) for each reference station.
The computed RTK/DGPS data can be output via the Internet. The server needs one IP
port for each reference station for which RTK/DGPS data are to be output (i.e. if RTK/DGPS
data are to be output for 10 stations, 10 IP ports are needed). RTK and GIS rovers, equipped
with Internet capable devices, access the IP ports and obtain the RTK/DGPS data for the
stations. Multiplexing software running on the server allows several rovers to access the
RTK/DGPS data from the same the IP port at the same time. It is possible to have a single IP
port for all reference stations if the rover receivers that are equipped with Internet capable
devices can send their positions to the server.
The rover accesses the server via the IP port and sends its position coordinates in NMEA
format. A software component running on the server decides which reference station is
Fig.16
closest to the rover. The RTK/DGPS data for this station are then transmitted to the rover.
Multiplexing software running on the server allows several rovers to access the server via the
same IP port at the same time.
Appendix - A
Leica GR50 GNSS Receiver Components
1) GNSS Receiver : (Leica GR50)
Leica GR50 Front View Features

Fig.17
Leica GR50 Back View Features

Fig.18
2) LED Indicators on GR25/50:
The GR25/50 has Light Emitting Diode indicators. They indicate the basic
instrument status.
LED Indicators Fig.19
IF the is THEN
Power LED Off The instrument is turned off.
Green The instrument is turned on.
Flashing The instrument is on but has switched to a backup
Green power source.
If an internal battery is used, indicates that the

remaining battery capacity is high.
Yellow Only shown if using an internal battery. The remaining
battery capacity is low.
• Recommended user action: Provide an

alternative power source.
Flashing The internal battery is charging.
Yellow
• Charging is only indicated by LEDs when the
instrument is turned off. When the instrument
is on, the LEDs indicate the current power level.
Red Only shown if using an internal battery. The remaining
battery capacity is critical.
➢ Recommended user action: Switch to a new

power source immediately.
Flashing Red Charging of the internal battery is activated but there is
an error in charging the battery.
➢ Recommended user action: Check and reattach
the battery. If the problem does not disappear,
please send the battery to Leica Geosystems
Service.
• Charging is only indicated via LEDs when the

instrument is turned off. When the instrument
is on, the LEDs indicate the current power level.
➢ Troubleshooting: If the GR25/50 is off and the

user tries to turn on the receiver but the
configured power up voltage is higher than the
current input voltage, the receiver will not boot.
The power LED will flash three times to indicate
the higher power up voltage.
Please attach a higher voltage power source.

(OR)
Press and hold the power button until the power LED
turns green (approximately 30s). This will overwrite the
configured power up voltage.
SD card LED Off No SD card inserted or power is off.
Green SD card is inserted. The free space on the SD card is
greater than 20%.
Flashing Use of external USB drive is configured but the device is
Green not available. Data is written to the SD card. The free
space on the SD card is greater than 20%.
Yellow The free space on the SD card is below 20%.
➢ Recommended user action: Activate the Smart

clean-up or the automatic file delete for
each logging session.
Flashing Use of external USB drive is configured but the device is
Yellow not available. Data is written to the SD card. The free
space on the SD card is below 20%.
Red SD card is full. Data logging has stopped.
➢ Recommended user action: Immediately

activate the Smart clean-up or the automatic
file delete for each logging session.
Raw data Off No active logging sessions or power is off.
logging LED
Green Active logging sessions are configured on the
instrument and data is being logged
Yellow Active logging sessions are configured and Smart clean-
up is deleting data from all or some of the configured
logging sessions.
(OR)
Active logging sessions are configured but no position is
available.
➢ Recommended user action: Check the

remaining space of the SD card and delete old
data if necessary. Check the tracking and
position status.
Red Active logging sessions are configured but the SD card
is full or no satellites are tracked.
➢ Recommended user action: Check the SD card

and the tracking status.
RT out data Off No active data stream is configured or power is off.
stream LED Green One or more data streams are configured and active.
Data is being streamed.
Red Data streams are active but no data is streamed.
➢ Recommended user action: Check that data is
tracked and a navigated position is
RT in data Off No active real time in data stream or the sensor is
stream LED turned off.
Green A real time in data stream is configured and active, data
is received and a fixed position is available.
Flashing A real time in data stream is configured and active, data
Green is received, a DGPS position is available.
Yellow A real time in data stream is configured and active, data
is received but no fixed or DGPS position is available.
Red There is an active real time data stream available, but

no data is received (e.g. connection to reference lost).
Position LED Off The instrument is switched off.
Green A navigated position is available.
Flashing The instrument is tracking satellites but no position is
Green available.
Yellow An external oscillator is configured with the oscillator
fallback option active. No time signal was detected for
more than 5 minutes from the external clock or the
antenna was disconnected for more than 5 minutes.
The receiver is now using the internal clock instead of
the selected external oscillator.
Red No satellites are tracked and no navigated position is
available.
Bluetooth LED Off No wireless signal (not configured or no connection
established).
Blue Bluetooth connection configured and connected.
3) Keyboard: GR25/50:
Fig.20
Keyboard
ON/OFF button
Button Function
ON/ OFF If receiver is off: Turns on the receiver
when held for 3 s. If receiver is on: Turns
off the receiver when held for 3 s.
Hold the ON/OFF button for 10 s, to force the instrument to turn off.
Instrument settings and some data can be lost when using this method.
Arrow buttons
Button Function
Left/Right To scroll through menus and configuration options.
For editable fields use the arrow buttons for scrolling
and selecting alphanumeric fields.
Up/Down
Cancel button
Button Function
Cancel To exit pages without storing changes.
Enter button
Button Function
To select menu items, open new pages and select options.
Enter
*****
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION & URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
SOP ON
YSR JAGANANNA SHASWATA BHU HAKKUMARIYU BHU
RAKSHA PATHAKAM
1
SOP ON
YSR JAGANANNA SHASWATA BHU HAKKUMARIYU BHU RAKSHA PATHAKAM
1. Background
Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken a decision to conduct a

comprehensive Resurvey of Lands assumes significance as the last such
exercise dates back to almost a century. This prestigious flagship
programme is named as ‘YSR Jagananna Shaswata Bhu Hakku mariyu Bhu
Raksha Pathakam’ under “Suparipalana” and decided to conduct the
resurvey of the entire State by using latest technologies available. The
resurvey project includes properties in urban areas apart from Rural Areas.
The ultimate goal of the resurvey is to create a database of all immovable
properties that servers as a conclusive record of titles.
Accordingly, Government vide Go.Ms.No.532, MA&UD Dept,

Dt.25.11.2020 issued orders constituting four- member committee
including C&DMA as Chairman, Senior Officer nominated by Commissioner
& Director of Survey, Settlement and Records(SSLR) and Senior Officer
nominated by CCLA as members, DTCP as Member Convener for State
Level Committee for execution of “Urban Land and Habitation Re-Survey
Program”. DTCP is the Nodal Officer at State level for monitoring the urban
land and Habitation Re-Survey Program.
Further, Government vide Go.Ms.No.378, Revenue (Land.IV) Dept,

Dt.17.11.2020 issued orders amending the relevant rules under AP Survey
and Boundaries Act, 1923, enabling to conduct Re-Survey in all villages
including rural and urban habitations in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The
resurvey project includes all the agricultural lands, village sites in Gram
Panchayats and it also includes urban lands.
Further, Government vide G.O. RT No. 338 Dt: 17-06-2021 of

Revenue Department issued orders constituting a State Level Steering
committee with the following Members for taking necessary decisions,
monitoring the entire resurvey project, “YSR Jagananna Shaswata Bhu
Hakku mariyu Bhu Raksha Pathakam”, and to issue suitable direction for
proper implementation and timely completion of various activities of the
project;
1. Principal Advisor to Hon’ble Chief Minister as Chairman
2. Chief Secretary as Vice- Chairman
3. Spl. C.S. & Chief Commissioner of Land Administration as
Member
4. Prl. Secy to Govt., Finance (R&E) Dept. as Member
5. Prl. Secy to Govt., Revenue (Lands) Dept. as Member
6. Prl. Secy to Govt/ Commissioner, PR&RD Dept. as Member
Prl. Secy to Govt., MA&UD Dept/ C&DMA as Member
7. Prl. Secy to Govt., ITE&C Dept. as Member
8. Commissioner, Survey Settlements & Land Records, A.P as
2
Member Convenor
9. Director, Mines & Geology, A.P as Member
10. External Experts pertaining to Survey, IT related field can be
invited to the Steering committee
Also, Government constituted a District level project monitoring

committee to super-wise and monitor the “YSR Jagananna Shaswata
BhuHakku mariyu Bhu Raksha Pathakam” at district (Ground level), with
the following officers:
1. District Collector as Chairman

2. Joint Collector (RB&R) as Member
3. Joint Collector (V&WS and D) as Member
4. Municipal Commissioners concerned in the District as Members
5. FSO/Deputy Collector KRRC as Member
6. All the Revenue Divisional Officers in the District as Members
7. District Panchayat Officer as Member
8. Assistant Director, S&LRs as Member Convenor
A Cabinet Sub-Committee has been constituted by the Government

vide G.O.Rt.No.1183, dt: 14-7-2021 of the GAD (Cabinet-I) Department,
to review and monitor the “YSR Jagananna Shaswata Bhu Hakku Mariyu
Bhu Raksha Padhakam” in the State on a weekly basis for effective
implementation of the Programme with the following Hon’ble Ministers:
1. Sri Dharmana Krishna Das,- Deputy Chief Minister, Revenue -

Member
2. Sri Botcha Satyanarayana, Minister, Municipal Administration &
Urban Development - Member
3. Sri Pedireddy Ramachandra Reddy, Minister, Panchayat Raj &
Rural Development – Member Convenor
The Hon’ble Chief Minister directed to take up a pilot survery in

Tadepalligudem Municipality. Accordingly, the Survey Work is in Progess
in Tadepalligudem Municipality.
The Cabinet Sub-Committee met on 5-8-2021 and decided to take

up the Re-survey in Urban Areas also apart from Rural areas and directed
to prepare a comprehensive Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to be
followed for successful conduct of Re-survey in all the ULBs in the state.
Accordingly, for preparation of comprehensive SOP, a Committee is

constituted by the CDMA with the following members:-
1. Sri Abhishikth Kishore, Commissioner, Rajahmundry Municipal

Corporation Ph: 9866657600
2. Smt. C.Anuradha, Commissioner, Guntur Municipal Corporation, Ph:
9849908363
3. Sri Dhanumjaya Reddy, Joint Director, O/o AMRDA, Ph: 7095599101
3
4. Sri GVGSK Prasad, City Planner, Vijayawada Municipal Corporation,
Ph: 9866514209
5. Sri B.Satyanarayana, City Planner, Guntur Municipal Corporation,
Ph: 9849908368
6. Sri M.Balaswamy, Commissioner, Tadepalligudem Muncipality, Ph:
9849905814
7. Sri M. Mallayya Naidu, Zonal Commissioner, GVMC, Ph: 9705086888
8. Sri. K.J. Prabhakar, Dy. Inspector of Survey, Tadepalligudem, Ph:
8978472302
9. Sri. R. Rama Krishna, Town Surveyor, Tadepalligudem Municipality.
Ph: 9059968799
The said Committee has accordingly prepared and submitted the

draft SOP.
2. Scope
This SOP outlines various phases/ activities to be followed while

conducting the Urban Land re-survey in all the Urban Local Bodies in the
state. This document is divided into the following sub-sections
i. Activities to be taken up in the Re-survey

ii. Forms and appendixes to be used in the Re-survey
3. List of Activities
The Activities encompassed in Urban Land resurvey are detailed below:
LIST OF ACTIVITIES
Sl. No. List of Activities
I
Notification under Section under 5 & Section 6 of S&B Act, 1923
Constitution of teams for Ward level/Field Level Survey and for

II
Supervision of Quality check of the Re-survey
III
Trainings
IV Purification of Assessment and Land Records
V Publicity/Publication/Awareness
VI Demarcation of Boundary /Jurisdiction (ULB/Ward) & Map in KML

formats
VII Ground Control Points identification, fixing and Integration with
CORS Network.
VIII
Identification/Demarcation of Government/ULB Land’s/Properties
4
IX
Drone flying
X
Drone Data Processing & ORI map
XI
Quality check of ORI map
XII
Ground Truthing
XIII
Record integration/Data Processing after ground truthing
XIV Quality check by supervisory team of Ground truthing done by
Ward level Survey teams
XV
Ground Validation
XVI
Data updation after ground validation
XVII
Quality check of draft records
XVIII
Statutory Notices Section 9 (2) & Section 10 of S&B Act 1923
XIX
Appeal Phase
XX
Data processing after appeal
XXI
Preparation of final records and Notification
XXII Statutory Notification/Publication under Section 13 of S&B Act,

1923
XXIII
Distribution of Titles
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES
Activity-I: Notification under Section 5 & Section 6 of S&B Act,

1923
A. Publication of Notification in State & District Gazettes

1. The CSSLR shall publish notification u/s 5 of A.P. S&B Act, 1923 in
the State and District Gazettes.
2. The AD(S&LR) of the respective Districts shall publish notification

u/s 6(1) of A.P. S&B Act, 1923.
B. Publication of ULB-wise Notification for conducting the Resurvey in the

respective ULB with Date-wise Schedule.
1. Before conducting the Resurvey, the Municipal Council/Municipal
Corporation, shall conduct a Special Meeting and shall adopt a
Resolution for conducting Re-survey of all the Immovable Properties
within the Municipal limits with the assistance of the officials of
Survey and Land Records, Revenue and other related departments.
5
2. After that, the Commissioner of the respective ULB, shall notify the
ULB wise Schedule of Resurvey, in the format prescribed by the CSS
& LR (Appendix-1), covering the following points:
i. Identification of ULB Boundary, Survey Boundaries, Revenue

Ward boundaries etc., and Plantation of stones.
ii. Identification and fixation of Boundaries of Govt., lands,

Grama Kantam Lands, Abadi, Poramboke, Donka, Kunta etc.,
and planting of stones if required.
iii. Identification of Agricultural lands / Habitations and planting

of stones if required.
iv. Likely dates of drone flying in the ULB limits
v. Likely dates of Ground Truthing after Drone flying
C. Notification in District Gazette Under Section 6 of the Act.

The Assistant Director, Survey Settlement and Land Records
Department shall issue a Notification regarding the re-survey of Land
and Habitations of ULBs under Section 6(1) of the AP Survey and
Boundaries Act 1923. Ref: G.O. 378 REVENUE (LANDS.IV)
DEPARTMENT, Dt. 17-12-2020.
Activity-II: Constitution of teams for Ward level/Field Level

Survey and for Supervision of Quality check of the Re-survey
A. Composition of Ward Level/ Field Level Survey Team:
A. Ward Administrative Secretary (Team Coordinator)

B. Ward Revenue Secretary
C. Ward Planning and Regulatory Secretary
D. Ward Amenities Secretary
E. Ward Education and Data Processing Secretary / Digital
Assistant.
Roles and Responsibilities:
A. Ward Administrative Secretary shall:

• Act as the Survey Team Coordinator.
• Conduct Ward Sabha with the Property Owners of the
Ward Secretariat jurisdiction, to explain about the
objectives, benefits of the re-survey, schedule, process
etc.,
• Produce Property Tax Assessment Registers and assist
the Ward Planning & Regulatory Secretary and Ward
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Amenities Secretary while taking the physical
measurements of the Property.
• For convening the Ward Sabha, he shall give a Notice to
the Property Owners through Ward Volunteers.
• Coordinate with the survey team, other departments,
and higher authorities.
• Facilitate for smooth conduct of survey.
• Submit timely reports to the higher authorities
B. Ward Revenue Secretary shall,

• Classification and fixing of the boundaries of Govt.,
lands, Grama Kantam Lands, Abadi, Poramboke, Donka,
Kunta, ULC etc.,
• Provide copies of records like FMB copies, beneficiaries
of Government Housing colonies, encroachment details,
survey numbers etc.
• Participate in Identification and demarcation of
Government/ ULB Lands/Properties, Ground Truthing
and Ground Validation process
• Provide the Revenue records and location of the
Government properties.
C. Ward Planning & Regulatory Secretary:

 Identification and fixing of Boundaries to ULB limits
 Identification and fixing of Boundaries to Habitations
and Revenue Wards/Slums
• Ensure plantation of stones wherever required.
• Participate in Drone Survey, Ground Truthing and
Ground Validation.
• Assist the Ward Amenities Secretary in measuring the
physical boundaries of each Assessment/Property
• Wherever the Ward Planning & Regulatory Secretary
post is not available, his duties are to be performed by
the Village Surveyor especially in the newly constituted
ULBs and merged villages.
D. Ward Amenities Secretary shall,

• Plant the stones wherever required
• Participate in ground truthing and ground validation.
• Measure physical boundaries of each Assessment/
Property
• Verify the attribute data in the Assessment Register and
cross check with reference to ground data
• Verify with the land parcel maps attribute data of
properties
E. Ward Education and Data Processing Secretary shall

• Digitize the Property Assessment Register of Lands &
Buildings as per the new Format under Capital Value
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System
• Digitize the ground verification/ground truthing data and
update the Assessment Register
• Digitize the ground validation data in Web-GIS software
of SOI.
• Print the final Ownership Certificate.
B: Composition of Supervisory Team
A. Town Planning Building Overseer/ Town Planning Supervisor/

Town Planning Officer (Team Co-ordinator)
B. Town Surveyor
C. Municipal Revenue Inspector/Municipal Revenue Officer
D. Deputy Tahsildar/ Mandal Revenue Inspector.
A. Town Surveyor:
• Verification & Updation of Town Survey Record.
• Fixing of boundaries of ULB, Revenue Ward, Govt.,
lands, Grama Kantam Lands, Abadi, Poramboke, Donka,
Kunta, ULC etc.,
• Quality check on purification of records.
• Preparatory work before Drone flying
• Assist for Drone flying
• Ortho Rectified Imagery (ORI) Map
• Quality check of ORI Map
• Quality check of Drone survey
• Quality check of Ground truthing & Ground validation
• Redressing Appeals
• Final notification under section 13 of Survey and
Boundaries Act-1923.
B. TPBO/TPS/TPO:
• Guide and supervise the team in respect of Verification
of property details in respect of Land use, building type,
permission details of Land/ Building, etc.
• Quality check on purification of records, ORI, Ground
Truthing, Ground Validation, etc.,
• Produce GIS data
C. Municipal Revenue Inspector/Municipal Revenue Officer:

• Guide and supervise the team in respect of Verification
of Assessment details, etc.
• Quality check on purification of records, Ground
D. Deputy Tahsildar/ Mandal Revenue Inspector.

• Guide and supervise the team in Verification of
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Ownership details, etc.
• Quality check on purification of records, Ground
Note: Based on the Classification of ULB the Team Size shall

be decided by the Executive authority of the ULB.
C. Composition of ULB Level Team:
A. Assistant Commissioner/Deputy Commissioner/ Zonal

Commissioner (Team Co-Ordinator)
B. Town Surveyor/ Dy., Inspector of Survey /ADSLR
C. Town Planning Officer/Assistant City Planner
D. Deputy Tahsildar / Tahsildar / RDO
Note: 1. For Nagar Panchayaths, Grade –I, II & III

Municipalities, Supervisory Team also act as ULB Level Team.
2.Based on the Classification of ULB the team Size shall be
decided by the Executive authority of the ULB.

 Randum Check of Ground Validation not less than 10%
 Shall act as Appellate Authority.
D. Composition of Mobile Magistrate Team:

A. Tahsildar / RDO
B. Dy., Inspector of Survey /ADSLR
C. Commissioner or his representat
 For taking decisions at ULB level regarding disputed

properties/ Objections/Appeals received from the Property
Owners.
Activity-III: Trainings
A. Conventional Survey/ Town Survey: – Detailed training with

hands on experience shall be given to all the Team Members.
B. Re – Survey Methodology for all team members:

Purification of records:
a. Ownership Details – Ward Revenue Secretary (WRS)

b. Assessment details – Ward Administrative Secretary (WAS)
c. Building/ Land Permission Details - Ward Planning and
Regulatory Secretary (WP&RS)
d. Available Facilities/ Services - Ward Amenities Secretary
(WAmsS).
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Ground Truthing:
a) Parameters to be verified/ updated while Ground Truthing.
b) Parameters to be ensured before recording the ground data.
c) Correlation of existing data with Drone survey data (ORI
map)
Ground Validation:
a) Facts to be validated
b) Records to be updated
c) Boundaries to be confirmed
d) Communication and coordination with property owners
e) Redressing Neighboring boundary issues other than Disputed
Boundaries
Proformas/ Notices/ Intimations:

a) Ward Sabha Intimation
b) Notice before Drone Fly
c) Intimation of Ground Truthing and Ground Validation
d) Notice Under Section 9(2) of S & B Act-1923 for Un-dispute
properties
e) Notice under Section 10 of S & B Act -1923 for Disputed
properties
f) Appeals resolution
C. Latest Technologies:
a) Drone Survey
b) GIS Tools
c) Software developed for purification of Records, updation of
records, Field Survey, validation, etc.
Activity-IV: Purification of Land Records (PoLR) and Municipal

Assessments records
A. Purification of Land Records: (PoLR)
All the Land Records shall be updated. At present, the land records
available in the Revenue Department or in rudimentary shape. A
comprehensive land register initially to be prepared comprising
Assessment Numbers falls under the respective Revenue Survey /Town
Sy.Nos. For example Revenue Survey / Town Sy.No. shall be taken as
Base, on which no. of assessments comes under it shall be listed out.
Separate Register comprising with requisite tabulation is enclosed as
Form-16. Form-16, shall be verified with Web-land Data with respect to Worksheet on PoLR including corresponding
Assessment Nos for Ground trothing
Agricultural Lands and Municipal Assessment records with respect to
habitations.
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B. Purification of Assessment Records:
Similarly, before conducting the Survey, all the Municipal

Assessment Registers are to be updated in respect of all Buildings and
Lands as per the new Assessment Register prescribed under the Rules for
levy and Assessment of Property Tax under Capital Value System issued
vide G.O.Ms.No.198, Dt: 24-11-2020 of MA& UD Department.
Activity-V: Publicity/Publication/Awareness
A. The ULB survey team will give wide publicity to the schedule
of resurvey by
 Display of Gazette Notification U/s 5 and U/s 6(1) of AP S&B Act

1923 and the Schedule of the Resurvey at conspicuous places
like ULB Office, Ward Secretariat and other prominent places.
 Notify ULB wise Schedule of Resurvey, Date-wise schedule in the

format prescribed.
 Publication through Print & Electronic media/ Social media & Out
Door Display device at Prominent places
 Distribution of Palmplets.
 Conduct Ward Sabha’s
 Display on the website of C&DMA/DTCP
 Beat of Tom-Tom in the ULB.
 The ULB resurvey Date-wise schedule is to be prepared in

Appendix – 1 Date- wise Schedule
 The Ward Volunteers may be entrusted for service of the

schedule and take acknowledgement in Form – 1. Acknowledgement
B. Publication of ULB Notice for Resurvey & Date-wise

Schedule: Notify ward wise Schedule of Resurvey, Date-wise
schedule in the format prescribed, it should include:
 Dates of identification of ULB Boundary, Grama Kantam,

Ward/Khandam boundary (as required) and Plantation of stones
at ULB Boundary,
 Identification of Govt., lands etc.,
 Fixation of Grama Kantam boundary and planting of stones,
 Fixation of Government properties in ULB area and planting of
stones,
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 Likely dates of drone flying, etc.,
 Likely dates of Ground Truthing after Drone Flying.
Activity-VI: Jurisdiction (ULB/Revenue Village) Demarcation of

Boundary & Map (KML)
A. Demarcation of Revenue Village Boundary within ULB:
 At present, each ULB is formed with some Revenue Villages over

the period of time. Hence, it is appropriate to take each Revenue
Village as a Survey unit for the purpose of Demarcation and
conducting survey.
 The Survey team identifies & fixes each Revenue Village
boundary within the ULB and ULB boundary, by serving a notice
to the concerned authorities in Form- 3 and for the display of Notice to the Municipal Authorities
notice in the notice board of the ULB/Ward secretariat in Form-
4. Public Notice for fixation of Revenue Village Boundary.
 Demarcation of all Govt. lands, Forest Boundaries, by serving a
notice to Govt. Dept. Authorities in Form-5 and for the display Notice to the concerned Department.
in the notice board of the ULB/ Ward secretariat in Form– 6.
Public Notice for Survey of Government Lands.
 All the notices are issued by the WPRS (Survey Officer as per
G.O. 378 Revenue) on behalf of the Survey team
B. Demarcation of Revenue Village boundaries and planting of

stones:
 The Survey team demarcates the Grama Kantam including the

extended Urban habitation boundary and scattered habitations if
any, jointly with Revenue Department.
 Lime (Chuna) marking (to be identified instantly while processing

ORI Map) of all the property boundaries (where the boundary is
not distinctly visible/ not having compound wall/ fencing)
including vacant lands in the urban Habitation area and satellite
colonies and scattered individual houses to be done in the
presence of the stakeholders by the Municipal Department.
C. Quality Check of Boundaries:

 The ULB Supervisory Team shall conduct quality check of the
ULB/Revenue Village Boundary demarcation work of the Field
level Survey Team and submit report in Form – 9 Quality Check of the ULB/ Revenue Village Boundary
Demarcation by Supervisory Team
D. Stone plantation for fixing boundaries:

 Plant the Survey stones initially at the ULB/Ward boundaries,
identified for GCPs at the ULB/Ward boundary points and
whitewash on top of stone for the purpose of image capturing by
Drone and mention the details of planted stones in Form – 8.
 Further plantation of stones will be continued for ULB boundaries,
Ward boundaries as required.
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 Plantation of Survey stones at all Govt., lands in ULB areas will
be optional depending upon the Property/ Land condition.
 ‘A’ class stones to be planted at Ward Tri junction points only.
 ‘B’ class stones to be planted at all other points of the ULB/Ward
boundary.
E. Preparation of ULB Boundary map in KML format: ULB level

team shall ensure to prepare Map showing the ULB Boundary
Map in KML format.
Activity-VII: Ground Control Points identification, fixing and

Integration with CORS Network.
A. Identification and fixing of GCPs:
 Identify appropriate ULB boundary Tri-junctions, Bi-junctions,

and suitable, distinctly visible Ground control points (GCP) for
the ULB. All the Tri-junctions on ULB Boundary will be made GCPs
and if additional points are required, bi-junctions on ULB
boundary and Govt. Lands may also be utilized as GCPs as per
the requirements of the Survey of India (SoI)/Agency to create
a survey frame.
 The Field level Survey Team must collect the Geo-cods data for
the ULB/Revenue Village Boundary & Grama Kantam Boundary
in Form – 8 and Complete information data, regarding GCPs to Geo-Cods Data of the Revenue Village Boundary.
be noted in the Form– 7 and submit the same to the
SoI/Agency. Ground Control Points.
 For quality and precise survey work 02 to 07 Ground control

points(GCP) shall be marked, based on the Geographic and
Topographic conditions of Location.
B. Integration with CORS Network:
 Check and ensure the functioning and connectivity of the CORS

Network in the flying area using GNSS Rovers as per the check
memo prescribed in Form-2 Check Memo on Functioning and Connectivity of
CORS Network Station.
C. Coding of Ground Control Point ID:
A. First Four digits consist of ULB

B. Next Two digits consists of Revenue Village Number
C. Next Two digits consists of type of stone
GL – Govt. Land
TJ – Tri-Junction
BJ – Bi-Junction
OT – Others
D. Last digits are serial number of GCP
Ex: 9999-02-GL-55
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(Approximately, there shall be 7 to 10 GCPs to be identified for
every thousand acres of land to be surveyed.)
GCP is the reference point with respect to CORS Network base

station. For Example: for Tadepalligudem, CORS base station is
situated at Nidadavolu.
Activity-VIII: Identification/Demarcation of Government/ULB

Land’s/Properties
A. Notice/ intimation to be issued to the Departments and

neighboring Private Property Owners.
B. All Govt. properties/vacant lands, local body properties in the
urban area shall be identified and demarcated in the presence of
respective department and neighboring owners by planting the
stones (wherever required) before drone flying. Plant (B- Class)
Survey stones at the above demarcated points and get them
whitewashed.
C. Procedure on survey of encroachments made on

Government lands (or) Private lands:
In order to realize full potential of revenues of ULBs, Government

issued orders vide Circular Memo No.67205/A1/2005, Dt: 10-01-
2017, directing the ULBs to levy Property Tax in respect of
Buildings constructed unauthorizedly in Private lands,
Government Lands and lands covered under Urban Land Ceiling
Act, or any category of lands where the holder of the Building
does not possess any registered document or Patta from
Revenue Department (or) any other document, in support of
proof of Title in respect of such land, with a penalty of one
hundred percent till such unauthorized construction is
demolished or regularized as per Sec. 85(5) of A.P. Municipalities
Act, 1965 and 220A (1) of Municipal Corporations Act, 1955, with
a saving clause that such levy of property tax, does not confer
any Ownership on the assesse over the said land where the
building is constructed unauthorisedly and that all such
Assessments shall be given all types of Notices as “THE HOLDER
OF THE PREMISES”. Also, in some ULBs, prior to the issue of the
above instructions, similar constructions were assessed to
Property Tax, flagging such assessments as “Super Structure
Tax”.
In either of the two cases, all such Properties, may be treated as

“Encroachments” made on Government Land (or) Private Land
and no Title shall be given to all such Properties during the course
of Re-survey.
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Activity-IX: Drone Flying Phase
A. Identify and record Base coordinates with reference to

CORS Network:
 SOI/Agency prepares flight planning for the drones to cover the

whole ULB/Revenue Village fully with reference to the Geo-
referenced ULB/Revenue Village Maps.
 The SoI/Agency team and Survey team has to check the total
technical preparedness for Drone Flying.
 Total Technical Preparedness shall verified by SoI before Drone
Flying.
 ULB shall ensure to get necessary approvals from aviation/ Police
departments for Drone Flying.
 Identify and record i Base coordinates with reference to CORS
Network.
B. Flying of drone covering on whole ULB/Revenue Village as

Scheduled.
C. The GCPs/ land marks data geo tagged by the SoI/ Agency
drone team to be forwarded to the SoI/ Agency production
Centre using NIC net Broadband connection.
Activity-X: Drone Data Processing& ORI Map
A. Processing of drone data is to be done in AGISOFT METASHAPE

application software by SoI/Agency at the production center.
B. Preliminary Quality check:

 At the SoI/Agency production center is carried out by comparing
the data of ORI with the collected field data in Form – 10 and Quality Check of ORI Softcopy Version by Field level
Survey Team.
has to be certified by both SoI/Agency and Survey/supervising
teams.
 The variation in point position and the distance between two
points should be within prescribed accuracy. If the variation
exceeds, SoI has to intensify GCPs for further rectification.
C. Feature extraction of major Topo details as per data model

structure
D. Quality Check of feature extraction by SoI at production centre.
E. SoI will superimpose the ULB Geo-referenced map *.kml over

the ORI.
F. Vectorization of ULB boundary and whole ULB habitation with

the data provided by Survey Team (in red colour).
15
G. SoI/ Agency will submit the ORI hard copy in Appendix - 2 only Ortho Rectified Image Hard Copy.
after it meets all the required accuracy standards.
H. SoI/ Agency will provide the ORI hard copy dividing into tiles as
work sheet, depending upon the area of the ULB and density of
land holdings, covering 40Hect. (Ac.100) for larger extent
holdings, 20 Hect. (Ac.50) for smaller extent holdings in each
tile of A2 size paper. The tiles for ULB properties shall be
relatively in the larger scale (1:50/1:100 for Habitation area and
1:500 for open lands based on the intensity of records) to
demarcate the property boundaries clearly. Each tile shall be
numbered as T1, T2, T3 etc., and any key showing the relative
position of the particular tile shall be appended on each tile.
I. An index map covering entire Revenue Village

(1:500/1000)/ULB in 1:5000 scale and it into suitable paper
size like A0, A1, A2, A3, shall also be provided.
J. The record of the ORI delivery & receipt shall be maintained by

both SoIAgency and S&LR Dept. with proper acknowledgements
as per Form- 11 & Form- 12. Acknowledgement of ORI.
Acknowledgement by SOA/ Agency.
Activity-XI: Quality check of ORI map
A. Verification of ORI map by Supervisory (ULB/Ward Level) team on

Ground level:
 To gain the credibility of the stakeholders, the survey team shall test
check the ORI given by SoI/Agency.
 The SoI, Survey team, Supervisory Team and the ULB Level team
shall jointly measure 6 or 8 prominent features per sq.km., like
inner-to-inner culvert edges, width of c.c road, bridges width, etc.,
of those features whose edges can be clearly identified on ORI and
ground.
 Therefore, few points on the ground at random shall be selected and
measured using Rover. The same points shall be measured on ORI
and compare both the data in Form - 13. Quality Check of ORI on Ground by Supervisory Team.
 These prominent features shall be selected at random and uniformly
distributed covering entire ULB to test the ORI of the ULB as a single
entity.
 These features will be measured with measuring tape / rover / ETS
etc., on ground and to be noted in Form –10.
 The variation in point position and the distance between two points
should be within the prescribed accuracy (±10 cm). If the variation
exceeds, return the ORI to SoI/Agency for further processing.
B. Verification of ORI map by SoI/ Agency at Lab:

 The field measured data will be sent to SoI/ Agency production
16
center for quality image check of the Ortho Rectified Image (ORI)
after processing the Drone image data.
Activity-XII: Ground Truthing
A. The following documents will be provided to Field level Survey

Teams: -
i. The Updated PoLR data (hard copies) in Form – 16 along with the POLR Worksheet with corresponding Assessment Numbers
for Ground Truthing.
requisite Documents shall be provided to the Field level Survey Team
alongwith the list of all issues pending at various courts i.e. at
Government, at CCLA, at District Collector, at Joint Collector, at
Tahsildar, at Supreme Court, at High Court and at Civil Courts etc..
B. Possession of equipment: The survey team shall have all necessary

survey equipment namely, GNSS Rovers, ETS, Chain, Measuring Tape &
Cross staff etc.
C. Image quality check: To gain the credibility of the stakeholders, the

survey team shall test check the ORI given by SoI in the presence of
stakeholders.
D. Formal Notice: A formal notice in Form – 14 shall be issued as per Notice to the Land Holders for Ground Truthing of Private
Lands.
entries in PoLR and served upon every individual landholder and a general
notice shall be issued in Form – 15 duly informing the date of Ground Public Notice for Ground Truthing of Private Lands.
Truthing duly inviting everyone to be present at their Land/Property, by
obtaining proper acknowledgement.
E. Ground Truthing process:
1. Demarcation & PoLR Data verification:

The survey team attends to the ground truthing by involving
all Property Owners / Govt. depts. / all stakeholders as per
schedule, determines and records undisputed boundaries of
individual land parcels on ORI in the following steps
A. Demarcation of every land parcel having permanent boundaries.
B. Demarcate and collect the Geo-cods data of the land parcels

using Rover / ETS, for the following cases as additional
information: -
i. Missing or not visible boundary points on ORI

(Wherever the Field boundary points are not
distinctly visible in the ORI, GNSS Rovers/ETS
instruments shall be used to do field measurement
exactly (Ex: Orchard, bushes etc.). Geo-cods data
17
of all field boundary points will definitely be
collected as additional information. (Form - 18). Additional/ Missing Information collected during
Ground Truthing by Field level Survey Team.
ii. At the time of Ground Trothing, application can be

collected for Division of joint Properties on request in
Form –19. Application for Division of Joint Properties.
iii. In case of amalgamated properties, with reference to

the existing record or as per the willingness of land
holders, on request in Form -20, where boundaries Application for Amalgamation of Properties.
does not exist and not possible to construct a ridge on
ground (Aqua culture lands, gardens etc.,).
iv. Duly marking Land Parcels on ORI hard copy, make entry
of that land parcel chalta number in the hard copy of the
ORI in the Appendix-2 as well as in the work sheet of the
PoLR in Form – 16.
v. Any variations observed with reference to the PoLR

entries and enjoyments are separately noted in the
supplied PoLR worksheet (Form-16). Additional land
attributes of the respective land parcel to be noted in
Form-17.
vi. All individual land/Property holding boundaries as shown

by the Owners shall be demarcated on ORI to reflect the
true ground position of the individual land parcel. All land
holding boundaries must be properly demarcated.
2. Objections u/s 10(1)
 Whenever any land holder’s request is received in Form - 21 for Application to file objections while demarcating field
boundary.
boundary dispute, the Survey team after making detailed enquiry by
issuing Notices to effected party(s) in Form-22, make a speaking Notice against the objection.
order in Form - 23, by deciding and determining the boundary, Decision of Survey Officer u/s 10(1) against the objection.
under section 10(1) of AP, S& B Act. Such decided boundary shall
be recorded and marked on ORI hard copy& in Form-24 Geo- Cods of Land Parcel on decision u/s 10(1).
Activity-XIII: Record integration/Data Processing after ground

truthing
A. Updation of PoLR data, based on remarks received during Ground

Truthing, by following statutory procedure.
The following documents will be provided to SoI
a. Marked ORI Hard copy (Appendix – 2)

b. Geo-cods of land parcel on decision u/s10(1) during Ground Truthing
18
( Form – 24)
c. Land parcel attributes ( Form – 17)
d. Additional / missing information ( Form – 18)
e. Quality check of demarcated marked copy of ORI – (ULB Level Team)
( Form – 25) Quality Check of Demarcated Copy of ORI.
f. Quality check of additional information – ULB Level Team ( Form
– 26) Quality check of Additional Information.
g. Quality check of demarcated marked copy of ORI – ULB Level/ Mobile
Magistrate Team ( Form – 27) Quality Check of Demarcated Copy of ORI.
h. Quality check of additional information – ULB Level/ Mobile
Magistrate Team ( Form – 28) Quality Check of Additional Information.
B. The SoI/Agency will
a. Vectorize the marked ORI to provide updated vector data in

Appendix - 3. Vectorized data.
b. Generate the ULB map with LP Numbers. A statement showing each
land parcel number with its area shall be generated.
c. Prepare the Correlation Statement with extents
I. LP No. wise with reference to corresponding

Sy.no/Sub.div.
II. Sy.no. wise with reference to corresponding LP No.
C. Each LP number shall have the Geo Coordinates and its extent with
corresponding Sy.no/Sub.div.
D. Details of all lands/Properties (with the name of the owner, etc.,) and all
Govt. lands (with the type of Govt. land, etc.) will be available.
E. The SOI and the data processing unit designated by A.P, shall integrate
the Correlation Statement (Form - 30) with Updated PoLR and generate Correlation Statement.
LP.No wise records and also generate the area comparison statement
(Form – 29) of the ORI to the area recorded in the updated PoLR record Area Comparison Statement.
F. All the updated Data will be given to the Survey teams in two statements:
a) The first statement will be the updated PoLR duly showing all the
Correlated land parcel numbers, extent, etc. for each of the
Sy.No. Sub- Division No.
b) The second statement will be a similar statement containing all
the information of the updated PoLR but will be LP No. Wise. This
statement is the most important statement which is being
developed in the Webland Gold document. Preliminary Field
Register (Form – 31 (L.P No. wise), Form – 32 (SY. No. wise)) Land Parcel wise Field Register.
will be generated by SOI using the Webland gold and Field Sur vey Number-wise Field Register.
Attribute data.
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Activity-XIV: Quality check by Supervisory team of Ground
truthing done by Ward level/ Survey teams
A. Survey team shall check the quality of the Ground truting

carried out as per the prescribed process by CSS &LR. Not
less than 20% records shall be verified.
B. Such quality checked information shall also be checked
randomly not less than 10% by the ULB Level Team and Mobile
Magistrate Team Form – 16, Form – 27& Form – 28
C. All the additional information obtained during the Ground
Truthing exercise, both in the remarks of the PoLR and ORI-
hard copy shall be 100% scrutinized by the ULB Level Team
and record variations in the Form –16, Form – 25, Form – 26.
D. On due certification, the marked ORI hard copy, PoLR with
remarks, Land Parcel attributes data, additional / missing
information data in the prescribed formats shall be submitted
to the District processing team. The same shall be submitted
to the SoI for data processing in acknowledgement (Form –
12)
Activity-XV: Ground Validation
Ground Validation is the process subsequently to be conducted for

confirmation of extents arrived during Ground Trothing. Ground Validation
to be done in respect of cases wherever dispute arise. After Appeals u/s
11, Ground validation invariably needs to be done.
A. The following documents will be provided to the Survey Teams:
1. Preliminary Land Register (Survey Register/ Property Register/

Assessment Register).
2. Preliminary Land Parcel Maps with extent(s).
3. Preliminary ULB Map (including LPMs) on ORI.
4. Additional / missing information form to be filled by Survey Team for
missing information in ORI.
B. Formal information to Landholders:
 A formal notice in Form – 33A to attend for ground validation shall Notice to the Land Holders for Ground Validation of the
Private Lands
be given by the survey team to all the Property Owners in Form –
33B and for govt. dept.’s mentioning the date and time of the Notice to the Government Departments/ Institutions for
schedule. Ground Validation of private lands.
 A general notice in Form – 34 to attend for ground validation shall
be given by the survey team by conducting Ward sabha and display Public Notice for Ground Validation of Private Properties.
of this information at conspicuous places and website of
ULB/C&DMA/CSSLR and local publicity by the beat of Tom-Tom and
display on the notice board of the office.
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C. Ground validation process
 The Survey team shall again visit each Land parcel with the
concerned Property owners / depts. / Stakeholders and confirm the
Land parcel boundaries and Areas.
 For the Property owners who agree with the details, an appropriate
format to be used for taking acceptance in Form – 49 Acceptance of Property Owner.
 For Property owners who do not accept, area of the land parcel,
measurements may be done by GNSS Rover. If still not agreed, it
may be done by using the ETS machine. If necessary physical
measurements and area calculation may be done using conventional
instruments (Chain & Cross staff).
 For any other data where there is a non-satisfaction, appropriate
action may be taken under the provisions of Act, Rules, and G.O.s.
All efforts should be made to resolve the non-agreement except
those, which are in court / revenue cases
D. Additional Information from Ground validation:
 Additional information to be collected by the ULB Level team for the

following:
i. Any further corrections in Preliminary property Register in

Form-36. Additional/ Missing Information found during Ground
Validation in Filed Register.
ii. Variation in Geo-codes for which correction is required in
Form-35. Additional/ Missing information found during Ground
Validation of Land Parcel Maps.
 Variation in Correlation of the sketch wherever corrections required.
E. Objections u/s10(1):
 Whenever any Landholder is not satisfied with the Ground Trothing
information, as per his request in Form - 21 for boundary dispute, the
Survey team after making a detailed enquiry by issuing Notices to the
effected party(s) in Form-22, then make a speaking order in Form -
23, deciding and determining the boundary, under section 10(1) of
A.P, S & B Act. Such decided boundary shall be recorded and marked
on ORI hard copy & in Form-37. Geo Cods of Land Parcel on decision u/s 10(1) during
ground validation.
F. Quality Check of Ground validation and additional information:
i. The variations to be noted in the remark’s column provided for ULB

Level Team (Form-35 &Form- 36) and similarly Mobile Magistrate
Team.
ii. The teams constituted at Supervisory Team and ULB Level Team check
the ground truthing, ground validation works of Survey teams and also
the quality of records generated to the prescribed percentage. Not less
than 10% of the records shall be verified.
iii. Such quality checked information shall be also checked randomly by
the Mobile Magistrate Team.
iv. On due certification, the records shall be submitted to the District
processing team
21
Activity-XVI: Data Updation after Ground Validation
A. Updation of all necessary records as per additional information received in

Ground Validation (Spatial Data)
 The following documents will be provided to SoI for Updation
i. Preliminary Land Register (Survey Register, Property Register,

Assessment Register) (Form – 31 (L.P No. wise), Form – 32
(SY. No. wise))
ii. Preliminary Land Parcel Maps (Appendix – 4) Land Parcel.
iii. Preliminary ULB Map (Appendix – 5) Revenue Village Map
iv. Preliminary Correlation Map (Appendix – 6) Correlation Map
v. Additional/ Missing information found during Ground
Validation of Land Parcel Maps (Form – 35)
vi. Additional/ Missing information found during Ground
Validation in Field Register (Form-36)
vii. Geo-cods of land parcel on decision u/s10(1) during Ground
Validation (Form – 37)
B. Updation of all necessary records as per additional information received in

Ground validation in the PoLR Data, by following due procedure and
reflecting the same into the preliminary Field Register.
C. Generation of draft records i.e,
i. Draft Land Register(Survey Register, Property Register,

Assessment Register) (Form – 38) Land Register.
ii. Draft Land Parcel Maps (Appendix – 4)
iii. Draft ULB Map (Appendix – 5)
iv. Draft Correlation Map (Appendix – 6)
v. Correlation Statement (Form – 30) for Quality check.
Activity-XVII: Quality Check Of the Draft Records
The following documents will be provided to the ULB, District Teams
1. Draft Land Register (Survey Register, Property Register,

Assessment Register) (Form – 38)
2. Draft Land Parcel Maps (Appendix – 4)
3. Draft ULB Map (Appendix – 5)
4. Draft Correlation Map (Appendix – 6)
5. Correlation Statement (Form – 30)
A. Quality check of Draft Records shall be conducted at three (3)

levels with Senior Officers for the prescribed percentage.
1. Quality check of Draft Records by the ULB Team headed by Deputy

Commissioner.
2. Quality check of Draft Records by the Divisional Team headed by RDO
22
/ Sub Collector
3. Quality check of Draft Records by the District Team headed by Joint
Collector along with Assistant Director
B. QC Team shall verify.
1. Whether all the Govt. lands are properly resurveyed and recorded in
the records and in the field. This is a special step to ensure that all
Govt. lands are protected.
2. LPM with Ground status and Field Register with reference to PoLR Data.
If any errors are noticed, shall be processed for Updation of records.
3. Certification of the Draft Records wide check memos Form - 39 by the Check Memo of Quality Check of Draft Records by
ULB Level Team.
ULB Team, Form - 40 by the Divisional Team and Form - 41 by the
District Team. Quality Check of Draft Records by Magisterial Team
4. Updated records will be sent for the generation of 9(2) / 10(2) Notices.
Quality check of Draft records by District Team.
Activity-XVIII: Statutory NoticesSection9 (2) & Section 10
A. Statutory notices (Issuance of notices u/s 9(2) and 10(2):

 A Notice under Section 9 (2) Form-42 of Survey & Boundaries Act- 9 (2) Notice
1923, shall be served to individual Property/Land Owner for all
undisputed properties along with Land Parcel Map, by the ward Level
Teams.
 A Notice under Section 10(2) Form-43 of Survey & Boundaries Act- 10(2) Notice
1923, shall be served to individual Property/Land Owner for all
disputed properties along with Land Parcel Map, by the ward Survey
Teams.
 The property owner confirms the Notice under Section 9(2) the
property details shall be processed for publication.
 The property owner raises any objection on the notice served, the
details shall be reverified either in Lab or in field (if in the field shall
ensure presence of the neighbors only).
 For properties covered under dispute shall take necessary steps to
resolve the issue by the ULB level team
Activity-XIX: Appeal Phase
A. Receiving of Appeals:
 Any Registered holder affected by a decision U/s section 9; any

registered holder or any other person who is a party to the dispute
U/s 10 may file appeal U/s 11 in Form – 44 to the appellate Application for filing Appeals u/s 11.
authority (mobile ULB Magistrate team) within 30 days from date of
receipt of such notice.
 The System is being worked out to receive these appeal petitions in
the Ward Secretariat itself.
 The mobile magistrate team shall have the necessary systems to
receive the appeals, verify each of the appeals, hear the pattadar /
person, conduct an enquiry, field inspection and issue speaking
orders. A Computer Software will be in operation for the Registration
23
of the appeals, fixing of the hearing dates and field inspections and
uploading of orders.
B. Disposal of appeals:
 All the appeal petitions shall be disposed of within 30 days of the

last date of filing of appeals.
 Thus, the total period for receiving the objections and their disposal
is 60 days.
C. Orders of appeals:
 The decisions / Orders (Form – 45) of the Mobile Magistrate team Decision u/s 11 by Mobile Magistrate Team.
reflecting any changes in the records have to be communicated in
Form – 46 for further Incorporation. Geo- Cods of Land Parcel on decision u/s 11 during Appeal
Phase.
Activity-XXI: Preparation of final Records and Notification
A. The survey records and the land records have to be transferred to the
newly created permanent Data base of Survey and land records.
B. A Unique land parcel ID will be integrated into each parcel number which
will become like aadhar number for each land parcel.
C. The following permanent survey and land records shall be prepared for
final Notification by the competent authority, Assistant Director S&LR.
1) Land Parcel Map (LPM) (Appendix – 4)

2) ULB map (Appendix – 5)
3) Land Register (Form - 38)
4) Correlation Map (Appendix – 6)
5) Correlation Statement (Form - 30)
6) GCPs Map with Coordinates data (Appendix – 7)
Activity-XXII: Statutory Notification/Publication under Section 13

of S&B Act, 1923
A. The District Competent Authority shall prepare Final Check Memo in Form
– 47 verifying entire Resurvey records Final Check Memo.
B. The District Competent; Authority shall notify completion of the survey of
the ULB u/s 13 of S&B Act in Form – 48. It shall include the unique ID Notification u/s 13
number, the land parcel number, and the correlated old survey,
subdivision number. After the publication of u/s 13, the notified Survey
and land record shall become the permanent resurvey record and will be
maintained in a newly created permanent Database.
C. Any person aggrieved by the orders of the ULB Magistrate can prefer a
civil suit as per the provisions of section 14 of AP Survey and Boundaries
Act within 60 days from the date of publication u/s 13.
24
Activity-XXIII: Distribution of Titles
A. The Statutory procedure laid under BSO 34(d) will be followed in effecting
Changes in Revenue Accounts as a result of Resurvey.
B. The Permanent Database shall be used to generate the necessary registers
under the ROR Act / AP Land Titling Act. Necessary notifications shall be
made in this regard.
C. The new permanent database will have adequate integration of sub
division /amalgamation of land parcels, Registration / Succession and
mutations so that the data is in a purified manner at all times. The Unique
ID of the Land parcel will also have the appropriate system so that all sub
divisions / amalgamations are properly accounted for.
25
GLOBAL MAPPER
1.మ ందు ా కంప ట నందు GLOBAL MAPPER ఇ న ౖ నుం GLOBAL MAPPER ICON ను Install
ేసు వలను.
2. GLOBAL MAPPER ICON ౖ ండ ార ేయవలను.

వలను ేయ ా ఈ ం ధమ ా Display
కనబడ ను.
3. Display నందు open data files ౖ వలను. Open data files ఓ

ేయవలను అ న తర ాత desktop
నందు ే ిన ఇ ౖ ఈ ధమ ా కనబడ ను.

ను
4. AutoCAD ల ే ి ఉన ఇ ౖ map ను dxf ా ల global mapper క పంపవలను అన ా
desktop ల ఉన ఇ ౖ ౖ ేయవలను .
5. ఇ ౖ ను global mapper క పం ిన తర ాత ైల బ Screen ౖ కనబడ ను . ైల బ ల
ఓ ేయ ా ఈ ం ధమ ా కనబడ ను
ను.
6. ౖ చూ ిన ధమ ా కనబడ ను
ను.ఆ నందు ఉన ప ారం ప ేయవలను.
 జ అ UTM ల ఉండవలను.
 Zone అ 44 ల ఉండవలను
ఉండవలను.
 DATUM అ WGS 84 ల ఉండవలను.

7. ౖ చూ ిన ధమ ా కనబడ ను. ల ఇ నుం ర ఏ ౖ అ ే బ మ క
పం ి ర ఎడమ ౖప న కనబడ ను.ఆ ర ౖ RIGHT CLICK ే ిన ఈ ం ధమ ా
కనబడ ను.
8. ల కనబ న ధమ ా rectify modification ౖ ేయ ా ఈ ం ధమ ా కనబడ ను.

9. ౖ కనబ న నందు ఓ ేయవలను.
వలను
10. ౖ కనబ న ల 3 Images కనబడను

కనబడను. ఆ Images నందు దట Image ల క ావల ిన
Image ౖ ేయవలను.
11. ే ిన ంట ం ో Image నందు వ ల ే ిన Image Zoom ేయబ కనబడను.

కనబడను
ేయబ న మ నందు ర భ ౖ క ం న coordinates ల ం కంట ా ం x&y ల
న దు ే ి Add Point List ౖ ేయవలను.

వలను
12. Add Point List ౖ ే ిన ంట ీ ౖ కనబ న నందు YES ౖ ేయ ా ఈ ం ధమ ా
కనబడ ను
13. YES ౖ ే ిన ంట ీ ౖ కనబ న నందు Point 1 అ ా ల క గ ర ఉం ేల ా
ఏ ై ఒక ర ఎంట ేయవలను. ఆ తర ాత OK ౖ ేయగలర .
14. ఈ ధమ ా ర భ ౖఎ COORDINATES క ం ఉ అ వర స ా న దు
ేయవలను.
15. తం అ న దు ే ిన త ా త ల ార ల APPLY ౖ ేయవలను. ే ిన
ంట ల గల మ నందు
దు న ర COORDINATES కనబడను. తర ాత Ok ౖ
ేయవలను.
16. ల అప ార File అ Option ౖ ేయ ా అందుల ల Export అ ఆప ను ఎంచు వలను.
17. Export ఆప ను ఎంచుక న త ా త అందుల Vector / Lidar Format ౖ ేయ ా మ
kmz/kml ా ల కనబడను.
PREPARED BY
K.JOHN PRABHAKAR
Deputy Inspector of Survey
PIPRMC UNIT-1
KOVVUR
WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT

IMG2CAD
We have two types of images that are used in CAD
software. They are
1. RASTER image
Ø Image which cannot be edited in CAD software.
Eg: PDF, TIF file etc..,
2. VECTOR image
Ø Image which can be edited in CAD software.
Eg: DWG, DXF file etc..,
IMG2CAD
Ø Initially open
the IMG2CAD
software
Ø Select ADD FILES option then it will show a popup screen in this way
then browse the PDF or TIF file from folder where we have saved it from
LOOK IN option at top of popup screen.
Ø After selecting the file select OPEN
option.
Ø Now select the OUTPUT FORMAT and OUTPUT FOLDER ( Using BROWSER
option choose the folder where to save the converted file from this converter
software).
Ø Now select the
CONVERT
option .
Ø After converting the file that will be saved as DXF format in the selected
folder that we have selected at OUTPUT FOLDER option.
Ø Similarly convert the other parts of map in the same
process.
Ø Now open the DXF file in CAD software.
Ø Bring both the VECTOR image to the single CAD file
by using CLIPBOARD COPY and CLIPBOARD PASTE
option.
16 b) Add Raster Image
16 b) Add Raster Image
16 c) Create point layer and add points
16 d) Create line layer and draw lines
16 d) Create line layer and draw lines
16 e) Explode (Convert Polylines to Lines)
16 e) Explode (Convert Polylines to Lines)
16 f) Topology Checker
16 g) Polygonize
16 g) Polygonize

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INDEX

2) 'Y„™ê— Ñ¨^Œ÷u '`«H±— Ñ¨^Œúu (Khasra Tak)

3) ™ê^è•~°} „uHÀ} Ñ¨^uúŒ (Simple Triangulation)

5) ã¨=∞`«Å |Å¡ Ñ¨^uúŒ (Plane Table Survey)

2. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã¨~ˆ ﬁ =∞iÜ«Ú É∫O_»sÅ K«@Oì , 1923

1. _»Ü∂« QÆﬂÖò & PÑ¶Ãπ ã\ò ã≤ã"ì̈ ∞£ PÑ¶π ã¨~ˆ ﬁ (D&O)

'B' Work K«O„Hõ=∞} (Traverse Survey) (Field work)

'E' Work Hˆ „Δ `«ãi¨ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O (Field Demarcation) (Field work)

'F' Work Éè∂í q∞H˘Å`«Å∞ (Field measurment) (Field work)

'G' Work „QÍ=∞™ê÷~Ú =∂#z„`«} ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@ (Office work)

ÃÑ#· `≥eÑ≤# „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Å QÆ∞iOz XH˘¯Hõ¯\˜QÍ ã¨q=~°OQÍ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO^•O.

10. ã¨~ˆ ﬁ Hˆ „Δ `«=ÚÅ x~å‡}=Ú

1. =∂QÍ}˜ (wet) Éèí∂=ÚÅÖ’ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 2 ÃÇÏHÍì~°∞¡ ÖË^• 5 ZHõ~°=ÚÅ =~°‰õΩ Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ#∞

ÃÑ·# L^ŒÇ¨ÏiOz# Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ∞ (sub-divisions) ã¨ˆ~ﬁÑ¶‘Å∞¤Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú z`«∞Î Éèí∂q∞ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú

'F' „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ - Éèí∂q∞ H˘Å`«Å∞ (Field Measurement) :

=∞#=Ú 'E' =~ü¯Ö’ áê\˜Oz# xÜ«∞=∂#∞™ê~°=ÚQÍ Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ x~°‚~ÚOz#@∞=O\˜ Éèí∂Hõ=∞`«=ÚÅ

30. sã¨~ˆ ﬁ =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨Ñ"¡≤ ∞≥ O@s ã¨~ˆ ﬁ KÕÜÚ« q^è•#=Ú

4. ã¨~ˆ ﬁ Ñ¨iHõ~=° ÚÅ∞

5. „_®~ÚOQ∑ Ñ¨iHõ~=° ÚÅ∞

4) పదరన (Display) : పదరన నం ఉన ద ఉప ం న మన

5 ) ఎల సకం : ఈ ప కరం నం ప ఉన ఎల సకం 2000

3) లతల సమయం ఏర నవ షంల ంచ వ

The GPS Operational

Space Segment Control Segment User Segment

DUAL FREQUENCY DGPS RECEIVER

Receiving GPS signals on two frequencies

2) Combine Network with RTK :

3) Advantages of Network RTK over conventional RTK:

 Modeling GNSS error over the entire network area.

4) Conventions and Definitions:

5) Selecting Suitable Site for Base Station:

No obstructions 10 degrees (10° cut-off angle)

C. Radio Frequency Environment:

6) CORS Base Station Components:

g - GNSS Antenna (Choke Ring Type). h - GNSS Antenna (Compact Type)

k - CF Card. l - Cable from GNSS receiver to

o - PC running GNSS Spider software. q - Cable GNSS receiver to PC or

7.1) Power System Components:

7.2) Solar Panels:

7.6) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply):

Note: The GR25/50 has a built-in battery and

9) RF Surge Protection (Optional):

10.1) Stability of Monument:

A CORS monument should be designed to maximize its stability (maintain a fixed

1. Building Mounts 2. Ground Mounts

Building mounts installation adopted for this number of reasons

a. Accessibility of power and communications

A flush mount can be used if the roof overhang

2) Outrigger and Corner Monuments Fig.4

In cases where the roof overhang is large or

The deep drilled braced monument provides

A pillar mount generally consists of a concrete

A Tower Mount can be used in locations with

Antennas must be inspected regularly for damage.

12) Antenna Radome:

It is well documented that an antenna radome

Data Flow in CORS Network

14.1) RTK and DGPS data: output from the receivers

14.2) Using the Internet to Transfer Fig.14

RTK/DGPS data can be distributed using the Fig.15

14.3) Distribution from a network control center:

Leica GR50 GNSS Receiver Components

1) GNSS Receiver : (Leica GR50)