Introduction

The main objective is to find the force exerted in simulation is same as we got by theoretical
formula so that it could be used for predicting number of turns in electromagnet for the
displacement of valve. Basically we wanted to removed the mechanical camshaft system of
automotive engines and completely converting it into electrical mechanism by designing our own
solenoid (elector-magnet)
The magnet will, basically pull the spring which ultimately pulls the valve (intake & exhaust),
and the stored energy of pulled spring will let the valve close again.
This is how mechanism works and will replace the entire camshaft head assembly. As the world
is moving towards betterment in technology, our CEP project also carries its own advantages and
benefits within it, we will discuss them lately

.
Objective
Our main objective is to improve in following areas:

 Efficiency,
 Fuel saving,
 Better performance (comfort, silence)
 Delivered bhp.
 Independent of camshaft
 Weight reduction
 More output acceleration

Problem statement
The existing machines are of course reliable, successful and demanded as we can see how
automotive industries are getting successful and growing day by day. But it doesn’t means to
stop if we achieve a portion of success in any field. The problem reflects towards our objective
which is to improve the existing system. How it is done is covered by our report in further
details.
In this case the camshaft has been removed since it was a traditional engine with camshaft for the
movement of valves. But this new technology changed a lot.
In this case the suggested problem is that we need low duration for valve opening at low speeds
while we need larger duration for valve opening at high RPM. Which can’t be controlled by
mechanical shaft but can be done by electrical as well as mechanical interference by combining
both technologies together.

Methodology
Coming to our main project which is basically a mechanism; the combined effect of current &
magnetic field to create mechanical movements in the valves.
The idea of this mechanism signifies a modification in the camshaft chamber of the engine which
helps us to improve the engine working capacity by targeting the fuel consumption cost and
ultimately the efficiency of the engine.
The world is looking out for the ways to maximize the efficiency of every single machine,
mechanism etc. to make it better and cost effective, thus our project may also contributes
somehow in this regards.
The Solenoid Valve-Actuator will designed in such a way that it has tendency to change the
speeds of its valves motion, time duration of valve and can even amend the time when to open
and close the valve on every rotation of complete 4 step cycles in engine combustion chamber.
The phenomenon we will be utilizing in it to develop a Solenoid Valve-Actuator based engine
the magnetic field due to solenoid when a current is passed through a cupper made solenoid
spring during the engine is running.
The purpose of this mechanism is basically to manipulate with valve speed, valve opening
length and valve time adjustment in each particular cycle depending upon the speed and power
required by the engine.
There are three main areas of camshaft physics in which we can manipulate to alter our function
and the final results and these are:
1. Valve timing ( when to open and close the valve)
2. Valve life ( how much height to open)
3. Valve duration ( for how much time valve should be opened

It has been determined that:

 Low RPM requires short duration of valve opening.
 High RPM favors long duration of valve opening.
Working principle
A solenoid in electrical engineering is defined as:

 “Current acts like a magnet so that a movable core is drawn into the coil when a current
flows and that is used especially as a switch or control for a mechanical device (such as a
valve)”.

 If the direction of current is anti-clockwise, the end of the solenoid acts as a North Pole
and vice-versa.

 When you wrap your right hand around the solenoid with your fingers in the direction of
the conventional current, your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic north pole.
Mathematical analysis and basic phenomenon
Considered terms:

 Current
 Wire material
 Battery voltage
 Magnetic flux density
 Spring constant
 Force due to magnetic field
 Force required to pull the spring attached to valve.
 Major and minor radius of coil and springs.

We used the following formulae for theoretical calculations:

F=IlBsinθ, F = (N*I)2 μ0 A / (2 g2), b=u0ni/l, F=-kx

The manual theoretical work we have done regarding this are as follows:
Number of turns N=15
current I = 50A
length of coil= 100mm
permeability constant iron=6.5E-3
Area of coil= π r2.
Spring material for test = iron, steel.
Voltage=12 V
required force=?
Required length=8mm spring pull length

Solutions.

F theoretical = F = (N*I)2 μ0 A / (2 g2),

Fth = 0.019 N

F (comsol) = ILB sin ∅ ∅=90

F= 0.02N
The results are close thus by using simulation results we can predict the number of turns required
for the needed displacement or the force needed for that displacement of valve

Results
The percentage error between simulation results and theoretical results is found to be 5 percent.
Thus the results are acceptable and can be used for predicting the force exerted by electromagnet
on the valve.

Conclusion
. The above mentioned figures in results are values based on practical results. Moving towards
betterment is a sense of growth and evolution hence to implement such system as fast as possible
is always our priority. In further we will be moving towards an idea for making a cam-less
engine which is our future project related to this one.
Reference
 World’s 1st CVVD Engine Technology: Improving Fuel efficiency, Performance
while Reducing Emission. (YouTube working module)

 http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:542744/FULLTEXT01

 Master of Science Thesis MMK 2009:75 MFM130

 Examensarbete MMK 2009:75 MFM130 Free Valve Technology – Utveckling av ett

styrsystem för ett elektronisk styrt pneumatisk-hydraulisk ventilsystem på en
förbränningsmotor Øyvind Gundersen Godkänt 2009-11-03 Examinator Hans-Erik
Ångström Handledare Hans-Erik Ångström Uppdragsgivare AVL SPEAB
Kontaktperson Richard Backman
 0referecnces/Electromagnetic_Plunger_with_Dynamics_5.6.pdf

Software model
 A complete solid work designing done
 Simulation/ result computation on comsole is done
 OEL on spring quality is done practically
 Files will be presented on demand