3.
Cardiac muscle
- Striated in appearance like skeletal muscles;
involuntary like smooth muscles; cannot be
controlled consciously by the will.
- Contracts at steady rate; but can be
stimulated by the N.S to shift to high gear
when you run.
- It continuous pumping blood from the heart
to all parts of the body.
- If 02 deprivation lasts longer than about 30
sec.----- it will stop contracting ------resulting
in heart failure.
- Can be found in the wall of the heart; walls
of hollow visceral organ
- Single, fussy form, no striation.
Muscle Function
- The musculoskeletal system consists of bones and
joints and the skeletal muscle system.
- These two systems work together to provide basic
functions that are essential to life, including:
1. Protection: protects the brain and internal organs
2. Support: maintains upright posture; Enabling to
stand erect and moves our body.
3. Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation
4. Mineral homeostasis; produces RBC
5. Storage: stores fat and minerals; temporary storage
of food in the stomach; storing and moving fats and
mineral
6. Leverage (produce movement, stabilize joints):
 A lever is a simple machine that magnifies
speed of movement or force.
 The levers are mainly the long bones of the
body and the axes are the joints where the
bones meet.
7. Produce heat- most especially during activities
which makes the muscles contract; used to maintain
normal body temperature.
 Thermogenis:
_____________________________________
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. Twitch contraction- momentary contraction; single
stimulus; period of contraction and relaxation of the
body.
2. Isotonic contraction - causes muscle to change
length as it contracts and causes, movement of body
parts.
 Muscle become shorter and thicker upon
contraction (muscles contracts and changes
length).
 Used in walking, moving the body.
3. Isometric contraction- occur when there is no
change in the length of the contracting
muscle.
 Muscles develop tension but remains the same
length (muscle contracts but does not change
length).
4. Concentric- Cause the muscle to shorten as it
contracts.
 Occur frequently in daily and sporting
activities.
5. Eccentric contraction- opposite of concentric
contraction and occur when the muscle
lengthens when it contracts.
-ex. Quadriceps muscle of the thigh
6. Isokinetic contraction- the muscle changes length
during contraction, differ is that
isokinetic contraction produces movement of a
constant contraction.
- Similar to isotonic but isokinetic movement
of a constant contract.
- Ex. Breast stroke swimming
7. Treppe – rested muscles but the muscle receives a
repeated stimuli over pro-long period of time; rigorous
contraction of muscle; results to the fatigue of muscles
- Ex. Pro-long exercise
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO
MUSCLE
1. Muscle fiber becomes larger and stronger.
2. Muscle atrophy - It will shrink and become weak,
if unused.
3.Regular Exercise increases muscle size, strength and
endurance.
4. Exercise result in stronger, and more flexible
muscles with greater resistance to fatigue.
5. Aerobic exercise makes the overall body:
- metabolism more efficient;
- improve the digestion and elimination of the
waste product in our body;
- Enhance a neuro-muscular coordination in
our body.
- Make the skeletal system stronger
- The lungs become more efficient.
- Makes the heart increase normally
EFFECTS OF AGING IN MUSCLE
1. Weak muscles, smaller and dehydrated
2. Fibrous tissue appears; muscles infiltrated with fat
3. Muscle reflex slows down
4. Nocturnal Cramps (Night leg cramps) -
deficiency of sodium, improper blood flow.
- Involuntary contraction; spasm
- Calf of the muscle
MUSCLE FATIGUE AND OXYGEN DEBT
1) Prolong muscle activity----Muscle fatigue---O2 debt
2) Chemical energy--------mechanical energy----heat;
uses up O2
(sometimes faster than it can be replaced).
3) Muscles lack of O2-------Lactic acid
accumulates-------Low ATP
Accumulation of L.A + low ATP=less contraction-----
stop contracting all together
**This happens commonly to marathon runners.
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIONS
1. Origin – __________________________
2. Insertion – ________________________
3. Prime mover (agonist)
____________________________
4. Synergists –
____________________________________________
. _______________________________ Muscle Cell.
5. Antagonist –
____________________________________________
. on the _______________________.
6. Fixator –
________________________________________
The following are some terms used in naming muscles.
Size:
1) Vastus ( ): VASTUS LATERALIS
2) Maximus ( ): GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
3) Longus ( ): PALMARIS LONGUS
4) Minismus ( ): GLUTEUS MINISMUS
5) Brevis ( ): PERONEUS BREVIS
Shape:
1) Deltoid ( ): DELTOID MUSCLE
2) Rhomboid ( ); RHOMBOIDEUS major
3) Latissimus ( ): LATISSIMUS DORSI
4) Teres ( ): TERES MAJOR
5) Trapezius ( ).
Direction of fibers:
1) Rectus ( ): RECTUS ABDOMINIS
2) Transverse ( ): TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS
3) Oblique ( ): APONEUROSIS OF EXTERNAL
OBLIQUE
4) Orbicularis ( ): ORBICULARIS OCULI
Location:
1) Pectoralis ( ); PECTALIS MAJOR
2) Gluteus ( ); GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
3) Brachii ( ); BICEPS BRACHII
4) Supra- ( ); SUPRA SPINATUS
5) Infra- ( ); INFRA SPINATUS
6) Sub- ( ); SUBSCAPULARIS
7) Lateralis ( ); VASTUS LATERALIS
Number of origins:
1) Biceps ( ); BICEPS BRACHII
2) Triceps ( ); TRICEPS BRACHII
3) Quadriceps ( )
Origin and insertion:
1)Sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum and
clavicle insertion on the mastoid process)
2) Brachioradialis (origin on the brachium or arm,
insertion on the radius).
Action:
1) Abductor (to abduct a structure)
2) Adductor (to adduct a structure)
3) Flexor (to flex a structure)
4) Extensor (to extend a structure)
5) Levator (to lift or elevate a structure)
6) Masseter (a chewer)
7) Depressor- Produce downward movement
8) Supinator- Turn palm upward
9) Pronator- Turn palm downward
MUSCLE STRUCTURE
1. A Muscle Fiber is a single,
2. A Muscle is made up of hundreds or even thousands
of ________________, depending
3. Muscle Fiber makes up most of the Muscle Tissue, a
large amount of
______________________, _________________
Vessels, and _______ are also present.
4. Connective Tissue _________________________
each Muscle Fiber and reinforces the
Muscle as a whole.
5. The health of Muscle depends on a
_____________________ and Blood Supply.
Each Skeletal Muscle has a Nerve Ending that controls
its activity.
6. Active Muscles use a lot of ______________ and
require a continuous supply of
____________and Nutrients, which are supplied by
Arteries.
7. Muscle Fibers consist of Bundles of threadlike
structures called ____________________.
8. Each Myofibril is made up of
_____________________of Protein Filaments.
9. The ___________________________ are made up
of a PROTEIN called ____________.
10. The ____________________________ are made
of a PROTEIN called _____________.
11. Myosin and Actin Filaments are responsible for the
Light and Dark Bands that can be seen in Skeletal
Muscle.
12. Thin Actin Filaments are Anchored at their
Midpoints to a structure called the ________.
13. The region from one Z-line to the next is called a
________________ the Functional Unit
of muscle contractions.