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Socsci 032 Midterm Compilation Notes

The Contemporary World (Cebu Institute of Technology – University)

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10. Incipient Phase ((mid-1700s to the 1870s)

GLOBALIZATION - more concrete conception of humankind.
11. Take-Off Phase (1870s to the mid-1920s)
- is arguably the most important factor currently shaping
- Development of global competitions
the world economy.
12. Struggle-for-hegemony phase (1920s to the mid-
- is the homogenization of people’s tastes and demand
1960s)
patterns around the world.
- This period was characterized by war (WW II) and disputes
- active process of corporate expansion across borders.
(Cold War) over the still fragile globalization process.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION 13. Uncertainty Phase (1960s to the early 1990s)
- spread of nuclear weapons, world civil society, world
a) CONNECTIVITY citizenship, and global media system consolidation.
- Bilateral relationship. -
b) BORDERLESS GLOBE d) EVENTS
- Goods and services flow through borders from one nation - possible points of origin of globalization.
to another. - some of which are:
c) FREE TRADE o The Romans conquests in the centuries before Christ.
- Interdependence of nations; no restrictions. o The rise and spread of Christianity after the fall of the
d) CULTURAL DIVERSITY Roman Empire.
- Shared norms and knowledge o The spread of Islam.
- Interconnectedness among different populations and o The travels of the Vikings.
culture. o Trade in the Middle Ages.
e) MOBILITY o The activities of the banks.
- Grater labor mobility reduce time lag o The rampage of the armies of Ghengis Khan.
f) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CHANGES o European traders, Marco Polo, and his travels along
- Spread of technology around the globe from developed to the Silk Road to China. <iron silk road=
developing nations o . The <discovery of America= by Christopher
Columbus in 1492. Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape
of Good Hope in 1498. Circumnavigation of the globe
FIVE (5) PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBALIZATION completed in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’s
ships.
a) HARDWIRED
o European colonialism.
- basic human urge to seek better and more fulfilling life.
o Global Spanish flu pandemic.
o The two world wars.
b) CYCLES
- more specific about the origin of globalization:
difficult to find a single point of origin.
o 1956 – the first transatlantic telephone cable
-
o 1958 - transatlantic passenger jet travel
c) PHASES
o 1962 - launch of the satellite Telstar
- occurred sequentially each with its own point of origin.
o 1970 - creation of Clearing House Interbank Payment
- Eight (8) Phases:
System (CHIPS).
1. Eurasian Phase (3000BCE)
o 1977 - the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
- Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, increased
Telecommunications (SWIFT) came.
trade, and ancient empires grew out of Eurasia.
o 2001 - the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in
2. Afro-Eurasian Phase (1000 BCE)
New York.
- Commercial revolutions commenced in the Greco-Roman
o 2009 - Great Recession
world, West Asia and East Africa.
o 2014 - mobile-cellular phone subscriptions
3. Oriental Phase I (500 BCE)
- The world economy emerged alongside the caravan trade
e) BROADER, RECENT CHANGES
in the Middle East.
- Three of these momentous changes identified by scholars
4. Oriental Phase II (1100)
as the point of origin of globalization as it exists today:
- improvements in productivity and technology.
o The emergence of the United States
5. Multicentric Phase (1500)
o The emergence of multinational corporations
- Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the
(MNCs)
Americas.
o The diminishing of WWII & Cold War
6. Euro-Atlantic Phase (1800)
- The Euro-Atlantic economy developed through DIFFERENT VIEWS ON GLOBALIZATION
industrialization and the colonial division of labor
7. 20C Phase (1950) o GLOBAPHILIA
- MNC’s and global value chains emerged throughout the  Optimists’ view
US, Europe, and Japan and the Cold War Ended. - Emphasis on the positive aspects of globalization.
8. 21C Phase (2000)  Pessimists’ View
- A new geography of trade encompasses East Asia and the - Emphasis on the negative aspects of globalization.
emerging economies, with a global rebalancing of power
and economic flows. o ACADEMICS’ VIEW
9. Germinal Phase - <global shift=
- Important developments during this period were the sun- - Globalization lacks precise definition.
centered view of the universe and etc.

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TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION framework relations and

of human action at a
1. ECONOMIC action distance
- Countries that trade with many others and have few trade Historical Global Regional As the
barriers are economically globalised. trajectory civilization blocs/clash of reordering of
civilizations interregional
2. SOCIAL relations and
- A measure of how easily information and ideas pass action at a
between people in their own country and between distance
different countries (includes access to internet and social Summary The end of Internationaliz Globalization
media networks). argument the nation- ation depends transforming
3. POLITICAL state on state state power
acquiescence and world
- The amount of political co-operation there is between and support politics
countries.

CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION IMPACT ON THE GOVERNMENT

1. Improved Communications Positive effects Negative effects

2. Improved Transport
3. Free Trade Agreements - Increased economic - MNC power
4. Global Banking development increased
5. The Growth of MNCs - Expanded - MNCs externalize
infrastructure cost to countries
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION - Transfer of modern - Competition results
management in too many
1. Changed Food Supply techniques concessions
2. Division of Labour - Greater - MNCs influence local
3. Less Job Security interdependence policies
4. Damage to the Environment among business - Companies
5. Cultural Impact partners incorporate in low
6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests tax countries
THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE - Pressure to reduce
social benefits
- Three Positions:

HYPERGLOB SKEPTICS TRANSFORM

IMPACT ON THE LABOR
ALIST -ATIONALIST
What’s new? A global age Trading blocs, Historically Positive effects Negative effects
weaker unprecedente
geogovernanc d levels of - Increased job - Job displacement
e than in global opportunities - Loss of industries or
earlier periods interconnecte - Upgraded education economic groups
dness system - Lowered labor
Dominant Global World less Thick’ - Increased training standards
features capitalism, interdependen (intensive and - Downward wage
global t than in 1880s extensive) pressure
governance, - Decreased union
global civil power
society - Diminished social
Power of Declining or Reinforced or Reconstituted, contract
national eroding enhanced restructured
ELEMENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ORDER
governments
Driving Capitalism States and Combined STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS PURPOSIVE ELEMENTS
forces of and markets forces of
globalization technology modernity Polarity Social state
Pattern of Erosion of Increased New
stratification old marginalizatio architecture of Multilateralism Identity
hierarchies n of South world order
Regionalism Economic order
Dominant McDonalds, National Transformatio
motif Madonna, interest n of political Global divide Liberal rights
etc. community
Conceptualiz As a As As the
ation of reordering of internationaliz reordering of
globalization the ation interregional

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GLOBAL ECONOMY
 WORLD WAR II
- It is the economy of all humans of the world. - a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.
- International exchange of goods and services. - worsen the Great Depression.
- is the world economy or the worldwide economy. -
- one economic system  BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE
- is one giant entity - formally known as the United Nations Monetary and
- It is also the system of trade and industry across the world Financial Conference (UNMFC)
that has emerged due to globalization. - It was the gathering of all 44 Allied nations to regulate the
international monetary and financial order after the of
World War II.
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ECONOMY
- Three (3) institutions:
1. Trade of goods and services  INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
2. Financial and capital markets - is an organization working to foster global monetary
3. Technology and communication cooperation, secure financial stability and etc.
4. Production - started: July 1944
- formal existence: 27 December 1945
 Internationalization - Role of IMF:
- is about the extension of economic activities of nation  Harry Dexter White
states across borders. - functioned more like a bank, making sure that borrowing
states could repay their debts on time.
 Economic globalization  John Maynard Keynes
- is functional integration between internationally dispersed - a cooperative fund to maintain economic activity and
activities. employment through periodic crises.

 WORLD BANK
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL - Is designed to finance projects that enhance the economic
ECONOMY development of member states.
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and
 GREAT DEPRESSION Development, The International Development Association,
- is a sustained, a long-term downturn in economic activity The International Finance Corporation, The Multilateral
in on or more economies. Investment Agency, The International Centre Settlement
- CAUSES: of Investment Disputes.
 Over Production - <sustainable development,= which attempted to reconcile
- High demand and prices economic growth and environmental protection in
- Demand and prices fall after war developing countries.
- Farmers could not pay back loans - its use of capital flows to developing countries as a means
 Decrease in consumer spending of narrowing the income gap between rich and poor
- Rising prices, low wages countries.
- Overbuying on credit
- Uneven distribution of income (Rich got richer and poor  GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
got poorer) TRADE
 Over speculation - Postwar Trade System
- Stocks bought on the hope of quick profit - Served as forum for trade negotiations
- Buying on Margin
- High tariffs harm world trade
LIBERAL VS. PROTECTIONIST POLICIES
 BUBBLE BURSTS
- Banks fail – people withdrew fund  NEO-LIBERALISM
- Banks invested in stock market – could not repay loan - (Free market policies)
- 1933 – 11,000 of nation’s 25,000 banks had failed - Includes:
- Account not insured – millions lost their savings  Liberalization
 DOMINO EFFECT - Reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange
of goods between nations.
People lose jobs
 Deregulation
- Reduction and elimination of government power in a
Businesses close down particular industry.
or lay off -
 Privatization
More people lose - The transfer of ownership, property, or business from the
jobs government to the private sector.
 NEO-MERCANTILISM
- (Interventionist, protectionist policies)
- Includes:

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 Tariff and Non-tariff Barrier Imposition - merger of two or more companies that occupy similar
- These are restrictions imposed on movement of goods levels in the production supply chain.
between countries.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Tariff Barrier • Lower Costs •Tough transition change
- is a barrier to international trade. •Higher power in the market •Lack of competition
• Reduced competition
 Non-tariff Barrier •Increased differentiation
- includes quotas, embargoes, sanctions, levies, and other
restrictions.
 Vertical Integration
 Tight State Regulation - Is a competitive strategy by which a company takes
- Includes: complete control over one or more stages in the
 Economic Regulation production or distribution of a product.
- refers to rules that limit who can enter a business.  Forward Vertical Integration
 Social Regulations - Business activities are expanded to include control of the
- refers to the abroad category of rules governing how any direct distribution or supply of a company's products.
business or individual carries out its activities.
 Backward Vertical Integration
 Subsidies - Process in which a company purchases or internally
- funds provided by a government to enable firms to reduce produces segments of its supply chain.
prices

 Import Quotas ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

- Used to limit imports of a particular products. • Doesn’t have to rely on •Expense •Reduces flexibility
suppliers •Loss of focus •Cultural
 Health and Environment Standardization • Gives a company economies diversity in the workplace
- branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the of scale
natural and build environment affecting human health. • Retailer can know, what is
selling well
 Import Substitution • Low prices
- A trade and economic policy which advocates replacing
foreign imports with domestic production.  Conglomeration
- is the combination of two or more business entities
engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one
corporate group, usually involving a parent company and
MARKET INTEGRATION many subsidiaries.
- Is a situation in which separate markets for the same
product become one single market. BUSINESS ENTITY
- occurs when prices among different locations follow
similar patterns over a long period of time. - is an organization that uses economic resources or inputs
- is an indicator that explains how much different markets to provide goods or services to customers in exchange for
are related to each other. money or other goods and services.
-
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION
- Economic recovery of capital structures TYPES OF BUSINESS
- 1970s-80s, 3 innovations changed global corporations:  SERVICE BUSINESS
 Digitalization - A service type of business provides intangible products
 Global communications (CP) (products with no physical form).
 Structural transformation of global
commerce  MERCHANDISING BUSINESS
- Post-war: 3 structural periods - buys products at wholesale price and sells the same at
 Investment based (1950-1970) retail price.
 Trade-based globalization (1970-95) - "buy and sell"
 Digital globalization (1995 onwards) - sells a product without changing its form.
- Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) / Major driver of  MANUFACTURING BUSINESS
extended global corporate development - a manufacturing business buys products with the intention
of using them as materials in making a new product.
- combines raw materials, labor, and factory overhead in its
production process. The manufactured goods will then be
sold to customers.
TYPES OF MARKET INTEGRATION
 HYBRID BUSINESS
 Horizontal Integration
- classified in more than one type of business.
- lateral integration.

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E.g. A restaurant, for example, combines ingredients in

-
making a fine meal (manufacturing), sells a cold bottle of THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
wine (merchandising), and fills customer orders (service).
- Requires the existence of units, among which interactions
take place.
FORMS OF BUSINESS - Units of state and the interactions includes WAR,
DIPLOMACY, and COOPERATION.
 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
- is a business owned by only one person. PRINCIPLES OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM
- is usually adopted by small business entities.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  STATE SOVEREIGNTY
• Ease of starting and going • Unlimited liability - One of the most controversial ideas in political science and
out of business • Difficulty in raising financial international law.
• Control over profits and capital - <souverainete= meant to be the equivalent of supreme
business operations • Responsibility for all losses power.
• Pride of ownership • Management knowledge
• Lower taxes (no corporate may be limited
 TERRITORIALITY
income taxes)
- Is a non-verbal communication that refers to how people
use space (territory) to communicate ownership or
 PARTNERSHIP occupancy or areas & possession.
- is a business owned by two or more persons who
contribute resources into the entity.  INTERFERENCE
- partners divide the profits of the business among - Act of something that obstruct or hinders.
themselves.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Better decision can be made. • Unlimited liability NON-STATE ACTORS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
• You share the business risk • Tax like corporations
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
and responsibility. • Limited life
• Is easier to form than • You don’t keep all the profits. - Is an organization with an international membership,
cooperative and corporation. • Making business decisions scope, presence.
• Lower extent to the may give rise to conflict among
government regulation the partners.  GLOBAL CORPORATION
• Greater capital than some - <Multinational Corporation=
proprietorship. - A company that operates in two or more countries,
leveraging the global environment to approach varying
markets in attaining revenue generation.
 CORPORATION
- is a business organization that has a separate legal
personality from its owners. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
- Owners (stockholders) enjoy limited liability but have
limited involvement in the company's operations. - Region in northwestern Germany and one of the three
historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
 LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY - known for 1648 Peace of Westphalia which ended the
- are hybrid forms of business that have characteristics of Thirty Years War.
both a corporation and a partnership. - Series of peace treaties signed.
- Was negotiated on 1644 in the towns of Munster and
 COOPERATIVE Osnabruck.
- is a business organization owned by a group of individuals
- Three treaties were signed; The Peace of Munster, the
and is operated for their mutual benefit.
Treaty of Munster, and the Treaty of Osnabruck.
- persons making up the group are called MEMBERS.
-

- Became the basis for the Westphalian International

System
- <Modern Interstate System=

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COVERGENCE OF FACTORS  Rulers free govern as they pleased

 Political Factors 2. WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM

 Economic Factors - <Original Territorial Basis of Modern Interstate System.=
 Capital - FEATURES: Nation states are territorially independent &
- Wealth (resources) Autonomous

 Coercion 3. ANTI-HEGEMONIC SYSTEM

- To launch wars - Based on feudal, hierarchy system
- Enable monarchs to wield powers against church and - Ended hegemony of Habsburg Empire
feudal lords. - Emphasized:
i. Independence
ii. Territorial Sovereignty
iii. Sovereignty Equality
iv. Separation of States rather than unity of
Christendom (rejected pope as absolute
authority)

<The state makes wars, and war makes the state.= 4. ADOPTION IN UNITED NATIONS
- Article of 2(1) of the United Nations Charter : Based on the
- Charles Tilly principle of sovereign equality of all its members
- Article of 2(7) of the United Nations Charter: Nothing
contained in the present charter shall authorize the United
<Global Governance takes place without Global Government= Nations to intervene in matters which are within the
domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the
members to submit such matters to settlement under the
present charter.
RESULTS

- Under the terms of the peace settlement, a number of 5. GROWTH OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
countries received territories or were confirmed in their - Number of states has grown enormously
sovereignty over territories. - Many changes in inter-state relations in the state system
- Ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) in the Holy
Roman Empire and the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648) 6. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
between Spain and the Dutch Republic. - Treaty of Westphalia created an opening for nation states
to have a new conversation with each other, one where
FIVE PRINCIPLES IN POLITICS agreement could be made and power could be exchanged
logical and rational way.
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. The principle of legal (equality) of states
3. The principle of non-intervention of one states in CHALLENGES
international affairs of another.
4. International law and diplomacy.  GLOBALIZATION
5. Reason of state replaced religion. - Migration of human activities
- Integration of National economies through trade,
IMPACT OF PEACE OF WESTPHALIA investment, capital flow, labor, migration, and technology
- Results from the removal of barriers between national
1. EMERGING OF WESTPHALIA
economies to encourage the flow
- Emerging of Westphalia
- Globalized the world economy
- Reduction of role played by religion
- Led economic decision-making away from local control
i. Pope of Head of Catholic Church
- States are becoming less Westphalian in terms of legal
ii. Emperor Head of HRE
power to intervene in countries (European Union, UN, &
- Rise of Nation States
International Criminal Court)
- Birth of an International system based plurality of
- Emphasizes the interdependence of states
International States
- Views solving socio-economic and political problems
- Recognizing no superior authority over them
require collective efforts and restrictions of state
- CONCEPT OF NATION STATE:
sovereignty.
1. Permanently exist
- IGO’s (Intergovernmental Org); intertwining the political
2. Corporate entities in their own right
economic affairs of nation states around the globe. Enroch
3. Separate from the rules who governed them at
on the concept of sovereignty.
any time
Introduces wider webs of transnational governances, new

-
Development of law of nations(govern
supranational institutions, new technologies and etc
interstate)

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- Not in line with the conception of the Treaty of Westphalia - Obvious case of dominant countries acting forma place of
which aims to enable governments control resources and power that allows for strategic positioning economically
people in a way to determine its economic fortunes and politically
- Challenge to the treaty of Westphalia as the border
changes are able to devalue state borders in terms of
emphasizing supranational or sub national entries. CONCLUSION

 Treaty of Westphalia created state system.

 PEACE IF WESTPHALIA CHALLENGES UNDER
 Ended 30 years’ war and introduced a few principles in
GLOBALIZATION
contemporary world
 Legal sovereignty is no longer the monopoly of
 Principle of Non-intervention of one state in the
national gov’t
internal affair of another state
Contemporary central gov’ts have responded to
 Principle of equality between states
-
globalization by voluntarily shifting power upwards to
 Principle of sovereignty of states and
supranational institutions.
fundamental right of political self determination
Emergence of EU (European Union); takes precedence

-
Treaty of Westphalia is undergoing a historic change
over National Law
- WTO pick up powers involve transfer of sovereignty

 Control of physical territory is much less

meaningful today both as source and domain of
power
- Improvement in transportation and telecommunication
- Internet of global finance does not respect national
borders and sovereign jurisdictions
- Severely reduces the ability of national gov’ts to deal with
global challenges.

 Non-state actors are emerging as the new stars if

global order  Change in nature and understanding of sovereignty
- Large multi-national corporations wielding considerable  Sovereignty is redefined
economic (OECD)  State is interdependent
- Militant Special Interest Groups include organized
religions, special lobbies, mafias, and etc THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM
NGOs claiming to represent Civil Society

-
REALISM
- IGOs created by sovereign gov’t
- Assume that just like humans, states are rational actors
and their concern is to maximize their self interest.
 International Law is beginning to challenge the
- Assumes structure of the international system is anarchy
supremacy of state sovereignty
Human rights, environmental protection, and etc are

-
LIBERALISM
beginning to trump state sovereignty in the court of public
- Emphasizes the pacifying role of international
opinion and are invoked to justify interventions in the
organizations, economic interdependence, and
affairs of sovereign states.
democracy.

 Westphalian wars are in decline, Non

 CONSTRUCTIVISM
Westphalians are on the rise
- Concerned with the relationship between units and
- Westphalian war is a clash of sovereign countries
structures.
according to certain rules such as formal declaration of
- How we can understand the relationship between states
wars, and etc
and anarchy
- The new confrontations are economic are economical and
- Argues that both state interest and anarchy are socially
informational
constructed.
- Protagonist are no longer national gov’t but corporations,
special interest group, Drug cartels, ethnic mafias, and etc
 MARXISM
Social theory that aims to scrutinize and critique the

-
Modernization
underlying foundations upon the contemporary world
- A process where rural, traditional societies are
- Argues that the world is divided along economic lines
transformed into industrialized and modern.
- Predicated capitalism; Industrial states will overthrow and
- Encompasses not only economic modernization and
replaces by socialism & communism
development of market infrastructure and technology, but
also political modernization and the developed system of
internal representation.

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SUMMARY OF THEORIES - Globalization is seen as an extreme form of

interdependence
COMPETING REALISM LIBERALISM CONSTRUCTIVISM MARXISM
THEORIES - Globalization implication is undermining the contemporary
Central States always Democracy, Norms and ideas Capitalist
interstate system.
Argument compete for free trade, can re-constitute motives
power and state behavior, cause  Inside-out view
international interests, identities, conflicts
organizations and preferences - Globalization recognizes that states are the ones
matter influencing the level of global interconnectedness
Assumptions States are States are Institutions are History is a - Emphasizes Globalization is not an independent
rational actors rational socially constructed class
actors struggle phenomenon that takes place in a vacuum. States also
Focus of states States Individuals World shape Globalization.
Analysis system
- Globalization is a transformative process that redefines
Theorists Kenneth Robert Alexander Wendt Immanuel
Waltz Keobane Nicholas Onuf Wallerstein the conceptions of state, sovereignty, and territory.
John Joseph Nye JR Theotonio
Mearsheimer dos Santos CONCLUSION

- Global interstate has important implications. It leads us to

EVOLTUTION OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM think no of demise of retreat of the state, but about its
changing functionality
 COLD WAR
- It exist but do different things, do the same things less well
- War between soviet union and USA
that they used to, and also have taken on new
- Advancement of Nuclear weapons
responsibilities
- Spread of communists around the nations
- Transformed to cope with emerging challenges brought
- Soviet Union enlarge its communists sphere of influence
about both internal and external factors
 Eastern Europe
 China
 North Korea
 Vietnam
 Latin America
- 1945: BERLIN OCCUPATION
- 1947: GREEK CIVIL WAR
- 1948:

- 1950: Taiwan became the republic of China

- 1951: KOREAN WAR
- 1956: HUNGRIAN REVOLUTION
- 1959: CUBAN REVOLUTION
- 1961

- 1961: SCIENCE ROCKETS (GEMINI-TITAN II USA & VOSTOK

USSR)
- 1961: BERLIN WALL
- 1980: SOVIET WAR IN AFGANISTAN

GLOBALIZATION AND THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

 TWO APPROACHES
 Outside-in View
- Globalization as an exogenous process that is making a
profound impact on state affairs market

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- to promote particular causes.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE - TYPES OF NGOs:
 BINGO
 Brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective
- business-friendly international NGO ; Red Cross
action at the level of the planet.
 Political cooperation to countries  ENGO
 The world is facing with threats and challenges that no - environmental NGO; Greenpeace and World Wildlife
single country, no matter how powerful it is can deal with Fund
 no longer be tolerated and require collective action to be  GONGO
managed. - Government-organized non-governmental
 cannot be dealt with at national level, by individual states organization; International Union for Conservation of
acting alone. No state acting alone can resolve the Nature.
turbulence of global economy and world economic crisis  INGO
 A collective action, and collective management of - international NGO; Oxfam
problems.  QUANGO
- quasi-autonomous NGO; International Organization
 GOVERNMENT for Standardization [ISO])
 Managing authority of level states
 INTERNATIONAL REGIMES
- Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and
PIECES OF GOVERNANCE decision-making procedures around which actors'
expectations converge in a given area of international
- Collection of governancerelated activities, rules and relations.
mechanisms, formal and informal, existing at a - specialized arrangements that pertain to well-defined
variety levels in the world. activities, resources, or geographical areas
 INTERNATIONAL LAW
 CITES (Convention on International Trade in
- is traditionally defined as the set of norms and rules
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
governing the relations between governments or
Fauna)
state entities.
 Gold Standard
 Under International Maritime Law and the Law of the Sea
 International Atomic Energy Agency
 International criminal law
- The global nuclear regulatory regime
 Treaties/ Treaty
 Basel Convention
- International agreement concluded between States in
- which governs the international movement of
written form.
hazardous waste.

 SOFT LAW
 GLOBAL CONFERENCE
- to rules that are neither strictly binding in nature nor
- Global forum/meeting of people and organizations
completely lacking legal significance.
that discuss global governance.
- refers to guidelines, policy declarations or codes of
- Bringing the together the world’s largest network.
conduct which set standards of conduct.
- are not directly enforceable.
 PRIVATE CONFERENCE
 UN General Assembly resolutions - Exercise of political power by private actors –
 Codes business and civil-society organizations –to produce
 Standards decisions that have abiding effects.
- Establish enforceable intellectual property rules for
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS music, software, harmonization standards, and
- established by a treaty or other instrument governed sanitation regulation.
by international law and possessing its own
international legal personality ACTORS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE:
 World Bank
 STATES
 World Trade Organization
 IGO’s
 World Health Organization
 NGO’S
 NGOS  EXPERTS
- Non-Governmental Organization  GLOBAL POLICY NETWORKS
- a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions  MNC’s
independently of government.
THREATS AND CHALLENGES:
- TWO BROAD GROUPS OF NGO
 Operational NGOs  TERRORISM
- Focus on development projects. - The unlawful use of force or violence against persons
 Advocacy NGOs or property to intimidate or coerce a Government.

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 11 September Attacks
GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH
 September 11, 2001
 hijacked 4 commercial planes, 3000+ were killed
- Broadly considered a socio-economic and political
divide.
 Bali Bombings
 October 12,2002 THE NORTH
 202 people were killed (88 Australians, 38 Indonesians,
and other people from other nationalities) - The North is home to all the members of the G8 and
 Mumbai Attack to four of the five permanent members of the United
 November 26, 2008 Nations Security Council.
 more than 160 people including 18 police officers were - Mostly covers the West and the First World, along
killed. with much of the Second World, while the South
 Mumbai Railway Bombings largely corresponds with the Third World.
 July 11, 2005 - may be defined as the richer, more developed region
 209 people were killed, 700 injured and the South as the poorer, less developed region,
many more factors differentiate between the two
global areas.
 PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION
- 95% of the North has a functioning educational
system.
 Chemical
- one quarter of the world population—controls four-
- nerve agent, such as VX or Sarin, or mustard gas.
fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world.
 Biological 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by
- using a bacteria or virus and located in the North.
 Nuclear - implies development as opposed
- Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs - The north becomes synonymous with economic
 Radiological development and industrialization
- Dirty bomb - Northern countries are using most of the earth
resources and most of them are high entropic fossil
 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION fuels. Reducing emission rates of toxic substances is
central to debate on sustainable development but
- Product of man’s action
this can negatively affect economic growth.
 Global Warming
 Climate Change
 Ozone Layer Depletion THE SOUTH

 NATURAL DISASTERS - In the South, on the other hand, only 5% of the

population has enough food and shelter.
- 2010 Haiti quake
- "It lacks appropriate technology, it has no political
- 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their
- Cyclone Nargis (2008) foreign exchange earnings depend on primary
- Pakistan Earthquake(2005) product exports." Nevertheless the divide between
the North and the South increasingly "corresponds
 TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES less and less to reality and is increasingly challenged."
- Human trafficking (white slavery)
- with three quarters of the world populations—has
access to one-fifth of the world income. As nations
- People smuggling. become economically developed, they may become
- Smuggling/trafficking of goods (such as arms part of the "North", regardless of geographical
trafficking) location; similarly, any nations that do not qualify for
- Drug trafficking "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of
the "South".
- Sex Slavery and torture
- which implies a lack
 PANDEMIC - According to N. Oluwafemi Mimiko, the South lacks
the right technology, it is politically unstable, its
- H1N1 economies are divided, and its foreign exchange
- EBOLA earnings depend on primary product exports to the
- HBV North, along with the fluctuation of prices.
- SARS - The low level of control it exercises over imports and
exports condemns the South to conform to the
- HIV
'imperialist' system. The South's lack of development
- MALARIA and the high level of development of the North
- MERS deepen the inequality between them and leave the
South a source of raw material for the developed
countries.

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- South represents the previously colonized countries

which are in need of help in the form of international
aid agendas.

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