2022-2023

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
NIZAMABAD

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
REPORT
ON
132/33KV SUBSTATION
JAKORA, NIZAMABAD.

22/11/2022
SUBMITTED BY:
D.NIKESH,20005-EE-049
V.SANTHOSH,20005-EE-404
K.SREEJA,20005-EE-018
EEE 1st SHIFT,
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC,NIZAMABAD.

1
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
NIZAMABAD
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘132/33 kV substation jakora’
was carried out by Nikesh Dharavath bearing pin 20005-EE-049 in partial
fullfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of diploma in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering during academic year 2022-2023 is a bonafide
record of work carried out under guidance and supervision.

Project Guide: Head Of The Department:

M.GANGADHAR, VAMSHI KRISHNA
Assistant Engineer, Lecturer,EEE Department.
Jakora,Nizamabad.

PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task

would be put incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible,
whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.
We are grateful to our HOD Mr.Vamshi Krishna ,Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for his sustained guidance and cooperation throughout the process
of the training.
We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and hearty
thanks to the principal of GPT,Nizamabad,for providing congenial atmosphere
and encouragement.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the Assistant
Engineer(AE),132 KV jakora substation and our college who stood with us
during the training and helped us to make it a successful venture.

D.NIKESH,O49
V.SANTHOSH,404
K.SREEJA,018

3
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that,the training report entitled 132/33 KV Nizamabad

and has not been submitted to any other institution or university for the award
of our degree by us substation,jakora is a genuine work carried out by us,in
polytechnic diploma course in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Government
Polytechnic and has not been submitted to any other institution or university for
the award of our degree by us.

D.Nikesh
V.SANTHOSH
K.SREEJA.

4
 CONTENT
S.NO TOPIC NAME PAGE
NO.
1 Introduction 5
2 About substation 6
3 Single line diagram of substation 10
4 Site selection of substation 12
5 Equipments of substation 13
*Isolator
*Circuit breaker
*Busbar
*Instrument transformer
*Wave trap
*Lightning arrester
*Relays
*Capacitor bank
*Earth switch
*Control panel
*Insulators
*Capacitor voltage transformer
6 Transformer 32
*Types of transformer
*Marshalling box
*Transformer cooling and its types
7 Control and Relay room 39
8 Battery room 40
9 PLCC and SCADA 41
10 Conclusion 43

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 1.INTRODUCTION
An electric power system is defined as a network of electrical components
used to generate, transmit, and consume electric power. An electric power
system that supplies power to consumers for a large region is called an electric
grid. Electric grids can be divided into three large interconnected networks
consisting of generation, transmission, and distribution components. An electric
grid also contains control software and associated equipment to transmit
electricity from the place of generation to consumers . This is achieved by
transporting electrical power from generating stations to distribution
substations through transmission lines. The point of generation is usually
located far away from the place where it is consumed.The main part of electrical
power system is SUBSTATION.Substation changes the voltage from one level to
another level.At generating stations voltage level is stepped up and transmitted
through transmission lines then after voltage is stepped down and distributed
to consumers.The job of changing voltage levels is done by the substations.

6
 2.SUBSTATION
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage,
ac. to dc., frequency, p.f. etc.) of electric supply is called a Substation.A
substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse.
Substitution may perform any of several other important functions(Switching).
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through
several substations at different voltage levels. A substation include transformers
to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages.

Classification:-
Substitution are classified into 3 types.They are
1.According to operation:-
* Transformer substation
* Power factor correction substitution
* Frequency changing substation
* Switching substation
* Converting substation
2.According to point of location:-
* Indoor substation
* Outdoor substation
* Underground substation
3.According to scheme:-
* Radial substation
* Ring substation
* Interconnected substation.

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TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION:-
The main part of
substation is
transformer ,so it
is called as
transformer
substation.In this
substation
voltages are
changed from one
level to another
level.These
substation are
further divided
into 4 types:

1.Generating substation:-
The generation voltage is 11 kV.In this substation the
voltage is stepped upto 132 kV or 220 kV for transmission.( 11kv/132kv or
11kv/220kv ).
2 Primary substation.:-
In this substation the voltage is stepped down to 66 kV or 33 kV after
transmission.( 132kv/66kv or 132kv/33kv )
3.Secondary substation:-
In this substation the voltage is further stepped down to 11 kV .(
33kv/11kv )
4.Distribution substation:-
In this substation the voltage is stepped down to 400 volts,3 phase,4 wire
.And distribution to consumers.Here the voltage between two lines is 400 volts
and between line and ground is 230 volts.

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RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-

( Feeder :- the conducter which is taken out from the substation and have no
tappings in it. )
In this only one feeder is taken from one substation and connected to the
distribution transformer.
Advantages:-
1.Cost is less.
Disadvantages:-
1.If there is any fault in the grid all the consumers get suffered.So reliability is
less.
2. the consumers who are connected near to the feeder get overloaded and who
are far away get voltage regulations.

RING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-In this the feeder is in ring shape which

is taken from one
substation.Many
distribution
transformers are
connected to it and
electricity is supplied
to different
consumers.
Advantages:-
1.Reliability is more.
2.No voltage
regulations.

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Disadvantages:-
1.cost is more.
2.If there is any fault occurred in feeder .total grid should be shutdown.

INTERCONNECTED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-

In this more than one substation is connected.If there is any fault occurred
in one substation another substation will supply the energy to the consumers.

Advantages:-
1.Reliability is high.
2.No voltage regulations .
Disadvantages:-
1.Cost is high.

[ Generally we use Radial substation,but at highly developed areas they use

Interconnected substations.]

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 3.SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SUBSTATION
A single line diagram (SLD) shows the equipments and connections of a
substation series wise from where the feeders are entering into the substation
and passing through different electrical equipments and going out from the
substation.
The equipments through which feeder passes are as follows:-
* Lightning arrester.
* Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT).
* Wavetraps.
* Earth switch.
* Isolater.
* Current transformer (CT).
* Circuit breaker (CB)
* Busbar.
* Potential transformer (PT).
* Capacitor bank.
This Substation has a capacity of 132 kV through incoming feeders and can
stepdown upto 33 kV .
The 132KV incoming feeders of jakora substation are:
1.Ranjal.
2.Bodhan.
The 132 KV outgoing feeders of jakora substation are:
1.Banswada.
2.Bichkunda.
3.kotagiri.

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The 132 kV/33 kV jakora substation has the outgoing feeders namely:-
1.mosra 4.kotagiri
2.jalalpur 5.Akbarnagar
3.sangam 6.jakora

single line diagram of 132/33KV jakora substation

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 4.SITE SELECTION FOR SUBSTATION
The following factors are considered while making site selection for a substation:

1. Type of Substation:-
The category of substation is important for its location. For example a
step-up substation, which is generally a point where power from various sources
(generating machines or generating stations) is generated and stepped up for
long distance transmission, should be located as close to the generating stations
as possible to minimize the transmission losses.
Similarly a step-down substation should be located nearer to the load
centre to reduce transmission losses, cost of distribution system and better
reliability of supply.
2. Availability of Suitable and Sufficient Land:-
The land proposed for a substation should be normally level and open
from all sides. It should not be water logged particularly in rainy season. The site
selected for a substation should be such that nearer of transmission lines and
their outgoing can be easily possible without any obstruction.
3. Communication Facility:
Suitable communication facility is desirable at a proposed substation both
during and after its construction. It is better, therefore, to select the site along-
side on existing road to facilitate an easier and cheaper transportation.
4. Atmospheric Pollution:
Atmosphere around factories, which may produce metal corroding gases,
air fumes, conductive dust etc., and nearer to sea coasts, where air may be more
humid and may be salt laden, is detrimental to the proper running of power
system and therefore substations should not be located near factories or sea
coast.

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 5.EQUIPMENTS OF SUBSTATION
The equipments which are present in the substation are as follows :

1.Isolator:
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty
section of substation. It is used to separate faulty section for repair from a
healthy section in order to avoid the occurrance of severe faults. It is also called
disconnector or disconnecting switch.
There are different types of isolators used for different applications. They
are: 1.single break isolator.
2.double break isolator.
3.bus isolator
4.line isolator.
The isolator will be a
horizontal double break central
rotating type with an earth
switch. Isolators can be hand
operated.Isolator switches are
used for opening an electrical circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed
to be opened while current flows through the line. Generally, these are
employed on circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can be
done easily without any risk.Isolators (in closed position) are designed to
withstand thermal effects and other conditions due to short circuit current.

2.Circuit breaker:
A circuit breaker is an electrical safety
device designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by an
overcurrent or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow to
protect equipment and to prevent the risk
of fire.a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation.so circuit breaker also

14
defined as a device which can make the circuit and also break the circuit.Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-current
circuits or individual household appliances, to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.It is often abbreviated as Over
Current Protection Device (OCPD).The circuit breaker must first detect a fault
condition. In small mains and low voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done
within the device itself. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are
usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition
and to operate the opening mechanism. These typically require a separate
power source, such as a battery.The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load
current without excessive heating, and must also withstand the heat of the arc
produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made of copper
or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials.
When a high current or voltage is interrupted, an arc is generated. The
length of the arc is generally proportional to the voltage while the intensity (or
heat) is proportional to the current. This arc must be contained, cooled and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again
withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air,
insulating gas, or oil as the medium the arc
forms in.
Techniques to extinguish the arc :
1.Lengthening or deflecting the arc
2.Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
3.Division into partial arcs
4.Zero point quenching (contacts open at
the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load
current at the time of opening. The zero-
crossing occurs at twice the line
frequency.
5.Connecting capacitors in parallel with
contacts in DC circuits.
Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again
be closed to restore power to the interrupted circuit.

15
Types of circuit breaker:-
There are different types of circuit breakers are as follows:

1.Oil circuit breaker:-

Oil circuit breaker is
such type of circuit breaker
which used oil as a dielectric or
insulating medium for arc
extinction. In oil circuit breaker
the contacts of the breaker are
made to separate within an
insulating oil. When the fault
occurs in the system the
contacts of the circuit breaker
are open under the insulating
oil, and an arc is developed
between them and the heat of
the arc is evaporated in the
surrounding oil.These circuit
breaker has capacity upto 11
kV and 33 kV .and can be used
upto 50 years or more.
Advantages:-
1.Arc energy is absorbed in decomposing of oil.
2.The gas formed which is mainly hydrogen, has high diffusion rate , high heat
absorption capacity and provides good cooling properties.
3.The oil has high dielectric strength and provides insulation between the
contacts after the arc has been finally extinguished.
4.The oil used (such as transformer oil) is a very good insulator.
Disadvantages:-
1.Oil may be flammable and can cause fire hazards.

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2.There is a risk of formation of explosive mixture with the air.

2.Gas circuit breaker(SF6 CB):-

Sulphur Hexafluoride
or SF6 circuit breaker is a
type of circuit breaker that
uses pressurized SF6 gas to
extinguish the arc. It is a
dielectric gas having
superior insulating and arc
quenching properties far
better than air or oil. It is
used for arc quenching in
high voltage circuit breakers
up to 800 kV in power
stations.SF6 gas has very
high electronegativity. It has
a strong tendency to absorb
free electrons. When an arc
is struck between the
contacts, it absorbs the free electrons from it. It converts into negative ions
which are heavier than electrons. Due to its heavyweight, its mobility is reduced.
Therefore, the mobility of the charges in SF6 gas has low.so that the will be
quenched off.
Advantages:-
1.SF6 gas has excellent insulating and arc extinguishing property.
2.The gas is non-inflammable and chemically stable. Their decomposition
products are non-explosive and hence there is no risk of fire or explosion.
3.Electric clearance is very much reduced because of the high dielectric strength
of SF6.
4.Its performance is not affected due to variations in atmospheric condition.
5.It gives noiseless operation.
6.There is no over voltage problem because the arc is extinguished at natural
current zero.

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7.It requires less maintenance.
Disadvantages:-
1.SF6 gas is suffocating to some extent. In the case of leakage in the breaker
tank, the SF6 gas being heavier than air and hence SF6 are settled in the
surroundings and lead to the suffocation of the operating personnel.
2.The entrance of moisture in the SF6 breaker tank is very harmful to the
breaker, and it causes several failures.
3.The internal parts need cleaning during periodic maintenance under clean and
dry environment.
4.The special facility requires for transportation and maintenance of quality of
gas.

3.Air blast circuit breaker:-

Air blast circuit breaker used
compressed air or gas as the arc
interrupting medium. In the air
blast, circuit breaker compressed air
is stored in a tank and released
through a nozzle to produce a high-
velocity jet; this is used to extinguish
the arc. Air blast circuit breakers are
used for indoor services in the
medium high voltage field and
medium rupturing capacity. Generally used for voltages of 15 KV. The air blast
circuit breaker is now employed in high voltage circuits in the outdoors switch
yard for 220 KV lines.
Advantages:-
1.Cheapness and free availability of the interrupting medium.
2.Air blast circuit breakers have advantage of high speed operation.
3.In air blast circuit breaker fire hazard is eliminated.
4.Short and consistent arcing time.
5.Air blast circuit breakers require less maintenance.

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Disadvantages:-
1.An air compressor plant has to be installed and maintained.
2.In air blast circuit breaker upon arc interruption, it produces a high level of
noise when air is discharged to the open atmosphere.
3.In air blast circuit breaker current chopping (a phenomenon in which current
is forcibly interrupted before the natural current zero) problem exists.
4.There is a problem of re-striking voltage.(Restriking voltage is the transient
voltage appearing across the breaker contacts immediately after the opening of
breaker contacts.)

4.Vaccum circuit breaker:-

A vacuum circuit
breaker is a kind of circuit
breaker where the arc
quenching takes place in a
vacuum medium. The
operation of switching on
and closing of current
carrying contacts and
interrelated arc
interruption takes place
in a vacuum chamber in
the breaker which is
called a vacuum
interrupter.vacuum gives
high insulating strength due to superior arc quenching properties. This is suitable
upto 72 kV.
Advantages:-
1.The vacuum circuit breaker has a long life.
2.No fire hazard.
3.The vacuum circuit breaker is fast in operation.
4.Vacuum circuit breakers are almost maintenance-free.

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5.No exhaust of gas to the atmosphere and Noiseless operation.

Disadvantages:-
1.The main disadvantage of vaccum circuit breaker is that it is uneconomical at
voltages exceeding 38 kV.
2.The cost of the breaker becomes excessive at higher voltages.
3.At high voltages (above 38 kV) more than two numbers of the circuit breaker
are required to be connected in series.

3.Busbar:-
An electrical bus bar is
defined as a conductor or a
group of conductor used for
collecting electric power from
the incoming feeders and
distributes them to the
outgoing feeders. In other
words, it is a type of electrical
junction in which all the
incoming and outgoing
electrical current meets. Thus,
the electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one location.The bus bar
system consists the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the occurrence of a fault,
the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the busbar is easily
disconnected from the circuit.
The electrical bus bar is available in rectangular, cross-sectional, round
and many other shapes. The rectangular bus bar is mostly used in the power
system. The copper and aluminium are used for the manufacturing of the
electrical bus bar.
The various types of busbar arrangement are used in the power system.
The selection of the bus bar is depended on the different factor likes reliability,
flexibility, cost etc.

20
 The small substation where continuity of the supply is not essential uses
the single bus bar. But in a large substation, the additional busbar is used in the
system so that the interruption does not occur in their supply.

The types of bus arrangements are as follows:-

1.Single bus system.
2.Single bus system with bus sectionalized.
3.Main and transfer bus system.
4.Double bus system.
5.Double bus double break system.
6.Sectionalized double bus bar system.
7.One and a half breaker bus system .
8.Ring main system bus system.

4.Instrument transformers:-
A transformer that is used to measure electrical quantities like current, voltage,
power, frequency and power factor is known as an instrument transformer.
These transformers are mainly used with relays to protect the power system.
The Purpose of the instrument transformer is to step
down the voltage & current of the AC system because
the level of voltage & current in a power system is
extremely high. So designing the measuring
instruments with high voltage & current is difficult as
well as expensive.In general, these instruments are
mainly designed for 5A and 110V. The measurement
of high level electrical quantities can be done using
instrument Transformers.
Types of instrument transformers are:

1.Current transformer:
An instrument transformer that is used to
generate an AC within the secondary winding of the

21
transformer is known as a current transformer. This is also known as a series
transformer as it is allied in series with the circuit for measuring different
parameters of electric power. Here the current in the secondary winding is
proportional to the current in the primary winding.Current transformer steps up
the voltage. Due to stepping up of voltage the value of current decreases by that
we can easily measure the current ratings. In a current transformer the primary
windings are always more than the secondary windings.for example the ratio of
windings will be 4000:5.

2.Potential transformer:
Potential transformer can be used in power systems to step down the
voltage from a high level to a lower level with the help of a small rating voltmeter
which ranges from 110 Volts to 120 Volts
This transformer includes two windings like a normal transformer like
primary & secondary.the potential transformer is connected in parallel with the
circuit. So it is called a parallel transformer.
The potential transformer steps down the voltage. Due to stepping down
of old age the value of voltage decreases by that we can easily measure the
voltage levels.the secondary winding is connected to a voltmeter directly
because it includes huge resistance. Therefore the secondary winding works
approximately in open circuit condition. One terminal of this winding is
connected to the earth to maintain the voltage with respect to the earth to
protect the operator from a huge voltage.

5.wave traps :
A Wave trap, also known as line trap, or high-frequency stopper, is a
maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit, mounted inline on high-voltage AC

22
transmission power lines to prevent the transmission of high frequency (40 kHz
to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communication to unwanted
destinations.Wave traps are cylinder-like structures connected in series with
high voltage transmission lines. A Wave trap is also called a line trap.
The wave trap acts as a barrier or filter to prevent signal losses. The
inductive reactance of the line trap presents a high reactance to high-frequency
signals but a low reactance to mains frequency. This prevents carrier signals
from being dissipated in the substation or in a tap line or branch of the main
transmission path and grounds in the case of anything happening outside of the
carrier transmission path. The wave trap is also used to attenuate the shunting
effects of high-voltage lines.

6.Lightning arresters:
A lightning arrester also called lightning isolator is a device used on
electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to protect the
insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
When a lightning surge travels along the power line to the arrester, the current
from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.
a lightning arrester is
placed where wires enter
a structure, preventing
damage to electronic
instruments within and
ensuring the safety of
individuals near them.
Smaller versions of
lightning arresters, also
called surge arresters, are
devices that are
connected between each
conductor in power and
communications systems
and the earth. These
prevent the flow of the

23
normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-
voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is
struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system
introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and
can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic
devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can
damage electrical home appliances or even cause death.So that's why lightning
arresters are used.

7.Relays:

A protective relay is a switchgear device that detects the fault and initiates
the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the
rest of the system.
They are compact and self-contained devices which can detect abnormal
conditions. Protective relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical
circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different
under normal and fault conditions.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault conditions are
voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle. Through the changes in one or
24
more of these quantities, the faults signal their presence, type, and location to
the protective relays.
Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip circuit of
the breaker. This results in the opening of the breaker and disconnection of the
faulty circuit.
The protective relaying is used in electrical substations to give an alarm or
to cause prompt removal of any element of the power system from service when
that element behaves abnormally.
The abnormal behavior of an element might cause damage or
interference within the effective operation of the rest of the system. The
protective relaying minimizes the damage to the equipment and interruptions
to the service when an electrical failure occurs. Along with some other
equipment the relays help to minimize damage and improve the service.

The relay circuit connections can be divided into three parts :

* The first part is the primary winding of a current transformer (C.T.) which is
connected in series with the line to be protected.
* The second part consists of the secondary winding of the current transformer
and circuit breaker and the relay operating coil.
* The third part is the tripping circuit which may be either Ac or DC. It consists
of a source of supply, the trip coil of the circuit breaker and the relay stationary
contacts.
The types of relays are as follows:-

1.Buchholz Relay:
These relays are gas
operated or actuated relays.
These relays are used to detect
incipient faults (or internal
faults which are minor faults
initially but in due course of
time they turn into major

25
faults). These are most widely used for transformer protection and are
accommodated in the chamber in between the transformer tank and
conservator. These are used only for oil immersed relays that are majorly
employed for power transmission and distribution systems.
When faults occur inside the transformer, the oil level falls because of gas
accumulation. This causes the hollow float to tilt and hence the mercury
contacts are closed. These mercury contacts complete the path of the alarm
circuit so that operator knows that there is some incipient fault occurred in the
transformer.

2.differential relay:
Differential Relays are
those relays which work on
the ‘difference’ of the
controlling (or actuating)
signals. Differential Relays
operate when the phasor
difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined
value. A current differential
relay operates based on the
result of comparison
between the magnitude and
phase difference of the
currents entering in and
leaving out of the system to
be protected.
Under normal operating condition, the currents entering and leaving are
equal in magnitude and phase so the relay is inoperative. But if a fault takes
place in the system, these currents are no longer equal in magnitude and phase.
This type of relay is connected in such that the difference between the current
entering and current leaving flows through the operating coil of the relay. Hence
the relay coil is energized under fault condition due to the difference quantity
of the current. Thus, the relay operates and opens the circuit breaker so as to
trip the circuit.

26
3.Over load protection relay:
Overload protection relays are
specially designed to provide the
overcurrent protection of electrical
motors and circuits. These overload
relays can be of different types such
as fixed bimetallic strip type,
electronic or interchangeable heater
bimetallic, etc.
If the electric motors are
overloaded, then the motors are needed to be protected from overcurrent. For
this purpose, overload sensing equipment, such as heat operated relay is used.
Heat operated relay consists of a coil that heats up bimetallic strip or solder pot
melts and thus, releases the spring for operating auxiliary contacts which are in
series with the coil. The coil gets de-energized by sensing excess current in the
load due to overload.
The temperature of the motor winding can be estimated using the motor
armature thermal model, electronic overload protection relay by measuring
motor current. Thus, motor can be accurately protected using overload
protection relay.

4.Ground fault relay:

Ground fault relays protect
electrical equipment from ground
faults. A ground fault is an
unintentional current path between a
current-carrying conductor and a
grounded surface. When a ground
fault occurs, electric current may find
a path to ground via dust, water, or
worn insulation. Most short circuits in
electrical equipment are caused by
ground faults, which can also endanger worker safety. Some ground fault relays
are designed to work with ungrounded systems.
Ground fault relays with on-line and off-line modes are designed to
provide continuous protection from ground faults.
27
8.Earth switch:-
An earthing switch is also known as a grounding switch. Earthing switch
and grounding switch are used interchangeably. It’s a protective device that’s
included in switchgear components like circuit breakers and isolators. When
circuit breakers are removed and racked out, earthing switches automatically
ground the part of the bus bar adjacent to the circuit breakers. For isolators, the
earthing switches make contact with the bus bar when the isolator isolates the
circuits, discharging any charges that may have gathered there.
An earth switch in switchgear is
used to ground the remaining
change in a power line after the
power line has been removed from
its source. A residual charge always
remains in the circuit after it has
been severed or opened by the
circuit breaker and isolator. An
earthing switch is usually used to
discharge the charge.

9.Insulator :
A material that does not let electricity and heat travel through it is known
as an insulator. The electrical insulator is a protector or protective device that
finds a use for connecting many electrical components. It plays a notable role in
the making of various electrical and electronic circuits and overhead power
systems.
Insulators have some specific properties that make them different from
other electrical devices. These are some features of insulators:
* High resistivity.
* Good mechanical strength for the conductor load.
* The high relative permittivity of insulator material.
* Good dielectric strength.

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The types of insulators are as follows:

1.Pin insulators:
Pin insulators are the earliest developed
overhead insulator, but are still commonly used in
power networks up to 33 kV system. Pin type
insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts
type, depending upon application voltage.
In a 11 kV system we generally use one part
type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece
of properly shaped porcelain or glass.

2.Suspension insulators:
In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin
insulator because size, weight of the insulator
become more. Handling and replacing bigger size
single unit insulator are quite difficult task. For
overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator
was developed.
In suspension insulator numbers of insulators
are connected in series to form a string and the line
conductor is carried by the bottom most insulator.
Each insulator of a suspension string is called disc
insulator because of their disc like shape.

3.Strain Insulators:
When suspension string is used
to sustain extraordinary tensile load
of conductor it is referred as string
insulator. When there is a dead end
or there is a sharp corner in
transmission line, the line has to
sustain a great tensile load of
conductor or strain. A strain insulator
must have considerable mechanical
strength as well as the necessary
electrical insulating properties.
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4.Stay Insulators:
For low voltage lines, the stays are
to be insulated from ground at a height.
The insulator used in the stay wire is
called as the stay insulator and is usually
of porcelain and is so designed that in
case of breakage of the insulator the guy-
wire will not fall to the ground.

5.Shackle Insulators:
The shackle insulator is usually
used in low voltage distribution
network. It can be used in both the
horizontal or vertical positions.
The tapered hole of the shackle
insulator distributes the load more
evenly and minimizes the possibility of
breakage when heavily loaded. The
conductor in the groove of shackle
insulator is fixed with the help of soft
binding wire.

10.Capacitor voltage
transformer(CVT):
The capacitive voltage
transformer step-down the high
voltage input signals and provide
the low voltage signals which can
easily measure through the
measuring instrument. The
Capacitive voltage transformer
(CVT) is also called capacitive
potential transformer.

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 The capacitive potential divider, inductive element and the auxiliary
transformer are the three main parts of the capacitive potential transformer.
For measuring high voltage (above 100kV) the high insulated transformer
is required. The highly insulated transformer is quite expensive as compared to
the normal transformer. For reducing the cost, the capacitive potential
transformer is used in the system. The CVT is cheap, and their performance is
not much inferior to the highly insulated transformer.

11.Control and relay panel:

A control & relay panel is designed to control the associated line or

transformer through outdoor switchgear at various substations. The control &
Relay panels are complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary relays,
annunciation relay, fuses, links, switches, wiring, labels, terminal blocks,
earthing terminals, base frame, foundation bolts, illumination, cable glands etc.
These panels are used for the control & monitoring of electrical equipments
such as transformers, generators and circuit breakers.These control & Relays
panels are available in various combinations as single circuit or multi-circuit
depending upon the customer requirements.

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12.Capacitor bank in substation:
capacitor banks provide stable voltage level, reactive power support and
increasing power transfer capability in the power system. They are also used to
compensate for the losses in transmission systems. Capacitor banks reduce the
phase difference between the voltage and current.
A capacitor bank is used for reactive power compensation and power
factor correction in the power substations. Capacitor banks are mainly used to
enhance the electrical supply quality and enhance the power systems efficiency.

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 6.TRANSFORMER

The transformer is the heart of the substation. The transformer changes

the relationship between the incoming voltage and current and the outgoing
voltage and current at same frequency. Transformer works on the principle of
faradays laws of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction. Transformers
are connected only magnetically but not electrically.
Substation transformers are rated by their primary and secondary voltage
relationship and their power carrying capability.For example a substation
Transformer is rated 132-33 kV and 50 MVA. That mean the primary voltage is
132 KV and secondary voltage is 33 KV and the transformer has a power rating
of 50 MVA. The Transformers which changes voltage from low level to high level
is called step up Transformers and which does opposite operation called step
down transformers.
Substation transformers, like most utility transformers, consist of a core
and coils immersed in oil in a steel tank. The oil serves both as an insulator and
as a coolant to keep the core at reliable operating temperatures.

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1.Types of transformers:
1. Types of transformer based on the transformer's core:
* Core type transformer
* Shell type transformer
2. Types of transformer based on voltage conversion:
* Step up transformer
* Step down transformer
3. Types of transformer based on its purpose:
* Power transformer
* Distribution transformer
* Instrument Transformers
4. Types of Transformer based on windings:
* Two winding transformer
* Auto transformer
5. Transformer types based on the number of phases:
* Single phase transformer
* Three phase transformer

* POWER TRANSFORMER :
A power transformer is a
classification of transformers with a
voltage range varying between 33
kV-400 kV and a rating above 200
MVA. These Transformers are large
in size as compared to distribution
Transformers. Power Transformers
are used in generating stations and
transmission substations .

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* DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS:
A distribution transformer is a
transformer that provides the final voltage
transformation in the electrical power
distribution system.Stepping down the
voltage used in the distribution lines to the
level used by the consumers.

*AUTO TRANSFORMER:
Auto-transformers is a single
winding transformer with the primary
and secondary windings magnetically
and electrically connected.There is
only one winding in an auto-
transformer. The common winding is
the portion shared by the primary and
secondary.The autotransformer
winding has at least three taps where
electrical connections are
made.Autotransformers have the
advantages of often being smaller,
lighter, and cheaper than dual-winding transformers, but the main disadvantage
of not providing electrical isolation between primary and secondary circuits.

2.Marshalling box:
The Marshalling box is the master control panel for protection devices.It
contains Oil temperature
indicator, Winding temperature
indicator of main tank. If the
temperature of oil or winding
increases above the normal
temperature the relay gets
activated and sound an alarm. If
the temperature increases further
the relay send tripping signal to
the circuit breaker which controls
the transformer.
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3. Transformer protection:
Transformers are one of the most critical and expensive components of a
substation. It is an enclosed static device usually drenched in oil, and hence
faults occurring to it are limited. But the effect of a rare fault can be very
dangerous for the transformer, and the long lead time for repair and
replacement of transformers makes things even worse. Hence power
transformers protection becomes very crucial.
Transformer faults are mainly divided into two types :
* Internal faults
* External faults
An external fault is cleared by a complex relay system within the shortest
possible time but internal faults are very dangerous.
These are the following devices which products Transformers from internal
faults :
1.Buchholz relay
2.Conservator tank
3.Breather

* BUCHHOLZ RELAY:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device
which is placed in between the main
tank and the conservator tank of a
transformer.The Buchholz relay is used
as a protective device sensitive to the
effects of dielectric failure inside the
equipment. Buchholz relay is also called
as gas detector relay.the relay has
multiple methods to detect a failing
transformer. On a slow accumulation of
gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating
oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float
switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a
second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks.

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If an electrical arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the
conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the
path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to
isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.

* CONSERVATOR TANK:

The Conservator Tank of a transformer is defined simply as a cylindrical

tank mounted on the roof of the transformer main tank. It is used to provide
enough space for the oil in the transformer to spread after heating.When the
transformer is loaded and when the ambient temperature rises, make the
volume of oil inside the transformer increase. A conservator tank of the
transformer supplies adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also is
designed as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

* BREATHER:
In transformer tank if the insulating liquid heats, it expands, the liquid
level rises, and air leaves the
conservator tank. When the oil
cools, it contracts, the liquid level
falls, and fresh air from the
atmosphere enters the conservator
tank. This air contains moisture
which can spoil the insulation
property of oil.conservator tanks
are generally fitted with a
breather.They serve as the
breathing point of the transformer.
The breather contains silica gel
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crystals which have a tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. As air passes
through these crystals in the breather, the moisture in the air is absorbed by the
silica gel crystals. Therefore, air reaching the conservator is quite dry.The color
of the silica gel crystals is generally used as an indicator of when the silica should
be replaced. It is dark blue when dry; when the gel absorbs moisture and
becomes saturated, the color changes to pink

4.Transformer cooling and it's types:

When the transformer is in operation, heat is generated due to copper
losses in the windings and iron losses in the core. The removal of heat from the
transformer is known as cooling of the transformer.

Types of transformer cooling:

1.Air Natural (AN) Cooling:

The air natural cooling is used in dry type, self-cooled transformers. In this
method, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for cooling of the
transformer

2.Air Forced (AF) or Air Blast (AB) Cooling:

The air forced cooling is used in the dry type, forced-air cooled
transformers. In this method, a continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced with
the help of a fan through the core and windings of the transformer for cooling.

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3.Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) Cooling:
The most of the transformers of the medium and large ratings have their
core and windings immerged in dielectric oil, which acts both as cooling medium
and insulating medium.The heat generated in the core and windings being
transferred to the oil. The heated oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and
the cool oil takes its place from the bottom of the transformer tank.the natural
circulation of surrounding air is used for cooling of the transformer.

4.Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) Cooling:

In oil natural air forced cooling of the transformer, the heat generated by
the core and windings of the transformer is transferred to the walls of the tank
and to the radiator through the natural circulation of the oil. Now, the forced air
is directed over cooling elements of the transformer. Hence, the transformer is
cooled by the natural circulation of oil and blast of air.

5.Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF) Cooling:

In this method of cooling, the heated oil is circulated from the top of the
transformer tank to a heat exchanger and the blast of air is forced through the
heat exchanger by turning on a fan. Then, the cool oil is returned to the bottom
of the transformer tank.

6.Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF) Cooling:

In the oil forced water forced cooling method, the heated oil is circulated
from the top of the transformer tank to a heat exchanger where the pressurised
water is used to separate the heat from the oil. The cool oil is then returned to
the bottom of the transformer tank.

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 7.CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM
A control and relay room consists of a control and relay panel
solutions(CRP) .CRP solution is designed to control several feeders, through
medium voltage indoor and outdoor switchgear in distribution substations.
The CRP solution can also be extended to incorporate substation human
machine interface (HMI), time synchronization, metering and networking
functionality in the substation and thereby avoid requirement of a separate
control room.By deploying CRP solutions also enhances the safety to the
substation engineer, as exposure to a live switchgear is mitigated.
CRP solution used for protection, control, measurement & monitoring of
electrical equipment such as transformers, generators, busbars, cable or line
feeders, bus couplers, capacitor banks, voltage protection etc.

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 8.BATTERY ROOM
Battery rooms are provided for backup and uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS) for process control functions. They are usually provided at or near
the facility control room or electrical switchgear facilities.The equipments in the
substations like control panel and relay requires a seperate DC source of
110V.This DC supply is given by the batteries which are kept in seperate rooms
called as battery room.The batteries used in substation are Nickel cadmium
batteries.
These storage batteries are used to open and close the switchgear
equipments ,for indication of faults.

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 9.PLLC AND SCADA:
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC) is the technology which
is used to communicate between electric Extra High Voltage substations through
existing electrical conductors.PLCC is used for tele-communication, tele-
monitoring and tele-protection between electric substations through high
voltage powerlines.This is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer
as well as low bit rate Remote Terminal Unit signals.
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (50-
500kHz),amplified to a level of 10-80W RF power and injected in to high voltage
power line using a suitable coupling capacitor.
The power line as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground,guides the
carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. Point to point
communication takes place between two transceivers at both ends.
Plcc components are as follows:
Coupling Capacitor (C.C) = Couples high frequency carrier with Power Line (
4000 to10000pF).It connects the carrier equipment to the transmission line. The
high capacitanceoffers low impedance to carrier frequency (1/ωC ) but high
impedance to power frequency (50Hz).
Wave Trap / Line Trap (W.T) = Do not allow the transmitted High Frequency
carrier to enter inside the sub-station. The Wave trap offers high impedance to
High Frequency carrier frequency and low impedance to Power frequency
(50HZ).
LMU = Line Matching Unit = For impedance matching between line and coaxial
cable, includes highvoltage protection devices like drainage coil(20mH),
lightening arrestor(500V) and an earth switch.
PLCC Terminal = Translates Voice and data into High Frequency Carrier.
Output Power =10 to 80W.

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 SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.scada
generally refers to an industrial computer system that monitors and controls a
process. In the case of the transmission and distribution elements of electrical
utilities, SCADA will monitor substations, transformers and other electrical
assets.SCADA systems are typically used to control geographically dispersed
assets that are often scattered over thousands of square kilometres.

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 10.CONCLUSION
From the above report one can conclude that electricity plays an
important role in everyone's life. Electricity became mandatory everywhere.
Electrical transmission should be done safely.
At the end of my training I have learnt about all the equipments which are
present in the substitution and their operation . I came to know that how
electricity transmitted all over Telangana.
By this report one can easily say that substation plays an important role
in the transmission system.So various protective measures should be taken in
substation for proper functioning.TSTRANSO takes all the protective steps for
proper and reliable power supply to the consumers.

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