An Industrial Training Report On 132/33 kv

Sub-Station SARANGAPUR, NIRMAL - 2022-23

TS TRANSCO

NAME : RATHOD SACHIN

PIN : 20005-EE-401
BRANCH : DEEE
SHIFT : 1st
NAME OF THE COLLEGE : GOVT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
NIZAMABAD (BOYS)
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted to partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & TRANING, TELANGANA

Submitted by
RATHOD SACHIN - 20005-EE-401

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.RAJ KUMAR SIR (AE)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE (BOYS)

KANTESHWER, NIZAMABAD, TELANGANA-503002
(2022-2023)
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
NIZAMABAD

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘ 132/33 kV

Substation Sarangapur, Nirmal was carried out by
Rathod Sachin bearing pin 20005-EE-401 in partial
fullfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering during
academic year 2022-2023 is a bonafide record of work carried
out under guidance and supervision.

Project Guide: Head Of The Department:

Mr.RAJ KUMAR SIR Mr.VAMSHI KRISHNA SIR
Assistant Engineer, Lecturer,EEE,
Sarangapur, Nirmal. Department.

PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL
SRI RAM KUMAR SIR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task

would be put incomplete without mentioning the people who made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the
efforts with success.

We are grateful to our HOD Mr.Vamshi Krishna Sir ,Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for his sustained guidance and cooperation
throughout the process of the training.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and

hearty thanks to the principal of GPT,Nizamabad,for providing congenial
atmosphere and encouragement.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the

Mr.Rajkumar Sir Assistant Engineer(AE) at 132/33KV Substation
Sarangapur,Nirmal and our college who stood with us during the training
and helped us to make it a successful venture.

BY

RATHOD SACHIN - 20005-EE-401

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that,the training report entitled 132/33 KV

Sarangapur, Nirmal and has not been submitted to any other
institution or university for the award of our degree by us Sub-
Station Sarangapur is a genuine work carried out by us in
polytechnic diploma course in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering,Government Polytechnic and has not been
submitted to any other institution or university for the award of
our degree by us.

Date :-
Place :-

By
RATHOD SACHIN - 20005-EE-401
 ABSTRACT
A substation receives electrical power from generating
stations via coating transmitted line and delivers electrical
power through feeders said this is used for controlling the
power on different routs substations are integral parts of
power system and from: Important part of transmission and
distribution network of electrical power system. There many
fans are so receive energy trammitted at high voltage from the
generating station reduce the voltage to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some
substation are simply switch stations different connections
between various transmission lines are made others are
converting substations which either convert Ac Into DC or vice
versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice versa.
The various circuits are Joined together through these
components to a bus bar at substation Basically, substation
consist of power transformers, circuit breakers, relays,
Isolators. Earthing switches, current transformers voltage
transformers. synchronous condensers/capacitor banks etc
This mini projects covers the important equipments and their
functions in a substation And also an attempt is made to cover
the general maintenance of substation and checks the
observations to be made by shift engineer As a part of case
study we are going to visit a 132/33KV TSTRANSCO substation
in Sarangapur
LIST OF FIGURES

1) Diagram of Substation

2) Line diagram of sub-station

3) Lightning Arrester

4) Line diagram of CVT

5) Diagram of CVT

6) Wave Trap

7) Current Transformer

8) Potential Transformer

9) Circuit Breaker

10) SF6 circuit breaker

11) Power transformer

12) Capacitor bank

13) Bus
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EHV - Extra High Voltage
SLD - Single Line Diagram
PT - Potential Transformer
CT - Current Transformer
HVCT - High Voltage CT
LVCT - Low Voltage CT
CVT - Capacitor Voltage Transformer
LA - Lighting Arrestors
ES - Earth Switch
CB - Circuit Breaker
HV - High Voltage
LV - Low Voltage
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC - One Load Tap Changer
HGF - Horn Gap Fuse
OTI - Oil Temperature Indicator
WTI - Winding Temperature Indicator
IDMTC - Inverse Definite Minimum Time
Characteristics
INTRODUCTION OF SUBSTATION
The present day electrical power systems AC that in die p Transmitted and
distributed in the form of alternating current. It is delivered to the through large
network of transmission and on. At one places in the line of the p system, it may
be desirable and necessary to change some Characteristics. Voltage A D.C
Frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric power supply
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11kv or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to fight
voltage say (112V or 220KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of
apparatus (g, transformer used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near
the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.

1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBSTATION

At the time of constructing a substation, we have to consider some factors
which affect the substation efficiency like selection of site 1.21 Selection of Site
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Substations are as
follows

1. The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.

2. It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of

equipments.

3. Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.

4.The sub-station site should be as near to the town/city but should be clear.

5. of public places, aerodromes, and Military/police installations.

6. The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation

equipments buildings, staff quarters space for storage of materials, such as store
yards and storage sheds etc with roads and space for future expansion.

7. Set back distance from various roads such as National highways and State
Highways and state highways.
8. While selecting the land for the station preference to be given government land
over the private land
Classification of Sub-Station
There are several ways of classifying substations. However the two
most important ways of classifying them are according to the

1. Service requirement
2. Construction features

2.1 ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT

A substation may be called upon to change voltage level or Improve
power factor or convert AC Power into DC power etc. According to
the service requirement, substation may be classified into :

1. Transformer substations
2. Switching substations
3. Power factor correction substations
4. Frequency changer substations
5. Converting substations
6. Industrial substations
2.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
A substation has many components (e.g circuit breakers, switches,
fuses, instruments etc.) Which must be housed property to insure
continuous and reliable service. According to the constructional
features, the substations are classified as

1. Indoor substations
2. Outdoor substations
3. Underground substations
4. Pole mounted substations
Line Diagram Of 132KV/33KV Sub Station
3.2 FEEDER CIRCUIT
1. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
2. CVT
3. Wave map
4. Isolators with Earth Switch
5. Current Transformer
6. Circuit Breaker
7. Feeder Bus Isolator
8. BUS
9. Potential Transformer in the Bus with a Bus Isolator

4.1 LIGHTING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lighting arrestor (also
called lightning diverter) is a device used on electric Power systems
And telecommunication systems To protect The insulation and
conductors of the system from the damaging Effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high Voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or Switching surge, which
is very similar) travels along the power line To the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted through the Arrester, in most
cases to earth. In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is
Placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to
Electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of Individuals
near them, Smaller versions of lightning arresters Also called surge
protectors, are devices that are connected Between each electrical
conductor in power And Communications systems and the Earth.
These prevent the Flow of the normal power or signal currents to
ground, but Provide a path over which high-voltage lightning
current Now bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is
To limit the rise in value when a communications or power line is
struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the
electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may
damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe
damage to transformera and other electrical or electronic
devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in
incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances
or even cause death.

4.2 EARTHINGS
Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main
purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the risk of an electric shock. This type of
earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. [7] When current flows from a line
conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an
earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device
such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault.
4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Capacitive voltage transformers are used to convert high
transmission line voltage (up to 1200kV) to standardized low and
easily measurable values, which will be used for metering,
protection and control of the high voltage system. As such, the
need for accurate and reliable voltage transformation is essential.
Capacitive voltage transformers are used to convert high
transmission line voltage (up to 1200kV) to standardized low and
easily measurable values, which will be used for metering,
protection and control of the high voltage system. As such, the
need for accurate and reliable voltage transformation is essential.

4.4 WAVE TRAP

Line traps are connected in series with HV transmission
lines. The main function of the line trap is to provide a high
impedence at power-line-carrier frequencies (30-500 kHz)
while introducing negligable impedence at power frequency
(50 or 60 Hz).
A line trap, also known as wave trap, or high-frequency
stopper, is a maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit,
mounted inline on high-voltage (HV) AC transmission power
lines to prevent the transmission of high frequency (40 kHz
to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communication to
unwanted destinations. Line traps are cylinder-like
structures

connected in series with HV transmission lines. A line trap is

also called a wave trap.

4.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument Transformers are a type of transformer used in
an AC system to measure electrical quantities as voltage,
current, power, energy, power factor, frequency.
Instrument transformers are also equipped with protective
relays to protect the power system.

4.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used

to reduce or multiply an alternating current.
It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional
to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along
with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument
transformers.

4.5.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (OR)

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high

alternating voltage in a power system. Potential transformers
are step-down transformers, i.e., they have many turns in the
primary winding while the secondary has few turns.

Defined as an instrument employed to transmit the voltage from a

higher value to a lower output. This transformer step down the
voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the
ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and
watt-hour meters, etc.

4.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breakers are used to open and close circuits.
They can be operated manually to perform maintenance
or will automatically trip if a short circuit occurs. This
function in the power system is similar to that of the
fuses or breakers in a household distribution panel.
A circuit breaker Is an electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overcurrent/overload or short circuit. Its basic function is
to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a
fault.
4.6.1 MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
The minimum oil circuit breaker is also called a small or
poor oil circuit breaker. It required a small percentage of
oil (about 10% of oil) used in the case of the bulk oil
circuit breaker. The oil is mainly used for the arc
extinction process only.

4.6.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical
power stations and distribution systems by interrupting
electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay.
Instead of oil, air, or a vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride
circuit breaker uses sulfur hexafluoride gas to cool and
quench the arc on opening a circuit.
SF6 circuit breakers are also used mainly in medium
voltage applications. In this breaker SF6 gas is used for arc
quenching due to its ability of quenching the arc very
efficiently.

4.6.4 VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

The main function of a vacuum circuit breaker

is to cut off power to electrical outlets in case
of a short circuit or electrical malfunction to
allow manual disconnection of circuits so that
they can be repaired. A notable feature of
vacuum circuit breakers is that they contain

evacuated spaces.
OPERATING MECHANISM OF VCCUM CIRCUIT
BREAKER
The vacuum circuit breakers use a motor-spring
storedenergy mechanism (rapid auto-reclosing type) to
provide stabilized electrical and mechanical
characteristics and to reduce the closing operating
current. The operating mechanism is mounted on the
front of the frame and the live parts are mounted on the
rear.

4.7 POWER TRANSFORMER

DEFINITION OF TRANSFORMER
Power transformers are electrical instruments used in
transmitting electrical power from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. They operate by the
principle of electromagnetic induction. They are used in
transmitting electrical power between generators and
distribution primary circuits.
A transformer is a passive component that transfers
electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer’s core, which induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the
same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between
separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection
between the two circuits. Faraday’s law of induction,
discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect
in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by
the coil.
Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such
transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to
increase or decrease voltage level, respectively.
Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic
isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of
signalprocessing circuits. Since the invention of the first
constantpotential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of alternating current electric power.[2] A wide
range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic
and electric power applications. Transformers range in
size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in
volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect the power grid.
4.7.1 STATIONARY TRANSFORMER
A station transformer generally refers to a very
specific transformer in the substation. It is the
transformer that supplies electrical power to
the substation. Usually it's simple
distribution transformer that converts the
voltage to about 240V or 440V for the station.
This powers all the equipment such as relays,
measuring equipment and SCADA equipment
in the substation. Without this transformer the
substation would go down and experience an
outage.

4.8 CAPACITOR BANK

AN CAPACITOR BANK
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in
an electrical. It is a pie stronk component with two
terminals The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance. While some capacitance exists between
any two electrical conductors in pecosimity in a circuit,
a capacitor is a component designed to add cap to a
cincunt. The capacitor was originally known as a
condenser or condensator. This lead its copoutes are
will widely used in many languages, but rarely in
English, one table exception being condenser
microphones, also called capacitor microphones
The physical form and construction of practical
capacitors vary widely anil many types of capacitor are
in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two
electrical condictors often in the form of metallic plates
or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A
conductor may be a foil, thin film. sintered bead of
metal, or an electrolyte. The win conducting dielectric
acts to increase due capacitor's charge capacity.
Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass,
ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits
in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor,
an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although
reallife capacitors do dissipate a small amount. (See
Nonideal behaviour) When an electric potential, a
voltage, is applied across the terminals of a capacitor,
for example when a capacitor is connected across a
battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric,
causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate
and net negative charge to collect on the other plate.
No current actually flows through the dielectric.
However, there is a flow of charge through the source
circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long,
the current through the source circuit ceases. If a time-
varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current
due to the charging and discharging cycles of the
capacitor. The earliest forms of capacitors were
created in the 1740s, when European experimenters
discovered that electric charge could be stored in
water-filled glass jars that came to be known as Leyden
jars. In 1748. Benjamin Franklin connected a series of
jars together to create what he called an "electrical
battery, from their visual similarity to a battery of
cannon, which became the standard English. term
electric hattery. Today, capacitors are widely used in
electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter
networks, they smooth the output of power supplies.
In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular
frequencies. In electric power transmission systems,
they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of
energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic
memory in early digital computers.shopal occurrences,
such as possibility of explosions The For tubiley,
comido must be given for good design and
construction, the prison of sudile psig Should be easily
operated and maintai should involve minimum capital
cost
4.9 BUS
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders
come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is
used for putting the incoming feeders in a
single line. There may be double line in the bus
so that if any fault occurs in the one the other
can still have the current and the supply will
not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a conductor
having a connector between them. This is so
that one can work at a time and the other
works only if the first is having any fault.
5.1 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Station transformer: BG fuse protection on FTV side and
fuse protection on TV side and veritpipe Power
transformers up to 75 MVA:
IV SIDE O1. and directional E. Protection with highest
besoin in Crea LV SIDE: O/L and E/L Protection buchholz
relay OLTC buchholz relay UTI and WIL Power
transformers from OMVA and above IV SIDE OIL and
directional 1/1, Protection with high set element in O/L.
Relays. LV SIDE O/L and E/L protection: Differential
protection buchlile relay OCTC buchholz rely OTI, WTI and
PRV. Power transformers from 31.5 MVA and above: over
flus protection and IV. WIT In addition to protection

5.2 FEEDER PROTECTION

33KV feeders: Non directional O/L and E/L protection
with highest and IDMT Characteristics. .132KV feeders:
Main protection: Distance protection. Back up protection:
Directional O/L andE/L protection.
220KV FEEDERS: Main-1 protection: Distance protection,
main-2 Protection: Distance protection, LBB protection,
pole discrepancy relay.

5.3 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW

WHILE LAYING OUT THE SUB-STATION
 Substations are important part of power system. The
continuity of supply depends to a considerable extent
upon the successful operation of substations. It is,
therefore essential to exercise utmost care while
designing and building a sub-station
The following are the important points which must be
kept in view while laying out a sub-station
It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, It
should be located at the centre of gravity of load.
It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For
safety, consideration must be given to the maintenance
of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance.

DETAILS OF BATTERY ROOM:

BATTERY ROOM

Battery room contains batteries according to the

substation rating we get DC supply from batteries. That
will be used for operation of relays. Since they work on
DC supply only. It is also used for tripping and closing of
coils in circuit breaker. Gravity of each cell is measured by
“HYDRO METER. And voltage is measured by “VOLT
METER.
 CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution station exists at various scales
throughout a power station general they represent an interface
between different levels or sections of the power system with
the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections anting
various transmission and distribution lines The major stations
include a control room from which operations are co-ordinated
Smaller distribution sub-station follow the same principal of
receiving power at higher voltage one side and sending out a
number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other, but
they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed
The central component of the station is the transformer, as it
provides the effective interface between the high and low
voluges parts of the system. Other crucial components are circuit
breakers and switches Breakers serve as protective devices that
open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a
protective relay indicates excessive current due to some
abnormal condition. Switches are control devices that can be
opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection
An Important difference between circuit breakers and switches is
that breakers are designed to Interrupt abnormally high currents
(as they occur only in those very situations for which circuit
protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed to
be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both
the high and low voltage side of transformer. Finally, sub
station may also include capacitor banks to provide
voltage support