AAET 2-2

SAFETY
MANAGEMENT
FUNDAMENTALS

Group 1
 GROUP 1 AAET 2-2

Cabrera, Jed Darrel

Castro, Matthew Cesar M

.
Catacutan, Jimema Chey P.

Lopena, Rholan Angelo B.

Mateo, Jonathan Emmanuel S.

Racasa, Louie Marie P.

Resquites, Kyle Vivien R.

Sapiter, Louise Margueritt

 TOPICS

Aviation Safety & Concept of Safety

Evolution of Safety

Definition of Terms

Four Accident Categories

Accidents happen in which people may be

Kinds of Accidents

Accident Causation
LET'S WATCH THIS!
AVIATION SAFETY
 WHAT IS AVIATION SAFETY?
Aviation safety means the
state of an aviation system
or organization in which
risks associated with
aviation activities, related
to, or in direct support of the
operation of aircraft, are
reduced and controlled to an
acceptable level.
 AVIATION SAFETY VS. AIRPORT SECURITY

Aviation safety should not

be confused with airport
security which includes all of
the measures taken to
combat intentional
malicious acts.

 IMPORTANCE OF AVIATION SAFETY

Safety is always put first to

ensure the wellbeing of both
passengers and flight crew.
Because every time an
airplane operates, lives are
at stake, aviation safety is
crucial. Any airline's top
focus in regards to all facets
of air travel must be safety.
EVOLUTION OF SAFETY
Four main eras: AVT 2115

Technical Era

Human Factors Era

Organizational Era

Total System
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

early 1900s until the late 1960s.

mass transportation
deficiencies were initially related to
technical factors and technological
failures.
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

First Passenger Flights

1890's- 1900's
January 1, 1914:
First commercial passenger trip
American pilot Tony Jannus
Tampa Bay, Flying airboat
Abe Pheil, mayor of St.
Petersburg, Florida was the
passenger
$5.00, 23-mile flight
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

First Passenger Flights

Lt.
1919 Thomas E.
first-ever international flight Selfridge
operated by the British company
Air Transport & Travel, Ltd.
reporter from London to Paris
Early Tragedies
September 17, 1908
Orville Wright's aircraft malfunctioned
Orville
Killed Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge Wright
The first passenger fatality on a powered
aircraft
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

Knute Early Tragedies

Rockne
March 1931
Knute Rockne, the head football coach at the
University of Notre Dame
Transcontinental and Western Air Flight 599
Altered the course of aviation history
Transparent about accident causes arose
Improve safety protocols
1938
Senator The Civil Aeronautics Authority as a result of a
Bronson deadly crash, Senator Bronson M. Cutting of
M. Cutting New Mexico
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

Federal Aviation Administration

1926
Congress passed the Air Commerce Act 1926
New Aeronautics Branch was established
inside the Department of Commerce
1934
The Bureau of Air Commerce was established
1938
Civil Aeronautics Act
signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

Federal Aviation Administration

1940
Division of Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) &
Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA)
CAA: creating new airways, enforcing safety
laws, and certifying aircraft and flying crew.
CAB: developing safety guidelines, conducting
accident investigations, and overseeing airline
financial matters.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
TECHNICAL ERA AVT 2115

Federal Aviation Administration

1958
Federal Aviation Act was signed by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Transferred the CAA's responsibilities to the
newly established Federal Aviation Agency.
1966-1967
Congress established the Department of
Transformation (DOT)
FAA was incorporated to DOT.
CAB was disolved in 1967.
National Transportation Safety Board
assumed control of accident investigation.
HUMAN FACTORS ERA AVT 2115

early 1970s until the mid-1990s

most aircraft accidents and incidents are caused
by human mistake rather than mechanical failure.
aviation accidents has considerably decreased
safety increased
Efforts were expanded to address challenges
related to human elements, such as the human-
machine interface.
light crew, maintenance workers, air traffic
controllers, and other parties who directly affect
flight safety are all subject to human error.
ORGANIZATIONAL ERA AVT 2115

mid 1990’s to present day.

systematic manner
include organizational aspects along with human
and technical elements.
organizational culture and policies have an effect
on safety risk controls
routine collection and analysis of data to monitor
known safety risks and detect emerging safety
issues.
TOTAL SYSTEM AVT 2115

beginning of 21st century to present.

this approach still focuses on individual safety
performance and local control
not a complete solution for safety deficiencies
led States and service providers to be considerate
to the interactions between people, processes,
and technologies.
greater appreciation for the positive role people
play in the system
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS: AVT 2115

Accident
An unexpected event can
result in serious injuries,
suffer a fatality, or the
aircraft received
substantial damage.

Incident
It is also an unanticipated
occurrence but doesn't
have significant damage or
injuries. The incident could
affect the safe operation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: AVT 2115

Safety
the freedom of hazard,
the absence of risk, or
away from danger.

Risk
the probability that an
unwanted event will
occur.

4
DEFINITION OF TERMS: AVT 2115

Hazard
an event not involving
damage or injury but
with the potential for
damage or injury for
occurs.

Preventions

the act of preventing ask

by some before action or
by interposing an
4 obstacle or impendent.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: AVT 2115

Precaution Fellowship

an action or knowledge has having correct toward

taken beforehand against common good or goal
possible danger or failure.

Leadership
an act or behavior that can obtain a whole burden headed to
the surroundings or fellowship; It influences and guides to solve
problems and achieve common goals.
FOUR ACCIDENT
CATEGORIES
 MAJOR ACCIDENT AVT 2115

It is a scenario that causes life-

threatening injuries or even
causes death. An aviation
accident in which an aircraft was
destroyed, the accident caused
multiple fatalities, or there was
one fatality, and a part of the
aircraft was substantial damage.
SEVERE ACCIDENT AVT 2115

It is an accident that threatens

the safety systems much higher
than expected. In an aviation
accident, there was one fatality
without substantial damage to
the aircraft or at least one
serious injury, and the plane
was substantially damaged.
INJURY ACCIDENT AVT 2115

It doesn't cause any

damage to the aircraft,
but at least one serious
injury without
substantially damaging
it.
DAMAGE ACCIDENT AVT 2115

This type of accident

doesn't cause injury and
death but damages the
aircraft.
ACCIDENT HAPPEN IN
WHICH PEOPLE MAY
BE:
Accidents
happen in
which people
may be:
Injured
Serious Injury
Fatal Injury
Substantial Damage
Accidents
happen in
which people
may be:
Injured
Serious Injury
Fatal Injury
Substantial Damage
Accidents
happen in
which people
may be:
Injured
Serious Injury
Fatal Injury
Substantial Damage
Accidents
happen in
which people
may be:
Injured
Serious Injury
Fatal Injury
Substantial Damage
ACCIDENTS MAY HAPPEN:

Injured Serious
Injury

Fatal Substantial
Injury Damage
KINDS OF ACCIDENT
 KINDS OF ACCIDENTS:

Near Mid Air Collision

In Flight Fire
 KINDS OF ACCIDENTS:
Runway Collision

Flight Critical Failure

ACCIDENT CAUSATION


Accident Causation: Swiss Cheese Model

Developed by Professor James Reason,

llustrates that when an accident happens it
involves multiple breaches of system defences.
Breaches can be triggered by different factors
single-point failures are rarely consequential
with this kind of system.
Breaches in the system can be caused by the
decisions made in the highest level of systems
The effect of the breaches can remain dormant
until their effects or damaging potential are
activated by specific operational
circumstances.
Human failures or active failures at the
operational level can breach the system.
Accident Causation:

The Reason Model

Proposes that all

accidents include a
combination of both
active and latent
conditions.


Accident Causation: Active Failures

These are actions or inactions that

includes errors and violations
These failures are generally associated
with front-line personnel
These failures by the front-line
personnels can lead to harmful
outcomes
 LATENT CONDITION: AVT 2115

Latent conditions are conditions not

perceived as harmful and may exist
for a long period of time without
causing any damage but may become
evident once the system's defensive
barriers are breached.
SWISS CHEESE MODEL AVT 2115
THE ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENT AVT 2115
References:

https://www.hrd-aerosystems.com/blog/history-of-aviation-
safety/
https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/WP/wp_096_en.
pdf
https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/h
uman_textonly.html
THANK YOU!