ELT APPROACHES AND METHODS

NAME: Bacubac, Ma. Rachel Dc.

Course: AB ENGLISH

RESEARCH ON THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING APPROACHES.

WHICH ARE LOW–TECH AND HIGH–TECH AND WHY?

Teaching Methods
 refers to the general principles, pedagogy, and management strategies used for
classroom instruction.

Teacher-Centered Approach to Learning

A teaching method where the teacher is actively involved in teaching while the
learners are in a passive, receptive mode listening as the teacher teaches.
 A more traditional or conventional approach. The teacher in the familiar
role of classroom lecturer represents information to the students, who are
expected to passively receive the knowledge being presented.
 Teacher-centered model positions the teacher as the expert in charge of
imparting knowledge to his or her students via lectures or direct
instruction, sometimes called the “Sage on the Stage” style.
 Some examples of teacher-centered approach learning:
 Being clear about how to do well in your class.
 Admonishing students to 'think'
 Helping students master content.
 Helping students continuously practice and revise how they perform
on one assessment form.
 Creating curriculum and instruction around standards.
Student-Centered Approach to Learning
 Also known as learner-centered education, broadly encompasses methods of
teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student.
 Student-centered learning is a philosophy of education designed to meet the
needs of individual students.
  The teacher is still the classroom authority figure but functions as more of a
coach or facilitator as students embrace a more active and collaborative role in
their own learning.
 Examples of student-centered teaching and learning practices include advisory,
service learning, internships, and project-based learning.

High-Tech Approach to Learning

 As the name suggests, the high-tech approach to learning utilizes different
technology to aid students in their classroom learning. Many educators use
computers and tablets in the classroom, and others may use the internet to
assign homework.
 internet is also beneficial in a classroom setting as it provides unlimited
resources.
 Teachers may also use the internet in order to connect their students with people
from around the world.

Low-Tech Approach to Learning

 Some research has shown that low-tech classrooms may boost learning. For
example, students who take handwritten notes have better recall than students
who take typed notes.
 Another downside of technology in the classroom may be that students exposed
to spell check and autocorrect features at an earlier age may be weaker in
spelling and writing skills.
 Ultimately, tailoring the learning experience to different types of learners is
incredibly important, and sometimes students work better with a low-tech
approach.
 Here are some examples of low technology usage in different teaching
methodologies:
 Kinesthetic learners have a need for movement when learning. Teachers
should allow students to move around and speak with hands and gestures.
 Expeditionary learning involves “learning by doing” and participating in a
hands-on experience. Students may participate in fieldwork, learning
expeditions, projects, or case studies to be able to apply knowledge learned
in the classroom to the real world, rather than learning through the virtual
world.
 Many types of vocational or practical training cannot be learned virtually,
whether it be a laboratory experiment or woodworking.
Teaching Methods [Teacher-Centered]
Research the meaning and explanations of the following methods:

Direct Instruction (Low Tech)

 Direct instruction is the general term that refers to the traditional teaching
strategy that relies on explicit teaching through lectures and teacher-led
demonstrations.
In this method of instruction, the teacher might play one or all of the following roles:

FORMAL AUTHORITY EXPERT PERSONAL MODEL

Teachers are in a position Expert teachers are in In this teaching model,

of power and authority
because of their
knowledge and status in
the classroom.
Classroom management
styles are traditional and
focus on rules and
expectations.
possession of all students learn by
knowledge and expertise observing and copying the
within the classroom. teacher’s process.
Their primary role is to
guide and direct learners
through the learning
process.
Students are viewed solely
as the receptors of
knowledge and information
(“empty vessels”).

Flipped Classrooms (High Tech)

 The flipped classroom label describes the teaching structure that has students
watching pre-recorded lessons at home and completing in-class assignments, as
opposed to hearing lectures in class and doing homework at home.
 Teachers who implement the flipped classroom model often film their own
instructional videos, but many also use pre-made videos from online sources.
 A key benefit of the flipped classroom model is that it allows for students to work
at their own pace if that is how the teacher chooses to implement it.
Kinesthetic Learning (Low Tech)
  Sometimes known as tactile learning “or “hands-on learning”, kinesthetic learning
is based on the idea of multiple intelligences requiring students to do, make, or
create.
 In a kinesthetic learning environment, students perform physical activities rather
than listen to lectures or watch demonstrations. Hands-on experiences, drawing,
role-play, building, and the use of drama and sports are all examples of
kinesthetic classroom activities.

Teaching Methods [Student-Centered]

Differentiated Instruction (Low Tech)
 Differentiated instruction is the teaching practice of tailoring instruction to meet
individual student needs.
 Teachers can differentiate in a number of ways: how students access content,
the types of activities students do to master a concept, what the end product of
learning looks like, and how the classroom is set up.
 Though differentiation is focused on individual student needs, it is mostly planned
and implemented by the teacher. And technology, though a potential aid, is not a
hallmark of the differentiated teaching style, making it a fairly traditional, low-
barrier method to adopt.

Inquiry-Based Learning (High Tech)

 inquiry-based learning is a teaching method that casts a teacher as a supportive
figure who provides guidance and support for students throughout their learning
process, rather than a sole authority figure.
In this method of instruction, the teacher might play one or all of the following roles:

FACILITATOR PERSONAL MODEL DELEGATOR

Facilitators play a strongTeachers who operate Teachers acts as a

emphasis on the teacher- under the “Personal “resource” to students,
student relationship. Model” style are those answering questions and
who lead by example, reviewing their progress
Operating under an open demonstrating to students as needed.
classroom model, there is how to access and
a de-emphasis on teacher comprehend information. Teachers play a passive
instruction, and both role in students’ learning;
students and educators In this teaching model, students are active and
undergo the learning students learn by engaged participants in
process together. observing and copying their learning.
the teacher’s process.
 Student learning is The main goal of a
loosely guided by the Delegator is to foster a
teacher and is focused on sense of autonomy in the
fostering independence, learning process.
hands-on learning, and
exploration.

Expeditionary Learning (Low Tech)

 Expeditionary learning is based on the ideas of the educator who founded
Outward Bound and is a form of project-based learning in which students go on
expeditions and engage in the in-depth study of topics that impact their schools
and communities.
 The learning in this model includes multiple content areas so that students can
see how problem-solving can happen in the real world–ideally, their own worlds.

Personalized Learning (High Tech)

 Is such a new educational model that its definition is still evolving. At the heart of
the model, teachers have students follow personalized learning plans that are
specific to their interests and skills.
 Personalized learning is extremely student-centered, but teachers are required to
teach lessons, look at frequent assessment data, and meet with students to
make any necessary changes to their learning plans.

Game-Based Learning (High Tech)

 Game-based learning comes from the desire to engage students in more active
learning in the classroom. Because they require students to be problem solvers
and use soft skills that they will need as adults, games are a great way to
encourage a “mastery” mindset, rather than a focus on grades.
 Game-based learning requires a lot of time and planning on the teachers’ part,
students work on quests to accomplish a specific goal (learning objective) by
choosing actions and experimenting along the way. As students make certain
progress or achievements.
 Because teachers play a big role in planning and creating content under this
model, game-based learning isn’t completely student-centered. But it is still very
much focused on the student, who works at their own pace and makes
independent choices in a gamified environment.

Blended Learning
  blended learning creates a truly integrated classroom where the needs of all
types of learners can be met.
 Keeping students engaged, stimulated, and motivated also helps teachers to be
more effective and make greater gains with their students.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

 A teaching approach that works to accommodate the needs and abilities of all
learners and eliminates unnecessary hurdles in the learning process.
 A way of thinking about teaching and learning that helps give all students an
equal opportunity to succeed.
 This approach offers flexibility in the ways students access material, engage with
it, and show what they know.

Teaching Methods: A to Z
Research on the following methods, strategies and tools that can be used
by a teacher inside a classroom. How?

Appointments with students – meeting with students to discuss the lessons.

Art-based projects – refers to the purposeful use of artistic skills, processes, and
experiences as educational tools to foster learning in non-artistic disciplines and
domains.
Audio tutorials – This is the most complete and well-documented method of auditory
presentation.
Author’s chair – A classroom writing strategy that provides an opportunity for students
to actively share their personal writings with their peers as the audience.
Book reports – These are an effective learning tool that teachers use to help students
retain and analyze the information from their assigned readings
Bulletin boards – Bulletin boards cover a number of different needs such as presenting
students' work, sharing important news or knowledge, and reinforcing key information
and elements.
Brainstorming – is a group problem-solving method that involves the spontaneous
contribution of creative ideas and solutions.
Case studies – are stories that are used as a teaching tool to show the application of a
theory or concept to real situations.
Chalkboard instruction – an important teaching tool, that allows teachers and students
to cooperate with each other when having activities to write on the board.
Class projects – a school task requiring considerable effort. type of school assignment,
schoolwork. a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher.
Classroom discussion – a collaborative exchange of ideas among a teacher and
students or among students for the purpose of furthering students thinking, learning,
problem-solving, understanding, or literary appreciation.
Classroom video diary – a space where students use video, audio, images, and music
to create a journal entry you can watch and listen to.
Collaborative learning spaces – empower students to work with each other and with
students in classrooms of the world to assume multiple perspectives, explore alternative
solutions, and thoughtfully solve problems.
Creating murals and montages – It encourages students to respect and appreciate
the originality and creativity of their artwork.
Current events quizzes – This gives the teacher an instant idea of what learners
already know about the topic.
Debates – involves students expressing their opinions from two competing perspectives
with the goal of contradicting each other's arguments
Designated quiet space – is a designated space that children can retreat to when they
feel overwhelmed and overloaded by the sensory input from the immediate
environment.
Discussion groups – help students process information rather than simply receive it.
DIY activities – DIY, or Do It Yourself, is a philosophy that puts the student at the
center of the learning experience, by turning her into the maker of her own learning
materials.
Dramatization (plays, skits, etc.) – is an animation by casting roles on a subject using
gestures, and mimics. It is also a representation of the events that cannot be
experienced by the students as if they can be experienced.
Educational games – provide an alternative learning option for students, with an aim to
help them study more effectively in an entertaining manner.
Educational podcasts – allows lecturers to easily broadcast engaging audio content,
which students can listen to at any time and wherever they are.
Essays (Descriptive) – This genre encourages the student's ability to create a written
account of a particular experience. A descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the
student to describe something—object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation,
etc.
Essays (Expository) – It is best used when the writer wants to fully explain a topic
using evidence to back up the content. Expository Writing is a structured essay or
paragraph which uses evidence, facts, and information to explain a topic or concept.
Essays (Narrative) – This type of essay, along with the descriptive essay, allows you to
get personal and creative, unlike most academic writing. A narrative essay tells a story.
Essays (Persuasive) – Young children can be guided through a series of simple steps
in an effort to develop their persuasive writing skills. It’s a form of nonfiction writing that
encourages careful word choice, the development of logical arguments, and a cohesive
summary.
Exhibits and displays –commonly used for organizing the collection of selected items
and displaying it publicly.
Explore different cultures – students can learn about each other—where people came
from, what their traditions are, and what they struggle with as a community. It also
forces us to criticize assumptions held about our own daily life and practices,
encouraging incredible personal growth.
Field trips – describe opportunities for incorporating outside experiences into a
particular course.
Flashcards – small note cards used for testing and improving memory through
practiced information retrieval.
Flexible seating – the practice of allowing and providing many seating options for
students. This means having different types of seats like yoga balls, chairs, couches,
stools, etc. This also means students have the freedom to choose where they sit.
Gamified learning plans – Gamification in education means that educators apply
game design elements to an educational setting. The goal is usually to make learning
more engaging.
Genius hour – is a student-centered practice that allows pupils to choose what they
learn during a set period of time at school. Teachers often choose to implement it for
one hour per week, and it could amount to around 20% of class time per year.
Group discussion – is a student-centered methodology, that allows students to
actively involve and be partners in the teaching-learning process. Students interact with
peers and instructors, discussing, and sharing ideas.
Guest speakers’ Hands-on activities –an activity that allows students to listen to a
presentation to learn about the speaker's career, business, or organization and industry,
and then ask questions that will help them consider whether they might like to pursue a
career in the industry.
Individual projects – is a learning experience that enables you to carry out research
and bring together many of the concepts that you have learned over the first two years
of the course as well as the knowledge and skills that a student learns.
Interviewing – students gather evidence and ideas by asking questions to a rotating
partner.
Journaling – also called reflective learning journaling, is generally defined as writing
about learning experiences
Laboratory experiments – first-hand experience in observation and manipulation of
the materials of science is superior to other methods of developing understanding and
appreciation.
Learning contracts – also called goals contracts, can help you set transparent
expectations for your students. Learning contracts specify behaviors and habits for
success and can promote student reflection on how they learn.
Learning stations – is a method of instruction in which small groups of students move
through many learning centers, or stations, allowing teachers to differentiate instruction
by incorporating students' needs, interests, and learning styles.
Lecturing – it saves time and also covers the syllabus. The teacher communicates their
knowledge in the form of a presentation, like a university lecture, while the students take
notes.
Literature circles – a small-group learning exercise that can be used to get your class
to think critically about texts while they explore teamwork and communication skills. The
students gather together to discuss a piece of literature in depth.
Making posters – are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may
be used for many purposes. It’s a task-based activity in which students develop
research topics, ask questions, collect, and analyze information, and present their peers
Math games – provide a structure and process for children to engage in problem-
solving in order to reach a particular goal or objective.
Mock conventions – The traditional approach, often referred to as the “chalk and talk”
method, involves direct instruction by the teacher whose primary role is to pass
knowledge to students and conduct testing and assessment.
Motivational posters – provide students with a positive message. Motivational posters
provide students with examples of positive behaviors, and these posters can help to
reinforce the positive behaviors that students should strive to have.
Music from other countries/cultures – Singing songs from diverse cultures may
provide an education in which students, deepen their knowledge of music, language,
and culture, develop vocal skills in both singing and speech, boost their social skills in a
multicultural and global society while developing a strong sense of self-identity
Oral reports – These allow the instructor to gauge a student's understanding of a given
topic and ability to formulate that understanding into oral discourse. And to deepen the
student’s understanding of the given topics.
Panel discussions – The panel informally discusses selected questions. A panel
leader is chosen, and he/she summarizes the panel discussion and opens the
discussion to the audience. In a Panel Discussion, a selected group of students act as a
panel, and the remaining class members act as the audience.
Peer partner learning – occurs when students are learning from each other. It differs
from collaborative learning in that during periods of collaborative learning, students are
learning alongside each other.
Pen pals – promote many key skills, including reciprocation, empathy, and mutual
concern. It also fosters the ability to search for and find common bonds, a key element
of true friendship.
Photography – we can document something and have it forever. Photography lets us
see something we may never have noticed otherwise. Photography is a way to express
your ideas for others to see.
Problem-solving activities – is a student-centered approach in which students learn
about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This skill enables
the students to learn new knowledge by facing the problems to be solved.
Reading aloud – is an instructional practice where teachers, parents, and caregivers
read texts aloud to children. It helps students learn how to use language to make sense
of the world; it improves their information-processing skills, vocabulary, and
comprehension.
Readers’ theater – is a particular type of dramatic pedagogy, which uses scripts and
performance to enhance the comprehension of a text.
Recitation – students quote or take their own parts of the lesson from certain books,
then self-study and practice until they are ready to receive the material and remember it
again.
Reflective discussion – can aid learners in synthesizing new information, and it is
often used to improve reading comprehension, writing performance, and self-esteem via
self-examination.
Research projects – provide an opportunity for the sustained and systematic study of
an issue in education practice or policy.
Rewards & Recognition – are powerful motivators leading to an increase in
performance, productivity, morale, employee retention, and overall satisfaction.
Roleplaying – is a form of experiential learning. Students take on assigned roles and
act out those roles through a scripted play.
School newspapers – enhance the vocabulary of the students. They also become
proficient with the language and reporting style of the articles.
Science fairs – an opportunity for students to do an independent science project
following either the scientific method or the engineering design process.
Scrapbooks – the process of remixing, assembling, or restating ideas and concepts
with strategies with the use of creativity and recycling.
Sister city programs – to promote peace, respect, and cultural understanding between
two foreign communities, collaborative projects provide students with an understanding
of international and cultural differences.
Spelling bees – is a popular spelling competition that you can hold with your students
in primary school. A spelling bee is a contest/game to put spelling skills to the test.
Storytelling – helps young learners solve given problems and tasks in a playful way
and creates constructive and creative comprehension of the given matter.
Student podcasts – allows lecturers to easily broadcast engaging audio content, which
students can listen to at any time and wherever they are.
Student portfolios – A student portfolio is a compilation of academic work and other
forms of educational evidence assembled for the purpose of evaluating coursework
quality, learning progress, and academic achievement determining whether students
have met learning standards or other academic requirements.
Student presentations – students learn how to speak in front of a group, a broadly
applicable professional skill. It helps create innovative ideas when students come up
with creative and interesting slides to illustrate their talk.
Student-conceived projects –
Supplemental reading assignments – refers to reading materials that are additional,
or supplementary to the core curriculum materials containing knowledge that the
coursebook does not develop or address in detail.
TED talks – is an organization that posts talks online, under their slogan of “ideas worth
spreading”. They originated with a technology and design focus but have since spread
their net further afield to include a broader range of cultural and academic content. It is
to inform and educate global audiences in an accessible way
Team-building exercises – is the process of forming a group of like-minded people
and the subsequent coordination of its activities, carried out by the leader to achieve
their goals.
Term papers – is a research paper written by students over an academic term,
accounting for a large part of a grade.
Textbook assignments – a detailed sequence of teaching procedures that tell you
what to do and when to do it.
Think-tac-toe – is a strategy that allows students to choose how they will show what
they are learning, by giving them a variety of activities to choose from.
Time capsules – a container that holds present-day items, such as photos,
newspapers (if you still receive those), letters, and more. It's typically hidden away for
your future self or someone of your choosing to open.
Timelines – is an activity that requires learners to learn about a particular event and
then line up with peers according to their events' chronology. This method uses
movement to help learners understand and remember the order of events.
Use of community or local resources – provides a shared memory for the class. For
example, going on a field trip is only part of the total experience.
Video creation – is a great way to tell a story and engage. Studies have shown that
video learning has positive outcomes on multiple levels, including increased motivation
and deeper learning, and can specifically impact students' ability to facilitate discussions
and identify problems.
Video lessons – takes videos and transforms them into an important part of both
general education and student wellbeing.
Vocabulary lists – a list of understanding how to use words in relation to their meaning.
Developing new vocabulary involves more than just looking up words in a dictionary and
using those words in sentences.
Web quests –
Word walls – teaching strategy creates a place in the classroom where students
display the meanings of important ideas using words and pictures.
Workbooks – It is a manual and a portfolio at the same time: it offers materials and
methods which are designed to support your efforts to sustainably change your
classroom practice.