GAS LAWS

Q2 W1
OBJECTIVES
Use the ideal gas equation to

calculate pressure, volume,

temperature, or number of moles

of a gas;
Use Dalton’s law of partial

pressures to relate mole fraction

and partial pressure of gases in

a mixture; and
Explain the gas laws in terms of

the kinetic molecular theory of

gases
 WHAT MAKE

GASES DIFFERENT?
COMPRESSIBILITY DENSITY MISCIBILITY
Gases are readily
Gas' densities are
Gases can be mixed

compressible. generally lower. in all proportions.

VOLUME TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY

Volume of the gas
Gas' temperature
Gases are less

refers to the free space

changes gas
viscous than liquid.
available for
volume.
compression.
PRESSURE

OF A GAS
Pressure is the force exerted

by colliding molecules per unit

area of container walls. The

collisions against container

walls caus changes in

momentum that give rise to

the property of the gases.

 UNITS FOR PRESSURE

UNIT EQUIVALENT VALUE IN OTHER UNITS EQUIVALENT VALUE IN PASCAL

1 Pa Pascal = 1 N/m^2

1 psi 1 lb/in2 6,891 Pa

1 bar 10^5 N/m^2 100 kPa = 1 atm

1 torr 1 mm Hg 133.3 Pa = 1 kPa

1 atm 760 mm Hg = 29.2 in Hg = 14.70 psi 101.3 kPa

IDEAL GAS

LAWS
BOYLE'S LAW
At a constant temperature, the
pressure of a fixed quantity of a
gas varies inversely with volume.
This also means that when the
pressure of a gas sample increases
with a constant temperature, the
volume decreases.
P1V1=P2V2
When pressure doubles, volume will
be halved.
EXERCISES
A sample of a gas occupies 10 liter
under a pressure of 1 atmosphere. What
will be its volume if the pressure is
increased to 2 atmosphere?
A gas sample exerts a pressure of 3.0
kPa when it occupies a 12.0-L vessel at
20°C. What is the pressure would be the
gas exert at 20°C if the same gas
sample is transferred to a 9.0 L vessel?
CHARLES' LAW EXERCISES
At a constant pressure, the volume of a During the day at 27°C, a cylinder with a
fixed quantity of a gas directly sliding top contains 20.0 liters of air. At
proportional to the absolute night, it only holds 19 liters. What is the
temperature. This also means that temperature at night? Give the answer
when the volume of a gas sample in Kelvin and °C?
increases with a constant pressure, the
temperature increases proportionally. A gas sample is observed to occupy 12.0
L under a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm)
at 27°C. What will be the volume of the
VI/T1=V2/T2
gas if it is heated to 57°C? under the
same pressure?
When absolute temperature

doubles, volume will be doubled.

AVOGADRO'S LAW
Two gases that occupy equal volumes
under the same temperature and
pressure contain the same number of
moles (molecules).

At standard temperature (0°C/273

K) and pressure (1 atm), one mole

of any ideal gas will occupy 22.413 L

and 6.02 x 10^23 molecules,

PV=nRT

where R or universal gas constant is

equal to 0.08205 L x atm/mole x K.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION
Volume is inversely proportional to
pressure.
V ∝ 1/P Pressure = 1 atm
Volume is directly proportional to Volume = 22.4 L
temperature. n = 1 mole
V ∝T T = 0°C or 273 K
Volume is directly proportional to
the number of moles of the gas.
V∝ 1/P ∝ nT R=?
PV ∝ nT
PV=nRT
where R or universal gas constant is

equal to 0.08205 L x atm/mole x K.

 SAMPLE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 1 PROBLEM 2
Calculate the volume of
6.2 liters of an ideal gas is

22.0 g of CO2 gas at 40 °C

contained at 3.0 atm and

and 2.0 atm. 37 °C. How many moles

of this gas are present?


LAW OF PARTIAL
pressures, the total pressure of the
PRESSURES
Gases are miscible in all proportions.
Mixing of nA moles and nB moles, A
and B, in a vessel, V, at a constant
temperature, T, can exert individual
pressure (PA and PB) in the resulting
mixture. The pressure of each gas
component is what we called Partial
Pressure.
According to Dalton's law of partial
mixture of gases is the sum of the
partial pressures.
PT=PA+PB
Each component in mixture contributes
a fraction of the total number in the
mixture called the mole fraction X.
XA=PA/PT
XB=PB/PT
The sum of the mole fraction of all
components equals 1.0.
1.0=XA+XB
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Deep-sea divers must use special gas mixtures in their tanks,
rather than compressed air, to avoid serious problems, most
notably a condition called “the bends.” At depths of about 350 ft,
divers are subject to a pressure of approximately 10 atm. A
typical gas cylinder used for such depths contains 51.2 g of O2
and 326.4 g of He and has a volumeof 10.0 L. What is the partial
pressure of each gas at 20.00°C, and what is the total pressure in
the cylinder at this temperature?
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
The differences in macroscopic or observable properties of gases can

be explain in terms of properties of the molecule.

Phases of Matter
Property
Solid Liquid Gas

Distance between molecules Very small Very small Very large

Intermolecular attractive

Very strong Strong Very weak

forces

Vibrate about fixed

Restricted, Gliding
Free, constant, and

Molecular motion
position motion random motion
 KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY'S POSTULATES
POSTULATE 1
Due to smaller size of molecules
than the distances between them,
volume of gas molecules is
negligible in comparison to the
volume of container.
Vgas=Vcontainer
POSTULATE 2
Particles in gas are in constant,
random motion and it collide
against other molecules or
container walls. Collisions among
molecules are elastic and kinetic
energy is conserved.
 KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY'S POSTULATES
POSTULATE 3 POSTULATE 4
At low pressures, when The average kinetic energy of the
intermolecular distances are much particles in a sample of gas is
larger than molecule diameter, the proportional to the absolute
forces between gas molecules are temperature.
negligible.
 RELATIONSHIP OF KINETIC

MOLECULAR THEORY TO GAS LAWS

Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. If the temperature

remains constant, the rate of molecular collisions does not change

and the total force exerted does not change. However, it the gas

volume decreased, the total surface are is decreased. It will result

to an increase in force per unit area. (Boyle's Law)

The average kinetic energy of a gas is proportional to the absolute

temperature. As temperature increases, the average kinetic

energy also increase. The increase in average kinetic energy

increases the colliding molecules against the container walls. In

order to have a constant force, the total surface area or the

volume must increase. (Charles' Law)