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private insurance companies refused to insure the works.
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expensive car or going on shopping sprees.
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22. After passing through a pleasant first stage, most foreign visitors find the second stage
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socioeconomic factor such as age, sex, ethnic background, and occupation.
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20. Artificial intelligence draws an analogy between the digital computer or the human
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25. Food is a tremendous coping mechanism for many people as they have probably used
L2
food to deal with emotional demands-whether to ease the pain of loneliness, anxiety,
3
worry, or depression-and to celebrate life events.
4
vc
20 o:. flR?AtU
tt
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tlltllllatrrttltlttlllllllt!alllatrllatttltltt!
1. Research suggests that not only girls are now drinking more than boys, but they turn to
L23
drug and alcohol for more serious reasons as well.
4
2 It is important for people to consider lowering their coffee drinking if they are
L23
concerned with their blood pressure.
4
I
3 Beneath the streets of a modern city exists the network of walls, columns, cables, pipes,
L2
and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of their inhabitants.
34
4. In estimating its chances for successful on a task such as a major exam, people's
L2
confidence runs highest when removed in time from the moment of truth.
34
5 Either party has the right to termination the agreement that has been made whenever
l--23
the partnership proves unprofitable.
4
6. The number of heat that it takes to melt one gram of any substance as its melting point
1234
is called the heat of fusion.
7 Handicapped have made advances in changing public opinion about their value as
L234
employees.
8. The mayor was dogmatic about government policy, because the assistant mayor was
L2
more lenient and flexible in his interpretations.
34
qrquToild ERRoR soo ria 2L

9 Bulimia is characterized by repeated eating abnormally large amounts of food in a short
L23
period of time followed by purging.
4
10. Although not conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was
L2
invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.
34
11. Presumed the price of silver would soon rise, investors bought large quantities of the
7234
metal.
L2. Permanent hearing lose is an occupational hazard for rock musicians, because they are
1
exposed to such intense sound levels so frequently t
234
L3. Scrutinizing other people's achievements is fine, so it is no substitute for doing
L23
something remarkable for your own.
4
L4. Arthritis, a painful disease of the immune system whose causes discomfort and swelling
L23
in the joints, can strike at any age.
4
15. Because they were sacred places and believed to be safe from robbers, temples in
L23
ancient Greece which served as bank vaults.
4
16. Dreams of stardom allures many gifted young performers from all over the country to
123
the bright lights of Broadway.
4
L7. Chritians' believed that Jesus Christ rose from the dead is one of the bases of their
L234
religion.
18. There is a lack of high-quality commercial-produced language learning software which

L2
suits the needs of Asian learners.
34
VJ
22 or. 9tR?6tu
It
flntoitu
19. In spite of the possible link between disease in cows and humans, many companies
t2
stopped trading in British beef and associated products.
34
20. When emotions are prolonged or excessive, the associated physiologically changes can
123
becomed*rT"l- health.
2L. Engineers worked throughout the night to restore electricity to homes which supplies
L2
had been cut off by heavy snow.
34
22. The survival of a forest depends not only on the amount of annual rainfall it receives, but
L23 I
also on the seasonal distribute of the rain.
4
23. Pregnancy is an important time for both mom and baby, which is why moms-to-be take
L2
specially care to live right so their children are born healthy.
34
24. Human beings, alike all other animals, learn quickly to react to stimuli in their
L2
environments; we learn to sort out stimuli into various categories of things or events
3
in order to predict consequences.
4
25. Since industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy, using less
1
electricity would mean a reduced industrial capacity and less jobs in the affected
23
industries and therefore an unfavorable change in our economic structure.
4
m:oulovrf ERRoR soo ria Z5

lrraarrllllltatttltarllllllllltrllllllllltrlll
1. The teacher ,r accomplished that she can elicit some degree of interest and
Y
attention from even the most withdrawn children.
34
2. Psychiatrists often refer to geniuses as people who tend to be oversensitive, melancholy
1
and even schizophrenic; they channeling their destructive energy into their masterpieces.
234r
3. The jurors seemed unconvinced by the witness's statement that he had been an armed
t23
man ran from the house.
4
4. A few well-known words of condolence can be a great comfort to someone who

L2
have lost a loved one.
34
5. It is up to us to get rid of any latent prejudices who we may still unwittingly hold against
L23
members of other races or nationalities.
4
6. One of the biggest problems with malaria is that a disease can recur and give the patient
L2
serious medical complications again and again throughou! his or ner life.
34
7. Freud viewed the interplay among the id, ego, and superego as of critical important in
L23
determining behavioral patterns.
4
8. Repeated squats were once treated as physical exercise including even in physical
L234
education classes.
UC
24 q:. flR?flU flnroToJ
lt
9. Jupiter, the closer of the giant planets to Earth, has no solid surface and is surrounded
L23
by zones of intense radiation.
4
10. Those language learners who focus on the positive aspects of living in a new culture
L2
rather than on the disadvantages tend to learn quickly more.
34
11. To stay warm in cold weather, cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a source of
12
warmth such as direct sunlight.
34
L2. The purposeful of the elementary schools is to introduce children to the skills,
12 t
information. and attitudes necessary for a smooth adjustment to society.
34
13. For hundreds of years, sailors relied on echoes to warn them of another ships, icebergs,
L23
or cliffs in foggy weather.
4
L4. Not only do artificial reefs provide fish with food and shelter, but they also serve as
123
importantly u nderwater landmarks.
4
15. All birds, alike most reptiles and a few primitive mammals, develop from embryos in
L23
eggs outside the mother's body.
4
L6. The expansion of adult training programs has resulted partially from the feminist
1.2
movement, which encouraging women to improve their skills for the job market.
34
L7. It has often been observed that love songs are a curious mixture of either the bitter and
L234
the sweet.
aiasloilri
t
ERROR SOO ria 25
18. Of the seven major heart risk factors, most people succeed at keeping only three or four
t2
of them under control. a proportion that is not changed much since 1988.
34
19. Reptiles must always to avoid extremes of temperature if they are to maintain
L23
appropriate body heat.
4
20. The way in which Ice Ages occur remains a puzzling, for recent meteorological records
t23
can tell us little about the process.
4
2L. Brain growth is partially produced by the stimulate of ganglia during what is known as
1234 I
REM sleep.
22. How many dinosaurs initially survived the asteroid impact with the Earth, which
1
ultimately cause the extinction of the species, is open to question.
234
23. The demand for knowledge workers with sound technical and soft skills continue to
1.23
grow, and higher education institutions must play a greater role in producing such
4
marketing graduates.
24. The medicaljournal reported that heart attack victims who recover are approximately
1
five times as likely to death within the next five years as those people without a history
234
of heart disease.
25. A local iechnology company has created a system that automates much of the
1
procedure involved in blood-testing services at large city hospitals, reduces substantially
23
the need for patients to wait in time-consuming queues.
4
v<
26 9t:. 9tR',totu flnttTIU
It
8
!lllllf talalllllttttatllltllatlarlaltraalrtattl
1-. There has been few snowfall in Arctic areas for a long time because the atmosphere
L2
cannot get much moisture from a frozen ocean.
34
2 Until early in the nineteenth century, mathematics were based on sets of axioms and
L2
postulates that were considered self-evident.
34
t
3 Anthropologists have interest in knowing how human beings looked when they first
t2
begin to devise stone tools or make pottery.
34
4. In an effort to make the improving services of libraries more available to the public.
L23
a new concept of cooperative service has been developed.
4
5 Used her qreat scientific talent, Marie Curie was able to discover both radium and
1234
polonium.
6. Our DNA may play a major role in how we look, how we act, and how long do we live.
1.2
but it does not dictate our destiny.
34
7 Even though museums exist to preserve and display objects of lasting interest, the
L23
highest standards should be used in assembling their collections.
4
8. The subject of dinosaurs has fascinated Americans since the first gigantic bones
t2
have been found in Wyoming in the 1870's.
34
o;qulovrd ERRoR soo ria

9. On the stock exchange, the word "margin" refers to funds where speculators deposit
L2
with their brokers against loss.
34
10. Long before the arrival of Europeans, Native American tribes have firmly settled
L2
themselves over a six thousand mile range of North America.
34
1L. Practical speaking, candy and soft drinks should be avoided in the interests of dental
1234
care.
L2. The invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century make possible the
L23
widespread dispersion of knowledge. I
4
L3. People who make cardiovascular exercise every day have a greatly reduced incidence of
L23
heart disease.
4
L4. Chimpanzee babies have shown that they respond to parental facial gestures j-US!-As
L23
human babies are.
4
15. Bird species indigenous to this island exterminated by feral cats, descendants of pets
L2
abandoned here decades ago by sailors.
34
16. Bagpipe music was used by the British Army to inspire its own troops as well as
L23
spreading fear in the hearts of the enemy.
4
L7. Shortly after his birth, Achilles, that was later to become a hero in the Trojan War, was
L23
dipped in a river to be rendered immortal.
4
10 va
ZO o:. flR?otu
It
?{nr0:8j
18. Many computers, which only yesterday seemed sophisticated. appear today to being
L23
slow and outmoded.
4
19. How old a tree is can be determined by counting the growth rings present in the trunk
L23
of the tree is examined.
4
20. A dish made of chopped meat, flavored with onions and anchovies, and spicing with
L2
pepper and vinegar, salmagundi is considered an ltalian food delight.
34
21. The eighteenth century's love of beautiful, practicality, and order can be seen in the
i
1234 t
gardens of Williamsburg.
22. Cells are composed by a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane, all of which have
L23
different functions.
4
23. The World Bank is instrumental in providing loans to countries whose economies are not
L2
enouoh strono to orow otherwise.
34
24. As long as the secret of how to make silk remained inside Asia, Europeans were forced
L2
to pay incredible high sums of money for this mysterious material to be brought
34
overland to Europe.
25. The U.S. government has recognized that foreign language proficiency is essential not
1
only to making the country competitively in a global economy but also for national
23
securitv ourooses.
4
or=qulovrf ERROR 500 ria

Test 9
L Ideal, a national leader will build a national consensus for change before embarking on a
1,23
program of social transformation.
4
2. In spite vast expenditures of money, solving the problem of malnutrition continues to be

123
an elusive goal.
4
i
3 Members of the herring family, sardines are usually packaged for market in either pure
L23
spring water and vegetable oil.
4
4 Besides to be the state capital. Montgomery is the center of agricultural trade and the
L23
leading cattle market of Alabama.
4
5 Carbon dioxide snow, also known as dry ice, is made solid through pressurization and is
1 2 3
usinqasareorioerana.
4
6. The largest academic departments may have as many as five hundreds students while
123
the smallest departments have fewer than ten.
4
7 When living in depth sea environment, divers must breathe a mixture of air containing
L23
far less oxvoen than normal.
4
8. Modern skyscrapers are often too tall that aviation warning beacons must be placed on
L234
their roofs.
v€
30 o:. ftR?olu y{nto:tu
It
9 Almost insects secrete pheromones which apparently attract members of the opposite
L23
sex for purposes of reproduction.
4
10. Inbreeding by cheetahs have raised the possibility that the entire species could be
L23
destroyed by a single virus.
4
11-. Cultural crises often occur when social groups no longer have a sense of which direction
L23
are they moving in.
4
L2. Baking soda has proving effective in both the removal of household odors and the
L23 t
reduction of dental tartar.
4
13. A good doctor must at the very least, be highly intelligent, keenly observant. and
123
genui nely considerable.
4
14. Named for the famous methematics Blaise Pascal, the inventor of the first computing
123
device, the computer language Pascal is widely used because of its simplicity.
4
15. Studying the language and culture of a foreign country is highly recommend to the
1,2
tourist who expects to learn from his or her vacation abroad.
34
16. The record left by fossils, the ancient remains of plants and animals, provide scientists
L2
with their primary source of knowledge about prehistoric life.
34
17. The rapidly increasing volume of dangerous chemicals shipped by train has aroused the
L23
concern of the people live near railroad tracks.
4
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I
F
;-:
s
ir
*
5r
18. Understanding the culture of another nation, especially one containing so many H
l2 s
E
diversified subcultures as the United States, are a complex, bewildering task.
34
g
19. The opportunities for women to secure work outside the home have been greatly I
L2 E
::
f
increased by the accept of women in formerly all-male professions. ii
34 i
l
20. That intelligence tests actually give a measurement of the intelligence of individuals are
L23
questioned by some eminent psychologists.
4 I
21. The discussion of environmental quality, like those of many other topics, has been
123 i
largely monopolized by highly industrialized countries. ,.
l:
22. As the price of oil increased. manufacturers who had previously produced only a large, I
L2 *
E
r
luxury car was compelled to make a smaller model in order to compete in the market.
34 I
T
23. Determine the answers to the problems of city management depends on what kinds of
L23
solutions are acceptable.
til
4 Al
24. The development of natural science, which started about three hundred years ago and
1
progresses particularly in this century, has made possible endeavors which were
23
previous unthinkable.
4
25. African American women who are overweight seem to maintain a positive body image,
1
but dieting using unhealthy methods and eating disorders are widespread and
2
increasing between women of color.
34
U-
32 o?. fln?flu
It
flnt0ril
ttllrlrlltllallllttltllllattllrl!attltlrtttltra
Test l0
Choose the underlined par{ that is grammatically wrong.
1. The development of ultrasound as a method of detecting objects beyond man's sight

L2
were stimulated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912.
34
2. At times, more care go into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements
L2
than into the writing of features and editorials.
34
I
3 The spontaneous of children's artwork sets it apart from the regulated uniformity of
L2
much of what otherwise goes on in traditional elementary classrooms.
34
4. It must be emphasized that the relationship between herpes viruses and other seemingly
L2
non-viral diseases has not been positive confirmed.
34
5. Because numerous methods of map projection exist, it is still difficult to represent
123
accurately the round world on a flat sheet of paper.
4
6. The beliefs in fairies has existed from earliest times, and the literature of many countries
723
includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.
4
7 One of the wild and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades, where
L23
wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
4
8. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in its lives, that is
1"23
the main focus of social psychology.
4
qrsauloilf ERRoR soo rio l-l

'!r'
&
,fr
&
Yi
$
9. The fountain pen, which feeds ink to the pen point from a reservoir, was first successfully #
L2 ,$
';t
al
5
produced on a commercially scale in the l-880's. E
34 s
--1{
.4
l
10. Despite it has taken diverse forms and has sometimes seemed almost dead. the struggle ti
723
for women's equality may be the world's oldest continuous social movement.
4
11. Scientists have been found that the saliva of the octopus contains a substance that
L23
functions as a powerful heart stimulant.
4
L2. Collecting antiques may seem to be a relative modern phenomenon, but documents
L2 I
prove that beautiful old objects have always been appreciated.
34
13. The Pacific Ocean constitutes about half of the Earth's water surface and cover about
1.2
one-third of the total area of the globe.
34
L4. For prehistoric times, artists have painted on a variety of surfaces in ways that express
L23
their ideas about people and the world.
4
15. At the end of each administration. the directors in all government agencies are expected
1
of resigning so that the new president can appoint his own choices.
234
16. Amateur magicians who are able to entertain with a little clever tricks are always
123
welcome at any social gathering.
4
L7. Due to resistance in some parts of Canada, the conversion to metric measurement has
L2
been said to be largely successful.
34
v€
34 o:. flR',lotu
lt llntottu
18. Fossils of plants that have been extinct for fifty million years have found in large
123
deposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.
4
L9. Some small magazines are put out by two or three people, but the big, general
L2
publications are tremendous complicated operations.
34
20. The goal of managing timber resources is to achieve an approximately balance between
12
the growth of new wood and the size of the annual harvest.
34
21. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that exhibits all of the characteristic
72 I
properties of that substance and is capably of independent existence.
34
22. Chrysanthemum plants normally bloom in clusters, but by they use a technique called
123
disbudding, specialists can produce single oversized flowers.
4
23. City officials, who had been disturbed for a long time by the threat of polluted air,
L2
they decided to close down the offending factory immediately.
34
24. The most successful nonfiction books reflect the interest of Americans in both the
1.23
present state of their own country or the changes that war has brought about.
4
25. The Montessori teaching method is based on the believe that children are seriously-
L2
minded and have remarkable powers, and therefore will educate themselves if allowed
34
to do so.
0laslomf ERROR 500 ria ftr

Ittrtalltrlltllalllrltlrlalllallrrlrlrltlrllla
L The situation in the Middle East looked so seriouslv that it seemed as if the Third World
L2
War might break out at any time.
34
2. Long before his death, Goethe recognized both in Germany and abroad as one of the
L23
really great figures of world literature.
4
t
3 Only in actual use the models can be differentiated, for the new design looks so similar
L23
to the old one that the two are almost impossible to tell apart.
4
4. Since computer technology is changing rapidly from Ef_ta_yea_L technicians must

L2
keep up for new maintenance procedures.
34
5 All major urban areas need increased recreational facilities to meet the demands of the
L23
rapid qrowino oooulation.
4
6. Many the bones and artifacts recently found in Central Africa are similar to those found
1234
in Eastern Asia and Australia.
7 According to the statement issued by the Department of Commerce and Labor,

1
unemployment has been declining steady since the middle of the year.
234
8. The new physics laboratory, because it was not equipped properly for advanced
L2
researches. was considered obsolete by the time of its completion.
34
36 m. qna"eur[ 4nroSru
9. The purpose of the United Nations, broad speaking. is to maintain peace and security
L2
and to encourage respect for human rights.
34
10. One of the activities of women's organizations is to encourage projects that will make
L2
life more easily for working mothers.
34
11. Like jazz, African-American quilts are lively and spontaneously. but unlike jazz, the quilts
123
are just now starting to receive recognition.
4
L2. The highly praised most performances in theatrical history were achieved by creating
L23 t
believable characters who behaved logically and truthfully.
4
13. The oriental fruit fly causes extensive damage to grapefruit, lemons, and oranges, but
L2
does no harm to the trees on where the fruit grows.
34
L4. Notino for the clarity of its waters and the beauty of its location, Lake Tahoe has become
L23
the focu-s of a popular year-round resort.
4
15. The process reverse osmosis has become a practical and economically attractive
ry
means of removing salts from impure natural water.
34
16. A strongly built, medium-sized, all-purpose dog, the Labrador retriever has become one
L23
of the world's most popular breed.
4
L7. Many studies have tried to determine whether or not see violence on television makes
L2
children behave more violently.
34
owqulovrri ERRoR 500 r"a 37

18. If acupuncture treatment has been effective. the patient will be wide awake, alert, and
1
aware of all the major surgical procedures but will experience little or not pain.
234
19. The bobwhite, a north American qame bird, which is considered beneficial to farmers
L2
because its diet includes a wide variety of agricultural pests.
34
20. In spite of Latin was extremely important in its day, it has been considered a defunct
L23
language since the fall of the Roman Empire.
4
21. Generally speaking, tax returns must file annually, but in a few cases they must be
L23 t
submitted every six months.
4
22. Prior than the computer age, scientists had to go painstakingly over all the figures to
L23
make sure there were no errors in their calculations.
4
23. The study of fossil spores and pollen has yielded many information about the relative
t23
ages of sedimentary rocks that contain petroleum.
4
24. Rather than building their own nests, cowbirds usually lay their eggs in the nests of
t2
another similarly sized or smaller birds.
34
.25. Perhaps because land was traditionally the main source of wealth, the transfer of real
1
property from one owner to another used to be much complicated than the transfer of
23
oersonal oroDertv.
4
ao va
JO ol. fl't?0,u
lt ?{nro:il
Choose the underlined paft that is grammatically wrong.
1. The decline in the population of tigers is due primarily to the lose of a natural habitat
L23
as a result of human occupation and activities.
4
2. Monsoon winds, sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric

1.23
circulation, they are associated with nearly all large continental land masses.
4
i
I
3. In the attempt to control inflation by eliminating social problems, there are ethical limits
L2
beyond which many economists and politicians are reluctant of going.
34
4. The tremendously potential of the film in education was appreciated by many of the
L23
pioneers in the development of the motion picture.
4
5. Sponges have not muscular or nervous system and therefore must depend entirely on
'1 2
chemical messages to coordinate the activity of their separate cells.
34
6. The Taoist ideal is a person who avoids conventional social obligations and leads a
t2
simple, spontaneous, and meditative life closely to nature.
34
7 Originally the language of the great Inca Empire, Quechua is the most widely speakinq
L23
of all the American Indian languages.
4
8. Each cell in the body is the site of a constant, complexly. and orderly set of chemical
L23
changes collectively called metabolism.
4
q:ouloYlli ERRoR 5oo ria 39

I
9. By printing a health warning on all cigarette packages. the United States Surgeon
L2
General hopes to reduce the incidence of smoke.
34
10. Because a very large amount of children were born after the Second World War, the
L23
postwar period has been labeled the "baby boom."
4
1L. Anthropologists have noted that man has flourished for a surprising long time with no
L23
increase in the size of the brain.
4
L2. The number of times an object is magnified by a telescope can be determined by

L23 ,
someone who know the focal length of the objective lens and of the eyepiece.
4
13. Ideally, a phonetic alphabet should represent each separate sounds by a separate
L2
symbol, but this end is almost never attained.
34
L4. In those cities where public transportation is adequate. less traffic problems occur and
L23
pedestrians are rarely involved in accidents.
4
15. Statistics show that there are ellyjtqh$Lfelyg males than females in the teaching
profession, yet it is popularly believed lnu, ,n" vast majority of teacher are women.
234
16. A powerful swimmer, the polar bear sometinres is found many miles at sea, traveling
L23
from one iceberg to the other.
4
L7. Because the liver performs such many vital functions, any disorder or disease of the
L2
organ must be regarded as extremely serious.
34
uc
40 9r:. ftR?flu
It ilnlo:aj
18. People have been tried for thousands of years to control the climate and today are
L2
investing much effort and millions of dollars to achieve this qoal.
34
19. The first person is believed to have used a series of photographs to produce an illusion
L23
of movement was Coleman Sellers.
4
20. Populations shifts from large cities to suburban areas since the mid-1940's have
L2
influenced the way newspapers are distributed.
34
2L. Much of the problems with which modern philosopher have concerned themselves were
1.231
also discussed by Plato and Aristotle.
4
22. The need to have large amounts of money in order to operate a business brough about
L23
the separate of management from ownership.
4
23. A letter of credit issued by a bank permits an individual or a business of drawing up to a

L2
stated amount of money on that bank.
34
24. Electing honest and competent individuals to public offices is really the responsibility of
L2
every people in a democratic society.
34
25. A study found that people who took their dogs to work reported experiencing low stress
L2
during the day than pet owners who left their companions at home or those who did
34
not have pets.
olnulomli
i
ERROR 500 ria 4t
1. Although aging improves some foods. fish must be handled promptly and carefully from
L23
the moment of the catch until finally processing.
4
2. Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively cheap
1.23
image, most nonprofessional protographs demand few equipment.
4
t
3 Employments agencies bring together persons qualified for specific jobs and employers
123
who have those jobs available.
4
4. The medieval craftsman was, !y modern standards, very poor paid both for his labor and
L23
for the product of his craft.
4
5 Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a
'1 2
foot high, while other can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.
34
6. There is an increasingly amount of evidence that more and more young people are
t23
taking an active interest in politics.
4
7 The general sales tax has been a major source of income for state governments, much of
L2
which derive more than half of their budgets from it.
34
8. Blood transfusions from one individual to another serve to supply various materials that
L23
the recipient lacks of.
4
v€
42 ot. ?tRlatu
tt iln[o:oJ
9. The president of the United States is elected for a four-years term of office and he may
l2
choose to run for another term.
34
L0. The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of paper, but as a record of
L23
geographical organized information.
4
L1. According to the doctrine of utilitarianism, the goal of life is the maximum happinesses
123
for the maximum number of individuals.
4
L2. Thomas A. Edison, probably more than any other man. he made great contributions to
12 It
mankind with his many inventions.
34
13. Encyclopedias may be used to answer question, to solve problems, and to obtain
L2
information on a p;!g!g; topic.
34
L4. Dactyloscopy, the study of fingerprints, is providing medical researchers for clues to the
L23
detection of Alzheimer's disease.
4
l-5. Large quantities of lead in the atmosphere can have a damage effect on certain
123
pollution-control mechanisms.
4
16. Walt Disney is remembered by American families everywhere for the distinctive and
72
irresistible cartoon characters he introduced them to movies and television.
34
17. A great novel is concerned primarily about the interior lives of its characters as they
L23
struggle with the situations fate imposes on them.
4
qwaulovrri ERRoR soo :io 43

I
18. Insect-eating plants prey on insects and other small forms of animal life by mean of
t2
soeciallv evolved modifications of their leaves.
34
19. Compact discs, which appeared on the market in the early 1980's, produce sound of
L2
better quality than those of standard phonograph records.
34
20. Many people are afraid of appearing to be sociall)r awkward than of being inconsiderate
L23
to their fellow human beings.
4
2L. The ability to convert raw materials into more valuable commodities is the basis of an
L23 t
industrious economy and the foundation for a high standard of living.
4
22. Langston Hughes always seem to know exactly who he was. and that knowledge helped
L2
make him one of the most respected writers in the United States.
34
23. The study of anatomy is so old as the history of medicine, but its progress was greatly
L2
retarded by ancient bans against the dissection of dead people.
34
24. Even though air is denser in cold weather, a wind of the same speed exerts 25 percent
L2
more force during the winter than it does during the summer.
34
25. Perhaps the most important quality shared by all notable scientists is a strong
1
determination to solve a problem when it arises or to seek an explanation for a
23
phenomena.
4
VC
44 6r?. flfl?olu
lt flnto:aj
Test 14
1. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their ecological
t2
relationships, which has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
34
2. Likely that of any other commodity, the value of gold results from the interplay of the
t23
forces of supply and demand.
4
I
3. Fewest than half of all adults fully understand the kinds and amounts of exercise
L23
necessary for an effective physical fitness program.
4
4. From a youngest age, children begin a continuous process of evaluating themselves in

L23
light of the opinions and comments of those around them.
4
5 Certain minerals are magnetic and are able to detect by instruments that measure
123
differences in the Earth's magnetic fields.
4
6. The striking colors are often observed at sunrise and sunset are caused by dust and
t23
water particles in the atmosphere.
4
7. Agricultural technology has developed rapidly in the twentieth century than in all
L23
orevious historv.
4
8. The more complex a subject becomes. the necessary it is to break it up into a number of
t23
parts which the reader can understand.
4
srsnulomf ERRoR soo da

E
g. It has calculated that the Earth's circumference around the equator is over forty
12
miles longer than the circumference around the two poles.
34
10. In adolescent. a young person may experience some emotional stress due to conflicting
L23
and confusing social demands.
4
11. Certain types of computers work properly only in environments with controlled precisely
t234
temperatures.
L2. Soybeans supply human beings with food and raw materials from which dozen of
12
chemicals, medicines, and building products are manufactured i
34
13. Seismology has not yet reached the stage which earthquakes can be foretold with a
L23
great deal of accuracy.
4
L4. Much small than gorilla, the male adult chimpanzee measures between four and five
t23
feet in height and weighs from 150 to 200 pounds.
4
15. The moderating influence of the sea prevents the climate of Nova Scotia to become
1,234
extremely hot or extremely cold.
16. Greater speed and weight of modern aircraft have made larger and durable runways
t23
necessary.
4
L7. Although cultivated in the new world for hundreds of years, only within the last century
L2
the tomato has become recognized as a valuable food.
34
18. Besides to provide clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis allows geologists
L2
to speculate about the ancient Earth.
34
t6
46 oT. fln?flu
li
y{ntoTIU
L9. The architectural floor plan for a building is primary a diagram of the location and
L2
function of each area of the building.
34
20. The theater is perhaps the most complex of the arts, require a large number of people
1.23
for a play's performance.
4
21. In Shakespeare's Homlet, the protagonist was greatly troubled by his conscience to the
1,2
extent that he was incapable to kill the king.
34
22. Whether one plan to take a trip or not. it is advisable to renew one's passport as soon as
123 I
possible in order to avoid any complications.
4
23. Emily Dickinson, one of the greatest poets of the United States, was entirely almost
L2
unknown to the people of her own time.
34
24. About three thousand years ago, North Americans have begun to craft clay pots, an
t2
innovation that accompanied the appearance of agriculture in the eastern area of the
34
continent.
25. Preserved in rock, the bones of dinosaurs and the tracks made by these animals occur in
'J, 2
many parts of the world and undoubtedly attracted attention before long they were
34
understood.
o
o;nulovrri
i
ERRoR soo ria 47
!tlrlrlf talllllaf lrllllllllllrtlltllllllrlllll
1. In a small community, behavioral norms are universally understood and accept, and are
123
therefore more likely to be homogenous than in a large city.
4
2. Dictionaries variety in size from one small enough to be carried in your pocket to the
]-23
very large unabridged dictionary that you can scarcely lift.
4
t
3. A hospital's ability for supervising the care of patients once they have been discharged is
L2
largely determined by the cooperation of those patients.
34
4. People complain that the costs of establishing a business are very high that only the
]-23
affluent can afford to start up a company.
4
5. When sufficiently cooled. hydrogen becomes a liquid and begins to creep up the sides
72
of the container which it is stored.
34
6. A person ought not to forget to use tact and courtesy in deal with others, if he expects
1,23
them to like him and be his friends.
4
7 The techniques of the ballet designed to display the human body in the most elegant
L23
and harmonious way possible.
4
8. In countries where a solar calendar was adopted. the length of each year needed to be
L23
modified in order to have the same amount of months in each year.
4
ud
4B o?. flR?otu ilntoTIU
It
9. One reason why women live longer than men after retirement is that women can
L2
continue to do something they are used to do.
34
10. Carpenters who determine the length of the nail they need by the thicknesses of the two
L23
pieces of the wood that must be fastened together.
4
11. The same molecular orderliness that makes crystals so easy to analyze mathematically
L23
makes them are difficult to use in the laboratory or the factory.
4
12. In the past, hobbies were largely limited to the wealth; the average person was too busy
123 I
earning a living to find time to pursue a hobby.
l
4
13. Sometimes the only way to continue a friendship is through letters; however. most
L2
people enjoy to receive letters, but few seem to be very fond of writing them.
34
L4. Microwave cooking can be accurately described as the first absolute new method of
L23
preparing food since the discovery of fire.
4
15. Acquiring education is the principle way of gaining status in a culture that generally
L23
stresses achievement, skillfulness, and upward mobility.
I 4
i
i
16. One of the much discussing questions today has to do with whether or not the teaching
L23
of reading *r,;f!31! in kindergarten.
L7. Geography deoends qreatly on other field of knowledqe for basic information.
L23
particularly in some of its specialized branches.
4
er:qulozrri ERRoR 5oo rio 49

18. Natural gas, is created by the decomposition of organic matter, becomes trapped in
l2
pockets of rock hundreds of feet below the surface of the Earth.
34
19. The fossils preserved in the rock strata of the Grand Canyon accumulated for a billion
L2
years and provided an invaluable geologic record.
34
20. The significant of the study is that the scientists think people using different languages
L23
see the world differently.
4
21,. Noise pollution can be controlled by insulating the source of the noise and by blocking
L2i
the passage of noise from one place to others.
34
22. Many of the innovations in airplane design since the days of the Wright brothers
1,2
have been made in order to lessen the affect of drag or air resistance.
34
23. It is not unusual for ballet dancers wear out more than one pair of toe shoes during an
t23
eveninq's performance.
4
24. Chemists use microchemistry to identify and isolating microscopic amounts of

L2
substances located in large volumes of other substances.
34
25. The restaurant manager, who had initially provided crayons and paper tablecloths for
l_
the amusement of small children, were found that adult patrons were equally enthralled
2 3
with the opportunity to express themselves.
4
E or. nnfnf ,1n;i,u

1 Neither the inability to hear nor the inability to vocalize will necessarily prevent a child
1.2
to master a linouistic svstem.
34
2. For the highlyspecialized scholar, it should soon be possible for him to request and
l2
receive special information stored somewhere around the world.
34
i
3 People have always been fascinated by the parrot's colorful feathers and their ability
L23
to mimic human soeech.
4
4. As the number of older people increase. services for the elderly will soon represent one
L2
of the fastest-growing areas of employment.
34
5 Prehistoric humans had to adjust their daily work to the weather, and the gathering of
-1 23
wild seeds and fruits to the seasonal.
4
6. The development of photographic techniques and equipments provided an important

L2
aid to industry, medicine, and research.
34
7 The study of biology is based on the laws and phenomena relate to the plant and animal
L23
life of a region or environment.
4
8. Accurate meteorological predictions can formulate using techniques derived from

L23
chemistry. physics, and mathematics.
4
qrsaulovrri ERRoR soo :io 51

t
. ',.
9 Some people believe that the invention of the sewing needle ranks in important with the .;.:
L2
::
invention of the wheel and the discovery of fire.

34
10. Camels are well adapted to the desert because their wide, flat hoofs and their ability to
L23
do without water for days at a time.
4
11. During power failures, batteries provide an emergency supply of electrical for
L23
telephones, fire alarms, and hospitals.
4
L2. Evidence suogests that patients who show a fighting spirit exhibits stronger immune
L2
defenses against the spread of disease than those who suffer socially.
34
13. Though the difference between any two languages in the world may appear to be great.
t2
they seem function equally well as means of communication.
34
L4. The temperature does not change much in the tropics because the amount of daylight
L2
differe[rt little from season to season.
34
15. Progress in the field of optics and new kinds of glass have made it is possible
L2
to construct photographic lenses with a minimum number of materials.
34
16. The quality and quantity of grasses available to grazing animals may vary considerabie
L23
with the season and the area.
4
L7. Scientists can detect when someone is dreaming by using an electroencephalograph,

1
a machine that registers different brain waves in a sleep individual.
234
v-
52 o:. fln?flu
t!
flnroiru
18. Most household appliances emitting electromagnetic fields that are basically equivalent
L23
to those emitted by high-voltage lines.
4
19. Because geophysics embraces the concepts, data, and methods of variety other sciences,
L2
it is very broad in scope, and its boundaries are hard to define.
34
20. Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervise staff, delegate
L2
responsibility, and working harmoniously with managers and fellow employees.
34
21. The goal of umemployment insurance is to support workers have lost their jobs until
L23 i
they are r*-f* industry.
22. Even though body language is repeatedly ignored or misread. nonverbal communication
L23
is still little complicated than verbal communication.
4
23. Hydraulic machines lift heavily loads, exert large forces, drive vehicles and machine tools,
123
and control many kinds of motion.
4
24. The reputation of newspaper reporters is often based on their ability to ask difficult
L2
questions and thereby challenging public figures.
34
25. In the early nineteenth century, some British agricultural workers felt that new invented
1
farm machinery threatened their jobs, and they displayed their fear of technology by
23
smashino machines.
4
er;nulomf ERRoR 5oo :ia 53

1. Anthropologists face complex problems of analysis and synthesis when they go about
L2
the task of description the culture of a group of people.
34
2. It is becoming increasing common for the directors of low-budget movies to function
L23
as actors, writers, and producers of their projects.
4
i
3. Both men and women they will very probably benefit from legislation that gives equal
L23
opportunities to all people on the basis of their qualifications. '
4. Because humans have flexible hands, creative brains, and the power of speech, so they
L23
have come to dominate their environment.
4
5. To become psychologically mature, one has to develop an individualway of life

12
distinguishing from a mere identification with collective standards.
34
6 The central idea of resource management is to make each action or judgment help
t2
achieving a carefully chosen goal.
34
7 In profiling a nation's development, economists consider population density, industrial
L23
production, and economic grow.
4
8. The function of the judge is to supervise the trail in order to assure their proper conduct
L23
and fair administration of justice.
4
vc
54 o:. ftR?€Ltu
it
ytntoTru
9. We can discover the relative proportions of animal and vegetable foods are consumed
L2
by prehistoric humans by analyzing skeletal remains.
34
10. Industry is usually characterized by large-scale purchased of raw materials and wide
L23
distribution of manufactured goods.
4
11. An erupting volcano or an earthquake affects sometimes the features of the surrounding
123
region and can even cause lakes to disappear.
4
\2. Scientists believe that by they alter the genetic composition of plants it is possible to
L2 t
develop specimens that are resistant to disease and have increased food production.
34
13. When and by whom the islands of the West Indies were first settled is a matter of
L2
debate between archaeologists.
34
L4. Infant gorillas weight roughly four pounds at birth and are totally dependent on their
L23
mothers for sustenance. protection, and transportation.
4
15. A number of economists who agree that a government can fight a period of recession
L2
by means of greater federal spending.
34
16. How d ici Native Americans develop corn is a puzzle, for no wild corn has ever been
1.2
discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it.
34
L7. A major step in the development of algebra was the evolution of an accurately
L2
understandino of neoative ouantities.
34
rrqrl*rtlRRoR soo rio

E
18. According to many schools, sociology must necessary be concerned with the problems
L23
of justice, especially with in matters pertaining to government and economics.
4
19. Numerous changes in the format and distribution of newspapers made possible by
L23
technological advances in the early 1800's.
4
20. One valuable product of a musk deer is musk, that comes from a gland near the male's
723
abdomen and is used in medicines and perfumes.
4
21'. Swans, noted for graceful movements in the water. which have been the subjects of
123 f
many poems, fairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.
4
22. Early autumn in some parts of the country is very pleasant, but shortly behind October
L23
the rains begin, accompanied by sudden cold.
4
23. Curious enough, the vocabulary part of a test is one of the easiest to beat if a
L2
determined effort is made to learn words systematically.
34
24. After some modest victories against outdoor air pollution, scientists now find that the air
1
indoors, laden with potentially deadly chemicals, can be far worst.
234
25. Because an understanding of tropical weather systems may provide an important key to
72
understanding global weather, good meteorological observations in the tropics have
34
been scarce.
vd
56 9t:. flR?gru ?{ntoTil
iq
Test I8
ttlraalllllllllaltlal:lltlltlrllttlrlralalrtrrr
1. Many corporations have found that making a great deal of business on the telephone is
1
more profitable than sending officials on frequent business trips.
234
2. Despite the big amount of research by American historians, there are much more
L23
discoveries that remain to be made about early life in New England towns.
4
I
3 In all organisms. from human beings to bacteria and viruses, the genes, or units of
12
heredity. are composed with nucleic acid.
34
4. Unlike that of many industrial countries, the inflation rate in the United States has for
1
some time been little than 12 percent a year.
234
5. Although they sleep almost of the winter, chipmunks are very active in summer. when
123
they gather and carry food in their cheek pouches and store it underground.
4
6. Share corporate stocks with employees can be an effective way to promote harmany,
t23
efficiency, and equitability in the workplace.
4
7 The flavor of chocolate depends on the quality of the cocoa beans and the complicate
L2
process of grinding, heating, and mixing.
34
8. Because of their extreme simplicity. viruses have proved invaluable to molecular
L23
biologists are interested in the structure and the function of genes.
4
flsnuToilri ERRoR 5oo rio 57

I
,w
9 Basic knowledge of mathematics and electronics were used to develop the high-speed
t23
electronic computer.
4
10. Noah Webster, lexicographer and author, compiled the first dictionary that distinguished
L23
between American to British usage.
4
1l-. The reason for the presence laws concerning exhaust systems in American automobiles
1"2
is the severe level of air pollution in urban areas.
34
12. It has estimated that only 21 percent of the world's land surface is cultivable and that
L23i
only 7.6 percent is actually under cultivation.
4
13. Historians have been able to calculate the dates of events from long ago by tracing
L23
references to eclipses that take place at the same time.
4
L4. Harnessing fusion for power production that could provide a virtually inexhaustible and
12
comparatively safe energy source.
'3 4
15. Scientists have recently argued that Einstein's @.ntrib.UIiqn to physics and mathematics
72
are more important than Newton's.
34
L6. The ostrich, the largest living bird, can go for long periods without water but ultimate
123
need a water supply.
4
L7. As every true baseball fan knows. a knuckle ball is a pitch changes direction unpredictably
L23
as it approaches the batter.
4
tro va
Ja) oT. flR?sJJU
li
Y{nto:il
18. Not only are German shepherd dogs smart, alert, and loyal but they also have
L23
well disoositions.
4
19. Negotiable instruments such as personal checks may ordinarily be transferred to

L2
another people by endorsement.
34
20. Predators and parasites sharing a fundamental characteristic:they both survive at the
123
expense of others.
4
2L. The memory of a particular odor, feel, or sound can affect the way that a sensation
123 i
is interpreted thereafter.
4
22. If laid out in a straight line, the human digestive tract would measure approximately
L23
thirty foot in length.
4
23. The mallow family includes about 1,000 kinds of herbs, shrubs, and trees where orow in
12
tropical and temperate regions of the world.
.34
24. The fact that some mushrooms are perfectly safe for one person and not for another
L2
probably account for differences of opinion as to which species are edible and which
34
are not.
25. Medieval intellectual life was marked by the rise of the universities, the first institutions
L2
in the history of the West primary devoted to the preservation and systematic
34
enlargement of knowledge.
qllnuloilsf ERRoR 5oo ria 59

t
Test 19
rrraltraralrltlllllllrtlrlllrllrlllllalratl!:l
1. Scientists estimate that as much as two hundred million visible meteors enter the Earth's
123
atmosphere every day.
4
2 The value of goods and services produced in a country during a given period called the
L23
gross national product.
4
i
3. The increasing use of machinery and scientific farming methods have reduced the
L23
number of laborers needed on farms.
4
4. The early groups of settlers in the United States were thrifty by necessary since most
L2
goods had to be shipped from Europe.
34
5. Data receiving from the spacecraft indicate that there is much evidence that huge
-1 23
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.
4
6. One of the major factor underlying the growth of environments is the demands the
123
citizen make upon ther1.
4
7, Almost animals with ribs and backbones are able to twist and bend their bodies, but
L23
tortoises are different.
4
8. In order to obtain reliable informations concerning food and lodging in a strange city,
L23
it is wise to consult a travel agent.
4
vl
60 o:. flR?otu
It
flnra:il
9. Like all ecology systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a nonliving
L2
environment, the latter composed of air, rocks, soil, and water.
34
10. Modern journalism employs every means of communication to reporting the news of
L23
the world to newspapers. magazines, radio, and television.
4
L1. Some museums use volunteers from the community which act as guides to show visitors
L2
the displays of local artists' work.
34
12. The power of money is much greater in those societies that permit a considerable
L2
ineoualitv of wealthv.
34
L3. As two nuclei move closer together, their mutual electrostatic potential energy becomes
L23
large and more positive.
4
L4. Secreted by the pancreas into the bloodstream. insulin that affects metabolism by
L23
allowing cells throughout the body to use glucose as fuel.
+
15. Seldom in Western civilization one man has been successful in more intellectual pursuits
123
than Leonardo da Vinci.
4
16. The fritillaries, one of the largest gi'oups ot butterflies, is found not only in this country
t2
but in many other parts of the world as well.
34
L7. The force of gravity is strong at the North or South Pole than at the equator because the
L2 3
poles are nearer the Earth's center.
4
orqulonri ERRoR 5oo :io f

:!:r.fil1
18. The elasmosaur, a giant prehistoric sea reptile with fierce-looking jaws and flippers, had
1
a muscular neck that accounted for more than half it length.
234
19. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the biggest planet of the solar system. with a
1
diameter eleven tiTs *f" the Earth.
ry*
20. No other beverage comes even close to rivaling coffee as the widely most drunk
L23
refreshment in the world.
4
2L. The songs of Bob Dylan are very popular with most people, who regard him as
L2
more superior to other folk musicians.
34
22. Writers, artists, and singers often meet in the coffeehouses of New York City's Greenwich
1
Village, where can they present their work to a small but influential public.
234
23. Without a reliable source of reasonably priced electricity, it would be practically
L2
impossible maintain a healthy economy.
'34
24. Historical. the search for gold has been an important factor in exploration. war, and the
123
conquests of many civilizations.
4
25. Ancient Egyptians mummified their dead through the use cf chernicals, whereas ancient
L2
Peruvians mummified their dead through natural process by they put dead bodies in
3
extremely dry desert caves.
4
6) U-
o:. ftn?f,tlt
tl
flfltoTil
rttr aalralltalaltltlttlltllaf tlaalarlatlttltla!
1. Ants have an elaborate social structure, and enjoying a longevity far greater than that of
L23
most insects.
4
2 Health experts say that a brief, spirited walk is a good way for people to fight midday
L2
fatigue and restore his energy.
34
i
3. The plum generally grows in zones temperate. although among the numerous varieties
1,23
are types suitable for most soils and climates.
4
4. Chromosomes appear as long, tangled, threads when they first become visibly during
L23
the early prophrase stage of mitosis.
4
5. The rhinoceros is known as its distinctive horns, which continue to grow throughout the
L23
animal's lifetime.
4
6. Through the study of DNA, biochemistry has helped to explain the molecular basic of
723
the laws of genetics.
4
7 Previously. it had not been possible to observe the great apes in their own habitat
L23
without we disturb them.
4
8. A metaphor is an expression took from one field of experience and used to express
L23
something in another field.
4
$raulnflsl
I
ERROR 500 tio 63
9. When inflation is rampant. many families find it is difficult to maintain the lifestyle
L23
to which they are accustomed.
4
10. If there is a social or political change in a region which a standard language is spoken.
L23
local varieties of the language may develop.
4
11. A conductor uses signals and gestures to let the musicians to know when to play various
L23
parts of a composition.
4
L2. If a baby bird will stay alive for two or three weeks after leaving the nest, it has a fair
t23 t
chance of becoming an adult.

4
13. Commercial salt has many uses, among them the preservation of food is probably the
L23
most familiar.
4
L4. The Statue of Liberty is one of the most celebrating examples of repouss6 work a
L2
process- of hammering metal inside a mold.
15. Baroque is the term used by art historians since almost a century to designate the
L23
dominant style of the period 1600-1750.
4
16. Teaching and learning are part of the same educational experience, but unfortunate they
1_2
are often thought of as being separate.
34
L7. Track and field sports are next in popular to soccer throughout the world and are the
L23
most important Olympic events.
4
UI
64 6r?. flR?Blu ?{nto:aj
It
18. The speech of people from the United States which may be differentiated on the basis of
L23
regional dialects such as Midwestern or Southern.
4
t9. Peer groups formed in schools and colleges strongly influence the academy motivation
L23
and career plans of their members.
4
20. That a large ring around the Sun orthe Moon has been recognized b[manycultures as
L23
a sign of rain.
4
2L. In the early eighteened century, the violin was used in the orchestra primary as an
L23 I
accompanyino instrument.
4
22. The human ribs are capable of moving so as to allow room for the lungs expand during
L23
breathing.
4
23. The ideas that learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by philosophers and
L2
educators throughout the centuries.
34
24. A century ago, when Hollywood is merely a quiet suburb of Los Angeles, nobody would
t
have guessed that it would one day become the heart of the country's motion picture
234
industry.
25. Food biotechnology has been around for thousands of years as farmers used plant-
1
breeding techniques to enhance desired traits, such as the ability of plants to produce
2
higher yields or resisting pests and diseases.
3 4
orflulailf
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t
Answer Key
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Answer Key Test t
allaaaSGoaatroataaaaaaaat*a * tatataaa
1 oouno
Y
1 vd
urirflu For ) Preposition
c a qe - i u o i
Fr10EU1tJ r:1o3tTUV{lrYr
911
since A1ilO?UQOITUOUIA.0t?0',1 tl{ljrusyrUlluyr for ri'0.:tdqrruOYru
:3ust?n1 cl"'rriutun"ofi6.:oia.:hi'For centuries (= rf,ulrnrnnlufloxr:rr) drfio'jrrflu:EUr[?d1
A , q 4 v u u, Aq u & X v q vv
14:0t?.i[141 Luoon r:'rfl1ur:nfl.:tno [si?1u1tumfit?tuant?n1r{fl0{utJn[{nu Present Perfect
ttas Past Perfect
I
I since 1oig.:rroi...; * oot?rusiuto.:rrat q
We've been waiting here since two o'clock. I
I
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I
I
I haven't played rugby since I left university I
I
I
I
for 1rflurrar...1 + :ru;t?n'r We have known each other for ten years. I
I
I I
I I haven't seen him for ages. I
2. oou?,a
I
3 va
ltnlf,u which consist of / consisting of ] Adiective Clouse
iroBuru loorrlr.r#n6a DNA, the material of inheritance, is found in the cell nucleus in the
form of very long and thin motecules Ioudilrclun#[ti*",ulto"riluroi'runiururt6noi:nd.rlEi

rdsrornlilfirirrdolrJ:cIun 6.:gio.ruJduuniuruyi consist hiuflu Adjective ctause uiioldtrJrsJ
r{rurru molecutes 6r'[dir which consist of rtanosrJtnfioufiur consisting ot lu:iltor Present
participlb q1iln?1ilratJ1uttot Active voice
3. nouria + urYrflu indiscriminately ) Word Form

oaiovau,eqf
riroBuru url-ol#rf,u'lrjnrr:un-nnr:f iln:rairrruril (Parallel structure) r:roto.:r:Jduur{r'ir
indiscriminate (adj.) tv{rflu indiscriminately (adv.) rfiotv{turun-r often (adv.) filrt'turuniur
useo Iq uil' ano rfl udrrfi oruluTer:tmfr.:d
4. oourlo
I
t vd
uririlu to being ) Preposition
ri, oBuT s n"odfinr:ld in addition to (= sun,n^001n...) Ioufia,:ri'rssYruriruy{uyr to d.rElorld
nrruuroY'rs N. / v.ing r:rdrqiorr:Jduu to be lu'rf,u being uarr'.:rnqrrfirutfiru'ir to lufidrirrarird
rflurirunum
t{rg
d.:uornqirrorn to'[uujro.: infinitive with to fiqruei:un3urkirrjduu:il triu I want
to be an engineer.
e'rqulonf ERRoR 5oo ?,-o g

oa v\
. %ono'lnu%... . uonlmiloo'1n...
in addition in addition to
moreover apart from
furthermore +S.+V aside from + N. / V.ing
what's more besides
besides
5 mau?Ja
I
1 ad
uritilu Because ) Coniunction
o a . X^ q e d i r f e v j u ,u s
-
a1o5u1u ?ouiln1:[1, conjunction ty{attoufl0.0il:vIuflt1'ro?unu 9,.] [il torrflo,l€r?'ltJ'ljoltdn
(Even though) uroirflunr:[iflo.r[uqt[aczun
ig
6.:sYortrJfiuurir16orurflu Because 6.:o;r,rnor-0.:orru
a v6 , T i , A s,A
n?lilililv{-urila.lil:sIun uar6ran?rilr4ru1u?'r rflo.:otnsnrun'l:nir:J6uuu:.Jnrodr.::rqt5?il1n
rue.run'r:lq 1fi ':rr'lfl unlriu rnoiln tfiurfl u'loYrri u{ ur{unltoilr 1 rvirrfu
,l
6 oail?Jo
Y
4 ttri[f,u
wa
complexity ] Porollel Structure
o a u ,A a u a j q c e
ritaBuru t:roforulfiuuoln complex (adj.) 1d'nnrutf,u complexity (n.) rfioh{ln:{flf1ltu'lu
e - - J &qv v A , v .tv t. d e
"
nu size (n.) u0no'lnuu fi'ryt.0fla.lill:iouunluuum in fr.]u,rnu?1o0.ltlt:ilri1u1tJ0t1ilt'tEins{?u
I
7 oau?,o 1 va
uritilu greater chance ) Comporison
riroBurs rJ:sTuflliadurJiuuufiEiu:sn'jr.:Ionrsfiudn l16ulordulunroun:-'rdfinr:ndrir.rlu
rJ"olu"uuarluqodul
It n1:uflo{nltrrJiu!rfirJufin'jrro.r adjective rith great 6rstaruJduurf,u
greater Iouhi16l more :irrnfir6n rdarorn more + adjective / adverb 1u;rJ:Jn6dfi,iruruarr
.*"t, v ta a Z , u
rrur':rifiu'lrJ rriu more beautiful/ more intelligent tyru-.]fl1il1Tnfttnonr:tilSuurfiuul-i*n'irtEi
(...er / more...) nlnnr:lf than oaufiri'udruna-.:
!
8 slou?io Z uri'rflu thanks to ) Preposition

a, r t jq -. A A v a , d u ,
n'lafiu1u
-o- lj:rtunut"do1tT0iltl l0rtflo.lfl'ttrfl [t9[uul.[ lilnnql0J r:'titrill.to0J[[nlilu thanks to
. r d jd , j
(prep. ) to u tJ s [1^l 0 fl 0Fl']'t u14 rJ1 ul1 [u0.: tJ101n. ..
d \
. [$O{ fll'lo'l n... (tt6ts|\t 6{''l til q)
beca use because of
AJ due to / owing to
SI nce + S.+V thanks to + N. / V.ing
for on account of
now that as a result of
f o:. nnfnf ,Firi,U

9. oau#a t uuYrflu Drinking ) Verb
n'raBuT u il::Iufifluniurufi'sa.:sr-'r 6a orint rrfl; makes IorflilfiArrdoilil:;Iuo:cnirrnisr
tdartortrurqrlunl1rfilJ'ru Eia.:r:Jduu Drint hdrf,u Drinking lu:rJriruudair.:rurornniarrSo
dGun'ir gerund uardoo'l",uroursrjr nrrdiluonnaaafrurnrfiul:Jri'rlri... r:roro#.:rnorfiu16rr
Avrft"si<teavve
?"1 gerund fiTo1{'lllouil:vIunu?i1141{'tYtt:Ju:Jt3flutony{a*tflil0 n5u't makes i.:Hunng[0.:uefr
10. oaufa t rrrYrflu engineer ) Word Form

riroBurs r]:cIufl1u?-0fi'neirrfirrj:srrufiartr:notta (= in charge of) nl:aonr:lurnia.:fia
a fle A v ,;
mt.:Smgrarrqilgi r:r6,reio,:uilfiuuorn:Jrrrru engineering (= ierrn:::r:firnor{y ld'arilu:ilr0.:
" i . d A . ttv/<a
n1u1 urnfl t? n.:Ufl
q
n fl q,n alrJtrnnTr?]ln1:a an [[uu to {{nFl 0 engineer (= x fl ?nT)
11 oaufo
Y
I ua
ttfltilu refusal to ) Word Form
riraBurEi n'odfinr:uanomrurfluri'rto.:rhnfu The govemment loufinr:lf 's rirnbrYruri',r l
4 U e, y v o a v A s ,A
6.:vr:ru1sY'jrd'orqrrrurYruriruril flilrufr.: ...:ro,::hurn r:r6,:Eiorr:Jfiuuorn::Jto{ refuse (v.)ld'
:
nnrutiu refusal 1n.1orrruu#noi.:naim
12. mou#o s ufilf,u being deformed ] Verb

CA
eiraBurs fis..,rultum after siororrueiru tt. / v.ing nr:ld;rJniul been deformed 6{otoruJfiuu
hirf,u ueing oetirmeo lupJ passive voice daorrilumudl ufiornqnuJfruuu:la.r?rlirrlou...
13. oou#4.3 ruirflu wfren ) Pronoun

n"T aBurs riodfinr:if Adjective ctause ruru:J:vlunriruarir rusiufionldrir16oruuto Retative
pronoun hignoYo.: ril'at'i'rsJrurilulufi1nu'fiqod,:rfluiiru:ruluuanr?a1 tri'urri tne First wortd

war drEiorlfrir rdou *n"n
14. srou#a + uri'rflu enjoyment ) Noun

J q v a wa v u
siroBurs rilorlor:rurnr:ki'ndjectlve
,
^
clause r:rasuu'jrnitll "
induce 1t-nrirlrirld'rfio1 rl-ut:j
v e i 3o e q - & ,i e a
^
01t,U1tlo11*fi1{'1 the smell (nau) nTU'lUqlA{01ilO?Un?:ilIUTUn1u1tl O{UU 3UmBn00.lo.1Fl1:
lt''jr enpyment (n.) hinr:td enjoy (v.) firfiru ing
15. srau#o e rfirf,u in ) Preposition

o A v 3 t a v a Aa , Jr v qe
riroEurs riaflnrirrfrr{u{rfifiorq 20 ilaruJ n1::ru?i?irarrpriud lunlulonnq:elttuv{uyt
in 6lo;nnoia., niu Andrew is a young man in his early 30s living in a small town in England.
o:aulomf
I
ERROR 5oO :ia 69
16. oaudo e rrYtflu distinguishes
Y ua
) Verb
riraBurs urlfirflu:J:tnruun-n6a The fact uwtfiutfiuei?ulJUlu (= that...bacrwaros) Ioud
fr'lrJ1:nfl;oanloY doo'lrururu'ir riarfiooirft'ir... niurrta{ The fact d.:tf,uurruronnor[d6.r
sio r rl-uo r il :J :c m u I o u r il fi u u r fl u d i sti n g u i s he s 6': o r r-rg n oia.t
17 oouria
Y
t tua
rrrirflu Because of ) Preposition
riraBursJ riof,f i'urrrvr
q-v According to 1= srlilfirmrnerr:rfiuro.:y dt'lrir-rnoio.iol[Jn?1rul{rl'ru
, r i , t .Ji , J
latrl::Iuofiuflo,lruqunrr.rn
I
r.J:slunriofiftanrruuuru?'r tua.ril'rornnr:tail:vrrufivt-uar:"u
il-aou-ufirr^rar6rIqrodr.:ooruaruu:nflurifluirtdo"iord.:rnuuu'ru#.:
t1$
6.:o"0.:ki'Because of uio
j jq
"
fl"lt5ailaulunn3J
I
18. ooufa + uri'rflu industry ) Porollel Structure

riraBurEJ il:sIunluliadfinr:kf'paratlet structure a-trnootnnr:lfunuvr in fioio,:qrrruo"rJ
Y ue
"
fi"tu.rilyl.114rier
'ts[urri
medicine, space, research rtn! architecture Ioufiqir16oru and fif ilu
r u N-&.
ln:rsfrrfi o"rfu6rEiarlrt'::J inoustry tn.I hihi industrial (adj.)
19. slou#o 2 uriuflu horticulturat science ) Word Order

c a - 'irfinr:ldrnum ot d.:otororusiruurr
n106lj'lg il.:tn0 uaravn:r'irR.ofiorrrra-.:rur64 science
i
(n.) ttac horticulturat (aoj.) d.:6u.:e{ro--urir'[rignoio.:orruna-nnlrduu o;oTors#udruuil.oTourr.t
rirurruun-n science'[{d'ruvr-ruunrrr',ru,tuduiru horticulturat oirurarir 1u::] noj. * N.
20. srou#a 4 ud'rflu one ) Pronoun

o A , T J a , v <Ao & a { at q , tAA
' -
r|10fiu'lt uTs tuFtl.{ril:uuryruu?'rflsr?11num.ry{Tttflttuoti
'o L0n"tfltun1:0u:00fl{n?1fl01?Yl1l.11l'l
.'---r------ 4 t d " i t4 d rte
[tua.:41n1:ty,tu.lLjTytnmtou? Fn1{'tlJyltlj:uutYluu tottn An om rnivorousanimal 1u::Jronrror[ a
un;6nrirudt6o ones dri:lus::nurrurruurrrirrurirfinrirrruruei'r 6a animat r{io\il'toYorilu

q
::Jtonlnrod
!
6rci'orqr-o , aonhj uonornfo-.rrnq'[Gl""irniurro.r one fitfluronrnrorirriurdu':ni* 6o
depends
21. qau?io s ud'rf,u physicat ) Word Form

oA-9av
rira6urs riruru evidence R-tillTnruluoiru adjective 6sEia.:rrJduurflu physical uono"rnlfir
qe v n e a xH e t A v
t:rrur:aldud'n Parallel
- structure lunr:rardofiolffinoiru lorufiur^ruyr on sTo.:qrilsi'ruuril
j q o Xa v e &X t- ,
ttaeil1ilYlo'uJilltuljoutj adjective ?JU"tuausi1ufill1yt{6iu'lgirtfl written lrfls oral
u€
70 o:. flR?0tlt
qq
y{nta:il
.r,1
r 22. oaufio s rtfitflu documents ] Noun

riraBuru riodfiil:;krndau z :J:slunrdorrriroirufudrur{r'ir ort unrr,dortor:rur:J::Iun
nn-ro:ttu'irniurdgnoiarura'r 6a prove lu::JuXrrori d.rapJ'toi'jrurudrf,urJ::rrutornSurd
vrAEqtdavvv^J
9t0.1tunuuuJu documents [u:lj11fi 1 t0ua{0r(00fl aa{nununtu'lyt9l1lJU1
23. orau#o s udtf,u scientific ) Word Form

caAv
Fl1ofiu1tJ riJoo[0.:nr:rururiruru questions o:dorlf adjective r:16rEio.:rr]duut:lu scientific
a d qe A a
:rrufi.:finr:lf adjective 6nrirrafi.: 6o significant lJU'ru scientific questions oYru drururunrrrufi.t
rir nr u mr.:i vr sr err aqr{fi ih riru
24. oraurio I u" flu succeed in ) Word Form

o a A q. r i r I J " J
siraBurs rfioldmodat verb rliu mightlurJ:rIunfi {{
rirfrouua-.:ruroYo.:oqjtu3:h0.] infinitive
raionSurdlilr:JduugrJ sl-.:fu6{siotuJa'uuornrirulil success (= orrrudrt5o; lvinarrrfluniur I

succeed (= rj:;aunmruairrSo; rra'r6,:qrilciruu?{uyr in rdodanmiluillu'jl ...d.:oroo::J:rrr
nrrrurhriolunrr...
25. oau#o t rrrYrflu which provides / providing ) Verb

riroBurs rdoirn:r;ri:J:;Iundornu'iruri.:aonrfluflo.:st?u 6o si'lurarulunoueiu rac6iru
rr u e
u:c tunil nnn n{ comma lil
i 01^10'1Ttu1 fl?lt1j
t u1 uae tuu?']
d t iln11
a t'Nuyrwitnd.r,irrf,uqia{mriloiru
[1q'
rirurru tuddlfdrir tetevision uoidrfimruur 6a provides drrf,uniurfin-usruil:;rru Iosr?ir
hitetevision provides... narurf,uilEIun fihinnrior
rulg d.rufiltlorJuJduulfaqilupJ Adjective
clause idotEruf{ruril tetevision 'ldurri which provides ntaoo::Jrrafiatfia.: providing (Present
participle) luo:rrnmut 0.r Active voice
i
i
I
I
ll
-t
qlnulomf ERROR 500 :io 7T

t
Test 2 Answer Key
aaaaaOaaaaatt * *.aaaaf aaaaaaaaalaaaat
oaurTa z ufirflu are not ) Verb

eiraBuru rj:rsruro.srJ:sIuod'lri'riri Houseptants uorfiatrururuil:v!'rulu:ilra.: Adjective
clause 6O requiring (= which require) constant attention d.:rrrur:nnraanld'orn:j:lIUo niur

I a v v q A q < A <a
1J 0.1u:35',1u4 { 0 0,0'.lU i14 fl AO nn 0.3 nL u :: [1 Um ril l*fl 141',1 0 U 5.1 nn 0 are not
oaufa I [dri]u Attempting ]

Y ud
2 Verb
riraBurs :J:rlundfluniuruvimoto"'r 6o Rttempt urns i" lou'[rifirirrdourJ:vTun:vu'jr,:niur
A ^ - ,A qe- n r
tfrafror:r*ro'rruo?1rJ14rJ'rud'a.:r:.Jduu Attempt td'rf,u Attempting lu;rJrirurufiafr.:r:rornniur
a la , ! .l - !'
u5ofi6un'ir gerund uasdoomrururuir nr:nururrufiord'onr::JtgrarIanfauIou... m''.rinfl'jr
ge ru nd rato ur ru qiurJ :;I uo drir ra rir fi rfl uil : r m u ro n n o dr rru o n?sr is .6wiuou n slo t u er"'r
3. sroufa t uri'rf,u analysis ) Word Form

riraBuru tdafinr:tf article (a) ti'0.:srrrud'rur{ruru 6rEiorld analysis (n.) itru analyze = v
t*anornrfr*u#r u-ls-.0rnnloiornnr:ldriljr superficiat (adj.) dldrurunfirdrutrd
4. oaufa g urirflu otner ) Adiective

o a r t J t a T,d , j q d A w
9l1O6U1g U:r[ununa"l?n.]ilTr[mflfl.:ntilTInr:J:rtytfl0u5]tua1[6ruu til0qt0.]nlT1u1u9i11*1tJ
ASEAN countries 6.:oYo.:f i'adjective h{'nnd'or 6o otherioulilfi s otrrun#n adj. + n.Iouyr-etrl
,u'-- ------
o other (adj.) :----
= 6u.l (+ urrutonwor[raSonrnor[;
I have no other place to go.
. otfrers (pron.) = fl?nAu.l, ou6u1 l6nraoru6u;
Some people are cruel, others are kind.
o the other (adj. / n.) = d'ufirnfio, nufiuafio 1orlurulrd,ilnlr - lf tnel
I have three brothers. Two of them are tall, the other is short.
o the others (pron.) = ttrnduufio 1narruururudrflfl1s - lf tney
I have three brothers. One of them is short, the others are tall.
Note! (the) others = (the) other * urrnunori 1dt'lrifiurruorrrurur6n1
s3
72 o:. flR?flu
tt
flnra:or
AuAaA
. another (adj.) = onouilu.l, onnuuu.l (* urr:ronttof)
Would you like another cup of coffee?
. another (pron.) = another + 1t1utonflor[ (6rhifiurruo1ilu'l6n)
He already has two cars, and now he has bought another.
5. CIou?Ja
Y
1 udtilu used for
vd
) Preposition
eiroBuru il:sr, uta.::J:;Tgo 6a some procedures dtumufi.r n:ru'run1:u1.:ad1{ uasil'
ahururulu:rJ Adjective ctause 6o used...specimens adr.:'[:fiorr: riodf iln:.:sfrthir.rnoia.:

o'run?lul4tJru olo,rr:Jduurflu used for + n. uurufi,: d.rnnhi'ihrafu...
I
I
used to + infinitive = rnu...duodn) We used to eat out more often than we do now
I
I be / get used to + N. / V.ing = tnufiun-u... I do the dishes every day, so I am used to it.
I .t
I
I
be used for + N. = nntfitlrr-u... Animals are used for scientific experiments. lt
6 aoufia 4 urilou er-o and investigate oanhJ ) Redundoncy

riroBurs lurJtrIund ?i.r check ua: investigate
-
sirrfifierrrilril"rurliutdu'rfu 6a qr?oflou
e a A y v e a j , oo i a t o i o q
01ilunnn1:rlruumlnaa{uii':r:roi'orunnrdurnr:t'i'ritirurflou (Redundancyl Iouoio6hrirlorir
n dr oo ntj rfl 6{ m x1:n qr"o rir u o.: dd o r #u1 eYa o n'[ d'
7 oou#o t urirflu pouch-like ) Word Choice

riroBurs erlrilfnnr:ldAdjective suffix illil1:n16r -tit<e r{rurirurrutoY rdo:rq'lr fia-n:*ruz
nii'ruohrntornfiouriuos'lTu1.]ad'r.: lufifltrf entargement rfluriruruun-.: article (a) unrtfia

d'o r nr tt ur u rir uur d siortd pou ch-t i ke d.: ra rur u fi r fi a-n urw n dr n.: sJ
8. srour?o z rrrirflu are forced to ) Verb

riroEurs :J:slunrioflrarurun':ryir Lr.::J:vrrqfiilruurrr.:ue:uofiofi:uu:rrurntfruoun:;vt-.:
-o t
.Y " a e , ,r r',, '
il:;rnsuueir{u'irriluri'0,:orsuriudrurudoorn:J::urerdu1firu-lo-.rn'irtunr:gruail:vtrn:
g
o-.:tiu
on^ru'irm:nu1il they fiurufit some countries fineirrrur:irsmrir t:reia.:rrjduuo'tnniul force

(= fin"u) 1ug:J Rctive voice lfnarurflu are forced (= qnu-,:n-u) lu:rJto,: passive voice
9 oou?io
Y
I ua
utitiJu to vote ) Verb
o^adrea--u&ao
eiroBurg n5ut convince iiLo:lafr.:fra convince somebody to do something o.luuQnoa.:
rrJduu for voting hi'rflu to vote rdohisr:.rorruTnr.rafrr:rorniurd uardaorr*,nursJ'ir ...Ifiil
v qv S
U1? tfi n llrsn::iln1TA{fl !ttl*UnOfl 1U tn:.ln1T
orrqulovrrf ERROR S00:ia

E
10. aouda a uri'rfJu their native
Y va
> Adiective
o la r f ) w c a A i
rirasurn {aililfla.!:J:r[ufltgail[11o?unuo?ufi1[!flo.:fl']tfisl fla as (= tuo.lr,'101n) til0o0"ln
rJ:sTunfiaarovflu'i'r animals rirurirdrfluil:smuuasnndr.rfi.:Teu1f Possessive adjective lu
::Jranrrof
aga!
6a its d.:liloneia.: do.:r:Jfiuul:Jlftilvrunari 6a tneir rdauoo.:nrrrurflurd'rro.r
riauororruqir urirurn
11. ooufa 3 Blitilu inappropriate )

I a-
Word form
riraBurs Io:rsirrn3ul consider 6a consider + n::u (to be) adj. / n. uil'lu:J:sTundld'niul
lu::J Passive voice ldrrri are considered Ioufi:-J:srruda Cotloquialisms (= n::ru) un;arur:n
nr to be oon'[:J'[oY rrsiu-tn.:ri'orLi'adjective orrraar"'rlfqnsr'or IourrJdEiurflu inappropriate (adj.)
12. sraufra 3 *ri'rflu otners ) Pronoun

o a u Xa r f A w e s T q e. q j
(= r
a1oEU',llJ 1ouil610{:J:rtUfi[r0ilr{'roxunuLou htfilrrfloin?''rlJlJorrri.: whereas Lurruyyt)'
rJ:;Iunur:ntd some parts rflu:J::rru tu:.J::Iuoao.:dorrururr:r6.:nr:tdr::rruril others rflu
il:srru Iquflurufir other parts etrurilir otner d.:r:lu adjective u-rfi.ourorirurilqrililo-.r 6,Ju-.1
'[riqnd'0.:
I
13. oau?ro I vd
rtlirilu ln addition to ) Preposition
o a u Xa av & A v av
riloours riosilnr:ld in addition (= uonorntiul 6.reia.:lfonlqiru S. * V. 6.r'lrjnnEiar
,u
rrt:rs
fi.:fiqrrrururrflurfiulni{uriru1il (= the price of a good or service) r:rdlrio.rr:Jdsul:J1'f1n:lairl
in addition to 1= 1*unrr6ao1n...) un:ud'.:UlriuYl
tq
to mrrud":unrjlr{ruru#[riIoufioa,runu1u'j1
AayAa
...uan tuu001nTtn1?J 0.cffun1ilT0u:n1T...
14. olou#o 2 urirflu ouest ) Word Choice

n'roBurs lunr:r:Jiuutfiuuudauonorrrrum''urr-uf'[uo:a::n:-r'ir1n:rfioriouyiofioruurnn'jT q
qe Y , \e J Aq uyo ru
o:ldadjective t-un'jr'td'trri elder * n. uiot'ua.roo 6o the eldest + n. o\:l{urrJotullouilnl:LT
rirurl good fossil remains dnaruru6.: mnilaa6aanrlqd 6.:'lrinndo.:orrunmilu&t'tu
$
u:rai'or
r:16uul:Jhi' the otdest a1il:Jna
15. aou?,o
Y
4 urlr:Ju they
va
) Redundoncy
eiT oBuT E ludodfinr:ldso.r:J:;Tun16auur-roi'ruriulqufirirr{iorJuflo{n?lur-ourir Atthough
luri'jr1n1ilfln-n$d? n1:rdorJflo.t:JrcIEJn'irrfluqYortduiurrirr6aurdsr oirrfur:r6.:qiaror-o but

o an'[rJ rdarornrf, urirrdal#rfi uorn,iru'lu:J:sL:ndnnrdal
s
ud'
74 oT. fIR?OlU
tt
flnto:ni
Though
Although Althouqh I felt very tired, I tried to finished the work. (S. + V., S. + V.)
Even though )
16. srour?a t ufi'rflu otner ) Article

eiroBuru :J:sluoduilrun?'ril'i1 fnil:rarvr6':ivrur16o'irar:rSuooifluunyar:rofilusra,r
j Aa, . - Y " , dq A
duloroor:rnun'lrufrrro,rflufrileioo'rnr:url:J:;unr
^ oi.:ri'u riljr ar:rnfiluflilo{6il61 oio.:lf
'jr other neurochemicats Iouhifi definite article (the) rflo.rorn'[rj,irtfluslo.:draur;
17. maurYa z uui'rflu less vulnerable > Adiective

-o- -'-'
o1a6u1g ' urllu'ru ttslfl114:Un:U'l
il'tlju'tU s( unrn?urduqdodluneiufi
frr1:Joia.:nt:
nTUlYl? t:JoA.rn"lT adverb usieiru:-rniu1 seem , s i
6un'jr linking verb Eiarnr: adjective u1'rlU'ru o-rrfur:r6.:oiarr:Jduurflu less vulnerable (adj.)
o Linking veru'[#ruiiou Verb to be (+ ADJ.)

go / get / come / become / grow / turn = nnlu[flu + ADJ.
At
sound / seem / appear / look = OtfiilOu?1 + ADJ.
$
keep/remain/stay = ti.:or + ADJ.
teel = ff,n / taste = ii:str6 / smell = finfiu / prove = il:rng'jr + ADJ.
18. srau#a s ttfitflu are used ] Verb

eiraBuT s il:ymunraroftar Noun ctause ua-rritjr that'loYuri fifty to eighty percent of all
handguns unsfiniur 6o use d.:kjqnsia.r rfiorornrirurrufirflurJ:rrru 6o flurrn kiarrur:n

n:srir ni ur #[eY 6r qio.: r:J d rr ulrfa 41ug:l passive voi ce'loYruri a re used
19 sroufo
I
a ua
uflutru close to ) Preposition
r l X , a A A r a Y a q , q v^ Yq
o'la6u1u r.l:y Iuounalin.:ila1Tuo14u.]s.:'t'tu tulilnn LUT']{nn1{'tuttds?1u tnnr{1u1 tl.[t?{
nnr.:6u nr:hi'adjective rdauon'lroqilu:rurtnd'oi'o.:ld'rttji
{ ctose (adj.) fifinrrurarurueir.:orn
closed (adj.) drnmsdr flood{
20. sraurio s urYrf,u any ) Word Choice

riroBurs uriua"nlouyr''llrJo;lf some n-uil:rlunuonu6irun;ocld any n"uil:;Iuorirnrilnia
:Jfirar uoifinn-nnr:lfuiirurGl6noi':u'lr any rirsrrur:nlf,lurJ:slunuonriirloirdar:rilil1ufi{
...lefinrlnta...filoid.rerrrriunrrunururo.:il:rIuodfi'ir...fi1rJ'r:o,.rflun.rlurndardu1ofiloi
X rr d e A d
ttJ?1A;r:JU:AUn:ArUU...
0rflurloyrri eRRoR soo ?ia

q
75
=*l
i
21. aaufra s uflrflu was brought ) Verb

O A Vt
riraou'rrJ uri'irniur is brought (Present Simple) o;1ri'gnoio.rtufl?11t141t"ru Passive voice rrei
rirnrfiolurCo.:zo.: Tense rdorornfinr:lf originatty (adv.) tdauanr':or1uo6$ raurufit lou

u:n61 6,:qiarr:Jduuniclrrflu was brought droqjlu;:Jto.r Past simple
22. oou#a t urYrflu have led ) Verb

riraBurE :J:vrrurouJ:sIunf,6a Similarities unsfiairururu:J:;sT ulu:ilrlo.r Prepositional
phrase raion{r:rirdduoi'ud'ru:1,ruyr 'loYuri in pottery design do*.*,lrnuroontoiorn:l:sluo

a v uqv , f, a <A
ni u rr o,r rJ :; rr u6.: Eio r sl-ulfir o o a ilo r riu rJ :: m uff r il uyr u n o * 6.: fi 6 a have led
23 oour?a s ufi'tf,u despite / in spite of ) Preposition

eiroBurs il:rlsnluriaddrrr''ururu'ir ...nr:uIrfin:audrn'aldlunr::suer-rloY ufosfinrru q
r:.Jfiuuit:la.rvn.rd'ruSrJdr.rn-nurucrioo'rEllJo,lqonn
!rq
dr" to (= lfia{il10']n)J
o-rrfunr:hi'rirrdoru
dtrflunr:uaorarruor6r'[rinnoior
qs nr:tfrirrdailuoo{nmilr-euri.:nrrunrrrurruro.::]:sIun
Iourrjfiuurf,u despite / in spite of (= sr3'i",a-fi; * trt. / V.ing
Despite
ln spite of ) Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday (N.,S.+V.)
24. oau#o z urirf,u in order to ) Word Choice

riroBuru :J::Iuodfinr:ldrirrdoruflo.cooilrsfl.:ri in order that (= ,r*'ud'i.t dqia.:f i'orrusiru
s. + v. di'lilgneiat rdorornrirdaluun-.:rur 6o appreciate rfluniur'lri'lri:J:slun 6.:oio.:r:Jduu
ld'rf,u in order to 1= 1r{ufror) dldorilgirrr infinitive
25. srou#o + rui'rflu tnat ) pronoun

_o__n J ^ r r .i, I n-, j
airaBura ^
tiiafror:rxro1nfl?'rrJ14rJ'ruto.:rj:rIuervrir...urnyrorlon'[ri"irnrrgrfinnai:lrulou
tin nr tcr flr moinuudto;tflunr:*r rd ur n-un-u nr urfi nno ?rr uTq u#nnr urerr aqri6nnurad.r
A u,q f,J; i ta a a - & jly . 6a v
fiT0lil tuYtufl{mnnt:lTUUtmuun0R'lr*1 o,]1.[1.{fl::y,lu1rJ those yitlrttmuri"tu']ililT1101i0,:9ia,1
r:Jduurf,u tnat 1r^l3rJfl::nurruranno{

I
rdouvrurirurruronviaf the tanguage d,i'rofiui.r*rril
va
76 o:. flR?etu
tt
llnto:il
Key
aaatalo.oataaaaoaaaaaaacaaaoalaaaaaa
1 oouzro
Y
I ua
uriulu The fascination ) Noun
oAA-,
riraBurEJ tfror:rei-ootrururulu:il Adjective ctause aan'[:J (= which...anatysis) osrudarr{u.t
rfes
rJ:slunu.i'n [oufiniur 6a nas given rtoitro:J:rrru rn:rsrt'rniur Fascinated unsetrusurulu
::Jto.: Prepositional phrase (= with dream interpretation; oir,:firirurirfirf,u:J:trruhjtei6,roior
rujduuluiflu The fascination lu::Jrirurrudfinr:tf tne ufio6'ranrrufia.:ornfietrururuuiru16ru
2. mour?o z uri'rflu witn ) preposition
a'lo6u1EJ n:U'] someth i n g o-r r+tu6,: oio.: r:J d u ul

u1,{uyr
lg
about ld'rflu with un;don:tilnilru'ir ...hiuHunr:r6uyrrrfiny16uourinneYr
3. srautTo g rrfirflu wnicn ) Pronoun

riroBursJ rfafl+ retative clause loirrri tnat...nardship d.:rrirn-uuo-ntornr:l,i'Non-restrictive
relative ctause Ious"rrnotdornnr:1fro{a.rrt1u comma rr.:sirunfirrdooGururulufi?'riltta!
fin-nurusrufiouriaorrru'lur.trfiu erur:nolooanornil::lunloi oirr.iur:rEiaruJduuorn that dr
l'
[Tsr1t 1rfl.r comma kilgir6ozro birflu which nrunn-nnr:rduufinneiar
U
o Restrictive clause = firiEU ashilEilllmstuluu'rrurir.tnrir 1trifi commal

The teachers are proud of the student who wrote this poem.
The man whose house vou live in is my brother. i)
o Non-restrictive clause ='[ri ihn-ru ovloY nr:rgrfi u{ tt€iu o n:r u ns u6 uo ufi ldu
tfi ual'liltf tnat;
"orr"
Bangkok, which is on the Chao Phrava River, is the capital of Thailand.
The doctor, whose patients trust him, has a great responsibility.
4. ooufro s ufltflu more durable ) Porollel Structure

riraBuT s :J*Iuoluriodfinr:ld Parattet structure a.:rnorornnr:lfritjr ano drdat adjective
rusinrrirfildtuluulrr sotid lqiuri harder rrc! stronger d.oaqilu;rlttun'jr o-srfudrsia.:tf more

durablerdahiaooof,arriunrufuviriun'iryrs.rna.:f
t
ireYruurir
sr;alrlomf ERRoR soo:io

Z
5 CIaufo rfitflu also bothers
s ) Verb
riraBu.rs fodfinr:ld corretative conjunction d.:lfrdoldr:J:stnntdurn-ulu:J:rlunrdurdur
n-u coordinaring conjunction uoilfrflu{raua lurJ:;IrodfitJtt-t*tanr.ror[ toirrri wtrispering in
class un;finiurna.:eiru 6o not only prevents... ![aE but also bother ueirirniur uotner u".rhj
aooo ir"'o r n-u :J : v !'r u t o n v{ o r[ r:r 6 r oia': urj d u u r fl u b oth e rs
Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven.

Neither Joseph nor Andrew has passed the test.
She was uncertain whether to stay or to leave.
Both my sister and my brother play the piano.
Ann was not onlv pretty but also knew how to dress well
6. oou#o t ruYrflu Despite / ln spite of ) Preposilion i

riroBurs uf'jrrl::Iunduao.:erlriln-euri,:Iould'rirrdau despite (= rri'jrosfi) ueifililqneio.r
qt
rhdtrilftin-uuy{uyr
Sl'lA
of rda,:orn despite rirurir#rflu:llturluqr-rro.:oduf,'r urn;finrrruntrurriu
tdurri'u in spite ot fiqio.:srrrusYru N. / V.ing
7 oou#o t rurirflu controlling ) Verb

iraBurs riodsnrrlri'uv{uyr for drio.rnrloiT U N. / V.ing 6rEYo.:ujduu controt lugrJ infinitive
trirflu controtting 6.:arnneiot Ioufin::ltatn?urdoril?iru 6a tne seagull population
8. srouzYae ufi'rflu tittte ) word Choke

o a ': d c a ra "
G|10fiu1u nlTnm?n.10'11.{'11*n:a:J:ulluuau 0rgl0.:tn0nlTfl'l?1 tew'
oyEio.:ufion1:i'ritirfewutalittleTeuoornrirurn
s
finrrurur 6o effect d.:lufiflrnnuurrurlutillEironnar{ a-,:rnnornnr:'[ri16ru s 6.:eiorufionld tittte
I 9t vA
o l,tOU uoun?"1 1.$OEJYt6lr|
I
few fewer the fewest + N. 1,[U L$tTt14?\01.{

t
little less the least + r'r. riuhi'ld'
9. 4 udrilu its ability )

Y va
oau?io Adiective
oa,TXIAefvCAy
o'lofiu'lg lj:;tununal?n.ln'l:fl01u1[n:.tflT].t0.lRn:lfl00auflu0{n?']tJqa\:nlfl|0{u::*mltnc
ruiru6onrrua1il1:nroiruifmrdau::au]ruurElfi'n.:'[{ nr:lf it abitity 6rhignoio.r rdorarn
ilT:llu',trJ it hiertr:n1u'lullli'lu1ll ability'[oi eio.:rrjduurf,u Possessive adjective luJ:J
{
lonilod 6o its 1= l,o.nJ-u) drdrrfituru the company riouurir
vla
to o:. FIR?0|1* ilnIoTIU
q
1
10. oaufia g ttfitflu seriousty ] Adverb

riraEuru 'riadfinrr1,i'q1{uyr without ouqiru disrupting dlaqjlu;rha.: v.ing fifin::ruerrurur
rYru 6o normat body function, cl-rliunrilililnudrrdaeialnr:rursniu.t"rd6ooiuold seriousty
(adv.) hinrur:nld serious (adj.) filftu1uu1il
11. orou#a I urirflu convincing ) Verb

ri, oBuru :l:sIundfinr:lfriruru evidence drnrurufi.: raa-ngru r:r'[riaur:n:rEJrurirurild
eirunr:lf Past participle (v.3) lurr':rruuuru?0.: Passive voice '[o" [v,n'r;oJ14u'ru6.: uii"ngrunn
convince (= Irilrirrtol drrflutJhi'ld'r:16.rEiotr:Jduurflu convincing lu::J Present participle
A a , A a lv e a " 4 gi a
(V.in g ) 6r fi n':r ru u r:r u u:J L Active voice'j'r ff r:l unr: [{u firrnS o fi r"ld'rfr a fr o
12. oour?a z urrYrf,u so hazardous ) Adverb Clouse

eiT aBurs r:rsrrur:nf.:rnqrlsY'ir:J:cLJndfinr:rdourrirEieurfulouuro.:zunalr:i'6.:d'otuJduu
I
o1n very lvinarurflu so rfio1v{sr:,:qrrruTo:rair.:dqnqlo.r
s
fiorruururu'jr ...rurntfiuoun::vir...
, I
I very+adj./adv. The fishing industry is very important to this area I
I I
I
I
so+adj./adv. +that+S.+V. He was so weak that he could hardly stand up. I
I
I I
I such+(adj.)+n. +that+S.+V. Bangkok is suclLa btg place that it is easy to get lost. I
13. ooufio z rrrYrflu their courses ) Noun

o a al q s. - v e u ll e € a e
gt1ofiu1u rilar:'tldri.ruon,truru att of sio,:oruqi'ruurufu'lri'rnSnar[ nrurufr.: vt-.t14ttoso.:...
-Ja u ,A qv d ted 6 & e v
o{ulro{qa.r[unuualnn"l:lfurruuanttoti course llitfluuuyr]1v{or*
$
courses uanolnuuttn?u.:
aloqa'rnn?1ruurur
{ ur o.:rJ:rlunrrir.r rGrulffi nsi': u'jrni{rrfi runr u j:r uitr
14. oau?io z rrrYrilu changing

I ad
) Porollel Structure
-o-q6 ue A A
riroBuru r-0fi'[riTn:.:rfr.: Parallel structure #.:tnotrYorn or" d,:r64ru Gerund phrase lneilrir
fiduoi'uoi'ru v.ing; fioriun-r such as oYo.:r:Jduuorn change rflu cnanging... rfiotd'noqo#orriu
going... finrililr
15. oou#o t uritf,u election ) Noun

riT aBurs uriorrrururuo:r,l-.rqrufiouv{tl^rof ueirdoldritil every (= tXnl) oYalqrild'tuuril
. u&a v ,J € . -. q?.q r q ij-a..
ronr{ol{lflila o.:uua.]oa,r[unuuo']nu1ilnfir{of
{ elections lltrflu election 1oulufifiu-.:frririr
presidential (adj.) tururdodaomunmu'jr nr:t6on#l:J:sorurGud
rio
CIYnulnYrsi ERRoR soo
E
16. oou?Ta
I
z 9d
urftilu financial ) Word Form
eiraBurs riruuuyr without rirlfimxu'jreiarsrruri"ru+irurru rilir support fiororirrarir#loiyr&l
rirurrunrniur6,:rf,uriruruludd rfiasiornr:tu1u support 1n.y 6.reia.:t'i'3:J:to.: financial (adj.)
17. oauria
I
z va
udtilu something abstract ) Word Order
A v Ju ,J
eiraourEJ tiloaa{n1flJU'ru indefinite pronoun (a::r^rurufitrifirarrnrl 6ariTjr something t:r
qia.:er.: adjective dlrf au abstract (= firfluurrur::ru1'[{oi'ruraii"'r '[rjsren:nm.:ufirurrurufiou
riru'ruvt'r'[:J Ieuei'otafr'uoirrunil.:ro.:rirtflu something abstract uonorn#uu-.:nrelr:ns-.:tnnnt:

lf Parallet structure oYruritjr or fit60ru abstract, complex un: unfamiliar'[d5nd'ru
18. aau?io z uri'rflu anect ) Word Choice

riroBurs :J::Iundururunmujr nr:rrufiqriurunnrr;luR.:urqd''aurflurrnrurularoai.:zunoio.
ffiJn1il'lsY
i.,{
nr:tri'riljr effect (n.) fiilrurufi.l ,.ronrryru 6.:1ilr-rnoi'0.:or1iln?''rlrfi;J'ru n"a.:rrJduurf,d
- ia r f v d J
affect (v.) fifinrrruururu'jr et.:zuan:syrusia Toutr.lufl-.: can rrnvfi adversely (adv.) turunigrfr
^
19 oau?ra
I
3 Ltritilu be made
vd
) Word Choice
o A I-turiaflneirrfirnr:HfiEr1:r[
vX A
riraBurs Ioulfg:J Noun clause (= How wine can ue oone) 6tki
rlnoia.lluGornr:lfrir
s'{ tn:rsnr:H6nii.roir.:1olorlf make hlld oo 6.:r:Jfruurflu maoe lupJto,:
Past participle (V.3) o1iln?1ilfiil1Ultuu Passive voice
I
DO (=_virtrWfion::u; triu do good / do harm / do an exercise / do one's best / do one's duty I
I
do right/ do a job / do a favor / do business / do work / do wrong I
I
I
MAKE (=rfr.:lrirdurur; rriu make an appointment / make a choice / make a decision / make I
I
an effort / make an excuse / make friends / make a guess / make I
I
I
progress / make a request / make a fortune / make a difference r
20. ooufo s ud'rflu to make ) Verb

riraBurcr rirnruflhyi willing 1= r6ruto1 fiIn:.:oir.:64 be witling to do something o-ttfurfiat:r
rio.r nr :1dni u1 en tJ'r 6.o qia r o rilu::J
g{
ru to make rd abiao n #o r riuln :t air r oir n iirr
or
21. oau?ia S ud'tflu have received ) Verb

u X d u .d u , . ..d
riraBuT s niofruaortsault -
usiiinr:a;ritir it oon'lrjunclfiinr:a#ufi
A
s. + v. (= tf the traffic
police had caught...) lfnorsrflu V. + S. (= Had the traffic potice caught...) d.:rflur'Saulsrfud
3 trflq.:n?lilrfluhthlldtuodqr niurdor1ilr,ilil Main ctause dreiaruri'rflu would have received
e€
BO o:. fln?9ru
li
v{nto:ttu
o rfiu'lrl'ld1u{loorir.t / aulna tf + Present Simpte, Future Simpte
lf you work hard, you will pass the exam. ) Should vou work hard, ...
. tfluhfldlcituiloqu-u tf + Past Simpte, woutd + inf.
lf lwere younger, I would plav more games. ) Were I younger, ...

c rflulrtlru"tdluado ff + Past Perfect, woutd have + V.3
lf he had worked hard, he would have passed the test. ) Had he worked hard,
22. stoufia + rrrirflu depressing ) Porollel Structure

riroBurs nisl find tufidfio:rruraruru'jr 6oraiai6n'jr... un;ftIn:.:air.r 6o find somebody /
something + aoj. o-.:rfudtsiari:Jfiuuornniur depress (= rirlniafrlollfitf,u depressing (adj.)
J , r eq sqe Yled v f i.
6u.114il1Un?1il?1 U"ltFtT'tt0 [T'1fl'tu1Tnlrufln?0'i Parallel structure gn?oflouto0no?u touYtnl
'jr difficult (adj.) uns depressing (adj.) oio.:aaonilo.:n-u Ioufi anO r6oru
I
23. oau#o t rrri'rflu extreme ) Word Form
o A r f X t a t i e lva d
a1a6u'lu llTrtuflilnn1?n.0nflilfl?:utt:.:yt1{Ft1flu1 [out5il9l?uu'tuflflnnafi1?'t groups ttnru
religious (adj.) turudrrilrufir n6iuyr"r{F{1flu'r
9ttl
rfioqio,:nr:turan{uu'ruddrr:lunr!rufir4-'::1{ur.:
6l1d extreme (adj.) turuo"rurarir rirlu"'extreme turu religious group trihitsrurriu.: religious
24. noufo t urirf,u means of ) Noun

iroBurs ritjr mean rflunisrfiurJa'j1 nil"run?rujr 6rhisnil1:n1do1ilnn-r artae (a) ld
tdarornhi'lsiorilur:Jtorr{rurru
.{$ r:rsiorr:Jfiuulrirflurirurrun1iln?"rlJ14tJruro.:il:rIun toYuri
J a oa r e , . Ja r, iJ .te6 dc
means Ytl4lnUn{ ?Enl:, 141.{yr1.1 [OUfl{rno?16i1uil s tflil0[[tJtl*YlUoE[T[lJlAU1lJLonvloUn01il
25. ooufio S ttrYtiu has been destroyed ] Verb

oAuS&uu,arAue
ci1ofiu1u rlafrflusfuol-rufl?uru1u[u:tJ Prepositional phrase (= With...areas) sJfl30an to01n
rJ:sluer :J:;rrufirrri'ot.: 6o tne ecosystem d.:ifluururonflod ufirfiai'rullU'ru in these areas fi
us, i a - q- i
a;oonloYrriun-u niurfimrrurrirrn"'ot'[rt'has been destroyed fiaooe#otri'u:J:;rru
orqalovrriERRoR soo ria f

aataaaoSacsss*&aatoaoaalS0Gcass s s sel
1 aau?ia
Y
4 va
uurYrilu its effect ) Adiective
riraBuru qlrJua-tuy{uvr ot finr:kf'Noun ctause IouduoiuoYrurirr6oru what usia::nuril it
filri'd'r.:firrhuril proposat m.:ufirriru1il effect'[ri'[oY r:rd'atuJfruutfiad1u3:ho.: Possessive

A^
adjective yrru''luri'lu1illouuao.:omrutflut,.$'rto.:'lri'rrri its effect (=
^^nrr"nrlrr.u-u;
2 oaurlo
I
t va
ur[:]u Much of ] Word Choice
o A O 9o
a1ofiu'lrJ nlTLTnruanil:il'riloa.:y,ror:rxrornrirurudr''rr.trra riodlri'rlrir concern r:luurn
'- -"'-'t
toniloU0']ilflnnttn? - '' 7'-.r'[ri'rruyror[
manyglo.Jql']tjo'lUUllJUl
w "
6.:f iti'loY sio.:r:.Jfruurflu much
!
3. srour?a t urYrflu fascinating ) Adiective

eiraBu, s rj:;Iuo1udadl,ilo:rairr rind + it + adj. fiomrraruru'ir ForaSotfin'irn-urfludrfi...
oi.or.fuornnruururu:J:;Iunud'rd'orrrJfiuuoln adjective ritjr fascinated 1= ffinr^.rlrna1l#rflu

fascinating (adj.) firaruTufi.: r.iruarlraa urn.lnrfurrrr-,rfirnqloi'jr itluid#trilduruurlto tflu
a Av aet j q v d f n , &
ty{ u.1fl::l^tu'tum0 a.: !trllt3n au ty{ a t$ fl uil:tu0t1il [n:.:fl:1.l tYl"tul*
4. oourlo
Y
4 uririlu
va
exclusively ) Word Form
o A u lo i , f e e v v i ro r f u d q eo
a'lofiu'lt, :rourunr:rriorao.::J:sIuorrird'tun]uorunl[Tail
"
and uotutj:cTunu#.:frnr:t'i'r{rrr
,
exclusive 1ao;.1'[riqnd'0.: ni:r;rfiooi'0,:nr:rsruniul compose (= rreiruSoriuuriutl r:rri'0.o"[rt'

adverb 6t Eiat r:J fr uutfl u exclusivety (adv. ) fi rr:J a'ir Io s roy{ry
5. oaufra a uri'rflu the other ) Article

ciraBurs :.J:sluodnoi'rrfisrqr*fiuurrJ:hryroo.:mqufifiriou#.rni* r:rmrrur:nlfm::uuru one
i
A - a a u u a dA A d d a d A-n ,t u ,
[]1001\:n{mq190ttrn [O l[91fl11,1:Lnl:01{n.:mq190Ylfl0.] S.:llJl{ty,lU.lYlq:rr[OU?YIUJ Itl [qnnl?n.]

t:r'ir rfl usiorlf oetnite articte (the) *rtarir flT:l lur il other rrfi odror n,
6 qau#a t urYrflu using ) Verb

o A r f v la , a A t u a o f a e q e
riraBurs :J:;tsJnfofliiil:zrru 6o doctors fiodraf,r comma n?urtumausiurj:yTun6.:siorki'
Present participle (v.ing) nr:r;lufidrruorfluri'lfroto.:fia hildgnlri'riodldna-nt0{ Participiat
phrase tunrrrunuruuuu Active voice rdorj.:uon'ir :J:;rrun:srirn?uraa.:ftrlurenr16urriu
ud
82 o:. flR?flU
qc 1{nro:il
Participial Phrase
o Present Participle (Active Voice) = V.ing_, S. + V.
Hopinq to pass this Enqlish course, these students are working very hard.
The gentleman crossing the street is an old friend of my father's.
o Past Participle (Passive Voice) = V.3_ , S. + V.
Anyone bitten bv a stranqe dog should see a doctor at once.

Supoorted bv the people, he felt confident about the next election.
o Perfect Participle = Having + V.3_ , S. + V.
Many tourists havins staved in Thailand like the hospitalities of Thais. (Active voice)
Having been wounded in the war, the soldier died a year later. (Passive voice)
7 CIau#o + urYrf,u had anticipated ) Verb

oArf$u6aa,'
riroEuT u rJ::tunf,ni{rtir ...fnrs:r*gfl1flafuoiliu'jrnrr:rs::egfionqnoufiomil:uu:.:n'jr ,
f, ue il tu a
fru'lnttr'ld'n1qnT :n['[{ rflost{u'i1fl:Ty'ru'rxJ tney d'r.:fituril the economists drun{r utqiniur
Aa
fioruilr 6a nao been anticipated lri'3rJ Passive voice hiloirurriil:rfiutrileinnnronr:n[ uei
tfluqinronr:n[ror
I
6rsio.:urJduurflu had anticipated lunrruuil'tura{ Active voice
8. orau?io 3 ttfitf,u were ) Verb

eiraBurs ufnrruilmutouJ:{uodlunlt*llmurrJn'jr fi ueilunruro-.rnqr*r:ro:1dlo:.ril+rl
there + ue dlriusio.rr:Jduunirlrlrirflu were 1u:il past simpte rdousolodo
9. ooufro z rrriuflu which runs / running ) Adiective Ctouse

ri, aBurs r:'roloarnTrrf:J:ilrrofir-udoudlouer-octuidhiitrri'ryaon 6o An aerial inspection
has found drirnrir Noun ctause (= that...tow) 6neiruudrfior-olqi6o Adverb clause (= as the
drought continues to bite) doidArturiodadtueiru Noun clause fifi:J:rrru 6o water levels rtsi
no-ufiniuraa{0r-? 6a run [[6rv remain uoz'[ilfiqir16ou:J:vIuo6'rfio qrilnrrrunrururi'0.:t:]fiuu

niururt'run lni:lu Adjective ctause rfiorurudruril the Yom river 6l1d"jr which runs uiaao
grJ rn a^ a rfi u.o running (Present participle) tuo':r ruu rur ur at Active voice
10. srou#o + rrrirflu complaints ) Word Form

OA
riraBuru na".:uyruyr of sioloruoi:u N. / V.ing nr:lfgrJniur comptain 6.rtrlqnoio.r l:tiltflu
u,J6.,crfA,Avva
Eio.:nJ6uurflu comptaints 1u:ilrarurruuqvroforrrun?1il14tJ"rutlBlrJ:cIuofiniirr6.: riaiolr5uu
il1nil"ruolnu::o1anfil
orduloilf
t
ERRoR 5oo tia OJ
11 otau#a I urYtflu factors ) Noun
riraBuru nr:lda number ot fiu:jn'ilirutuurnto.:... r:r'[fr{rurruntlrryoriorruurtaruo

n
6.:
v ^ s fia.luliltanflou
oa{tstlJ
e' lfit:Ju tacton
factor trirflu
rof factor factors 1u::J:torttuttor[rviru'u
{ r
12. sroufo 4 rrdrf,u is known ) Verb

Y vd
riraBurs :J:siundlf Prepositionat phrase rfluetrururudrn:oonloi 6a between...transfer

6wtu'irrj:vtrutor:JtcTuer 6a me time ua;finiur 6o knows rrri'iro:pr-uqrrru:J:srrutonlrof
rroioslillf Active voice rn:r;il::rru'[r,iarrur:nrirniur know'[oY sYo,:urri'tttd'rflu is known qrru
n?"tlJ14tJ1 ultuu Passive voice
13. oau#a z uri'rflu which keeps ) Verb

o A u$qo trv A e os
eiroEurs doiilf Adjective clause'[o"urri wnlcn...time 6.:rdrriura#ntornr:[d Non-restrictive
relative clause dnsoantoY ttasri.:m-,orno'[o"ornnr:t'i'comma m.:oYrunfirtdaofiururslu€r?'1ru ]
'lufifiosnudr
oijru
which ruruil:s1unoYruuriryr'turJo (= tr6u"nces...expectancies) triloiruruurli
lourrundr un;fia'ir:JtLJnoirufi{rdrfluuafiouniiuurruranyror[ 6.rsi6{uJ6rJuniurtvirfluririr
reeps lu:dnislr ranl,{ori
14. CIou?io Z rrrirflu acts as ) Verb

riroBurn :J::rruto.:il:rIsn 6o The computer program rrocfinigrdnrilurarrer-r 6o catted,
acting unr asks tdot:rm:ru'irn?urot-rqo?iruong{araqiufrr
lug
6.:fiomn-n Parallet structure riru'[sY
IouEiorr:Jduu actino d.:hiadtu::JniuruvYtfrflu acts fisooodarriu asks uasfi and r6oru ns.:
solrirdrfluninruvitor:J:;rru eiru calleo tfrflu Past participte (V.3) dttlu Adjective ctause
uluno:il (= which is called) fiomrunruruttuu Passive voice
'tb. oauzia g uflrflu was ) Verb

eiroBura trri'jrniur is taken (Present Simpte) ostri'nnoi'a.:1ufl1'rrJuilruLrrr.r Passive voice
*oiu-.:o,:fiolurtattal Tense rfia.:ornfinr:td'originauy (= Iouur:nGru; rfiolonrrnrluoGn r:r
6.: ofot r:Jd uuniur rf, u was taken dl o qllu::Jr
gr o.: past Simple
16. oau?ia t urYrflu Because ) Word Choice

n"roBurs :iadfiao.::J::IunrdarrriroYran-urYaurirrrflo.:a-tlfio because of (+ 11. I v.ing) dr'lil
nnEio.ttx:r;fi.:dounn'rurarjlu::J:ro.::J:sIun 6rcto,:u]duurf,u Because (+ S. * v.)lufidlrr
u#r:J:srru recent studies unzniur have shown
UC
84 oT. flRlfltu
lt T{nla:fl
17. ooufo t urYrf,u enough hot ) Word Order
o a qv d f u Au u q - tAc
riroBurs nr:ldenough fioorln:rafrrfisio.:oirnor 1uriofl6r1drJ:snaundilri'lu1u
I
hot water
(= ririau) oiar:t enough l{oirunrir rdodon'rrrunuruir fidrfoulurjilrnrdxlnrfiull^r0...
V. / Adj. / Adv. + enough (to do sth.) I think you don't work hard enough.
enough + N. (to do sth.) I don't have enouqh time to finish reading books.
18. srauz?a t uri'rflu relaxing ) Adiective

oarfttAcedlv
eiroBurs :J:;IuaflneiTlfr.:+irurr:uah 6a oooy massage (= n'r:l ?ocr-1) ua3rfia0io.Jn'rr'?,u1u
"Xae'Aad u:r6.:q"0.:r:Jduualn
rirurrufr retaxed (adj.) 6,:rarurufir i6ns.iounalu ld'nn'rutflu relaxing (adj.)
rurla'ir drriounaru ry{r't;gt'tuFt?'tu14ru1uuii'?n1:urooirhihirj:trrufifinrrruitin
i
19. aoufro z urYrflu is ) Verb
ciraBureJ rfior:rsr-oetruru'rusi1.:1fi'lrltruf,uoonolnil:sIun d.:tsi'uri Sometimes (adv.) uua:
produced by our tears drrflu Adjective clause r[uuno:rJ'lilfl?ltl1rtJ1ura{ Passive voice t:'rfl;
vru'iril*rrurauj::Iund'loYuri tre tension druniurdorilra-{il']6{eiorrrJduuhiflu is rdotri
fl a o n #o{ fiuil:yrrurannor[
20. oouio z urirf,u anO ) Preposilion

o A u la q, - a A vqv' J
a106u1rJ lJOUiln',r:lduflUyrfi1',j',r between 1rlJ1Un,J '
Trfil1.1 S{iln[x??ilnun1lxoil and UrA;
t
d v A , r n AX" .C a u , e f e
rilori'0.:nr:fron?"uJnil1u'i1 :su'i1{...ua;...'[ufrfrrirufroru or 6t'[rinnd'a.:o'ril[nr.]fli'r{
21. maur?a t rrrirf,u often require ) Word Order

eiraBurs :l:;IunluliodfirJrrtru*rrrori 6o Ftirtation and uociiciruturulu:iltor
courtship
I u. .i , , i o
us qe
"rtnraonto niu'lYt91ilil1 [oun require ttsltilailnl:[t
Prepositional phrase (= in cyberspace) ^
A aa j i , q ,
Adverb of frequency S.{nflo often lil0UflO,]O?]?Jnfl1'luljOU t:'lOo.ldflUgl1tt141*.1 t?lnnq0{ O'1[J
In:.:airl S. + Adv. of frequency + V.
22. aou?Ta z rrrYrflu distant ) Porollel structure

c a n * , I el e o A
n,]adu'r?J ?JaumrJ'rrn*1nfnro.r Parallel structure ilrri'ru'[gilogfirnqrritir both...and... ry.:
. eiorrdarrirdfirJ*mvrrdurn"u rdaEionn'n?u'rurilu'ril objects (= ?"qrq) r:rEiorlf adjective ur

rlu"ru uanaln near (= tndy drf,u adjective udr 6nrirrad.rdqruursio.rurirflu adjective ei, U6a
distant (= lnn) tlilTlsfil'j1 distance tflurirurn
osaulailf
i
ERRoR 5oo tio 85
I
I
I
I
I
!
:
23. oauio s uritf,u unless ) Coniunction I
riraBurs :iadfinr:rdorrooil:;Tunrrirsi:uriu Iouidrirrdouuaqrtiouls 6a ir uriorgnoior I

I
i
qrilhurn:n[uaifiolu#ouroin?1ilfir"ru u,r:r;:JtIunddo'ir nrrrn-outi.:tfinfiouaroururjnru :
- A u L A 6 etr r -- J A A v a
"
nnlurilun?1runhrrri.rfi:uu:.:frrrJrusir.c 1firfiuuri.:'[riil"n'{onuliu oi'rriurir16arufinnEior6ror:1f
untess (= f,r...kj / uanrfrua'rndry d.:hi'ua-nrfifiau:J:glunrtou'[tvr'r'[rJuoifiorunuru:Jfrrar
24. aau?ro
I
3 oa
urirf,u of doing ) Verb
eiraBurs In:.:airr be capabte of + N. / v.ing urruo':ru'jr finrrurrm:n... o-rtiuTn:rairr
qvJaoo
1uriafi6.:fto d'a.:rrJfiuu to do rflu:.nr:rr of udrorrueiru doing 6.:osnnqios
be able to + infinitive l've always wanted to be able to speak Japanese.

be capable of + noun / V.ing
25. I rurYtflu is experiencing

srourio ) Verb
o a ' ru?o{au:J:clunfrunq
Fnofiulg lJTr!- 6o each rrarfiriruturrJda;oantei6a ottner or-rrfu
i q
niurdldqYaro{luSrJronvror[
a{
Eio.:uJfiaurflu is experiencing 6rorrflutJqrrrulo:rofr.r
each / every + N.lonilo{+ V.tonl'{o{ Each child plays a musical instrument.

We looked carefully at every car that drove past.
each of + N.ttfiY{oli + V.tony{oli Each of the students is. responsible for this project.
#
Each of the books is beautifully illustrated.
el
B6 oT. FIR?flU ilntO:tU
tt
Answer Key Test 5
*re66rttaaaSatocttc&&&* e**&taaaaaaat
sraur?o z rrrYrflu notorious ) Word Form
O A qU
siraBurtl nr:[dinoeRnite articte 6o a oi'orqrrruoYrurirurru lufidfiurrutri'uri mecca (= rnrufi
o - Aav o
eirnr-rvrlrirru,ilru':uurnsia.onr:urrfiau)n1:TU'ruu'rrufioi'o.:ki':rjla{
ua.g adjective 6roiarr:Jfiuuorn
notoriously (aov.1h{'rflu notorious (ao;.) fiu:Ja'ir d.:fifiarftu.:luyn.rkjdraSrd'uo''.
2 oouza
I
1 untilu According to
ua
) Preposition
riroBurs *odlt'Because of (= 1fi.0*,',orny fililq1nti'ororrunrrruuururo.:rJ:sTun
s
rdo.:orn
'[rj'[ri'rflunr:uflo{rnqtrarNa rJxIEJndda'ir orrunmrurfiura.:#nnr:dn:*r r:irmururo.rnr:ao*
q
a a v qv )
60... 6td'0,:'[dAccording to 1= srlrfi / mrrunrrrutfiura.:;
3. srauzio t ufi'rflu industriat ) Word Choice

riroBurs :J:ctlutJor:J:slunf, 6o companies Ioufinr::r.: adjective l{ao.oqr-'rEYrunrir 'lsiuri
major (= :rutuqjl uasdnrirda industrious (= tu-un-uufr.:ilSoooarracy d.rrirua-rldlunr:aiuru

o-nur*snr:ri1,r1uta.rnu 6.:hjq:,:n"un?"rtJflil1u1lo,rrl:;Iundoto.:n1:TU'luu'uJr{r'jr companies
or:uJduul:JldOtir industriat (adj.) drailrufi.r rdu'rn-uqo,arnn::runSotumtqorarnn::u
1 uritilu to grumble )
I va
4. stouzt o Verb
riT oBuT s ntur prefer (= tauil'rnn'ir) fivnruln:.:afrt lu:l:sIundrdanl"iTn:rafrrfiorriilr
ra"':u to + infinitive uo;nrileYru rather than 6loiotrrjduuoln to grumbling hirflu to grumble
prefer N. to N. This child prefers his imaginary world to reality.

prefer V.ing to V.ing Our parents prefer doing things to reading books.
prefer to + inf. rather than inf They prefer to live in the country rather than live in a city
prefer that + S. + V. We prefer that our teachers have a degree in linguistics.
5. oourla
I
t ufrilu
aa
hopes to ) Verb
eiraBuru :J:smura.::J:;Iuo 6o A critic, teacher, tibrarian, or poet virurirfirf,uurrutont'tof
v qu a A v Xu
a.:tnnornnr:[d a tf,u article tiiooia{n1fliu1uu1iluafru Adjective clause (= who...audience)
n?urfi1,i6rd'a.:rrjduulfrflu hopes rdolfiaoon#arn-uil:ssT uronyror[oYrunrir uonornrfuu#r
arrr:n#rrnoufirurGu'leiornnr:ldniuril#nto.:rj:sIuR 6o faces firfluniurrant'roftriun"u
Q-7
sr:nulomf ERRoR soo :io ol
6. oaufra t uri'rflu Rno ) Verb
riraBurs nr:td a number ot fiu:Jn'jr iitu'ruurnto.:... r:rci'arlfri1urilflul^totistltttj'ttauo

{
:':ilfirniEJrfiqrililreia.irflurnarror[oiruolr,Fr?'uJ14rJ'ru r:r6.:oia.:rrJduuorn tinos 1u:iltonxof
T
hi'ufl u Rno lu:rjr

ss rurrori
\
a + adj. + number of + N.lruri{ari * V.r^ntnor[ A larqe number of books W€Ie on my table.
a + adj. + amounUquantity/deal of * tt.rilhi'[d'+ V.tanwod A certain amount of stress is good.
7 oaurio t uri'rflu since ) Preposition

qe s i e q A - e e - &
a10filr1u t:103ht since q1ilo?u00rirJou10{r?nl Lu?il;vr for 9la{o'rilo?u:Eutt'lnl 0.31tu
q v iv q ut Y , oa s A a , 6 A v
lun"ofroiol'Lri"j1 since prehistoric times (= o-.:uqiunriou:l:r'i6sraqrf) 6lfio'irrf,uooGtoiutor
r?dlluo6o r:'rfl"rrJ'r:nfl-.:rnqrrfir16ru'irurrrrvrfitduanurnrviraa.:d
I
u-nt'i'n-l Present Perfect d.:
q .iju - ,
{
tu?lu [oun have arranged
8 nailrJo
9
1 va
urlilu relax ) '
Word Form
riraBurEJ rirntur tearn (= riuuf) fiTn:.:airr 60 learn to do something o-t#urdaeiolnr:1d
niur or ru rur6.: qio.: o dtu:rj
{i
to retax rd alfaa o o a-a r n-uI n :r air.: o-r n cir r
9. aoufia t rrrirf,u discovered ) Verb

nhaBurs :J*Iuodfi:Jrsr, u 6a Anthropotogists usiniurfin1ilil1 6o have discovering kiori
tu::J tense toltaudrtrinnoior d.roio.rurJduu discovering tu:rltot Present participle (V.ing)
l#rflu discovered lu;:J:rat
s
Past participle (V.3) 6.:o;nnd'0.:orrTn:.:rirsttfltn?'rlfiu'lu1Jo.:
Present Perfect
10. orourTo 4 ufrf,u ones ) Pronoun

riroBuru rl::lundn'aor:l::luer16oruir'rai'ruri'u Iquld'roiorurru semicoton (;) ururiru6or
tunt:tvcr?trum-r.,rvl-uf,toomo.::J::Tuot'orouoriud'r tu:l::luerr,trt'rfirl:rrru 6o such lies 1= eilln*n
, & d a lu, v A
t146i1fi1*) ua:fia::nulruyrlrl.{'ru 6o one 6lhiqneia.:ni?'trrfiartmuu1ilflTnor[ ties ti'ottf
ones lu::J
t{
nur ror[rriurd u'] riu
11 oau#a + urirflu percent ) Noun

o A A y u T i e
A v. , c < c a tu q al
riraBurs tiiori'o.onr:uso.:fo:retrulquld'uJoir6u0i'raiatoua: lunrura*rnq:*osrfionldritjr ,
a cl,.v t tl ,a e u qe r <Aa
percent fi:o per cent n [o uoot tutgttJ s 1"t{yt'tu tfl trtut0ny{0uYllJFt2']ililil1uo:.:sl??"| El0:0u
v<
88 o:. 9lR?EI1{ y{nro:il
ii
12. naufa S ttrYtflu particular ) Word Form
riraBursr rdalduvruvr on firdrtrurda.:rflu
N. / V.ing ihra:-uludodldrfluuu significance
u i J e lt -a y . e < a y ,l
(= €t?'lriilaQ) fl{vlil'tu'lln?1.t1,1.:14u1u'lltuto na fi'tnilflll?i [:"t0.]Et0.ttunuuoln particularly
(aOv.1 hitfl u particular (adj.)
13. oau#a 1 ud'rf,u Loved ) Verb

o a ' 'rndfirj:;r1u6o
Fl10EU1U lJTs baltet 'fiodno-.: comma niurlunauciurj'xluo6.:oia,r1f past
tunuililt;f1uFt0 ballet a
participle (V.3) 60 Loved snill4a-nnr:tf Participial phrase luomuraruruto.r Passive voice rdo
dae,rrrnruru'ir u-nrnd'[o"':-un?1ilflulenln{nululnnexfuqn nrnki'Loving do{iugr] present

p a rti ci p I e o ; u u r u fi .: u-n r n oi'u ao.o er m u r-n d{ki m ru r : n r fl uhJ'[ ri'
14. nau#a Z urYrflu required ) Verb

riraBurs rJ:slrntudfinr:uao.:r$autrlout'i'rirrdouir if unsr:rrrrur:nvr:u'[oY'irrflunr:1 ,!
rdoultriuirt 2 uflo.rcr'r1urfiutJhilo1uil-oou-u louf.irno'leYornniurlu Main ctause 6o coutd
expect oirluurialfrf,ulrJnrruuo-nnr:ld rlt"u." t:r,irtflueiarr:Jduuornniul require trtrflu

Past Simple lV.Zl teYuri required dlo;nnqYar
15. nourTa z urirflu has been designated ) Verb

riraBurs rJ:sTlnriaddon?rilililru'jr drrnnr::u'ir.:fl rn! zote to'nnrirnuolrtrflu 2009
nst::l*uvi.:nr:iiru... Eirrfur:rocflu'irilrrru 6o the period hiarur:nn:rrirniul designate
(= drrauo) siruqura.rloi6.:oiarrrjduuornniElr has designateo lu;rJ Active voice llinnrurf,u
has been designated lu;:J eassive voice 1,0., Present Perfect
16. crou?io z urirflu witn ) Preposition

o a
sl1afiu1u n1:11
' Yfl"rerrx?r=ra?i invotved durrjn'ir fietrurfiu':r-0.:n-r... d'atldqnruln:tafrt loirrri
q
i be / get / become involved with somethingv9voi.i#unr:ki'qlrlvr aoout 6.:'[rir-rnsi'ot o''otruri'ht'rflu
i ufl uvl with qrilln:.lafr.J
17. nou#o t urirflu competitive > Adieclive

riroBuT s nislrm-rlileia.:nl: adverb u.r1ru1u ueidrraiun?u1 remain un:niurdullun{ud
riun'ir tinking verb Eia.:nr: adjective ll1?JU1u o-.:rfu6rsiorr:Jduuorn competitively (adv.) 1f
tf, u competitive (adj.) fi fi orr rum rr u'it milr:n tni.rtlloi
orauTofld ERRoR soo ria 89

I
. Og a
Linking Verb [f tu$ar.t Verb to be (+ 491.1
go / get / come / become / grow / turn = nn1utf,il + ADJ.
Al
sound / seem / appear / look = 9ltl4ilAU?'l + ADJ.
s
keep/remain/stay = U-.:n.: + ADJ.

ai
feel = i6n
g / taste = fi:arrfi / smell = finfiu / prove = il:rnfl'jr + ADJ.
18. orau?io
Y
2 va
urYrilu building ) Porollel Structure
oaCq-<u,eqf
airaBurs rrlo1#rflu'[:JolrJua-nn']:1 iln:rrfr.:turu (Parallel structure) r:rd'a':t:Jduurilir
buitd (v.) ld'rf,u buitding rdalriturun-u maintaining lu:rJta.:rirurrufirfr.:ornniurfi16ru ing
io-a r f d d Ei q t t X A a
(gerund) nLrrilurJ:;r'1ura.::J:rTun Ioufi ano r:ludrr6orutuler:.:rirtd un;rfiofi gerund yi.l
"
-l- r a A
fl o { o"1 fi rfl u:J r! r'1 ull o { il :s I u n ni ur fi or ru rur 6.:1d n ave tu:il rnna :ll o ri
$a
19. CIou#a e uri'rflu most widely ) Word Order i

o A u Xo c 9 - T d q v . o v e v a
Ft'lo5u1u 1o1liln1:uonn?1il[fluld'110.:rtru:-u the world Ioufinr:tt 's n"lnuo1l*vnu [:1a{
vrilu'[d"j1elo.]n1ild'?uri'll.nil xil1ufi{ ...To.:Ian usirirurru ptants derrrua-{ilTdfiri1 adjective
j
lJU'ruouo?u r:rlo1n ornamential (adj.) = dtri'r.t:soiu $nru-.rfi cultivated lu::Jto.c V.3 (Passive
voicey drfinr:r:Jiuurfiuurit*6.orytt.uutiEiru
gt$ uoirrtoilufid{fio d'4.:urJduurf,u the world's most
A A - , ue, iuv-
widely cultivated ornamental plants tltiaflan?'lil14u"tu?1 ...[ililTvouYtto:unl:[y{']su$n0m{
,i
uv{rfia1uil1nilflolJo.rlnn
t
Iquf.rrnn'irnr:ldrtrutursJdlunrullmuovrt:Jno'rnfin-rrurrarir
20. nau#o.2 urirflu enitre ) Word Form

eiroBurs :.J:cIufldn6ir':'ir norufirrCIoidn:trndrrnufiurfiYufi16ud'ornfufitulorfinilolumn q
i'udIouil':J:srru 6o computers o"rlr6i?u that...rooms d.:rirurirfiriu Adjective clause 1oufi

niurtu:rj phrasal verb 6o took up (= fiudud) ttlottlu'jlAsfimrrururoio.ooiitu;rJtolri"turrud
6 uu
tflun::ru '[cl"uri rooms lrfiru1naflu'ruulridrio.Jlfg:J entire (adj.) firarurufi.: vr".:uue]rtaoaao
,
21. srourio t uri'rflu ruost ) Word Choice

riroBurs :J:vTundfir{ruruna-nfilfrfluil:srru 6a visitors rarfi6i?ursJ1ulu;rl Prepositional
phrase daltrrouroontei6o in New York City rdoeio.:nr:luluulrJun-nlun1riluuru'ir r'irur
rfioudruluqj... r:rsYo.:1dr{1uand1u?uliiorJirurru (determiner) tduri most + u.riu'loivruuorf I
r'r.riu'tri'tei i{ruritir atmost (= rfiouo;) rirnrirdrflu adverb 6rqio.:qril0Yr u adj. taov. ludod
enrJd'?uu1rJ visitors hiloi darlrfrflu Most visitors
vd
90 9r:. F1R10,|U y{nto'til
3i
22. aou#a z ruirflu which / that ) Pronoun
rfraBuru rJtlundfinr:l'f Rolective ctause uasfirirurnfinnlu'ru 6a a topic (= u-rria) d.r
ll il, 4t
lill:iunnn
!'{t
un;6rtrisrlr:n1d retative pronoun dtir wtro turuloi r:rsio.:uJduuluirlneia.roru
Io:rrfrruasn?"rrJfir"ru Ioufior:rxrorfl Adjective ctause drururddoorrurnilru'ir {16uun''r
g
Innsia.:nr:rYurr... r:16rm:ruld"jrrirurudnnruruoYrurarir 1a topic)rirnfirfirf,un::urarrir

niur explore lu Rolective clause rrnc6,rgYo.:1d relative pronoun fiqnoYo,: 6o wnich / that U
23. oau#o z urirflu has been ) Verb

iroBu, U rioddueiuo"ruurilfla-nfifirurirfirf,urj:;rru 6o science ua;nrruoi'ruatru?urutu
;:Jto.: Prepositional phrase (= in the past few hundred years; d.:aroonloYorn:.1:sIuo niurfi
q
A v qe
r il ilr 6.r Eio.:ki' n a s be e n s i m p I ifi eo fi aaon f,0,: nlu il :c r'1 u r a n vr o f
24. orourio t patients

uri'rflu their ) Adiective t
oa rr Ji t e e ndh,lfrrurioril?u1l0,11{?n[?'r...
' ttlt7tultfl1unuilnllwll1u'
n100u1t lj:rtunufl0fi?'t1t14lj'tu1't ,
Iouiiilt;mu 6o tvtany doctors rrarqndr.:fi.:Tould Possessive adjective lu::Jranrror[ 6o its
drtrinnEia.r
$9gi
eiorr:J6rJu'liltf::Jvrmrrori 6o tneir rdouso.ro.'lrurflurdrtotfiurrafiruRnn
25. nou#o I ufiuflu or ) Coniunction

iroGu'rs dodfinrrlri'corelative coniunction d.:rdalrirrj:;mflt6urn-u1u:Jxlun tufiaun-l
coordinating conjunction uoilfrf,u{rauo rdol#rirrdolu:n'jr whether riT rdal#tdrfluflriu
{ 6a
or hjld ano 6.roia.:uJduulfioneiorqrrulot.:rirr whether...or.... fiuaorer-rtfion
I Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven.

I
I
I Neither Joseph nor Andrew has passed the test.
I
I She was uncertain whether to stay or to leave.
I
, I
I
Both my sister and my brother play the piano.
I
I Ann was not onlv pretty but also knew how to dress well.
qr;aulomri ERRoR soo rio 91

I
Test 6 Answer Key
aaaaaaaocaataoaaaaaataaaaa a a *a.aaooa
oauria
I
I ea
udtilu are girls ) Word Order
u Ja
rtro6urEJ riafifinr:lf
,
" Noun ctause (= that...as well) ttn;firiruonfl?'tui4rtru:Jfirnt not onty
(= '[rirfiuruoiy duoiu:J::Iuer rfiauiuorriluuru:Jfrraro-.:neire nruuii'nnr:r6uuuii'roi'a.:finr:

6u.:drd'udreir,:ornrl:;Iunvr"r'[rj 6a d'armii'ufi s. + v.lra"oqllu;rJ r{ruonrJfrrar + v. riru + s.
AA
+ V. L[yt o{ognnoa.]
. * s. * v. u#
riruanrJfrrflE + v. rias I
never no longer at no time no way nowhere

I
I i
I
almost never seldom rarely barely hardly I
not until no sooner only not only little
Ex. Hardlv had I arrived when trouble started.
Seldom have I seen such a gorgeous guy.

Not onlv did we lose our moneyr but we were nearly killed.
2 oauris e urYrf,u about ) Preposition

o a qe v d I , J e r
aloEUlu
.t
nrttrRrusl^rri concerned fiu:Jn'ir ?onn{'rn[nu?nu... -
Eiatlfqrruo'r1ilfiil'ru1Jo.]
, r la
:Jtvlunfi 6o be concerned about something (= be worried about) rirunr:hi"jr be concerned
with something hlnnd'atrv{T"rrn'r1rul4uruuornoir.:aonl:l 6a rfiurr-a.:n-u... (= be involved with)
3 Groulto4
Y
urri[iluits
va
]Adiective
o A r- - T X d a v i" a
riraBuru:.J::lrnfineir':n.rrfrorouyruauufr,irrfluEio\:aa!flua.r€rrrruoia.:nr:rotr.iorri'uro.:
'
A I i , a r qs q , da
tfia'l loufineirurirurru a modern city nnil"'rlfitlouf i'Possessive adjective tu:rJnrarnrori 6o
{{ qia{r:Jduul:Jld::Jronuor[ 6o its
tneir d.:kinnoio.: tdouso.:orurfluri'uolfiilrufi{ rorrfial
4 srouria z rurirflu success ) Word Form

riroBuru f.rrnsrirrfioldquuvr for fi,:fiorrururqia.:rflu N. / v.ing o-rrfuiiruiun-odoia.:f itugrJ
success (n.) = nmrrtr,i, cirurhdr*1fioior*r-t#uau 6a succeed (v.) = :J:;auorrrueirtSo /
successful (a01.1 = d.::J:saunmruiirrSo / successfully (adv.) = odrujxaunrruthtia
vl
92 o:. flR?fllt
lt
T{nto:il
5. aou#o Z urirf,u terminate ) Word Form
riraBuru rirurru rignt fiIo:rofr.: 6o right to do something ilil1ufi{ fivrifioy... ri.:riu6,:qiol
rj qvq Aqv f e 3 I
"
tUfluu to termination tt4ttlu to terminate tyra[t{sr:.:oruLn:lafr.:ta.:riruufr ua:tan'lrruraruru
ir rh ulor.lruud.rfi fimifi asufirioonar...
6. otauso
I
1 -a
urltilu amount ) Word Choice
draBurs rilir number f i'n-uurruriu'lri'nqrrari rdu a number of peopte chn:-uurruriu'lri'loi
e qe - J i
d'alf i'amount o"rfiurfio heat 1= nrrruiau; rfluurlu-uhiloi 6.:d'a.:rdanl"i'rne amount of heat
a + adj. + number of + N.111i1,{ori + V.uTuori A large number of books were on my table.

a + adj. + amounUquantity/deal of + n.riukileY* V.tantto{ A certain amount of stress is good.
7 srouzio t uri'rflu The handicapped ) Article i

oa!^ret.J
riraBu'ttJ tijar{or:nnIo:.:afr.:oyxuir :J:rluofir1o:J:;r,tu tu:rcriljr handicapped rflu
adjective fio'rrruururu'ir finr: 6.or'flu:J:srruta,rilrrluohjlei rio.:rflduulfnnEio.:Iounr:rlfiu
deflnite article (the) rur:r,:sYruu{r rdol# The handicappeo iio'lruuri'lu'j1 i::orqi.finr, ,',u
lntrairr the + adjective = v{?nflud.:... rirrrirdrufiauuluv{urroriloufi t"r" r"i rf,un?sr
8. nout?o Z urirflu while / whereas ) Coniunction

o A o la J , f v e e f I vo A a A
nlOEUltJ 1AUiln1Ttroljfl0.11l:3tuntfl1o?UnU [OU[5fi1tr01jttflO.rfl1tilA n0 because 6tr.:ttil-
e u d ra J , t J a I
arnno0.lsl"tl,
$_
t?u'tnTill'tnf.,tot:0.]10,:o?"1il14lt1u til:lJtJ:tlBnunal't?1 uluntilfliluglTtRi{nlgr
luuluurniournlusrusfiniriruurunrmfiiluoiriourJ:uuacfiouriun'irlunr:6n'rrrr
-{q
o-.:rfunr:tri'
" i - e a o A A u uq
rirrfialfirlnoio.:
J
6o white / whereas (= lu1r*cfi) 6rusornrrun-ouri.:'lurj:slun
9 nau?io t urYuflu repeatedly ) Word Form

o A zi q - ; .i v a - Y i , f o". q e
Ft1O5u',l?' fl.:tno?1ttJ0ttll?\ljyl by fl,]yr01ilil']910{tlju N. / v.ing o.:l{l*rtj0il:3[ufluoa.rnl:[r
ia o aa o v , z'
^
nSul eat friin::ttr:o.r:1l na abnormally large amounts of food niurfrdthi'3tl eating ttn:tfio
^ Xu e
o slJ u"r u niul fl oi"r uu rir d'a.:lri';rl repeated ly (adv. I 6ro rn n oior
10. oau#a 2 urYrf,u no ) Word Choice

riraBurs tafltf although rdaru:J:;Iunuila*sornrrrt-outir IouarflJ:;Iunoiruurirfi rirurru
,.-ndlfriurJrerlu 6a evidence (= uo-nglu) uwfiniur 6o exists 1= fiag) ueirfioEiornr:ru'lu
urirrlrurrudtflu:Jtnru o'.:f iln:.:air{ no + adjective * N.1udd6a no conclusive evidence
osf,uIoilsI ERRoR 5oo rio

q
93
11. ooura
Y
I ttfltt]u Presuming
ea
) Verb
riroBu, s rj::Isndfi:J:rrlu investors (= lfna{yruy doqino.r comma niurluooud'u:Jt;Iun

6.:o'a.rldPresent participle (V.ing) rrr:rrlui4drinn':4urflu{n:;rirniur presume (= fufir*Sru)
hlkignnuir riadlfirfinro.: participiat phrase lufl'rrilnururil! Active voice tdo:-isuan'ir

il*s, un:vdr niur sa.: firlur': nr rd ur riu
12. oau#o t urYrf,u toss ) Word Form

o a r 3a a , i " w ) q
- r ri a g
filadulEr '
:J:s [uoililniur
^ fl o is uoirrourruunnyrfiru$rfl u]uil:rmu ii.Jqra{lilauuatn lose
1v.1d.:1drflu:J:sr, uro.:rJ:slunhj'[ri'lfinnrurflu toss (n.) rdoldlun{ruurrufirflurJ:srru'[d'uri
I
permanent hearing loss fiururudr

"
nr:nrprf,unr:ld'fiurtuunrr:
qo
13. qau#a z urirf,u out ) Coniunction

o A v lq uo A - c o A - e u G' , u i
riraBurs riofihi'rirrfraruuaorr.raan:i 6a so 6.:uriosnnefarnrru'hurn:n[
$
usiu-.:froor:rilfiuru
r f uX c o o ,A & ovtv ,u,ajq j
tl,iT'1ilJ:3tufi1launn1??'t n1:?\1.{0?{tn:1314fi?'ttJfl1t:01,0{t^touuun:3Yl1 [o trotlJufl.ttoYl0vill
.ii^ " nv A i - uu uv, ,gIUn
Ylottmun'tTYl1fl.tyl?tflt9tfittnn?t0.1 nltTouylnnqt0{ [oun but ttflo{n?lilglT.Jnu1']il tuu:
14. oaufo 2 ruirflu which / that ) Pronoun

riroBurs il:sluodfinr:ld Rolective ctause unsfirilulild4nru'ru
{ 6a a painful disease (of
the immune system) d.:kiarrur:nld whose 1,uru10i ry{:T :hjfid'ru'uJ6r"urlJ1uo;hj'loYtflunr:

trflo{n?1xtfluldlto.r r:roio.::JduulfinnEio.:orulo:rsfrruorn?1ilfiu1u Iosoorn Adjective
- A ll , A , c va d E , t a
clause mo1ilil"lYlfloFr?']tJ14u"tu?"r 6r.ln0 liltnon?1ilTfln[ouu?o[lnrn1:u?1IU:t?tu1440... tT'10.]
U vr o ;
-
Yt:1:J'toi'i'tfi'tu'rilflahfinnru1usY'rurfi1 (a painful disease) tf,u:J:cr"ruro{niu1 causes tu
Adjective clause unrd.:oiarrrJduil relative pronoun lfiOnqlo.: 6a which / that
{
15. sraur?o + ufitou oio wnicn oantrj ) Adverb Clouse

o Xo r I A w v - - v q eo A a A ,61
sl'lofiu1EJ 1101.{1Jflo.:0UlJ:: tUf,itT0SJt?101UnU q'ltJUdnUn?QJgt0.: ttfl',ttT0u tv,tu.:14u.lq? ttq tu

:J:sIuadfrr{r16orura.:qr-': uao.:tfirfiuird'orer-oel-alqql*rndroon'[:J rdorior:rxralnn?1]J14rr1uor
ttu'jrsla.:qt-o which aant:J Iou Because...robbers oerflu01:J:lIun:at
I
(Subordinate clause)
lugrJ Roveru clause dfi u"*rr" r6aru unsfi temptes...vautts rfluau:J:clunra-n (Main clause)
16. ooufa 1 urirflu atture ) Verb

eiroBurs rirurldrflurJ:rrluua-n 6a Dreams unsfistrururuaanlu::J Prepositionat phrase
(= of stardoml dln;aonloi Tosdao:rilrr,1u'i1 fl?1rJrl"u,r,o{n1:rf,uo'l:1... n?s1lo.: Dreams
dr rf, uur u n u u o rid6,: sio r eiu o r il il rr rr u I o u ril d u u rf, u a u re 6.r a : p n oia rI I
ut
94 o:. fln2flU
tt
flnrniil
17. CIou#o t urirflu uetier ) Word Form
oanJaqg-aala
riraEurs :iofiiinr:uonn?'rilrflurfrrtorrhn:"uriruril Ghristians (= nianqrsfinru) Iquilnl:
qV i v e e U re y e v e y
^
tutFll0.t1{u'1u apostrophe fllnuo1uYt1u lln3lilqr0.ttqril s t7{:13u1il6[''t1{1411'lflit?i1u0l?u s r[6[?
r:16.:siorr:Jduualn:ilniu1udo.:odm believed lfinarsJrflu belief (n.) n1ilua-ncr-.in6i'r?
18. aail#o Z rrrirflu commercially-produced ) Adverb
droBursJ unuvr of siosorrusirs N. / V.ing luriodfiurruua*n 6o software un;firtrururuod

v v.Y j i6 , jqv v j j
riruufirm.:nilo ltilo'rn hnguage tearning fi rfl unriruur rufitdt ur uurruu nh tfr ofr aar sad d'ur {
tunr:6uufn"rrr"r
ll
uono'rnriuu-.r:su'irufluroivlurffinnrufiodulur6.lr'nfitrintordanr:rYr
3$
Iou
ld'produced lu:rl past participle (V.3) ruluiuo?le.JfitJ'rulJoi Passive voice runvu-.:oiotlfririr
commercially (adv.) uiotuT Uniuldtd'nnri'0.:6nd":u #.:uno'jr commercially-produced rfurflu

Compound adjective (Qrua=lrrirJ:raru)fiufioornn1:*'rflo.rri'rrurldrrfioulruuruun;gio.:rfioruciru
hyphen uau o rdolr{nar rrfl urir rd ur
19. qaufio t ulYrflu Because of ) Preposition

riraBurs :J:c}rndoddon?'rilnil1u'j', ,duou",."'nnrrrufilr{-uf,drflu1:J'loi:srirrT:ofirruluTo
uarruquf
It
ilaluuifm'loinqonr:rirrdor-rorna-.:nquunrrufiorn-nr"riduldrdu.:ia.r o-.orfunr:lrt'
r{rrdaru in spite of (= ui'i'trriild.rrf,unr:uflqnn?1urr-ouri,:6ru-.r'[rlq;nsYo.,
ll
nrrlddrrdoruuaor
ff1tilqo1iln?1uilil'lura{il:rlso
q
Iosrrjfisurflu because of 1= 1fluou"'o1n) + N. / V.ing
20. oou#o g urilf,u physiological ] Word Form

airoBurg riodfiaaujrluordoilnirgYrun-uoirudlir wnen Toudrj*r, uror:J:;Iuncirura-rfi
deflnite articte (the) rirrnrir 6.:vr:rutsi'ir changes dorirurriauniur can become u'urirurirfi
rflurJ:yrrulu:iluruuuuori rdosia.:nr:tururiruril changes 6roia,rld;rJto{ adiective loiuri
physiological 6.:o;n n qia.:
21 oourio z rrri'rflu whose ) Pronoun

riroBurs rJ:vIundfinr:tri'Rolective ctause uasfirirurlfiQnrulu ld'uri electricity to home
(= n:vua'lr4rlr{riru6aul droru6i']uurru supplies (= nr:cttniodru; uwrflunr:usolRrurflu

rdrto.: ururunmufir nr:eirn*ua}^lfrrdriruGou 6rkiarrur:nlf retative pronoun ritir wrricn
turu'[oi rmoiarrrjduulfonEiarerrruIoro"*ilon^rnrlru14u"rB Iour:Jduuri]u retative pronoun fi

qnoio.: 6a whose
qraulomf ERROR 500 :io 95

{
22. oraufra I rrrirflu distribution ) Word Form
riraBurs rirunum on Eia.:qru6iru N. / V.ing rda'lrilfa-urur:ratoogqr-oit'ruturud'[rj,f,rrflu
aonl:Jriau 6a trepositional phrase (= of the rain) ornu'jrfin-{ on #uqrriloT'lu definite article
AU
(the) m0t'lrJrJ1o?u seasonal (adj.) rrsirirnrlrorirurruna-n r:16.:sia.:rilduu distribute (v.) trirf,u
distribution 1n.; 6lo:gnoiol
23. oauzlo e uflflu

I aa
special care ) Word Form
.lvo A -...--.4,
Ft1AfiU',lU n1:t1t6i1u?U',t1 take care S.:UilrUri.r OUA
Y---4- \ t:10sn0?1
:s?{viailnilA.:
a
car(,tUfid
rirrarirfirfluriruru o-rrfurdasia.:nr:ruruurirrirurrud r:r,irrfluoiarlf:rj adiective uns6roi'0.:

i
til6uuorn specially 1aOv.1 tu'tflu special (adj.) i
I
i
24. sraurio t rurirflu tike atlother ) Word Choice II
i
sq I
r
,a . f d o X- cA d a a
eiraBurs il:vlunrourr]ruurmuu?1ruu:gfrrn:a"n{6u1finarrurnfiaun"uluttirurusir.:"1 uoinr:; I
ta a lt, ne u
uJSuurfiuufihirrrur:nld atike (adj.) td'rn:r;orruua-nrrn'rsr"o,:':r.:ua-rurrtvirtiu urnavmnafir i
urruorirrlu:J:sTundqia.rlf tire 1prep.; fisrrud'ru N. / V.ing 6o att otfrer animats 1
AV
like+N./V.ing = tilLjoUnU... He is growing more like his father every day
AA
be / linking verb + alike =...lUilAUnU My mother and I are alike in many ways.
25. sraur7a s ufitflufewer jobs ) Word Choice

siroBuru nr:niirrfi.:,ilruruyto:J3rurr*fiau ossiorrfionlf:;u'irrritir few nta tittte Touo I
d q r f la Aqvq sule cv o -t I
ornrirurufrotrrur lu:J:vIund 6o jobs ,for trr:J1.[1{1rJuu toyrl4ilafl f.:rnnornnr:lfiil
^ s 6.rd'a.: i
tfionlf tewer drflunr:ujtsurfiuu:iun'ir tuomrunrrru'ir .rrudrj?rurnniauor ufiolr{aoqnd'at t

I
n-u tess d rf, uriun'irr a.: tittte or nrj:yl uo filrdr:r I

i
vl
96 ot. 6R?flu
It
?{ntn:oj
r
f olt oaataaaStoatacoac tca aa aaaoataoaa
I ua
1 CIaulta I [f!i]u so ] Word Choice
riraBurs u:rarrur:n#.:rnqrloi'ir:J:ylunriadfinr:rdoilrriroYrun-ulquuao{,{afxfIoufirilir
accomplished (adj.) ur:Jo'jr rdurtrrgadr.rgr
us 6rd'arkitn:.:rir.: so + adj. / adv. that + S. + V.
a a , r i e jq." , oY u , e q - !
14tJl U n.: ...il1n tfl U0ilnT3m{ fl?u tn:{ fl:"1.1m [afi1?'r such uu lil n n0 0{ tufl au
I very+adj./adv, The fishing industry is verv important to this area. I

I I
I
I
so+adj./adv. +that+S.+V. He wa's so weak that he could hardly stand up. I
I
I I
I such+(adj.)+6 +that+S.+V. Bangkok is such a biq place that it is easy to get lost. rf
2. aau?ia Z rrrYrflu channel ) Word Form

riraBuru rJrlundldroda.:nruru semicolon (;) unurirriosJ ryr:1:R?"rl#lrr-uf,ta.:rJ:rluo
qiruufirun;nn".:t'orouoqjuf,: lurJ:slunnn-rfiil:vrru 6o tney reiu-.rRr?toniurwY mt:rrriljr
channeting 1u3rJ v.ing '[rirrrur:nrirurirdrf,uniurufia.:il:rrruloi qiorr:Jduuhitflu channel
1u Present Si mple rn:r ; ri unr:n i{rr fi .:ria rfi o 03,: vr'': 1tJ
3 oaufo c urirflu who ran / running ) Verb

oa-q
riroBurs lonmrunnh 6o me jurors seemed unconvinceo rrncficiruturulu:rj Prepositional
phrase (= by...house1 fiarrur:na:oonlri usinrutuatruruludfinlrtforyrJ*Iund*reiru
I
tnat
d.:sia,:qrrloiru s. + v. ueina-ufiniurur{sorfi 6o rrao been unc ran d.rhinnsYor
{ rdorornhifi
. d , r d - ^ ,A v .te
^
ri'rr?ioilil:stun ruoyiol:nr'tst"lrJfi?1tl{rJ''ruEra.Jrilnuun5u"rrtyI ran tfirf,u Adjective clause tda
tururirurru Io:6oorrr;6t'[d'dr
an armed man (= who ran raiono:rjrun'ourfiu{filjr running
(Present participle) luo':rtnuruto.t Active voice
4 noufia g ufilf,u has lost ] Verb

o A r r u I r d I q a AU r4--..
riraBurs rJ:rlunfofinsirrfrr someone 6.:rf,u indeflnite pronoun uSos::tturrufililfirornc
.l e A t , t d a d a A a n a d o v Y
tuRl:r'l0.rnqufiai"rri1ru6i1flr:lulflil0uu1ilranv{0li
"
nSuliia'1ilil"r0{qra{tUutanv{011fl1lrt:u?Ja
dEiarr:JdrJuoln have lltlf,u has 6.:o;nnoiar
T
n;auloilri
I
ERROR S00 ria 97
o lndefinite Pronouns + V.tanv{of
everybody everyone everYthing Everyone knows that Paris is the capital of France.
somebody someone something Someone is playing the violin next door.
anybody anyone anything lf anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.
nobody no one nothing Nobodv was there to rescue the children.
5. oloufia z uri'rflu which / that ) Pronoun

riroBurEJ :.1:yIuod1,f'Adjective ctause urnrfinelr.rrirurrufirlnturu
1U
6a any latent prejudices
(= asrfifi,riauriuloly drhihiqnno 6r'[riarrur:ntf relative pronoun ritir who tululoi t:roi'o.r
rrJ6uuld'nnd'a.:qrrllo:tafr.:rrarfl']1rJ14rJru
t
Ioufior:il']o''rn Adjective clause fiqrrrururfifia
d rf e I ll ,d 6 a u e, " i e v
n1lil14il',]U?',| [T1010U{n.0il0U [OUTlvl',t tiln{n1:il... rYro.]Y]:'lll Lo'l'l01u1ilYlnnlu'luo'lu14u't
(any tatent prejudices) rirurirfirflun::rus0.:niu1 hold tu Adjective clause ruav6.:qlo.:t:lfiuu

EJ
tflu retative pronoun fionsiar
s
6o *hicn / tnat
b orourla
I
z va
udrilu the disease ) A?ticle
riroBuru :J:vlundoiuru'ir ndrlu:t-runnirtlra*idroto.rl:or'lrirurar6u6oT:ndsrrur:nfi0r...
si'rrfu r:r6.:nodnru'lri"ir disease t= I*l,ou'ru]o lrohir,'rar6ufincir:6.:urriouqirurrirun':
6r1,i'inoetnlte article 1a) rirmrirtri'lqi d'a.:uJfiuul#rflu definite article (the) 6rosnnoio.:
7 srourio s ufltflu importance ) Word Form

riroBurs riodfinr:ldqnuyr of drsio.:orrruoiru N. / V.ing r:r6roiorr:Jduualn important (adj.)
lu"ufl u im portance 1n. 1 Io u ft critical (adj. ) rr.: oi'ruu #r ufi oki't ur u ur u d
8. oraufro s rrfirflu included ) Verb

riroBurs :.J:vIundfi:J:vmu 6o Repeated squats uorfiniur 6o were treated orroY'ruetru
turl 6a as physical exercise uonornriuftfiniur including rfioturuurru physical exercise
(= nr:oonrirn-.rn1u) d.:'[rinnoi'ar ril:'rr including (= :rruotiai'ru)hi'r:]u Present participle lu
n?'tufirJ1utlo.: Active voice rrsirfiaoolnfl?'rrJ14lnuovnu'iru"rufll*iar*n:nn:rrirniurld'rroi
{
qad
or:["i'rflun':1rJ14ru'rurlo.] Passive voice 6.:sia.:rrJduurflu included lu::J past participle (V.3)
9 oouza
Y
I
closest ea
utritilu ) Comporison
o a u3' t a u d'!
Fl.to6u1tJ1Jauiln1Tn0"l'tn{o1?ltq14fiuo?'tr:.
luorrrn:r;frurolnnidadlnfrlnnurnfiaordu o ! i
r:Jtuutfisun-uleulffuf{qo
sc a-.:rnerornnr:ld'oetinite articte (the) r:16.od'a.rr:Jduu adjective
Z ,lqu- Y
n-un'ir fi'trirflu:ri*s.: ao 6 a tne dosest
$t
vd
98 9l:. FIR',lflU
lt flnto:il
10. oou#a + urYrflu more quickly ) Word Order
riT aBurs n'rflu1uniu1 learn riartf quickly (aov.) d.:qnai'a,rudr ueirdaqio.rnr:riliuurfiuu
fun'jr t:rEia.:rr.:dtjt more ufir adverb d.rlEYrflu more quickty lugrJtar more + adj. / adv.
11. srauria z urirflu themselves ) Pronoun

riraBurs rioddusiueirtehuturulu3:J
{ tnfinitive phrase (= To stay warm in cotd weather) d.l
n;oonloY il:stluto.:il:s1un 6a cold-blooded animals *asfiniur 6o must expose cirun::ufi

nrururtflu reflexive pronoun 6a itsett d.:'[rjnnoi'0,:
sg uvi:r;rfioii'rrfi.:rirurrurrprrori animals eiru
v a v q,
1lu'l t:10'0o4.:tT themselves lu::Jnuttorirrfiotv{soonii'a.:::u'ir.:u'1iltuflrflT:ylurrufitfrrvru
gg
12. sraurla t rrrYtflu purpose ) Word Form

oAiqsvv"-JquXu'A
ritoBurs rfio1doeRnlte article (the) o;oiarolur,']d'?uri'rlnl o"rriuLuriafir:1d'a.:uJfiuuorn
purposeful (adj.) tfrflu purpose (n.) dururufi,o qo:J:rr.:ri 6,:orr-rnd'0,: t
IU
13. srau#o 3 uri'uflu other ) Word Choice

oarfJ,EeaaaauevavAa
n106u1EJ 1J:3[UnliuillUnrrUir rilUr?n1nA',]UioUil Un[0Ur5a teiOreUrdu.lflrfiAUllr0r00U
qe ua.
Y - j e q i<u'v u& A
h{nrnttr:rr".:r5oiir6ul nr:trli'ruii.:unrufil,.r"}lufln1fl0"rnrflfi16ill:JoYruflilon o-{riuriio r:1
oiotnr:ncirtfr.: riadr6u j sio.rlf'ir other frr'tri'irtiluri'orfruarnr etru another tf,unr:ndrr
v t a a " i e qe. J u," d y X E r
rravAaaltyv€
n0 u 5J ttlj0?'1 anoufi u.lilTa annuuuit to uo 0.:st1ila? uu1lJ t0ny{0utflt 0
14. oaufia a urirflu important ) Word Form

qg q
iraBurs
o a I e i r d a
rfioldas rfluux:lvtfinilrun?1il'i1 rflu...u?o1ug'rusllo.:... sio.:flrusiru N. / V.ing
I q Ala - , e q o e a lu
[ou-lufrfliiulrJorirrd'?lurilyliruflo
$t
6a landmarks ttaflulurirurlfioiauritjr underwater (adj.)
nriuurudiltlillufi{
ttq
ooueiulstr{oryrrr0 r?ilfi{rdaoio.rnr:turuneiruurrudrfir rtr6.rEYo.t1dd1'i1
important (adj. )':r.: oYruurirdro :4nolol

{
15. oau?Yo t rrn'rrlu tit<e ) Word Choice

eiraBuru:J:rluerdr:Jiuurfiuudlunmnrfiounra-o{rd'oreraruairulrani:rrufi.:#q{rfi'urnneYru
lo{
uruluqndneilu::y{u1.:Tfiofiomunn'runfi.:n-u
I
ue,inr:uJiuurfiuu#lilmilr:nlf alike (adj.) lEi
r1,{flra'rililn-nud':oiar:r.:uo-lurruryirrfu il'lnar?.r{14li"ru1ilad1{luil*IundEia.:1d tire 1prep.;
A*
fiqruoiru N. / V.ing 6o most reptiles and a few primitive mammals
av
like+N./V.ing = tltUoUnU... He is growing more like his father every day
AV
be / linking verb + alike = ...tl4ilAUnu My mother and I are alike in many ways.
asnurlonsi enRoR soo rio 99

10. aaufra s ufilf,u encourages ] Verb
riraBurs lu:ioiif i'Adjective ctause teYrrri which...market d.:rrirn-uraa-nnr:lf Non-restrictive
retative ctause fin:oonloiua:#lrnqlsiornnr:ldcomma'lr.:odoYruurirrfialfoiurusuiufl?'llt

s
iuirtdnu'ir which TU'ruil:ylsorYruurirn'oru, (The expansion...movement; hiteituruuriller

A a f e vJa a t d r a i ur ,
l.l',txJ14u{ UArn0?1:l:r LUFtO1l.[fi1.t1u[:.iut14ltounAilU']il[AniloU ttqn:U1il41ilr'1 lilnnn0'' tvtTlE
e nco u ra g in g'lrihi ni ur rrri Eio.: ril d uub{rfl u e ncou ra g e s
17 aaufa
I
+ uuYrilu
u6
ootn ) Coniunction
o A u Xo q u A A d e tt r l. a t
riroBurs n"afifinr:[ri'correlative conjunction fi.:rfiorurir:]:r[nmtdutn"i+[u:J:;tun rrafiouniu
'qud '
coordinating conjunction [LatT[1j1.[ft[flil4 '
lilaltrfi1trailo'tu]1d.1'l'l
ai'ro' a arrorirrfiorufihi'rflurin-ulu
s
sYrurarir 6a ootn hitri 6.:eia.:r:Jdsuld'nnsio.:errruIfl:.:fli'r{
{ both...and....
"itn"r
v I d
18. CIau?ro + --^ -L----r
tutiuflu has not changed )
\ lr^-L
Verb I
j qy . e j s C , Y
ct'lo5u1u rxlar:'r[T since 0'luo1u00[Tilaulla.]t?nl t?\0rtflo.]f111il141t'tu't'r o.:[t91...
'
fl{tno']'t
jq- : -
lJv,tuYr?lITUont?n"ru
I
runlfn-u Present Perfect t1r:']3n6i11fi.:dtfirfioduluodsruasairufiusiardo,:
aYva-,A
il1oufr.l:JoQ:iu
i
r:rireio.:r:Jfiuuoln is not changed (Present Simple) ld'rflu has not changed
(Present Perfect)
19. slau?io 1 urYrflu avoid ) Verb

o a C o.
o'lofiu'lu truo tr modal verb triu must lurj:slunriod r{rfiCIruna-rrureiaradlu:rho{
!g
infinitive
without to ^ ^ nfihir:Jfisru:ilunskifi
l4TonTt { to rirnrir o-rrfu6toiarujfiuuorn to avoid lr{nnrstflu
i ',q
^ 'i e a e a v a
nTUlYl0UtuTlJYr0n010.1
aaa ei0 avoid u6{?0{o1il9{?unTTil Fio extremes of temperature t:"1010fl{lngl
J- , q e i , r rl rd , J
rfiru16ru'irnr:[f adverb of frequency uonn?1ilfrn?1ililau t:iu always trifir.rnoiq:Jniurtili{rfr
20. otau?Ya z urYrf,u puzzle ) Word Form

q
"lut-afifiao.:rJ:;Iunr6orurrirri'ruri'u
s ia r r A - e a t q o"
airoBurs Ioutdririr for (= 5""ur.ey rflurirrdoil o-{#u
luoauri'ruto.:il:vTuort:n rfioftnr:ki'articte (a) oiororlri'rurirurru r:toiotril6uuorn puzztilrg
(adj.) firnrurufi.: *rru.s.: lrirflu puzzte 1n.; fiu:Jo'ir #uofiri.,gr*rt
21 aou#a Z rrrYtflu stimutation ) Word Form

erhoBu'rEJ rdoldqnuvr oy o1o.:orrrurursiru N. / V.ing lufidqruilreYru definite articte (the) d.:fi
t
vAC6-,2
ol'ltJud'{il1A,ltflu+{ruru r:rqiarr:Jfiuun1n stimulate (v.) firr:Ja'11 nrrqiu 1firf,u stimulation (n.)
Aa
Yl14tJ1Un,J n',tTn:sstu
I
vl
100 ol. flR?AtU
li
flntoTru
22. naufa z urirflu caused ) Verb
ci, aBurs tu:flodlrf Adjective ctause 6o which...species dtrrirn-unilnnr:tf Non-restrictive
retative ctause dnsoonloi uasf.:rnold'ornnr:lf comma rtrrirun#rtdolfaGururu'run?'ur

luriadrrunrtlf uoun clause sirunrir 60fi now many...the Earthtflu:J:rnru unsn?ur 6a is
- Ywhich a
o"luun,i o.1ull ' '1u:J:srrud.:lfrufiouururonwo{niurdnruilrdr'lri
0.11J U1 UnnrJu'ltJyt tl
truE
arur:nlfrilu cause ld'd'oruriltrflu caused 1u:rJ past simpte urr:rsriadneir, firadqr
23. otaufo g udrflu continues ) Verb

u Xo jq e-
- ,
a'loEU'lu rouill{'rrJmanmLflUurJTrmurar:J:;Iuo 6o tne demand ttarorrruurrY:uai':ururu
tu::.l Prepositional phrase 6o tor knowledge workers ttfle with sound technical and soft skills
d.:arrr:nuroonld'niurun-nro,::J:sTundf i'i1 continue 6.:'[riqnoia.: r:r,f,rrflusio.:uri'lrrflu
continues ufiohi'aoonii'orn-:.rurruronnoriirtrhuririitflu:J*mugotrJ:;Tun
I
24. moufo g ufirflu to die ) Word Form
riroBurs, nr:ldrirqnra-r,n{ tirety fiu:Jn'jr riro;utofiuurlrirufios... sio.:lfsrrruInr:rrfrr 6o
be tikety to do something o-.:rfunr:ldto oniloirslriru'ril death 6rkiqneio.: otorurYrflu to oie
25. oou#o S utitf,u which reduces / reducing ) Adiective Ctouse

o a i dt s i- u u ! a
dloiiulE ^
riJaTrn:"rvriil:ctuflfrsudau{o$orlru'i"rilTrg'ru f,0 A local technology company
ntur 6o has created ua;fin::ru 6a a system loflTUrun::uduim Adjective clause dtloirrri
that...hospitar" oil#u6iridsrrtrao-rrur6.:hiarrr:nosoqilu?:Jto.:niu't[yt-
T{
reduces lsi rrr:rstilfi
r{rrdoru:J::1uo rfiofior:il101nfl'rlrJnruruu#r r:16rsio.:uJfiuuctruraa-tld'uflu Non-restrictive
relative ctause Iourliil which rr-rtrudatururioo'lrlyftnuoriruarirfitri'rrafiouulrJtonri{of
dl'leYrflu which reduces uioao3:Jtudo
U
reducing (Present participle)
mrauloflri
I
ERRoR soo ria 101_
Test I Answer Key
g e t * * a c t a c aaa
a o 3 3 a * I * a & * a tt3 tcaaaaaaa
srour?o 2 urirflu tittte ) Word Choice

ri, oBurtr nr:neirrfir,truruuiailSrurnrfiou ovsi'orrfiantfrilir few uto tittte lquoornriruril
fiqrililr 6o snowfan d.:luiifitrnfluurr:riu'lil'loYuonlro{ f,trnsrornnr:lilrol s 6rd'ar1f tittte
I I vA I
o UAU uaunz1 ilAUflC{O
9
I
I
@Uu €
few fewer the fewest + N. ull tollfiv{au
g
I
I
little less the least * N. riu'lil'loY I

I
j
t
2. oaufa
Y
2 va
ruirilu was ) Verb
riroBurs rfiod'oetrururutunoud'uil:slunoan'lrJ lcYuri untit earty in the nineteenth century
o;r tu'ir:l:srrur ot:J:rIun 6 o mathematics dnrr ufi t irrn fiosr aoi o-rriuniurfi qril ilr 6o
d Il r v v - ,J , q e a . I
were Qiltil0nm0.:
!
tlt:13tttj?1aEo,iYl'tuo?u s ttoTa?1191't.iEjailTtflilounlu'ttJ[0niloutfllt0
^
3 oou#a s rrYrflu began to ) Verb

o A u 3a r f A v e u e A A r f X
"
a106u1ti 1,01r1rflo,:u:3tuflt50tJ[1J10?unuo2ufi'][90il when s{ltflo{[?n't u:rLuflunn1??1
q I a vt 6av r f, e J ; . I a a
unil1u:9u?7lu1flu
qe{ic taYr0rrTUuTlltJu:ruilfln:9lur0u't.: tT[uuRYtl l?nr11t:t fl:'t{ tflTa{ila01nuu
" ri ^ ?-^ ei r r X a A i d
uarmltfi:0.1u1*out,.l1 tlJ01r{0'l:tu1Fl?'til14u'lula.cu:stufiutTl0lYrT"tul'rnn1?n.tt:0.t:1?tu0qql
niurlu Adverb clause fiduoiuqYru when 6.:d'0.:rrriltrfiu began orrrun11il14rl'ru Past Simpte
4. stou?io z rrrYrflu improved ) Verb

o A A qv e v q AJa"
riroBurs "
rfiar:r1#definite article (the) ri'0.:qrrrua{'au+irurru'Lufrfrfrrirurloriu#r 6o services
a, .i I
utnsileiruturrfrnroontd'60 of libraries nlrru'ruufirrirurru services Iounr:t'ijr improving
tu:il 6rtrjnnd'ornr:1; services

Present participle (V.ing) fiuro.:oaruuu"rulluu Active voice
rirniur improve '[rjki'r:rd'allf improved 1u::J past participle (V.3) q1il Passive voice
5 oou#a 1 urYrflu Using ) Verb

riraBurs :J:znru 6o Marie curie daqjoirilna-{ comma n?urluqousiurl:sluo6.coio.:ldv.ing
(Present participle) tu:rvrri oirf,u{1fir:flx::rim1.:iytu'tn"lffoffiuoorduusorsr-rrrorol 'lrjhi
si
qnld:r"odlfila-n
ll
Participial phrase olrJ Active voice Ioud:J:ss'rurirniuraorfi.:lurrorrdsrniu
v(
702 oT. flR?AtU y{nlo:il
l1
6. ooutio z urirflu we live ) Porollel Structure
C A OU
riroBuru nr:lfunun in osd'0.:qrild'ru I'1. / V.ing uoilurj:slsndfinr:lrf Noun ctause draqig
lutrjto.::J:sLro#lfurudruu'leYIoufi
qt Noun ctause fiIo:rair.r6o rirrdau + s. + V. tuirtd6.:
a& AA e
tJYl.l143JoflonYl${nnoo{ttii'r
$l
6o now we look uar how we act usi Noun clause ciruur.i.:eqyiru
d d . u.u' e T
Hn.:rirrfroru and r5uteiro-urir'lilgnriatorruIo:.:nir.: siolurri'ltrflu how tong we tive
o Noun Clause
that That the doqs are not treat well is a fact.
whether / if +S.+V How wonders whether / if thev gave up eatinq meat.
wh- / how.. We know where vou discovered it.
7 CIaufo t rrrirflu Because ) Coniunction

o A
ciroours riafrilnr:td
u Xo o (
conjunction ufiordarueo.::J:;Tuorriroi'run-u drlil'lai'uflo{€rx1ilr*6ruri,i I
(Even though) uoirflun'r:[lflo{txqtraer.ra
la 6.rd'4,:u:Jduudrrdorurflu Because 6.:o;r^rnd'otoru
vudrri,d^^-c-J&tA-
n?1IJfltvlu5'lj0{U:![un flon?1il14lJ'tu?'t t1.{0.:o1nililI'Ril6yt0091.:?,utT{0tnu:nu1ttnroo116(0.t
- lu.- q , a . nr4 ; i < ue
?onmtoTUn?.tilflut00u1.lu1'ru"lu
9dsl
u"rotil11.lfl{floo{n?Tu1lJ'rtStun']f,:?uTlufl.:mrnufl;flrJ[?
8. oou#a 3 urYtflu were ) Verb

e a " do;ld Present Perfect
n18fiU1tl ttljlailotl,T Perfect (= has fascinated) nnria.:thn:-uu1^ruyt since d.:otrru
{ c
oiruoor?ileiu?,a.rr?n1
tt{s ueiftrdsrrrunfi since d,:fia'irrfluoortruoiusorrrnrluodqr qYoradlu::J
Past simple ltflo{tuqnl:nifitfiodurrosouorrtdr
I
6.:r:J6uurflu were found snil Passive voice
9. ooufro t ruYrf,u which / that ) Pronoun

riraBurs :J*luodldAdjective ctause urasfirirurldnn?Ju1u 6a funds (= na.r1u) dthihi
, i a u , q v u v s ,j q e
siruturruanflntufr 6.:\rjarrur:nt# relative pronoun ritjr where turu'Loi't:roi'oru:Jfiuulvi
r-rnd'0.:orruIo:.rfli'r.rrrflsFl?1rJ1 rJ'ru Iqufior:rurorn Adjective clause fislrililrfiftoo'r'rlJ14rJ'rui'r
{rfitrirl:r.trn'[i'n-uI:-r:nrnoi...6.:m:rutoirrirurrrfiqnrulusYlufirir
sa
(funds)rirrarirfirflun::ru
Tonniul deposit lu Rolective clause rrnroio.:r:lfiuu relative pronoun ld'4nd'ar
s
6a which / that
10. srou?Yo z uri'rflu had firmly ) Verb

o a r f t& u n , n I q a a
riroBurEJ rJ:s1unflfiud'ura-'?uai?ururulu:rl Prepositional phrase fiuant'lnr'luodet 6o Long
before the arrivat of European, d.:ratrufi.r tflutrorururioufimrlll:rJlsYr6umr.:rurfir
q
oitrfu
nrna;1d6n:JrsluoHd.Jnrruur Eio.:lf:il
tl
Past Perfect loiuri nao settled d.r1fniitlfi.:tuqn1:n[
q a A^ & t a < Aq a
[uaoomtno1lunauontfl fl n1:ill{u{ tuo00
swaulovrf ERRoR soo do 103

I
11. oautTa
I
t ua
rrritflu Practically ) Word Form
riraBurs rdar:rsia.:nr:uan'jrdro-.:niirrfird.:rfuluujlo t:rarrur:nlftitjr speakins fiairr
urornnisr d'lun-unr:lf adverb :Jrsnour'1.:urir lu:J:;Iund6':qio.rld':r Practically speaking
A9
6.:ocn n sior ei: u practical (adj. ) rruarirn?urlil'loY
12. oau#a g urirflu maoe ) verb

eiraBuru rfioqr-ocirururuoon'[:J 6o of the printing press uffs in the fifteenth century t:1et
nu'ir:l:vmuto.::J::Iuo 6o tne invention fiururufi.: nr::J:s6r*,$'o-.:rfuniurfiqrrtlr 6o make
AUreudvrAqe
6.:'[rinnEio.:
{ ril:rs'[riaaooai'orn-fu:-l:;rruronnofi Eia.:rrjfiuutrdrflu made 01iln?'rtJt4t'ru?o\:
i u-. ^ J o A
Past Simole
rq
yl:su h?lrnoruh+T?.rflq1::l*yr 15
13. aau?io 1 un"rf,u do ) Word Choice

o a uX , a vA
eiraours riofrnnrrnrrum0onnra{nruuf,u:J:s,irvrnfu TosJld'niur make d.:'[rinnd'o':lurdo.: ;
nr:lfrir rr,r:rrnr:rirfion::ruqirr loto.:1f oo hilf mare luriod'lfn?urluJ:J

$
do rr,r:r;:J:;mu
rfluuqnor[
$
rrn;finrrrunrulu01u Present Simpte drusoonr:n:rrirdtflufioe-sr::J:rrirfu
DO 1= 14ao"t*fion::ru1 triu do good / do harm / do an exercise / do one's best / do one's duty
do right / do a job / do a favor / do business / do work / do wrong

MAKE (=sfi,:nirdurur1 rriu make an appointment / make a choice / make a decision / make
an effort / make an excuse / make friends / make a guess / make
___ l':: : :'l :t : :_': "_': i T:T _"_i i':: l: 1"_1 1 i":"1:"_ -
1
14. sraur7a + uri'rf,u oo ) verb

riroBurs :J:crluroril:gluo 6o Chimpanzee babies finisJr 6o have shown uasorrururqiau
{ Noun clause fiduoi'uti":u that olrisilu:J:smu tney drlrurufi.: chimpanzee babies fi

n::rulu3:J
te v u X ,a a d
0uo'1u14u1
gusi lt0Utu:UlltytuulrnnTSJLtiluflr[tn:flniluuuo0u6n*0.:00n1:uflo.:00nil1.]fl]1u'l1j0.l
',qvdLlja@nrf
rnlauri'luai'nr*nrrr6urn-u Iqufirlrr6oil as (= lufioun-r)lurJ:;Iuor nisrfir-rno"'0.]orruun-.:
q
human
babies 6.: d'0.r1# oo fi r:l uni urri': u ununi ur irrt respond d'r ura rir
15. srauz?a Z rtrYtflu were exterminated ) Verb

riroBurs riodfinisrsotsr-r 6o exterminated un; abandoneo IorJ'lilfir{r16orurau rfl6{m:1u
U vr uq v A , & A E a s j e ,j
^
!a?10?loq?fiu.:tYl'tuuYt0stilunTU'tfinnlla{il:3[un tila1i0'l:tu1gt']iln?1xJfiu"luqt0{tunuu01n
exterminated (= dro-o)tfarilu::J Passive voice 6o were exterminated eirudon?1iloY1uxn-{
comma 6a dr u:r ur ulu:ilt o.: n ei rur rufi r ur uur u oiruurir 6 a ferat cats Io ufi ni u1 abandoned
1drflu Past participle (V.3) 1tuluu1u descendants of pets lunrrilililru[!:J:J Passive voice
v€
!04 o:. fin'tsru
iq
yinto?aJ
16. aou#o + urirflu to spread fear ) Porollel Structure
droBurs riadf iln:rair{ru1u a-rrno'lqYorn as wett ,. d.rdou tnfinitive phrase 1n{lrird
dueiueiru inf.l ns.teo{ni1ei'rrrriu 6rsYa.:uJfiuuotn spreading l#rf,u to spread rdahiaoonda,:
n-u to inspire drirrurriou
17. oou#a z urirflu wno ) Pronoun

riraBuru rJ:;lundldndjective clause un;firirurrufiqnrru"ru
{9
6o Rcniltes d.:rf,ufioro.::1nnn
a-lrnootn his birth usir:ror'lritf relative pronoun ritjr tnat TUruril:rsil:slundldurru Non-
l
:
I
restrictive relative clause Ioulftnia,:raillu comma rir16orufinneia.:
{ 6o who rvirrfu
i
i
I 18. srour?o e ufirflu to ue ) Verb
riroBurg rirniur appear (= orufiau) rfiolfsrrleYrunisJr occio.,rflu'liloruTn:.:afrr loYuri
J
I g {{$
to oe luSrJta{ infinitive with to/
jq.evfvv "iriuniu.fitforr:rur6roioraqiluSrJ
i [T,l 0 t14 flO01Ofl 0\:nU tfl:':6ffl .:O.:nnl?
1
19. oau#a c Britflu which is examined / examined ) Verb

c a '
o106u1g ljTrr-tl{llai ! ! Noun clause 6a ttow old a tree is uncfiniur 6o can
rrl:;Iundodlu::J
be determineo oruoi:udrutu'ru by...examineo i4rflu Prepositional phrase 6ln;oon'lei r:ros
nu'irunum oy dororueiru N. / V.ing nr:ldniuruvi is examineo 6.rfio t:rqlarudlu"nnrutf,u
which is examined ntano:rJruda examined tdaruruuru the trunk of the tree eirunrir
I, 20. oaur?o z urYrflu spiced ) Porollel Structure

t o a A v i
past participle aqv- A
rfloturu'jr
,
I rr1a6'u'lu rilaero{nlflJsruriruru A dish nturfiorrurur6.:1f

^
1v.s1
&"a-
lr'rrJuunnn:3il1
tl
n:mer?tt?n flo made un;orrrrdru flavored o-{rfuniuret-rua'r6rqiarrilduu
?
orn spicing ld'rflu spiced luo'nrunr:ruta.: Passive voice rriurdurn-u Iosfi and tflu+irt6an
2',! orau#o z urYrflu beauty ) Porollel Structure

riroBuru Utruyl of si'a.:orild'ru N. / V.ing eifi'ud'orrilfiuu beautiful (aoj.) t#rflu beauty (n.)
jqv : .J v a
-^
tlilatflflaon6[0.:nudnao.:n1no1ilfia.:il'r no practicality (n.) ust order (n.) qrriln:.]fifi.l1uru
22. oaurio t urYrflu composed of ) Preposilion

eiroBurs niur tunruururu'jr :J:;naul:JEiru... fiIn:rsfrlda ue composed of
composed
something oi.:rfuoio.rrrJduuul'{uyr uy lri'rf,u ot uioh{srrrqrilIo:.rairrtarniurlun.lrrr"'rd

uacrr nld be composed by o ;urr ufi r n n usi.:ntorJ:sn"ufTo u...
arBUIaYlf ERRoR 5oo ria 105

t
23. qau#o s uritf,u strong enough > Word Order
siraBursJ nr:lf enougn fiaorTn:.:sirrfir:rdarii'rrnqr luriodd.:lfiT run-u adjective udoturu
riruu economies eio.:ldgrJ v. / Adj. / Adv. + enough r:r6.rrr]duurf,u strong enough uiiudo
n':riluilru'ir rs:r*nfiohj116.:uni.:r,rofio;... uqirirurno;lfirruriuurru d'o.:ldenough + N.
V. / Adj. / Adv. + enough (to do sth.) I think you don't work hard enouqh.
enough + N. (to do sth.) I don't have enough time to finish reading books
24. oaufro a urirf,u incredibty high ) Word Form

o a u t A r l , v j q i- J
"
a1ofiu1EJ ?autuailfla.0:JTrlufi[?1o?unuo?ufilrtotr as long as (= Er:'r:JtoYl) s{rrflo.]r?n1
Cqyo i r f u ia Atv
tiialdn3slr pay lutJ::lunun-.:oiororruoiruurrffrilunmru 6r'[d'uri sums (= 'iru':u:rru; un;fi of
money rfluai'lururudon"'ooon'[d'nr:rururirurlf,sio.:ld high (adj.) m.:eiruufir uavrfioqi'0.:nr:
donrruuu"'udlirururiurril6{.:il1n0drr'lririrriia 6rsio.:lf incredibty (adv.) ufiotu"ru high
25. oaufo Z uri'rf,u competitive

i
> frord Form 1

I
o A I
o lqu a f v . f i
riraBurs riof,ldn?ur make orruTn:.:sirt make something + s61s.11re loufionmr,fiil1u'il
,
t
...trirfiu.:usirirlrirJ:rrvrermillrnud.rr-utd'[ure:ugfiolnn... siolr:.Jduu."'n competitively (adv.)

ld'rfl u competitive 1ao;. I d fi nm uu ilr u'j 1 ar rur:n rni rn"irloi I
;
I
1
I
i
v€
106 ol. flR?otu
qt
y{nro:il
Answer Key
attaaaaoaaaoaaoaaaaoaaaaaaaaaataaooa
1 qou#o t urirf,u ldealty ) Word Form
o a r l t-
rtraBursr :J:sluof,qTo.:ufiltorn ldeal (adj.)lvirflu ldeatty (adv.)nuuo"nnr:ldadverb ru"lu
& | r J q atu vtvv ' r
yt,:lJT![unmo"tilil1 lunrniliff.:tnq?'l adverb 0r':rs ljgtu:J:sIuouasorrugl?u comma tfltjo
2. srauzio t ufirflu ln spite of / Despite ) Preposition

o a e. r f X o ef q e6 A v' a. ,Evx
aloEUlEr rrlJ?'TJ:sl,unUlrflo.rn?"ltI1JotrEj.0!qultrilrtail ttrli'loril)
I
in spite (= tlsiflu{-trinns{0.:
ru,r:rrr{rdoiotl#{n-u of rflrlo Ioufinrrruur:rurufioun-ur{r'lr despite rdododr"'uurrf,un{rrir
6a vast expenditures of money 6.:trouttuvt'lrJ ofa.:r:Jduutf,u in spite of / despite dAoor',ui
eYrs trt. / V.ing
Despite
ln spite of ) Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. (N.,S.+V.)
3. oout1o s urYrflu Uoth ) Coniunction

riT oBurs fadfinr:ld conetative coniunction drrdarurirrj::rnyrrdurriuluri:sIun rnfiouriu
coordinating conjunction ueildrf,uqiraro
gn rfialdrirr6aleYruraf.:'jr ano rir#aufi'tf,rfludriud, r.r
d'rurarir 6 o uotr hihi eitt er 6r oior uJ 6 rJulr.{n n Eio.: or ruTor:r
$
atrr both...and. . ..
4. oour?a t urirf,u ueing ) verb

o A o la a v" a A u
airoBurEJ riofiiinr:'ldril!1'{uyr besides (= uonrufiaorn...) firoiororruoi':u N. / v.ing 6rEior
tuJduu to oe fiadlu:il infinitive with to luiflu being 6.:o;nnsi'orCIrruIo:.:cir+
. l,tono,lnwl. a
o ilon[ul,$oo'In...
in addition in addition to
moreover apart from
furthermore +S.+V aside from + N. / V.ing
what's more besides
besides
qsauloYlri ERROR 500 ria

I
rc7
5. oou?ia
I
4 va
ufitfJu used ) Verb
riraBurs rl:cLladfiil:crru 6a carbon dioxide snow er"rtJtrloiructrururufin;oonldtu:rl

participial phrase dduqiuei'lu V.3 tuo:runrutu Passive voice 6a also known as dry ice niur
uri:rauJ:yluofimoroirunri.: 6a is made rro, is using Tou#.:rno ano idldrdaru tdofior:ruroti
n?'rlJ14ru1u r:rosyru'ir:J:;rT uludod"lrimrrur:nn:vrirniurkY6{oio.:rrJdEJualn is using (Active
voice; trirflu is used (Passive voice)
6. srou#a z uri'uf,u hundred ) Adiective

.A
a1ofiu1EJ nluonalu?u ttiu dozen, hundred, thousand, mittion'lrifinr:rfiru s rnu t?,{:rcrir
rurirdldlugrurrflu adjective ('[rihi noun) o:finr:rfiru s toifioioriiotdlu;rJrirurr lorrro-ru ot;
1
oi riuluria d Eia,:ld Rve h u nd red stud e nts 6r o : n n d'0.: {

.
f ,
five hundred books hundreds of books I
I
l
many thousand books = titu:u + adj. + N. thousands of books -N.+of+N I
I
I
t
I
several million books millions of books I
1
7 oau#o 1 urirf,u deep ) Word Form I

I
o A Aqv - e e -...-- q lJa. - { o v
eloEUlu ruorruyruyr in eYarorrroYru N. / v.ing tuddfinrt ' environment rflurirurilttai'rrnc
I
I
qe .lra I
v A a i e e e e t
nnru'ruciiu
$g
sea rflo$rJ'rufi.r ftruroii'0ruld'msro urnoi'o.:nr:m.:rirrurud'rum{r rfld'orldlu::J {
I
adjective o-.:rfu6.ro{atr:Jduuorn depth (n.) firamufir n':rrufin 1frflu deep (adj.) durJn'jr 6n I
:
8. ooufo
Y
2 ed
urfui]u so tall ] Abverb Clouse
eiroBurn rflmrn:nf.rrna'[6Y'ir:Jrvlundfinr:16oarrriroYrun-ulouuflo{,{nalrfloufirilir tatt
rf,u adjective 6.:oia.:1'.i1n:rnfi.: so + adj. tadv. that + S. + V. niliufi.o ...il1ntf;uoun:g?it Iou

fi aviation warning beacons must be placed rflu S. + V. To.r:Jrvlundouri'ruu#.: rtruln:rmir'l
too + adj. / adv. to do something (= ...rrnrfiu'hjfior) '[ilnnoiottu:rvov'lrioriloYru:J:cTu€l
9. oauiio
Y
I va
llflilu Most ] Word Choice
riraBurs rj:rTunluliodfiurrurn-nd1frflu:J:srru 6a insects uocrdosiornrfluruuriluf,nlu
o?lililillu'j1 ulalairulmqj... Eio.:tfriruandruruniorlSr:rru (determiner) 6a most + N. riuld'
riul^roli
ll
I ru.riuhiloi et'ludtjr almost (= rfiouor) rirnrirdrflu adverb dlnrilriru adj. / adv. lu
-X v
:t auo1ro? uulil rnsects liltoi oYo.:lfrfl u ttost insects
-
v€
108 or. ftR?6tu
qt ?{nroToj
10. oau#a t uri'rflu nas ) Verb
oaAv
eiraBurEJ tiioti'oetrusurulug:Jtao Prepositional phrase 6a by cheetans oantJ rflo;fludl
rl::rruro.::J:rlunfliriuri lnbreeding d.rrf,u v.ing firirnrirfiu.lfiaurirurliltadrirJn'jr geruncr
drfio'irrfluurruanxofrmo fr-r#uniurdqrrlrur6rEiarr:Jduuornr{r'ir have lrtrflu nas rdolf

a o o n at"'a,: n-u il Ts !'1 u
11. CIaufro + urirf,u they are ) Word Order

riraBuru ut^ruyr ot ludad'lrilo"orulroY'rsrirurl uqild'uflt* Noun ctause rtourrulu:iltar
rj::Iunfidud'uEiru wnich si:unr:6u.:rir1u Noun ctause 6o rirrdaru + S. + V.1udod6.:urirf,u
which direction they are moving in tr1fl1tJ1:nr-rrnsr'loY'jrovqir.:ornil:rlunrirnrudEia.:aa-unt:
d o u q 9<
"
r:u.16i'toufil[14t1]u v. + s.
12. mouria t uri'rflu proved ) Verb I

riraBurs il:srruro.:rJ:rIund 6o eamng soda ueiniurfiorrururklo{lu:ildnnd'ar
g{{ orruun-n
ufrrniuruyiosEia.:r.r-uoril tense rdar:r#rtnqrir has orovinq trizu-umru tense'[oqtau r:16reior

fioqrrruniur?i':u has tf,uun-nun;rilfiuuorn proving lfrflu proved lu:rJ past participle (V.3)
jqg a 6 q slt
rfi o'[rio:r or il Present Perfect 6.ro:rirnfirfi tf, un?urr o.:il:;rru lur a u [o
13. srau#a a rrrYrflu considerate ) Word Choice

riroBurs rdoer-ortrutEJlu:!il'j'l{ro+0.!r{r1u comma aon'lrJ osr{uil:rl''ru 6a R gooo doctor
AAA
*nsilniu'r 6o must oe orrruoiruqrun'nr*ruvro.:rrxvrffi6 d.:lrirrri highly intetligent ttac keenly
observantTourflul:JsrrruIo:.:afrrdlf adverb TU"ru adjective fiorrurur odr.:t:fierrrunr:ldriljr
considerabte 1ao;.1 fifinrruurru'ir rurnruruniadrd'rp '[rirrirn-un?'rur4tJ1u1Ja.rrJ:;Iun t:1ni:
rulduu'lrj1,i'rltir considerate (adj.) fiulrufi.: rfiuanrfiulo{6u drnnruruoYru genuinely (adv.)
a,.r
ry.tRiln?1 [ourrYl
14 oouria z uri'rflu mathematician ) Noun

,f
siraBurs :l:r1unfi:.1:srru6o the computer language Pascal fioqjma-.: comma niur Named
luqraueiurJ:rIuodrqYorlf Past participle (v.3) luorrilflilrutar Passive voice riadndrrfil

qnno 6rtriarol,i'mattrematics (n.) du:Ja'ir isrofioaraqrf ola,:uJduutf,u mathematician (n.)
J a ta o u tA r r gu &A u 4 cA
Yl14u',tun.0 unflilafl1flo: 0.t0rnna0.t 1ouflafl?1lJ14lJ1u?"t tor:un'tTq.lIo01ilunflilglfl"lflo:Yl
d ' , -A a vt a c
50?'t uuas :.J"1fln1fl f^l!r{tiluHllTro1*5...
gua
"rqrt.rrreRROR
500 ria
E
t
#
I
E
$
15. oau?ia z rrrYuflu recommended ) Verb *
#
riraBurs rdaoieifuul,urulu:il Prepositional phrase (= of a foreign country) oon'[:J n3tfi6o E
rufru.:urulu:rJ gerund drirnrirdrflu:J:;r'rurannoftato 6a studying [n;fin::ilnrtur loiuri

the tanguage and cutture niur6.:sYorrrJduurfu is recommended lunrruutJluttuu Passive
I
I
voice ru:r;:Jxrlu studyin g'[ri ar ur:n n:sfi r niur recommend leY
I
I
j
16. nauria
I
z aa
rurYrflu provides ) Verb
eiraBurs riru,ruoi'uri:vluo 6o tne record rirufirfirflurj:;rruto.::J:vIuo airudorrruv#.:rr
Ja
m.:fiile no atruluru Guorn teft by fossits tu::J participial phrase duEiuai"lu v.g tfturuuril
oYrurarir rrn! the ancient...animats drflunciruu'rtJ:su'j'].r comma lfruru fossils ri':utosniurd
orrurur6roia.:rrJduurflu provides rdolvisoonri'orn-urJ:srruronttof 6a The record
17 srau#a + urYrflu who live / livinq ) Verb t

eiraBurer uyruyr of siaroriloY?u N. / V.ing l"fiiifi the peopte rflurirurruoqiua'r
{ niurfiorrurr
6rqiarhit'i'live rnmso;rirldnarEJrf,u:J:rlun r:rd'a.:rrjfiuuhirf,u'Rolective clause 'leiuri wno
tive u5oao3rJrlda tiving rdorsrs the people 6to;r-rnd'0.:
g
18. qau?io + rurirf,u is ) verb

oaA-
rira6urE tiiaoriociruturulu3rJtar Prepositional phrase (= of another nation) un;drururu
:sm'jro comma (= especially...States) aanl:J o;til6al1iU{uulu:il:tol gerund drirrlrirdrflu
il:grruronflofrara 6o understanding ua;fin:rilds,rilun-{rur60 tne culture n?urd1'f6rEio.:
r:J fi u urfl u is dr no o n fror n-u il :;sr u:r o.: :J:;I u o
19. oau#o s urYtf,u acceptiance ) Word Form

riroBurs uilruyr by oiotoruoiru N. / v.ing u^rr*',udriloi'ru definite article (the)
3
nr:f i'riljr
accept 1v.1 6tkinnri'0.: oi'ottrJfiuurflu acceptance (n.) firaruru6.: nr:ualiu
20. oraur7a s ufirflu is ) Verb

riraBurs rdoirn:r;d1n:rair.:ra.:riadlouasr6uoavfl:r'irrI:c!'ruroril:sTuoadlu::J glt ttoun
clause lqirrri rn"t...individuats IorJrf,ulrjnrlTn:,:afrrfinneio,:

{ 6a rirrdol + S. + v. unslu
nruta-rnquo:6a'jr Noun clause r{'rnrirfirafiour{rurruronnorfqr-:rdr niurdf i6.:oiorr:Jduu
o1n are 1#rflu is 6.:o;aaon#o{n"u:i:cr1u
v3
110 o:. flR?flu y{nto:0j
1i
21. CIou#o z urYtflu tnat ) Pronoun
riroBuru il:srrutar:J:sIuo 6a The discussion uacfictrul,uruorrururtu:rhol Prepositionat
phrase 6o of environmental quality dr*ultouraontei:rrufirfietruturu::n'ir.r comma 6o
tike...topics riadnrirr'[{'jr nr:afi:J:rurdu'ln-unnrnrnrorfiruroai'ourfurufioufunr:afiil:ru
I
A u - u y A Y c v va A
rfiurriuu-rrioEul oruur::y,ru'rlrrlyruu"rrrrluorf
t
those oio.:urirflu trat fiumuuru discussion
22. oourio s ufilflu were compelled ] Verb

riroBurs rfiasi'o Adverb clause (= As the price of oil increased) oan'[:J osnu'jr:J::rru 6a
manufacturers Ieufi Adjective clause Turu 6a who...car al"'.:rfuniurfiqrrumr:16.:oio.:ld were
com pe II ed r fi al#s ao o #o I ri'u ur u n a-n fi tfl uil :yor ut or il :yI u n
23. srou#o t urYrf,u Determining ) Verb

riraBurEJ t:ro;nu'jrturiodfiniuTufi'aa.:sr-'r 6o Determine unr depends drhlgnoio.: *ru/
what...acceptable tflu Noun clause filduf,un::usrttJun-.:urnrum on nnrfortr#r rdofior:ill01xJ
n'lrunruruoiarurittniurd'ru:nhirf,u Determining rdotri'r:lurl:vrrurannotflu;rJtor gerund
t d a a q t da A e y
[oUiln::il Fr0 the answers...management uatuniflltu::ltonil0*
^ 610 depends Ylnnql0.:un?
24. oou#a + urrirflu previously ) Word Form

o A u$qo^ s Aqv
riroBurs riafll'f'niur be 1= *"r", er1ilri16i?u unthinkable (adj.) 'i
fildtu1ul{1u ueitiiooia.:nr:
lJU'lu adjective r:roior1f3ilto.: adverb 6.rrrJduuorn previous (aoj.)l#tflu previously (adv.)
25. nau#a + urYrflu among ) Word Choice

riraBurs rJ:slunturiodniir:6tnr:noriruu-nTost'faffikluaru1rflurnrfl?'rrufioilnGrdur#u
flqAnfiiln'r:fiurfiodulouvr'rl:Jua;rfirur..rdurdou:1uu{aoifirfi
tl,tlu
rfior:rdn'ruldir:.l"tynrdrfio
X - Ao q e . e 6 - d ull . v
?unuflo:a1u?uurn nr:lduuuyr
rg$
between ?1.r1{}t1r['rlry{l4y'tou women of color 6.:u"llunnoo.:
rlu" @ 4 ; , & v eq zi q.- a A 3
tyi:rr'lri'etru:=rfl0,]nu14:oflo.lfl.iryr1l.ru oa{trritflu among tfia'[ri'nlarrlnura5oarrufrrtut:J
orfluloilrf ERRoR soo rio 111

I
Answer Key
teaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaoaalaooloaaaaaaaaa
1 oourlo
V
g va
ttritflu was stimulated ) Verb
riraBurs riodfiurruu#nfitd'rf,r*:J:ruru 6a me devetopment orrurursiruriruturulu3ilto.:
s
Prepositional phrase ,iruruurnun'runuyr ot'loirrri of ultrasound...sight niurnn'nto.:r]:sIun
),
6.:eio.:urYorn were stimulateo lu::Jnuuorilrirflu was stimulated tuorrurillu Passive voice

.:
2 nau?ro
I
2 ttdrflu goes into
ad
) Verb *
q
t
riroBuru rfiou:rqioitruru'ru At times 1u3:J
g Prepositionat phrase oon'lrJ ocnu'jril:sr'"turar
t
j
:J:rlun 6o more
"rr"
drr:luurruuonyio{ dtsiarlfniur goes ufro1d'aoond'0.:n-uil:srru i I
I
i
3. oouna
Y
t uritilu
ad
spontaneity ) Word Form
j
j
I
riraBurs rJ:sTunriodld definite articte (the) dusYu:J:;Lro dvirrflusi'a,:nrrusYruriruru r-otfu I
t
A v ,j Aa , A X q e (
t:r6ld'ott:Jfruuornritjr spontaneous (adj.) ffilnrrruuuruir fr.:tfrofiutat
^ lfnarutfluririr o
spontaneity 1n. I fi I ur u fi .: n-nun*drfi

"du,uo
4. oousa
I
4 ttritilu
va
positively ) Word Form
o A A v e qe , d v ,A
riraours ^
rfrat:roi'0.:nr:rursn?ur confirmed r:roiorlf;:Jla,, adverb 6roiorr:Jdsuornririr I
positive (adj.) lv{rflu positively (adv.) I

tdam.:oirunrirua;lduuruntur confirmed do"'1.,u''' j
t
5. srau#o t urYrflu Atthough ) Coniunclion I
I
o a u Xa q e j i , r i u ,n g
-
a'lo5u'lu lJouilnlT[t conjunction ty{otrotjflo.:lj:;tuotl1o?unu 5rr.] tr.J tottflo{n?1ilfrllfiql
(Because) uqitflunr:uaq.rnr1ilr-ouri.l r:r6loio.:r:lfruueir16orurflu Atthough 6.:osnnd'0.:qrru
a v 6 T e , et a - adq A
fl?'lllfllJv,tur1j0.r1J:;Iufl
' "
floFl']'tu14tJ1u11 uri?'10;tJ]1n1nud'ru?r[un1:?i'rrr,.ruyt rtau{Ft.:[Uu
j i e s ou
t5a.: urnfrorurq.nioilnro.:Iannnru 11#oqjuuudun:cor:rfiruu:ruld'adrtnnd'a.:
6. oou#o t uritflu oetiet ) Noun

oaA-
eiro6urs uilocl:o6iruru"ru in fairies tugrJta.: Prepositionat phrase aanhJ osilu'jr:Jt;Iuod
a t ' Thebetiets fi1frfluuril?{1r1{of
lJU:sElr.{ Fro d.:'lrinnqior udorornniurufnfiorrrur 6a has
s s
existed'[u:rjranrror[
{tuu rdolu:iodrirriuhiEioqrruniurfinnEiorariufr':rflunn-n rmEiar*fi:Jrrrlu
llirfluronyror[ 6o rne betief 6.:o;nndo.:
a
tlz o:. FtR?sltlr

li
vl
flntQTru
7 oauuo
I
1 rrfi[:]u
va
wildest ] comporison
o a iv u f u
riraBuru ttrarm:nlfilnhtarln:.:sirrruru drflu (Paratlet Structure) lo1ur"ad f.:rnqr ano
. I v q e. u I td a & e u i I . v r e
R1tt0u tfloa.r[TFr1fiilfl]tyltuTUUrytuul,ufl,rffoo1u1tu1
ilut and ty{atfi1u'lunu q'liltflT.tffn., one
ot + fiooo,
ltttsi
6rqYa.:urYorn wito firf,unrurt'nyirjnfi hflrflu witdest lur,laosufitrrf,uqio.rrirrarir
oYru definite article (the) rflilo
8. orau?ia S rrYrflu their lives ) Adiective

o A r I vXA u t a v 6
o'la5u1u 1JT;tUn.1,0Uflofi?1tJ14u',tU',t1 0O?YtU'.tfl,tflilil{flnu1rJ0flil?{u!Ts14?1.:uflflnil1nn?'t
- 6' i J q a^ t '
tfion1:n[ei"r.:1firfiodu[u6iora,:nrnrm [oufirirurru peopte figna"r.:6.:Iou'[f Possessive
adjective lu::Jranrror[ 6a its d.:hjnnd'o.: eia.:uJduut:J1'f'grJrrqrrori 6o tneir rfiouao.:nrrt
aeAa
tuut011t 0.lYl1t tJ1 u n,0un n a
c
I ooulla
I
4 llfitilu
ua
commercial ] Word Form I
o a as
siroBurs nlT1f indefinite article (a) do.:orrrurureirarirurru unrr:'ror1,{u'j1 scale rirurirfitiu
991
riruruaqir-rnoi'a.:uii'r
{t,
6rqio.ruJduuorn commercially (aov.) tlinarurflu commercial (adj.) ufiohi
1' rJ"t uu1ilfi1'j't scale
10. oaufa t urYrflu Although ) Coniunction

c a " rilurluraril:rlunosrflunr:uso.:n?1xn-oui.rrrsiluriad'lriaril"r:nlfuv{um
e10EU',lg llllfi11illlll'lulla.ru:3 tuRostuun'lTttflo.:fi?1lJ?tottu.t tlsl l't{l,au tufl1ll"l:n [1 ,
despite ddorouoiru N. / V.ing lEi rda,rorn6irdouun-rrr6o:J*Isa (= it has taken) 6.:Eio.:
tuJdaul:Jlf conjunction fignoiar 6o Rttnougn rdordorusouJ:sluntrirsi'rsrn-u
I Despite
I ln spite of ) Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. (N.,S.+V.)
Though
I Rttnougn Althouqh I felt very tired, I tried to finished the work. (S. + V , S. + V.)
t. Even though
11. ooufo 1 ufirflu found ) Verb

c A nJa, a e - A d
r[roEurs fafiiirj:vrru 6o scientists uosq1ilil1gi?uniul have been found 6':tflu -Passive
voice lu:il
g$ Present Perfect d.:'[rinneio.: nrfls:JrrlundnilT Unrru'ir
rinimsrareqr{riunu'ir...
& ^r ' qe
-9l,ruu[tJ0:J:35'11{tuur.tn:s1i1ntu1t0.] ' -o.:rilduul#ad1u:rj
0.:a Active voice ld'rrri have found r a
asaslimri ERRoR 5oo rio 113

I
12. oaufa z uri'rflu relatively ) Word Form
riraBurs rfial,i'inoefinite article 1a1 oYo.:errruoiruriruru lufid pnenomenon 1= rJ:rngnr:n[1
e.tVO'
uJufill{'tltourrnl ttnril modern (adj.) rirrarirfirrruurruer-'rfi urnr:rqi'0.]n'r:1lU'ru adjective o;
ei'0.:irigrJrar adverb 6ruri'llrflu relatively (adv.) ar.:ufir modern rdaralrufit riourir.:vt-uru-u
13. oaurla 2 urirflu covers

I va
) Porqllel Structure
eiroBurs uiiatf,rflul:loruuri'nnr:hilsr:.:sir.:turu (Paraltel structure) Iou#,:rno and rflu
. i iq qa t ,; a q v q a 6 ei q -
n1[50tJyt tlr11{lfi5,1fl5'1.: t:la0.]tilduu01nn:u1 cover [14t!1.[n:u1t0nilau covers t1 l0t141lu'tu
n-uritir constitutes fitd'rfluniurronnodtoril:smu'loYrrri The Pacific ocean firr.:orjq"rurarir

U
14. oau?io
Y
t aa
uri'uflu Since ) Preposition il
o A qe s i e q ; . w - &' {
n'145il'lu t:1a3tT since 0't8Jo'tuoot:ilqlu?Ja{t?n1 [u1Jilrm for oaJo'tilo']uTrurtlnl o.:uu ,l
I
- X- a s < A a ' '
n-ofid'o,:'[d since prehistoric times (= m'.:usiqerriou:J:srhsrmor{1 dtfio'jrufluootirud'uto.srra{
'Luo6o
o d jq- Y X
- 1
d'{tno'irulnrLvrfi'lri'uonurnrvt-rsa.:fi
I
ruhL8'n-u Present Perfect (= have painted) I
I
I
I
since 1ostrtei...; * ooGtsiutottrnr We've been waiting here since two o'clock. I I
I I
I I
I I haven't played rugby since I left university I
I
for
I
I
t
(rflurrnr...) + Tsusr?a'r We have known each other for ten years. I
I
t I
I I haven't seen him for ages. I
15. aau#a Z uri'rflu to resign ) Verb

I
eiroBuru niut expect filer:tofr.:60 expect somebody / something to do something uueitu 1
rjtIuof,hi'::Jto.:
$
Passive voice Iou#run::rusa.:niu'rrJ'rlflurj:yrruri'ruurir 6o the directors
i
I
in all government agencies odrl'l:fiqnrur:rf,:n.rEio,:rrJfiuu of resigning td'rflu to resign rriiolri' I

I
n:tnruln:.: mfrtt or niur f, un;fr on':rruu il1 u'il ...nnn1oil rJ1 u'iror8r a on... I
16. sroufro 3 urirflu a few ) Word Choice

riraBurs nr:nsirrfittiruruuiarjirulnrfiou o;d'a.:ufronhi'ritir a few uto a tittte louoorn
ncilrirurrufiolillrl
l-'t 6o ctever tricrs d,:lufidlfrfluurrurluleYrrunor[ #.ornflornnr:rfiru s 6.:d'0.:
a qu . v uU,Ue, g
ufranf i'a few etruritir a linte *rnfirurruil'u1ri'tri'rvirrlu
I -;- j \
I . I
uaE
9a
$oun?'l l,taumdo
I
I
I I
I
I
few fewer the fewest + tt. riuloiyrfifloli ,u
I
I
the least + f.r. riutrilsi

I I
I little less I
v€
1_14 o:. flR?oJU
li
ilnro:rrj
17. oau#a t urYrflu Despite / ln spite of ) Preposition
c a r f lA . vt d . e .t N A tc
oloEUltl :J:;IuRilfr0n?']il1ru'rui'r tltJil0rIn1:eioolruluurrr4ufrraluourql ueifln6i1?nu
'jrnr:ujduutjtdurqr:rrlninil:csuorruahrSoadrwrn ei.:rfunr:lf,rirrdau due to (= rdarrur
, A < d uu , v q v. A - v
0'ln) s.:tilun1tuflo.:fl1tfiq0{u.: lilnn0i0{ n?:t1t61t5oruuro.:n'11il?to[tti,:01ilfi?'ttJfiu1ula{
rj*Isn Ioarrjduurf,u despite / in spite of (= s111-'5..-fi) * tt. / V.ing
18. oaur?a 3 uri'uflu have been found ) Verb

oad-,q,u,
riraEurs ufrost..oettururutu::Jro,: Adjective ctause (= that...years) oonl:J osnu'jrurruuah
i" u Aa s A
firirrarirfirflu:J::urutaril:sTun 6o Fossits of plants o-rriuniurfisr1ilila-.:ru'r 6a have found
qluFll'lllfilJ'lUTA,: Active voice du ' 'rrr{:rs:J:rr1u'trimru'r:nnrsrilniur'loi'ci'orujduuld'
0.] !ilnnOA
tflu have been found fifin':rtururu[[:JU Passive voice ?0.] Present Perfect
19. aou?io + rrrYrflu tremendousty ) Word Form i

eiroBurs tdod'otnr:tuluri1u'rsJ operations r:rarrur:nldritjr complicated (adj.) fiuuln'jr
Y e ,i e .. v e Aq v qe ll a v ,A
ryu'i'ou ttsitiiad'otnT:flu'ruril'i'rsudaufrrflu adjective r:roio.rlf adverb 6rsYarr:Jfiuuo"rnri1'i1
tremendous (adj.) hirflu tremendousty (adv.) firarurufil odr.:trn rnr?1{1{14fi1rirfi11nturu
g
loittri complicated
20. oau#a z urYrflu approximate ) Word Form

o a Or
el"roBurs nlrtf indefinite article (a) ofotqrrlqirufilu, il ldo balance rirnrirfirflurirurrua${
e q e. &a ut , v o ,A q y.
uei'r nr:f i'ritlr approximately (adv.) 1JU1u141i1u1ilfi6.:u".:hignd'o{ [:'rd'a.:tilfiuutli'rf,udtir
1ao;. I fi fi nrr il il sJ1 u'jr Io u :.1:s rur rurSolno'rd a.o
"ppro*irrt"
21. ooufio 4 urYrflu capable ) Word Form

o a j q-- i o,
riroBurs ufror:rldnSur is fi2i*rurorn verb to ne Eiorf i'qnilil1ei']u adjective o-.t#ur:r5ld'0.:
t:Jduuornritjr capably 1aov.;td'uflu capabte (adj.1 firurJn'i'r fl1r1rn... IoufiTer:tafr.:fiai'otl"f
ot'l3Jiln-{il't 6o be capable of + N. / V.ing
22. sroufio 2 uri'rflu using ) Verb

c A o aaa q e a . o)u , a v v v & ; A
riroBurs rirunum oy fiifinr:lfrmfiauriruvruryhlil
I
6o si'a,:nrilsiru N. / v.ing o'lrlufr.:fr
o"lilnn-{il{il3:j:J:rluo
J'n
(= they use; o',:fio oiarr:JfiuulfqlnrialIouct-eil:srruoont:J unstilfiuu
niurlfia $'lupJt
tqr
ar rir ur ru uta fi 6 u n'jr geru nd teiuri usi ng
qsoulonf ERRoR soo rio 115

I
'1
23. oau#a s rritflu decided ) Redundoncy

oal-
riroEurs tiiaslortrulurulu::ho'l Adjective clause (= who"'air) aanti oruu'ir:J:llundfi
il:srru 6a city officiats drrfluurrur,narrorf d.rdErruuruo-rtodo.:utJ1u comma 6o tney decided
hlgnoio.: rrr:rcrfiafiurru City officiats drtrurirfirJ:srruudr'lriEiolfir::rru'ltJ they ltytuu"uJ
& a e qea , - J
rlu6 n r:r d'o.rf i'ni ur d ecid ed or ru il :; rr uri-': rl.uto u
24. aaurio 3 uuirflu eitner ) Coniunction

oaoXo.leeAoraq.lrtas
eiradurEJ rioililnr:hi'corretative conjunction fi.:rfiorurir:J:stnmtGurn''1*[urJ:;luo tutloun:.r
coordinating conjunction rusild'rflueiraruo
!.$
rfialfrirrdouoiruua-r'jr or r{rt6orufihi'rf,udn:ufimo
oYruurir 6o either'lritd ootn 6tri'arr:Jfiuulfnnqio.ooruln:.]flfl{
{ either...or.... ai':u botn d'0.:irfr
In:.oafrr both...and... 6.:osnnqior
!
t
either... Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven. I
I
I
neither . Neither Joseph nor Andrew has passed the test. I
I
whether She was uncertain whether to stay or to leave. I

I
I
both.... Both my sister and my brother play the piano. I
I
not only Ann was not onlv pretty but also knew how to dress well I
25. oou#o z urirflu uetiet ) Word Form

o a d q e u y, i i e .q r o
aloEU'lu rilor:'ruunr:ld definite article (the) osyrrruloi'ilfirdqrililrqlolaqiluSrJtolrirurl
sa
slirfur{r'ir betieve 1v.16.:rirh.innoi'arru:rsl,ituoirururird\rilsi r:r,i'rrfluEYa.:uri'lt1#tflur{r'ir
belief (n.) fifinmruraruru'jr n?rru16o
od
116 ot. flR?stu
iq
flnto:il
Answer Key
o alaa tl aaaaatSc t a t06r Ga3c ara a aaca aa 0e
1 maurlo
V
t ua
utrtilu serious ) Word Form
riTaBurs r:raur:n#rrnsr'[ei'ir:J:sIu"dfin''r,drurrirsirufiulosuaorruafirf 6.:qia.:'[riln:r
rir.: so + adj. / adv. that + S. + v. ururufi.: ...rurnrf,uoun:;vr'.: odrrl:fiorrurafiniu1 looked
A q lq wA a jqw v
"
6,rrflurafir'Lu linking verb ritarirfruaiiou verb to be fi'Lrt'turuurruoYrunrir 6a rne situation in
the Middle East t:roia.:ld::.lta.: adjective 6.:'irrfluqr-0.:u:Jfiuuornritjt seriously (adv.)l#uflu
serious (adj.)
2. mau#o z rurYrflu was recognized ) Verb i

r f 3& o u , q , j q d ue
a'IaEUlu uTrtUnu?JUqtUO?Ufl?lrljU',rULU3:J10.1 Prepositional phrase v1U0nt?fl1t110Oo tOUn
Long before his death 14il1ufi{ rf,unnrururiounr:rfrufiioro{rll'r r:lorfl-.r[norloi'jrlu:J:s1un

a a' '::Iun flA
Yl9r"llJlJ'ril:l:rf11{1A{:l:3[Ufi 6a Goethe {.10,
drodmn-rrnio{l4rJ1u comma 'lriloirflufn:;firniur
!
. A A v | ( e o q \ yv s A v ri
recognize ytfiil1un., uotJ:u tlqltilltHnnn:;fil '
tuFl?']rJfirJ1rJ?1 to:unl:u0tru Q.:oa.:t:Jnuu
ornniurdtd 6o recognized flliln?1uuil1u1Jo.: Active voice 1#rf,u was recognizeO lu::Jsot
Passive voice
3. aaufa t urirflu can the models ) Word Order

o A . u Xao ra . a ,. & u r T i v
eiraBurs riofrfrriruonn?'rilrilruil6rao'ir onty (= rfiutuei)dusiu:J:rtsn tfiauiun':rrunruru
:Jfrraro-rneir? olrJun-nn1:rduuuf,:r:rd'0.:finr:6urdro-ur{rsirrornrl:;Iunfrl:J 6a d'0.:aa-ufi
S. + V. (= the models can be...) hioqilu3rl riruanrJfirar + V.:iru + S. + V. ttf (= can the
models ue...1 6to;nneio.:
'. riruonilfirao * v. rirs + S. + V. rlfr'

almost never seldom rarely barely hardly
Ex. Hardlv had I anived when trouble started.

t Not onlv did we lose our money, but we were nearly killed.
qsflulomri ERRoR 5oo ria

I
Lt7
t
itiI
fi
4. oau?To s I aa
ttfitf,u keep up with ] Preposition
eiraBu, s nr:lf t
niur keep fiuurufir qrrrutli'vr-un-u... Eio.:ldttru?u keep up with something
I
- a e tA q .-. -
uytuyl ror o.:qa{[unuurf,u with o'rilFr']'rilflil"lura.r:J:ctunfi'ir tiiarorntmnluln0noiltirtqo:
r T i' I s t a a I
N
,A € a t a - - ; a e q vv v & u q
tunuuuiln.:0u1.::?o[:?tuttglniil t0114u'tyttylfiufl0a{o'tlJtfimunu1u00ltn1:u"lT{:n1*1lfiil5J
"
flt
I
*
s
+ uritflu rapidly growing ) T
5. aou?ia Word Form {
1
eiroBurs nlrlf definite articte (the) ri'otoTlri'rurilulrJrflrJo luirtdfiurru population oriud'r

. Jaq- q . a A A N
nlTru'ruri'r1.{rrufr6.:1d'growinglu:ilra.: adjective 14tJrufi{ fi.:rritfiu ttfi;xtnd'a{n1:1u'turi'r i
ii Atolt'g,l rapid (adj.) ld'rf,u rapidly (adv.) rtiln'lr odrl:'tqtir

l
adjective adverb 6.:r:.Jduuorn
6. aaufo I rurirflu Many of ) Noun

q 96 . 4 I I o d q 9"
a1o5u1u nlTtrnluan6"ru?u14T0l]:tJ'tIu many t:'tFr0.1gr'ttJolu€r'tu1u1^ll4llautnu nlT[tfl'l?'t ,
many fifi definite article (the) rrrrur:rrriud6rfio oi'aruJfiuul:Jf iTottair.: many of + N.nlrno{i
A N t a . I q q oX qe u e
[v{oTruTraills']lril1un{ ii'ruxuil1n1J0{fl{[o Lun:ilufl1tJ1tntTu1lJT?ilnil the to
".
7 nou#o e ufi'rflu steadily ) Word Form

oad-,{,
eiraBurg tiiaooeiruturu'lug:J Prepositional phrase (= According...Labor) tltoilr{u:J:;T1u
Io.::J:sTun 6o unemployment (= nr:'ir.r.:ru1 ua:fin?ur 6o has been declining (= non.:) n1T
a t qv a ,A
1u''run5u.re[8{hi adverb a.,tunuuo'rn steady (adj.) tvirflu steadily (adv.) rurJn'jr orjr.oeiardal
8. oaufro S ufitf,u research ) Noun

riraBurs rirurru research drurla'ir .nuao-u #r'irrflurirurruriulilloY6.:'[riarrur:nvirb{adlu
a
t ilvv u U,d
:ul
{{a
{141 lou [O O0.:gt61 es 00n t].10,10tnno 0.1
o Uncountable Nouns
accommodation advice equipment experience furniture
health homework information knowledge luck
luggage music news progress rubbish
traffic travel trouble weather work
9. oau#o t rrrirf,u broadly speaking ) Word Form

riroBuT s tdar:rEiornrruan'j'rd1fr'{nair':firRtrfuluuile rmarlr:nlfritjr speaking firfr.r
rr"to'tnn?ul i'lruriunr:ldadverb rJ::naurir.:urir lurJ:;Ilod6.:qio,:ldir Broadly speaking 6o
o sn n oio.c ciru broad (adj.) :rlurir niurtil'toY
ud
118 o:. ffn?flu
qq ?{ntoTru
10. oou#a e trfirflu easier ] Comporison
riraBurs :iadfinr:f ito:.:airr make somethins + adiective r:rdluu'irnr:1dadverb ritir
easity hinnoial r:rqiattd:rJ adjective 6o easy *nsuJfiuuld'rflu easier luo?rilflilrura,rn1T
r:.Jiuu rfi uuntun'jr Ie EJ fi e fl r il more easity filfirur
11. orauria z urYrf,u spontaneous ) Porollel Structure

.tea a u Aqv A ,v
Fl1O5U1El n1T[tn:U1 are fiA verb to be 9r0.:9r1rJotU adjective tytotTflU',tUl.l'.tilYt0Uo',]U14li',t
te-ttri Rfrican-American quilts o-.:rfut:rovnu'jr tivety rur-orar#rsri'ru -ty uoirirduflu adjective
vl,6l, a . i v ,A q ed
ttlLT adverb [ur.l0uri1au6] lT10i0'JtljoUu01n spontaneously (adv.) LuttJu spontaneous (adj.)
rfi otr,t'n a q fl d'4.: n-utuI o:.: nir.:s ur u (Pa ra II e I stru ctu re )
12. oou#a t uri'rflu most highly praised ) Word Order

ai q. I
ciraBurs rfia'Lrt'Oefinite article (the) oio.:nrrud'rurirurru irayriljr performances (= niruflo.l)r
rf,uuruoI'iud'r n1flu1ur{rdeiotrirr{r'jr praised tu::hLar Past participte fi50 v.3 rurrrrfion-u
v e a r yuv &
oiruudr frfl':ruailru'jr 'Lri':-unr:undar unsrfiofinr:r:l5uuufiuun-ugrqoo"o.rrir most highty tu
, I a td a
3rh o.: adverb ?1.lfi fi1 niul praised { oiol

6.:o rq n
13. otoufia + uuirflu on which / where ) Pronoun

oaA,v
srloEUlE tiloqra{n1flru1ud1u1u the trees oi'runr:ld Adjective clause ti'0.:#rtno'jru, ildfi1
v Aa A. r J
rarirfirflueirutulura.r:J:sluofiqrilurfifirJ:smu 6o tne fruit uo:finiur 6a grows Fr?1r,Jl{ru"ru
r f Xa u, e a t vtwAA nsJ, J i e a
:J:cIuflfl60...'[riairromurfiuurueiod'u'trififirHa'Lrifirjnnori...
{{s rru:unrrroilmnnCIo{a{oio{td
on which uSo where [T,n1irJ'ro"rn the fruit grows (on the trees) drriruatrululu'lileYlufiri'r
14. nau?io t urirflu Noted ) Verb

airaBuru il:srru 6o Lake Tahoe fiodraii'.:
t,
comma niurlueauoTurJ:r1un6roi'artdv.s lrast
participle) 6o NoteO o'uJfifl-nra.lnr:tt" Participial phrase tuerrrruueLrull0.t Passive voice tfio
fioerrrruururu'ir r;rnmrurr1a'loiiunr:o''rr.irfiorrrula*r..rrr.,ri',unrfrn':trum':u.o'rtJra.]fln1u
fisr'.0 nrntri'Noting firflu Present participte osuil"rufi{rrrnrruiirfluqiii'r.:
$
d.:rfluhJtrlloi'
15. nau?io I urirflu which is called / called ) Verb

riraBuT u rj:sTunludodfiniurrrriao{d1ril1.i{ 6o is catted lrflr has become uar'lrifirirrdou
:J:cIufldrfio q1iln?lrufirJruoiarrrJduu is catted ld'rf,u Adjective clause tdorurEJriruril The
process 6r1ai"jr which is called u6anosrJrrndaufiur called (Past participle) lun'lruililrs?a.t
Passive voi ce si.: rfuni u1 u n-n? a.r :J:;I u n t;l"rrri has becom e
nsaulamf ERROR 500 rio 119

16. oau?,o
I
4 va
ttri[:]l* breeds ) Noun
. A n lcari e - Y -. d:, i -. -Ei---q----rC-.---^--.-
.llo[t?itaT.]fli1.: one of + 1u$.Jqo + N.1{Tv{01{ o'01.{1*01tuu0la.:luauuo'lnn1ulu
riroours
tanila{ breeo tfrflurirurilr,{il1,10{
{t
breeds orruln:.:air.:d fio."'uru"'u'ir ud.:lunrufl"ufd
ueq ^ I a f
[O:Un?1ill+Uilfl.rYlflO
si [UtAn
17. Boufo z urlflu seeing

I aa
) Verb
riraBurs rJ:snrurot:J:;Iscr 6a Many studies [ngfiniur 6a nare tried to determine o1ilu1
ri:un::ulu3:ha.:
u-{ Noun clause'loYrrri whether or not...violentty o-.:#ut:10;14u'j']ilTtmufiaqjlu
Noun ctause #[*gneio.: ry{r'rs see 'lrjhiriruru6rrflu:J:srru'lrjlei sla.:r:Jduutflu seeing lu:il
. jqo a < A uAq ao i a
gerund yit1rr14ilouu'liltan1\0li tila?i'tfiu1yt[:]uil:ir''tu[tnEilnrulylo'ttJil1
-
" ' fl0 makes
18. nau?io + urYrflu no pain ) Word Choice

riroBuru rfiaqio.:nr:uso.rn?rilrf,uilfrrerrarirriru1illunx1xr14tJ1u'jl '[rifi... sio.:f iTo:lafr.r i
*rufir uqiosfi adjective niolxifilcitudd6.:sio.:r:Jduuldrflu
ns + (adj.) + N. Tou'[rifi articte
no pain eiruritjr not hisrrur:ntd'ld rtt:rsovlfrrrufi verb raiarartr adjective nto adverb
19. noufo t ufi'rflu is considered ) Verb

o a j l d ue
rilaBurs - ' '
tiioer-orhuturufiodfifldr,:rnSorurru comma 'lsiuri a north American game bird
aon}J v{u'i1il:r!'1u 6o The bobwhite rueirroniurur{ nnr:r;ft.:dqrililT adluIrjtor
qln Adlective
clause 6a wnicn is considered... r:r6.:Eio.:sr-o which sonlilrdalvinarsrflunitlr[[?iTo.r:J:rrru
A v ue
mnnno.: toun is considered lunlfll4lf u Passive voice
20. oau#o t uri'rflu Afthough ] Coniunction

riraBurs ufocrf,unrruflonn?lrur-crrr#r rrqiriodlf in spite orhiqnoia.: [vr:1;srluna-nq10{
orrud'ru N. / V.ing drorruoY'ru:J:rTuo (Latin was...)lillqt ai'0.:rrJfiuuld'uflu conjunction dureo
o':run-ouu-.:vr-qrrruri'ru:J:rIun 6.:si'o.orrJfiuudrrfiorr:lu Atthough 6.:orr-rnoto.:or1iln'r1ilflil1iuf,
a
r aril:rluer
21. mau#o Z urYrflu must be filed ) Verb

oad-
riroours tiiacrhri'rutrJruluqroud'urJ:;Iun 6a Generatty speaking oant:J osytu'jrfiil:srru
a a ^--'--'4- ---4-'--' -sfiniur
fto tax retums .r,tfiil'tunn n1:fiuR'Il* tlfl3ilntu'l flo
6o must file s
mustnte drhinnoia.: rdorornil:srrutri
s
arlr:nn:;ri'rn;m fib fiurja'ir durirfo.: r:roia.:r:Jduuldrf,u must be filed lun':rilfiurura.:
Passive voice
ud
720 oT. flR?Sltu
tl
flntoTflJ
zz. oau?io t urirflu Prior to ) Preposition
c a t Xa t A d q A a i e
eiroBulu riofrfinr:nritlfi.ro6Erluri?.:riaufiociinr:ldnarrfurqrai Ioulfritir prior d.rrflu
adjective drlrlnolo'l0:6u $rtrufir riou... r:ro;'[rilf than rnfioudrdul uoild prior to rflu
rirfi rfl uyrr.: nt:ua;fi orr uu tr u rn fi aurilir earlier than nia before
I superior to (= greater than) prior to (= earlier than)

I
I
I
inferior to (= less than) senior to (= older than)
I
I anterior to (= earlier than) junior to (= younger than)
I
I
t posterior to (= later than)
23. aou?t a
I
2 uritflu much
ea
) Word Choice
riroBursr rirurru information dru:Ja'ir darua{ rlu'irrf,ur{rurruriuhiloY oiriurdormldriruon
e
vAqtt tls v v eflv ( v ,rrrl
:JTlJ',ttuil'lljU1Uo11r141{',10,: ttJ6-tu1:n tT many []'{:"tro0{o',luo'r uu1iluu tolr{14y,10u t:19t0{tunE
- 6 , J vu,uH
tuun't?'] much mn a{o"ril02 u111iluu lil too{osnno 0.i
24. qau?io 3 uflrflu other Word Choice )

o a r f t , I y u X- u,q - - I I
^
n10EU1U tJ:3tUOu14lt',]Un?lil?1 ttmUYtQrtrt"tit:.:tBn UnSUOuiln?',t.1t1[Ut{10{Un5UO0U5JYl
fiturorvirln-uutar6nn'jr o"rrfurdor:reio,rn1rnd1?6.r irrarunrfiodul oYortd'ir other d.rhi
.€uX,a,a-Aaaltv
'irrtruoi'arfiranrr etru another rf,unr:ndrrnau j uiln'i1 6nil"uraiirl?a6nouuf,.: [ougfo.lerru
9a
o?uulilranil0utfllj0
25. stou#o S ufilflu much more complicated ] Comporison

o a u Xa ,d a J
a'loEU'lu 1ouiln"t:r:J:uutyluulunrr #lrnolEio'lnn1Tldfi1'i1 than o-lrfurdoqio,lnlTlffil'i1
complicated (aoj.) dilurufil s-udou dallf,lufrJriundr
I
6a more complicated [n3fftl,']innit
vvv wuv i J
ritir m uch'[{dr.: ra rir loY rfi o ft o oru'ir' dudo un'ir rur n
qrauloflf ERRoR soo rio 121

t
Test 12 Answer Key
e s #'!,t ."ts s & e s G 6 s I 6 0 & (, 6 S $ f3 gt s S S * S & S * A S a a
oaufa
I
3 ad
urirflu loss ) Word Form
qe e v & a
riraBurs nr:['i'oettnite article (the) oYororrud":urirurru o.ruur:ra-.:ri'attilfiuuorn lose (v.) vr'
adoe
u rur r n.: qr-rL ufi
vu
u'[r,i'n or u ufl u loss (n. ) fi ur] n'jr nr:nql
tq
tdu 6.:o;qs no,at
2 oaurio + uri'rflu are associated > Redundoncy

riroBurs rfiaQt-oeirururulu:ilT0.: Prepositional phrase (= sometimes...circulationl aon'[rJ
ovrnru'irrJ:sIrod firjrrulu 6o Monsoon winds drrfluurur^narnrori R.:fimrruurna-rtoiarururu
comma 6o tney are associateo'[rjqnoi'0.:
s
nr:rgrfiofiuru *or]roon winds virufirfirl:vrrurr#:/
kjoi'a.:fia::nu'ril they rrruurrurfudn r:roi'0.:trl'niur are associated ettJil:rrruo-rtft*rau
j
,l
3 stouzo
I
4 urYrilu to
ea
go ) Verb I
I
1
d U A d AT 9 A
siraSurs rirnr*gylri
i
reluctant (= n.:tnn5a5:o) il[nr.:flfir na be reluctant to do something
-Y A - qea a v ,q , Aqv e @T
9r.:1*ULilA9r0\:n1:tInimq1ilil',lo{gta.l0utl.lTtj to go tT{0[14floofl48.]nu[Fl:.:fl:1.lq.:nn']?
i
t
I
I
4 oau?ro
I
f uililu
va
tremendous ) Word Form I
t
1
riraBuru nr:lddefinite article (the) qiorsrrruoi:urirurru rfia potential (= a-nuntt) rirrnrird I

I
Xa vl , q e l
{ o 6t e. u ,j
tflurirurrodrua'r nr:lri'riljr tremendously (adv.) turuufirurrufi6t'[rinnri'at
{ r:rsia.:r:Jfiuulli
rfluritjr tremendous (aoj.) fifin'nilflilrEJ'jr il1ne.,1u
j
1
v
5. oau?J a 1 tun"rflr+ have no ) Word Choice
A 9' < ta a , v| ,a ] q r.f
Fr10 fiu'r u tlJaqlain"l:uflgr{flx'rrJ[:]u:JfllflTt4ulnru'r].Jlun?rsJ148J'ru']r 1uil... o0'rtT!€lr.rfl:'l{
no o 1adj.) * r.r. Ieutriil'articte *rufir usiosfi adjective uia'hfi'lcitufifidtoi'0.:urjfiuulfiiflu
no muscular or nervous system Ioufi muscular t!fl; neryous uflu adlective lJU'lUl{'ltJ system
i , u, que qv u a v
frnrrurur ciruritir not '[riartr:nlri"toi rn:r:os1frr.]nn".r verb raSoudr adjective r6a adverb
6. 0rou?,o
Y
4 va
$ririlu close to ) word Form
i , r u o o^
rirasurs ^
tfrat{ortnnn?"}rJfirJ1u?Jon:J*Tuneia,tf i'riljr ctose (adj.) irrun-uuvruyr to rfiofro
nmruuuru'it lnilfion-u... d.:mrrur:nrirrur:lurudrurru tife fioddruurirleY
g
atrunr:rdanlfrllir
closely 1aov. ; doa rur u fi .o a drrtn #fi o hi ond'or
s
u rilrr u't ut+l rroYruy rirtrilEi
v€
722 oT. ftR?o'Il.t Ttnto:il
9q
7
Y
qoufo3 ttritilu spoken ua
) Verb
o a q s
a1a6u1r, tuoauoula{il::tunr:Jun1flu'tufilu'lilyr?I1l4u1Yttuurj:!f1u
a.ril::1unrflun1flu'rurilu'lufirtrrariridrfluil:lrru fla dr::u
6a Quechua s.:T! !
drrflunrurfirGrul#luorruro-n:6uor o-rrfuludrurouj:slundnrruua-.:tnda.:rr.u .orr" ,fu
o lu, v A
t:rosltu'irilniur 6o is un;turuil:srrueiru the most widely speaking 6tlilqnoYa.: tiia'oorn
, i d u a Uee ed .l
:J:rmufiururufirnrr*rkirrrur:nfirniurnolEYqiarurYrilu spoken 1u:tJ Past participle (V.3)
01 u Fr?'t ut4 u1 ut o,: Passive voice 6to r n nqio.o

s
8. noufa
Y
z udtflu
aa
complex ) Porollel Structure
riraBuru rJ:rluoluriadfinr:t'.fiIo:.:mir.:turu (Parallel structure) s-.:rnflotnnt:tri'riljr ano
AA , jqe r4e . A .,
"
firfior: adjective urqiarrirfr"Lri'tu'luu'ru set'[c{'rrri constant ua; orderly ff*f'jrosatviruei'ru -ty
rrqifirirurirfirflu adj. finrrrunrru'jr rflu:;u:iuu o-rrfuritjr complexly (aov.) 6,:oio.:uui'tflu

co m p I ex (a d v. ) rd ohi'm oo nr ii'0.: n-u +i r qq nrah rid u "1
I
9. oaurla
I
+ ad
urrftilu of smoking ) Verb
riraBurs, nr:ldunum
t
of oi'0.:srrrud'rEJ N. / v.inq Iouvir'l:Juii'rririr smoke n-nrirrrirfirf,u
a A ,"X - o vA4 a e ue! ,A
n5u1 rrila?1 flon?uni0fluu14i
g{t ltqtfi1ufl1il1Tnfi1fiU'r7]HJUU1IJ14lJ1Un{ fl?U [OrTUnU Ugrlil4
'fvAA-Aa,j
:JTsIufle{a{n1?fr0n?"rililil1u?1 ...nlofi']nytornoanrlnl:ffu:J1{: n"l0.lFl?Ttilnuuo1n smoke
(n.) birflu smoking lugrJto.: gerund dlfumuriruril firnu6{ nr:auq*5 6.:orXnoYat
10. 6ou#o Z urirflu number of ) Word Choice

G|1 0 du-1 g Ti1?1 amount 0s tTnuu'l tJuu ttj to [0n1i{0u fl''l14Tuu1 :
rdaritir chitdren ufluurruriutoYrnnlnof

t
r:16rqio.:tfionlf a very large number of children 6.:or
vfi
{ oit to u fl ofi?'r
rln$ tJ14 1r1 u?l lon 6]a1u? l{il1n
I
I a + adj. + number of + N.fiTv,lori + V.urrlralori A larqe number of books were on my table I
I
t I
I
a + adj. + amountiquantity/deal or * ru.riu'lriloY+ V.uannorf A certain amount of stress is good I
_l
11. oau?io 3 rurYrilu surprisingly

I ad
) Word Form
o a qr
riroBuru nlrldindefinite articte (a) oYororrururrirurirurru lu#dririr time tflurirurruori*dr
uatfi long (adj.) rirnrirfituruurrud nrnEiornr:turu adjective rirf,r:rEiolld adverb 6l'irrflu
- ie- q A
'l
oia.rril6uuarn surprising (adj.) h(rflu surprisingly (adv.) lunrrrinmu'i1 t?a1fru"l?u'Il{oEi1.rli1
rJ:;uarorlo
*quL*rr ERROR 500 :ia E

12. ooufra a uri'rflu who knows ) Verb
. a r r I t a J { o <r4r{-
a'la6u1u :J:!tuflfin6i1?fi,: someone 6rtflu indefinite pronoun raioa::flurilfililfitaurr rrar
i e A t . . Xa a d a A a e q s - &
lunrura.:nquaa?1fi'l[nn1utilutflr,auu1ilt0nfl0u nru1na1ilil"t0.1o0.:[uut0nvi0l* o']uun't:
lc c v ! v .A q e.
1ru'ruflTTyn{"rrufi1u::Jror Adjective clause r:iulu:iofi tmeiorr:lfiuuo1n who Xnow lr{tf,u wno
knows 6.:o:nnoi'o.r
{
E
13. aouza 2 uftf,u sound

V -d
) Noun fi
t
I
qa
riroours nr:tdriljr each (= rroinr; oYo.:nrruoiruurruronilodrflilo ri'.:r.fu6.:d'ort:lfiuuornutr I
1r1l{ad sounds lfiiflu souno IouluddfiO"'ir separate (adj.) rulu rfioftanrrruuil1u'i1 rsin!
q, :1,
aA
tflu.:ylIun00n01nnu
ri
each / every + N.lanilo{+ V.tannof Each child plavs a musical instrument. I

,l
t;
;
We looked carefully at every car that drove past. Ir
-l i
I
l
each of + N.il14ilad + V.ronltoti Each of the students is responsible for this project. I l
I
I
Each of the books is b€autifully illustrated I
-
14. oaufio 3 ufirflu tewer ) Word Choice
riroBurs nTrniiT?fi{d'ru?uiltoiliil1orfiau nrogqia{rfiontf:zra'irrritir few uta titfle Iouot
alnri'rulufiorrlrlurJ:slufld 6a traffic probtems drlfrflurirururiuloYrrnflori #.:rnnornnr:
a a e a q ' a iZ , i , Y Aa
r6u s 6rsfarrfionldtewer firf,unr:uJilJurfiuur-un'jr 1un'rrruril1u'j1 :Jquro:ro:fifirJirrru
rio sJ n.r rr'.: drx' otrir a o n ii'o r ri'u t" d rfl uriun'i1 rt a { I ittte o r n rJ :sT u fl fi l#rJ 1
""
15. oau#a a uui'rflu of teachers ) Noun

riroBuT U tfiolfrirurru majority finilrufir numtaft.:rorei:ulraqj r:rrirrfluoio.chi'ld'gnoio.:
orrruIo:.:nir.: 6a a / the majority ot + tt.riu'tsYnrll,rori
s
6.:oiotr:Jfiuuarnrirulilron?\oli teacher
,l ,4 d
t14 HJUU'l il 1 {14
!
1"1 0U teachers
16. naufio + uritf,u another ) Word Choice

o A q v lv qv f s A - a a -
riroEurs lut"ofiototldorruIn:rrfr,:fiBneia{ 6o from one...to another u:r6rd'a.or:Jfiuuoln
'A
...to the ottrer dtflunr:dtattrrtorsor lu-tf,u ...to another fine{rtnau.1 trorduorrilnillu'j1

...r6umrrornnrltirrrfranud.r'[:J
9{qt
f.: 6nanrrrd.:
uc
124 oT. f,R?grU y{nto:il
li
'17. oou#a t rrrirf,u so many )' Word Choice
riraBurE, t:rarur:nfrrnqr'lcY'irrJ:;Ir"dfinr:rdorrdrqiT unalouusorruafirf ur]lourJnGrdo
fidruruorurr r:rsYorld such + N. uAtuddfiriruonrJilrnr many lrululrriruru 6.:'hi1ferrl
In:roirr:JnG r:rsi'orf i'so + many + adj. / adv. that + S. + v. rdodaorrrnruru'jr ...lrnrf,u
j
0un:3Yhl...
very+adj./adv. The fishing industry is verv important to this area

so+adj./adv. +that+S.+V He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.
such+(adj.)+n. +that+S.+V Bangkok is such a biq place that it is easy to get lost.
18. oau#o t ruirflu have been trying ) Verb

riroBurs t:rl{u'iril:;Iundfi:J:rrru 6o Peopte uoiniurdorruur 6a hare been tried odlu
ql{9{ Passive voice To.r Present Perfect ururun:ruir riounnmoaa.: d.:trinnti'oor',uor",*l*u'rr'

::J
To.rrJ:slundnr:rsil:rsru'[ri'[d'gnn:;rir 6rsiorr:Jduu tried lu::Jton Past participte (v.3) hi'
rf,u trying lu:rlto.: Present participle (V.ing) orruIn:lafrrtat Cresent Perfect Continuous
uosfi nrunruluuuu Active voice
19. oou#o t urirf,u who is betieved / believed ) Verb

iraBurs :J:;mu1u:J:rlsJn 6a The first person ueinn'uiinirlrurtnordrunri.r 6a is betieved
s J, s lt'a" tr au. e . E e .qvd^ v d v d
Itfli was tOUYlUTetURl*tlJtlFlltX0tltnUoiltilnnAa{ tflO'ltuuglOilYllllrtUnTu1ilAntflU.lSl?[OU?
d - v ,A q e, d - -- C , v<
ruor,{o"rrru'ra1nn?"rrJfirJ"ruqYo.:rrjfiuutr{ii?r{urntflu Adjective clause rdotururj:;rru uiltilu
who is believed nSono:rJrufiorfiur believeO tu::J Past participle luntruurulu Passive voice
20. oou#a t rrrYrflu Population ) Noun

riraBursJ tdost'octruturutu::J Prepositional phrase (= from ...mid-1940's) aont:J t:1as?\u
, v t , d. v a A a A w ao A A
?110un0'l?n.:u1ilunn fl0 shifts vl14rJ1un{ nlTtnaauulu tt*t$fl1u"llJll11jU1u01uxu'l 61,.1[tJ0
wA d 4 <, Jav, ruea e qa4 r t , &

"
rirrarirfrriluryfrourirnruer=vrrirriufi 'i
6r'Lejarur:nr:Jduug:Jtct 6o d'0.:ld[u::Jurrutanltotitvtruu
6 d v q e d .i -- f a A v I
r:'rril'rrilrsi'a.rrrjfiuu[d'rflu
'A Population rfioruru shifts Iounrlun']''rilfi{ n1rlflfiouti1u:J:st1n:
21. qau#a t urirflu Many of ) Word Choice

rir aBur s n'rflfd1u o n:Jirur rusiorfi ar:illolnriluudor u ur riodldrhdr problems tf, uur u
vue Co A e I U9 v I . v v
uu tolt14}l01l
I
^
fl,:Lnoo1nn"l:ylfl"[J1Tntslil s 1t"t.]Yt"tu to [[ar01llfinnlta? much oa{o"ltIo?uu'ltl
ou,xel - AJa .i 6
UU lil tO tUYluo.roA.:IUAUULUU many
nsauloYrriERRoR soo ria

E
22. oau?ia
I
c va
ufltilu separation ) Word Form
o a d a qe _ . e v c u J o q v t1
eiroBu'rn rfroiinr:l,i'definite article (the) oiorqrileirurilulil o"{{u?irrilud'olt:Jduuo'rnri1'j'r I
separate lv. l hirfl uritlt separation 1n. 1 d fi nrrr,il il1 u'i't nl:ttu n a a nol nn-u
23. CIau?Ta Z rui'rflu to draw ) Verb I

I
riraBurEJ n?ur permit finrurufi.: oryprnld'lo:riro;1: t:ro;t.iIn:rrir.: 6o permit somebody s
!
to do something ei{1i'u6.iaio.:t:.Jfiuuarn of drawing lri'rflu to draw ufiald'rt:tnrruIn:rrirtto.:
^J
n:u'ru
i
:,
24. oouria 3 un"rflu person ) Noun :.
v Y d a , I q -" I
riroBurs ufnrrruraruruovil.totufioununof rrqirfiatfritjl
,
every (= t']n.l) oi'a.:orItlo?uu'tlJ
i
vE
tonr{oli[fl
d
rJ o osfur:r
a w
o.: oia.: r:.J
,A
fi u uar nur il ilu l ro f people trirfl uur ru r an n o ri 6 o rir ?1 person
!
!!
n
AV a
,
0{09nn00.1
g
:
2
n
25. stou#a rrri'rflu lower stress )'Comporison
oautaeA-Itroeugj,,qev
a1afiu'lE 1Joun il'l? ril:uu rvruil r0110,iy|1r,1'1fll+?J a an t:J?11.i"tuo? unut011a.tmil n0 u tfi flu1j 0 u
rfirriru rJ:sLJndlfnr:uliuurfiurr"un'ir fl-.:rnoteYornnrrlfri,'ir tnan oi.:usurfiar:rqia.:nr:lf

ritjr tow 1ao;.y oiorlflu;rJriun'jr
s
6o tower uas?1.i1{0hunrirrdaturlr{rurru stress rrfiadog
AAv.
ilil1Un{ n?1il[nTUO1{0Un?1
v€
126 OT. flR?gIU ?{NLBTTU
l9
d
{
i
i
1
t
t1
i
{
*
I
I
1
J
Answer Key Test I3
I &ss*sse6*soeess*ssa@*Ga6s6s€t{}cG&*&*
I
q
I 1 sraur?a + uflrf,u Rnat ) Word Form

c a qv ' v
eiroEurs nr:lful'ruyr
I
until (= oun::n-.:; oia.rqrrloiru N. / V.ing o-triuriljr processing 6r1d'
lu:il geruno uSoniurfif i'umfiourirurru unrrfiaoi'a.:nr:rurarirurrud r:rri'ottri'adjective lou

- ,; q,a A a
m"a.:rilfiuuorfl finatty (adv.y tv{rflu finat (adj.) rfioruru processing 6{osnneia.i
2 oraurlo
I
+ tud
ruriuilu tittte ) Word Choice
o A 'l A o a ra e e 4 qva
n'laEil1u n1Tnfl'l?n.101u1ufi:aLJ51J1tuuou or9l0.1ta0n[TFn?'t lew 1
ntolitflelqs.Joarnrirurru
{
fiEnrurur 6o equipment (= o:.Jn:n[l drturititt'rfluurruriu'lri'ld'uannor[ a-.:rnootnnr:'[ri16ru ,;
6.: q"'0.: ud o nld tittte mroYrun#r
vA
o uau ltoun?1 l,baum6to
q
I
I
I
few fewer the fewest + N. ltil toy,lfiV'lol{
{
I
I
i uU,Uu I
r)
1
little less the least + N. uU[rt to I
I
i
I
I
I
3. oaufra t urftf,u Employment ) Noun
{
? siraBurs riodndrrfirriruruun-nfirirurirfirflu:J:;rru 6a aoencies durtrufi.i uitimqt-':uvtu
i
urililrruruEiruufir drrfiorirrarirdrfluunfiour{rnrxs-rrvfrriud 6o'[*i*u.rnr:Jduu:rj'[d
ruacfidT
A v , qd d , & o a v
na sia.:tritu::Jurruranno*ryiruu
q
[T'rd1lilusio{r:J6uuld'rflu Employment tdururu agencies
f4
t9r uril1ufl ?"riln{ uflJmq? ![Yruaofi 1{'ru
4 ooufa
I
a va
ufltflu poorty ) Word Form
riroBuru rdoqiocirulurutu:r] Prepositional phrase (= by modern standards) oanl:.i t:rat
lruir:.J:rrru 6o tne medieval craftsman unrfiniur 6o was d.:qrxJti'ru paid tu::.Jro.: Past
participte (V.3) lun:rruilil1sro{ Passive voice nurufi.r loY:-unr:druriu *nrtdosYotnr:turu
niurdr:rsio.:1d adverb 6.roio.:r:Jduuoln poor (adj.) hirflu poorly (adv.)
5. oaur?a 3 ufltf,u others ) Pronoun

riraBurs riodfiaalrj:ylunrdorurdrdrsniud'ruriruaorerrriln-erutir while (= lugrurfi1 :J::Iun
u:n1fa::r,ruril some rflu:J:sr'rufio'xfi.: 'lriurstfie il:;Iuoao.:fiorrumt:rdlor:lfat:?\u1tJ
others rf, u:J :rrr u Io util eior urr o n"' rd,*n ", ;oY: u the luirtf,u rr s fi
': lritfie 6u lid rm d a
qr:nuIoYrs.iERRoR soo tio g

tr
E
*
?
*
t*
'iother (adj.) = du'l (+ u'trutonuor[uioyrqnor[1 ,
E
I have no other place to go. s
u
o others (pron.) = nrndr*.1, nudul lSnnorunul f
x
c
Some people are cruel, others are kind.
I$
o the other (adj. / n.) = fufirufia, nufirufio (fl?1ilflilT UdtilY{1t - 1'f'tnel $
I have three brothers. Two of them are tall, the other is short. i
o the others (pron.) = ll?nfilufio lnrrruulrudtflv{'lt - ld tnel
I have three brothers. One of them is short, the others are tall.
Note! (the) others = (the) other + u1illn{v{o{ 161'lrifiurrunrrulr6nl
o another (adj.) = 6nfurad.:, Snourad.: (* urrutonnod)
Would you like another cup of coffee?
o another (pron.) = another + u'uJtonv{or[ (6.:'lilfiurruo1ilsJ16n)
He already has two cars, and now he has bought another.
.- .'
6 oau?fa t urYtflu increasing ) Utord Form
riroBurs n1T[f indeflnite article (an) EYo.:oruri'ruurrt 'tufifiiiritj']
o A q v e lja v q
" , < ,
amount rfluuruaqirrfrr
$
o-.:tfunr:tsruu'rildeY,uilrir6roia.:r:Jduualn increasinolv (aov.) 1#rf,u increasino (adi.) dfi

,i&
fi?'l il14 u1 u?'l tfl ilil1nIu
7 ooil#a z urYtflu many ) Word Choice

eiro6urs d.rdaqjnn'.:rodotur,lu comma rflunr:tururiruurirrufir 6o state governments
utforfinr:uonrJirurruutrurGufid'otrflu'lilorruun-nnr:lf Ralective ctause vr-rhJ td'uri :.lirurru
rio'iruru + of whom... (= nu)/ + of which... (= fr.:ro.:ntouudui1 rhn:-uriod 6.rd'0.:r6on
lf many of which... ,do.oorn mucn sto.:ldrrraiuurrurlulillriryilliu
8 nou?ia a ufi'rf,u racks ) verb

airaBurs iuriodfinr:lf Adiective ctause ]oururrurru materials oYrurariroYrurira::vrurru
that Rlfiqrrt116.:aqilu3rJ:J:cTun
ttl
Toufi:J:str1u 6a tre recipient drunisrdnlililrgi'o.rCI-ori'r
Ulr:Jyr
I
otoantJ ryr:r; lack 1n.1 oialorrruriru of + tt. u:Jn'jr n1:r1oiltan?1il1,"touoau 6i?u
nr:'lf hck rflur{rniurrduluil:;Isro?ioii'darnrildru N. Iorrlilfi of orruun-nnr:lfdnnd'0.:
s
I
I lack (V.) +N His real problem is that he lacks confidence.
I
I
I lack (N.) + of + N Too many teachers are treated with a lack of respect.
U.
L28 o:. flR?gltlt
tq
ilnro:il
{t
it
r
{
I
/
9. oou?Jo
I
2 aa
urirtlu four-year ) Adlective
.t e- e v . q ;S
t n"raBuru nt:ldindefinite article laloiarorruci":urirurru1ufifi term rflurirurlloufi of office
I
I
I
tfluetrururufia:aonloi nr:ldrirlurumlufir term eiarf i':rJ adjective uolluriadlf compound
t{ adjective uionnra'nr{:J:sar Iounr:uanrrarfirSruEiru,iruruorilo-'rufiruru Iou'[rjn'nr:rdl s
I vt'ruriruruun;qiorrfirurn*a{mil1u hyphen ::m'jr.:rir o-rr.iur:r6.:Eia.:rrJduulniflu four-year rfio

I
{ .ls o A e
1
tt'lJ U1 Unlu'lu term 0{0tn nm 0.1
l
10. orauria + rurirflu geographically ) Word Form

eiroBuru riruru information nntulud'?udtir organizeO tu::ito.: Past participle (V.3) qrrr:
o?'1il14u'tu Passive voice milrufi.: riounfitoi':1nr:e-o:;u:..r unrrfiosiarnr:ruruniurfirfiru16ru
r:rd'0.:tf adverb 6lEiarr:Jduuoln geographicat (adj.) ld'rflu geographicatty (adv.) dtililrufi.t

?.
i
I
i
'[urrrnfiareoi
t
, t
I
i
I
i
11. oraufio s ufllflu happiness ] Noun
.
riraBu'rs rdoldririr happiness drr:Jurirurrriutllai r:r6.:'[rjarfir:nldgrJuXuor[fi16ru es
I Uee .j qv ri r d a
to o0{lUnUu[uaU[U:Utonl{outflUA O0 happiness
I
I
I
12. orouria z urYrflu made ) Redundoncy
oad-.4,
riro6u'tu rilasrhlhuturufiod:gu'jrrrnio.:raruru comma (= probably...man) 00n1il ory{u'i'l
rjtIundfirj:srru 6o Thomas A. Edison dorf,urirurruronl{o{ firdsrrurna-.: @mma filoirrri
I he made 6.ohinneTa.: rx:r;rdafiurlluqrousYurJ:rIun?irvfirdrj:srruudr hioiarfifrr:uuril
.n
I
j E a e qe^ , - &
:l
he uyl uu1 uu1.{0 n tTtqt 0.: [sn:m made 01 il U:s Dluo ?tturfl u
J
i
I
I
1
I
13. sraur?o z urirflu answer questions ) Noun
riroBurs 'riodr:rarrur:nlfilfnTn:.:mfrrturu (Parattet structure) ldloufi ano rf,urirrdoru
, u 6 i e A r," v u e
^
orir.:'[:ffqrrruufiofior:onud-nnr:rfruurrai'r riior:rldeirurrur.[u'[oi'ranvrori question drrfluri'0.:fi
article drnfirrflilo 1ufif6{fio r:rd'o.orilfiuuiraiflu questions lu::Jvnarrorifiarrur:ntri'loiloutri
i u,J
o 0.: u article til ann1? 00u 5J tilttol'{']3t0't:0{
14. oourio g uriuflu witn ) Preposition

-&an
eiroBuru niut provide fiIn:rsirlda provide somebody with something d.rriu6,roia.rtilfiuu
uv,ruyr
q'u torlrfrf,u witn rdah{o:.rer1ilTnr{flir.:roinitJrd un:f,oomilflil1si1 ...hitiaunlun'r:
sr :? o y{ ul:n a"strytru o{uririnio"umt nr : ul'{il d
sr;aulomd ERROR SOO rio 729

t
l
'ts. CIau?ia z
v ed
uritilu damaging ) Word Form
4
eiraBurs nr:ld inoefinite articte (a) EYo.:qrruoYruuru luirtdfiritir effect dnrurufir ,.rnnrsylu
a t u u J 3u e a v .t y v tA t;
rfluuruodut':
{ ri'.:uunr:ruruu1ilfrei'rulrrir6roYa.:ld adjective uasoia{trJfiuua'rn damage (v.) E
II
;a
1d'rfl u damasing (aoj.) fi fi om iln sJ''r u'ir dr rfl ufuo:r ufiiadr rf, uH ntr u
d
16. oau#a + rrrirflu introduced ) Redundoncy

riT aBurEJ ufiosl-oatrutElrutu:il Prepositional phrase (= by...characters) oonl:J t:ro;viu'jr
il:ssruroril:yIun 6o walt Disney unsfiniur 6o is remembered lun'1rilfiil1u Passive voice
ururu6,:'[oi:-unr:oo'ir oi,:rfuriio'[rifir{r16ourJ:;Iun r:r6.:s::]laiird.:finururlu:rjrJ:sIun
tg
6o
he...television 6oirurirfirf,urfiu.:ou:J:rIunfilrt'ruruurruoi'runrirlu::J Rolective clause ufl:fi
nr:asrirrdaru which / that oonlilua*{ cartoon characters finn?uru
g nr:tfa::nurru them fio''r.:
a A &ao v u ltr ! u
n.: u1 u m ng n? u 1 u ua { r.l o fl a.t 0 0 00 n til [il :1 :i €t 11 u ry1 { au
17. aau#a z urirf,u witn ) Preposition

dAAweeq
a'raEU'lu nlflnlflllYt concemed Ylttuff?'r tnu?lj4,1nu... oa.:tdgfrtn':rruuilrutat:J:sTund
leYrrri ue with something (= be involved with) ei':unr:rfian1d be concerned about
"on""ln"o
g^ r u,a A -
something uurlo $,{T]ro?1tJ1ttJ1uuonsi1.la0n L:J 60 lonn.r?nrflu?nu... (= be worried about)
18. ooufra Z urirflu by means of ) Preposition

riroBurs ritit mean riluniurfiurJn'ir
EaJ'
ururunr, rJ'jr trimilr:nlforrruuo-rrirunum
q
uv '[oi
rda.:nrn'[ri'[eiadlu::lta.:r{rurru
.q{ 6.:oi'arrrjfruubirfluri'rurru01iln?1illrlJrEJra.:il:rluo td'uri
A a ad r u 3a o AX qed €c
means mfiil1un.i 25'n1T, 141.{Yt'1.:
' "
toufl.ttna?1F11l*il s tfllj0Ltilluytl.tottttlJuu1iltaniloun01il
19. oou#a 4 un"rflu that of ) Pronoun

o a i | r A,a d I d a 6a
riroBurs tfiafior:rxrnl"rrJilil1u1Jo.irJ:yIuerfir:Jiurrfiurirrftu{arnfloil[r1r{nGsdficrrunrvr
^
4 q AX; A a a a I o v c < * ,Y
qn'l'ltfluialn[tr.Jl*[flu.]lJ10:61U lltytUfl.]rnnlilTULtytull €10 tflu.: {.1 L5r]J1{1{'tiltanv{o1+ o.:l.ru
fl::l^{u'tu those tu:ilnral,rari6.:ri'olr:.l6uurflu

${!
that tu:ilm::?\1r'rrJrony{ori rfiiotd'uryruqirurr
. Av a v
sou nd il A'l.rn.lO'lUllU1
20. 6tou?io I urirf,u are more afraid ) Comporison

o a\ o la ra a v c& , f u u v qu tv v
Fl'lofiu1u 1Jouiln1:t:ltuurmuuflil61,{li1uni1 [oEJeirnq-[6[a'lnn']rht than n'lunnu0l1ufia{
n1flu"tud1u'ltdrirvrrirfirflurJ*s, uro.::J::Iuo Many peopte 6.rEio.:rrJdsuornnr:t'i'nrudnf
rJn6 6a arraia fiaqino".r are lfrflu more afraid 6ta:nnoial
U'
130 ot. flfl?flu
tt
ilnto:il
21. gtau?ia + uflrf,u industriat ) Word Choice
oai
riraBuru n1rlf indefinite article (a) oio,rorloYrurirurru lufidfi economy (= rflrugfio) rf,u
riruruorjun'r un;rdasiornl??1., adjective licirunrir hlaur:nld industriouS (= 1g-ur-uo<o
uSoomaru;1 rfiarornr{rdldaiurua-nur*ynr:rir.:ruro.:nu hje:rn-unrrilfiilrura{il:sIuofi
o"'ornr:tursu.rrI economy or:r:Jdsu'lrJlfriljr industriat (a01.) dmlrufir rfiurn-uqoff1un::il
utoluyrr,: o sr R-'lu nr:il
22. nauria t rrrYrflu seemed to ) Verb

eiroBurE il:srrutar:J:sIBn 6o Langston Hughes d.:vr:rulcY'jrr:luurruranuofuncuilrufir
T u lqvq v a X i a
lnndtv'rfft1u toufl{rnnoln he unr him Yrt5uJuil::ylu1il01.:n.lu'rrJu n-u1fiq'lil3J"t
^ 60 seem
dllrel,ltedv,ineer
0.:!ilnnq0{nt:1i[tJfloqlo6ia,]nuu:vI,"tulanilo*
{s tTt0i0.ttil6iu1*tfinn0i0.:[gtuylo']:il'lo"tnt1n'l
to.:ttqnr:n[ lufidnrirrfi,:rda.::rrluadEr 6rEYo.:lf seemed luerrrruurrr:ra.: past simpte
q
I
23. oaurio t urYrflu as oto ) Comporison
riroBurEr riadfinr:r:liuurfiuu'j1n'r:6nurnruinrnarnqifinrrliriruriyro ";n-urJ:vrharner{
e u & w qv f e
mrrnr:uumri ri.rriuoiorlforru[n:rnfr.: as + adj. / adv. + as lun'lrrunilru'ir ...rvirna r:16l
oia.: uJ d u uor n so dm t a d n rir rlr q nrn"r,rrf oro lrtuf, uritjr as 6.ro s n n Eio l
24. oau#a t urYrflu Because ) Coniunction

eiraBurs n'odfinr:ld coniunction rdordarueaoj*Isnrriroirrrn-u drlilleiuflo{n?1illfnuflir
(Even though; ueirflunr:uflo,:lfiqttas,.ro rr,drEiarr:Jduurirrdorurflu Because 6ro=nnqiaroru
u v 6 r r d i u Aa , Jq
n?13JflilT{Um0nilTrlUn floFt?1tJfirJ"lUtnU?nUAlnlftYllrO?',rri14u'lrtuulJutuflnlT{0']mflnu't?
25. crou#a + urirflu phenomenon ) Noun

riroBurEJ rfiofinr:lf indefinite articte (a) urrufinrrurr6rrfluronnori Ieuria.:ld;rlranuor[fi
{
nnoi'o.t 6o phenomenon atru+itjr phenomena rfuufluurrunrSr^rori mo,:rirdfifiurornnrurn5n
fi qnrruurur u'jr :J:rngnr:ni
osnulond
I
ERRoR 5oo ris 131
{
ig
T
5
t
I
Answer Key I
t
I
laaaaataaaSaataaati}a0ss saetoataaaaaa T
*
T
CIauzlo
I
3 udrflu has furthered
ed
> Verb I
i,r
I
riroBura rdor:rsr-oatrururufiari:ru'jrlrnrio.:urru comma '[ci'uri tne study...relationships
i
oontrJ vruir:J::nru 6o Marine biology uoimoniuruyi u^r:r;fitfiorurrodlu:ilT0.: Adjective
ctause 6o wnicn has furthered... r:r6.:sYa.:sr-o which oonl:.lrfiotfnnrurfluniururita.::J:;mu

A - uo
finnoi'o.r "[r;l"'urri nas furthered lunmurnilruLruu Passive voice
2. orou#o t u" flu t*e ) Word Choice

eiraBuru rJ:sIuod'rrJiurrfiuu'jrnrurirrormarrirrfioornnrruorrum-rn-uf:;u'ir.:oilmruunr I
, d A . A o iu , q uo & do
0lJfl,to
titT
T.1lfiilaununilo1l,0.:fll.{o"l0u1 uqlnl:r:J:uutYtuLlatilmil1:nLTfi1nilfl}tYlfil?r likely
A , a a so J , n , t X-
q,.rrliln']1 1{10ril:ailuu?turJytos... nrno;'lr.:ufirflT:1r1.['rxJ that odr.:triuLu:J:sIuniigiolldlite
(prep.) fiqriloiru N. / V.ing 6lo;nnqio.r
3 oouza
V
1 ea
urTtf,u Fewer ) Comporison
o a
Gl'loEU1t, ' ac a 'a e
n1:nm1n.:0'1u?1,tfi:0ll:u'rruilau
v a qe rriTirfewutolittlelouo
r:10300.:rfi0n[TT:1411\:fi1?1 few 14:0 litfle [ou !
ornrirurudorrurur lurj:slrod 6u hatf of an adutrs d.:rf,uuuu-u'lo"'nnr^rorf 6.ro"ar1d tewer d
tuunlTLtJ:uutytuurun?1 fl.rlna0lnntrtTfi't?1 than tul,lutt fewest | . .
v vl vA
o l,tOU 1,[oEJn?1 l,ta?,mdo I
I I
few fewer the fewest + tl. fiU'loiylUl'ror[

$
I
I
I
liftle less the least + N. uutt to
vU.Ue
I
4 orourio t uri'tflu young > Adiective

. o"u q eo v 6 ta a Z u e
eiroElrs riofr'lriarrr:n'[fr{rorxdlryiu:Jiuurfiurriua.:aolcr" rn:r:'[rifi definite articte (the) r
.v
- i
T?tJouo?u
s
ttostlrov{o'rrrulalnn?1u1{il'luo;?r:1u0i?u'ir'[rihinr:r:JisJurfirJudun'ir r:16.:oior
lfdrorue'ufdlug:J:Jn6
li
6o young rdatururiruril age o1ililn6
5. oouria z rrfiiflu to be detected ) Verb

c A - & o" u d i u a A d I
riraourcJ riafiki'r{rnrug-rrvi abte orulo:lsirl 6o be abte to do something 6,:fiorruxmu'j"r
. , r:
arrr:nfror... odrll:fierrurJ:sluodfirj:rr'1u 6a Certain minerats (= uiur.:sfio) d.:hjsrrur:n
n:rtirniur detect (= o:1oy{u) loi 6lr:Jduulfirf,u to be detected luneriluanu passive voice
ud
L32 o:. flR?AIU y{nro:il
ll
6. oou?ta
I
2 [flu]u
td
which are often / often > Adiective Clouse
ri, aBursJ rj:;lundfinistflo.:o-l 6o are observed ua! are caused loutilfidrrdorrau t:r6.:
a I e, e.t u I & A { A f j
'
0n?1ilto?1n?tn0?vtuntyrluilYtostuun:u1x0nl,0nil:!tuR ru0il01:rul9r'run?1il1{lJ1urTt0ia.:
t:Jduuorn are often observed hdaqiluilha{
$s Adjective clause 6o wnlcn are often observed
uiaao3:Jrrafi0
US
often observed luJrjror Past participle (V.3) tuomiluilrurar Passive voice
atur,sjo
Q\:o;nno0.:
$
toUil:;[Unuil are caused tUUn:UlU0n
i
i
!
i
7 oou?,a
I
3 ad
uritilu more rapidly ) Comporison
j o A u Jo a &v ,e - Y "
f & u e q eo
a106u1u 1Jauiln1:ru:uur1,luuljun?1 t9rufl.:tnntololnn"tTtTn"r?1 than q'tuYrlu 9r{uufi'r?1
rapidly (adv.1lu::J:Jn6fit,i'rursniul has devetoped 6rhinnd'0.: r:r,f,rrflud'0.:r:Jfruuhltri'riu
n'jr 6o more rapidly
I v- \.^-^--:-^- I
8 ooufo Z uritflu more^ necessary ) Comporison
. X- q e I u a , I a
riraBuru nhiiri'0.:'[{qrrrulo:rair.rrfirfi:J
^ 6o The + adj. n-un'ir , the + adj. n-un'ir Ioufiermru
uil1u'j1 ii,:...fiii.r... 6.:d'0.:r:Jduuoln necessary lu;rJrJn6 llinarurflu more necessary lug:J
J,ae
lUn?10\:O3nnO0.1
a
I V
oaufo 1 ruitflu has been calculated
vd
) Verb
riro3urs r.f:Iund1tfi':J:rrru it lua-nr*ru:ra.: impersonal pronoun 6o hilaiuvrurirurulotnu
r-nl,ituoraud'uta.::J:clunrasnrileiruniurlu:il{ Passive voice o-rrfurdorJ::Iuodgiaonr:do
nltruururu'ir riruerun-udrr#u:our.:to.:Ian... r:16lo:eio.rt:Jfiuuorn has calculated fiidtf,u
Active voice ld'rflu has been calculated ot1iln?1ilflil1u'u0.i Passive voice
o ltis+V.3+that+S.+V.
said thought known believed reported
expected understood considered calculated estimated
It is reported that five people were killed in the explosion
10. nau#a t rrrirflu adolescence ) Word Form

riraBurs ut^luyl in eioroueYru N. / V.ino rrri'irdtir adolescent fl11l1:nYi't141i'lfirf,uurulei
a t -n?-uiu ue'ifi"trinnoia.rFrlun?1ilfin1uro{il:rlsnfiniir':firrix'r-uiu
IJO?1ll14lJ1u?1 tO
I
IUR?1llfitJ1U1l0.lU:ttU tfl6{Eio.l
i a t
lrJ 6 u ulfrfl uur ru fi n n EYo.: 6 o adolescence n il1 s fi { rir.: r-u iuutofu u du m'l
uli
o;auloilsi ERROR SOO 'rio 133

11. oau?Ya + rui'rflu precisely controlled ) Word Order
riraBurs rdald'qnuvr with d'o{qrilriru N. / V.ing uasdtjr temperatures (= qrxn4fi1 rflu
uuoqjuii: nr:rurur{rdoianirritjr controlled lug:Jta.r Past participte uto v.3 sJ1?1{6on-u
oiruflfirorila?1rur4rJ1ulro.: Passive voice nilrufi.: loi:-unr:oruou uarrdufinr:luruniurd
oio.:rir precisely (= arjturjurirl lu:rJtat adverb rrru#rniut 6.oosnnqio.:
"o,lno,,"o
12. mouzla
Y
z aa
udrilu dozens of ) Noun
riraBurs rJ:s1undfinr:ki'Rolecttve ctause un-rritjr which Ioufi:Jrrr''rli 6o dozen d.:rflu
urruuonnof qrud'ru6truturulu::J Prepositional phrase'[d'rtri ot chemicals, medicines, and
buitding products d.:n;aonlqY tdofiniurdqrrrurur 6a are manufactured tup:Jniurrrrlnor[
AT 6.:
qia.:ruriornrj:yrruronyiaf oozen l#rf,u dozens lu::Jl,rurnror[ rrfiatviaoornii'0.:nirniurdorrurur
{9
13. orau#o z ud'rflu at which / where ) Pronoun

{
A v e q e - .- e u
riroEuru rfrad'atnr:tururirurru the stage oi'lsJnrtld'nojective clause ti'o,:s-.:tno'jrurruf,rir
nrirdrf,urtrururusor:J:slundorililr Iotrfifiiltmu 6o earthquakes uavfiniur 6a can be
foretold nrrruuru:J:gIund6o nr:finurrdurniuuaiu6ulnru-.:tjhifirriuiiuriu6ulrrloi:-unr:

6, v v i I e ue -- - a A
nronrrrr[rir.:m{rci'run']rruurjudrat ehuiurirrdolfigneio.: ld'uri' at which nto where fi.:ur
ornrJ:;Iun'jt earthquakes can be foretold with a great deal of accuracy (at the stage; Iouriru
rhu:rEJrut:Jd'ruflfir
14. ooufo t uritf,u Much smaller ) Comporison

o A u X ,a a J . f e tr e q eo t v - * &
f|10fiu'lu 1r0flr:JtuurYtuulun?1 toufl.]rna t$[o1nnlThtfi'r?1 "
o.:uurirrr
,
than $i'ruYI'ru small
(adj.) lugrhJnGeio{r:Jfiuurflu smaller lun'undrunst'i'mucn rr.:ri'ruurir uil1ufi{ tfinn'jrrurn
15. sraurio I trrYrflu from becoming ) Preposition

riroBuru niur prevent firarurufit :]orn-uhil#...riro;'[: r:rd'ortri'orruIn:.:airt 6o prevent
somebody i something from doing something o-lrfu6.:oio.:t:Jfrruorn to become lv{rflu trom
i qv
Decomrng ry{ o n4 ot.i gn uln:.: afrlt o.:n3urd
16. otou#o S ttfltflu more durable ] Porollel Structure

riraBurs rJ::IEJnlutiadfinr:hiTo:.:airtsuru (parattet structure) a-rrnmornnr:lfritjr ano
ld Aqu ue
-[c[uri a " i a v ,q ,J - Z
' otuu
YltSOtJ adjective ,illttU'luu"rtJ runways larger 0nrirfrnrtru10.0s{0.:0tj[u::J:tunir
t qe d q e y a ; te
9t 0.: [g more du rable rl^t a [?{fl 0 o Fl 6i o{nun ilfl y{li larger ff a teirunilr
u€
t34 oT. ftR?orl*
tt
flnto?tu
17. oailfra g rfirflu has the tomato ) Word Order
riraBurs tfiaqt-qdrul,urulutilta.: Adverb clause (= Although...years) aontj lurioddlfiAr
uonfli'rrufiurarlgrrrir onty (= rfiu.:uril duqiu:J:;Iun rdauriunmrurarurar.l6rrr qrilua-nnr:
rfiuurrdaoYo.:finr:ris.:dro-uqirsirrorn:J:vlun?r-r1:J 6a Eio.:an-ud s. + v. (= the tomato has
become...) ldoqjiug:J riruan:Jfrrar + V. 1i?u + S. + v. uri 1= 6u" the tomato become...)
'. * v.ri:EJ + S. + v. uri

riruanilfrras I

I
I
I
alrnost never seldom rarely barely hardly I

I
not until no sooner only

I
not only little I
I
I
Ex. Hardly had I arrived when trouble started I
I
I
Seldom have I seen such a gorgeous guy. I
tl
I Not onlv did we lose our money, but we were nearly killed sl
18. oaurio 1 urYrflu Besides providing ) Verb

o A u Xa i eo a A
riraBurs :iofliinT:hi'r{1uy{uyr besides (= uonrrnfiaarn...) 6roio.:o1r,d'xu N. / V.ing 6trta.:
rulduu to provide fioqilu;:J infinitive with to t#rf,u providing 6.:orqnoio.:orrruTn:.oafr,:
19. aou#o Z urYrflu primarily ) Word Form

droBu, s ilxrru 6o rne architectural floor plan sr1ild?u6i?urulutu;:ho.: Prepositional
phrase drnvoonloi6o for a buitding n?urror:J:ctr'Iu 6a is ruavtdasiaonr:tsruniold6ouYro
ld advero IouuJfiuuorn primary (adj.) lrf,tflu primarily (adv.) luomilril'tu'jr Ioura-n 1uai":
20. oau?io Z rrrirf,u which requires / requiring ) Adiective Clouse

eiroBurE :J:ylundn'niurma.:qir 6o is ura; reouire Iouhifirhuiioartnu u:rdr6omu'[o;r'"irsr-']to
o-irnd.rrvirr.fufiosrf,uniurran-n?0.:il:sTunr rfiarfior:rurelrJn?ril14u1uoi'orr:.Jfiruorn require lti

, a f q v q e e v (A
'q ^
0UtUT:Jfl0.1 Adjective clause flA which requires tOU ttnTU'l [14frooFlfl0.]nlu'liltany{oUYI1JU'lU
6a tne theater utano;rJnafi0 requiring lu::Jto.r Present participle (v.ing) tunmruururuuuu
Active voice 6ro rnnoio.:
g Iq uil:slu ndfi is tfl uniuru a-n
21. naufra I urYrf,u of killing ) Preposition

o a r u ' i ll, a qv v
ri, oBuT s In:lairt be incapabte of + N. / V.ing finilrsnrru'jr kisrrur:nfi0s...1'.i'trnfraunu
Tnrrsfr.:ra.o capabte fiuurufir mil"r:nfios... o-.rrfunr:1fln:rafrrluriod6ont sia.ruJdsuorn
to kitl rf,uqrruyr of [d?o1ruoY'lu t<itting iro;qnoior
,u
o;aulomf ERROR S00 ria 135

{
be able to + infinitive I've always wanted to be able to speak Japanese.
be capable of + noun / V.ing The company isn't capable of handlinq an order that large.
22. oroufo r
I ta
udtilu one plans ) Verb
,rJqce4u,,aTat
f|1afiu'lEJ lJl;tunuLTto:.]fl:1.] whether...or... 14lJ1Ufi.0'[ri'ir...ra:0... touilil:;r,lutor:J:sluo
a A q d ciU, { v g i ls< t d a v
n0 one.tr.:t1j1.{flTTv,l1{'tu14illUn.louYl?tlj:?uYl.:r.t1400t?u ttattilaLTtljlrlJ:3r.rl+t0nv{o1{r:'r0.:qt0{
nJduuornniul ptan firflunrar^rorilfrflu ptans lu::Jnturronrroriufiolra"aoonii'otni'lrl:;mu
23. stouso
I
2 -a
$rItilil almost entirely ) Word Order
eiraBurs rfiasr-oairuturufiari::u'jr.:rflia.:railru comma (= one...States) oontil rro:trrl'jr
il:srru 6o emity Dickinson un:finiur 6o was :rrufitfinr:tdoruri'rnrvi
I
unknown 'uu'ruilT:r'1u
vAidti
ai'':u tfroqfornr:tururitjr unknown (adj.) rrloio{11{ri1'j1 entirely (adv.) finrurufi.: louRur8t .
Uee A a v ziqr, I
[?o1u14u1 fl1UO1?'r almost (adv.) YlUil'lUn{ ltmuQt OA.:?1.ro"l1t14u',ttlt0t5tUn1TlJU1U entirely'
I\
9t
24. oaufo 2 urYrilu oegan ) Verb
I
riroBurEJ riodfietruru'ruuonr?a1To.:rnonlTrfluadq'loitrri about three hundred years ago
-eqeaqicA^t
oi'lriunr:ldniur have begun lunmuuil'rura.0 Present Perfect fiuso.:traornr:nflfirfion-uluadcl
J. a d Y ,; € q
-at,
Ylolluuil1n{ilo0uuo.] lilnnqr0.1 rT'r0io.Jr:-ltiUut:Ju began (V.2) lun?1il14u1u1,0.: Past Simple
25. CIou#o + urYrflu long before ) Word Order t
riroBu'rs rl:;lunfinr:ld Rovern ctause rflurtrursJrulorJduqiueiru before unrrfioEio{n1: I

i
uontxailuofiotunrrruraruru'ir rflurrarulurioufi... r:16rEiarf i'Long before Iourrrr{r'lr tong
i" v Aa u- - A l
firirrarirfirflu adverb tiurir before 6.:rflu conjunction uay6tsrrrud'ru S. + v. :
I
:
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136 o:. flnlgJu
it ilntoTrlj ,I
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IT
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a
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Test
It
T
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t Answer Key
{
{
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c
e$ * 3* r0 t *t a * s a s s * * s t} lctF ** t a |}t a 3 a 3 * t * Q*
I
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1,
1 oaufa S uritf,u and accepted ) Porollel Structure
i siroBurs riodr:rarr:r:nlfiainln:'rafrrturu (Parattet structure) Iqruat-rrnoornrir16ol ano
Iqud'orrilfruuo1n accept lfirflu accepted rfiolra'aoend'a.:riu understooo fihilu3:.Jto.: Past
participle (V.3) q'liln?1il14u'rurtuu Passive voice Iogfi behavioral norms rfluil::mu
2 otou?,a
I
1 ea
uritilu vary ) Word Form
o A u Xo , , I a t ,;
eiroBuT u riaflfi:J:rrrulo.:il:clufl -A
6a Dictionaries ueiu-.:nron?urrrrifinno"'or u:rd'o.rr:Jfiuu
ornr{rir variety (n.) fiul'rufir er-:rru*onsir.rn5oorrr:nd1nilfl1u lfirfluritjr vary (v.) *rJn'jl
uqr nqirtffuo onl:l 6,ro;rrm:ntrt'r:Juniurt o,rrl:srruloi'
3. oaurlo
La
1 udtflu to supervise ) Verb
dT aBuru riruru abititi n'In:rafrr 6o ability to do something lrrJlun?1ilfr.: nmrarrur:nfi
oc... o'.:fu6{eia.:ulduuorn for supervising lfitf,u to supervise rdoldrfluhJnrruIn:rrf'r.:fir-rn
,{
v.:
el0.fla{fl']111lt11
4. srour?a e urirflu so high ) Adverb Clouse

siroBurs u:rarrur:nmrrno'[ci"ir:J:;Iuodfin.r:riiorurriroi':un:i+louuao.:runri'l^{f, 6rri'0.:r:Jfiuu
o e c zl q s T L A t tre
01n very tflnoluttlu so rvra[uo:.]o'ril[o:.:fl:1.iyrnnqr0{ lciun so + adj. /adv. that + S. + V.
Aataj
s.:lJR?1il14IJ1 U?1 ... il1nlfl UOUn:rm.t...
very+adi./adv. The fishing industry is verv important to this area

so+adj./adv. +that+S.+V He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.
i
such+(adj.)+p +that+S.+V Bangkok is sue[a ilg place that it is easy to get lost.
1
',1
5. oau?io a ufirf,u in which / where ) Adiective Clouse

,l
i
riraBurs rdoqia{nr:turudruril the container o"'rEJnr:ld Adjective ctause sia.:attno'jrurru
i
t
i
!
drlrnrirfiufluahurururiauj:sluofisrrururfifirj:srru 6o it run:fin?ur 6o is stored n?1xr14t'tu
I
ri:r1uod6o ...nrrucfid.rriunno-orfiul{... ehraiurirrdorufiqnrio,:6rotarld in which uto where
I t1^rT"r3u1o1n it is stored (in the container) drriru6iru?uruhjgiruufir
{
1
I
,
I
, q;aulomli ERRoR soo rio L37
I
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t
T
B
f,
6 CIaufra z urirf,u dealing with ) Verb

B
r
q9 $
alafiu1u nltrrql{uyr in sia.:qrild'ru N. / V.ing sr-rfunr:ldfirniur oeat 6ru-.,hinnqia.: t:r {
T
g
siarrilduulftf,u deating 1u:rJ v.ing d':arur:ntfrtmuriruuuarrrlua-.:urnruvrfld' E
g
$
E
t udtilu are designed )

Y ea $
7 oauzia Verb H
t
riroBuru il:rrrura.:il::Iun 6o The techniques of the ballet uasfiniur 6o oesigneo dtki I
'jro;tf1u::Jro.r Past Simple 1v.z; raia Past Participle (V.3) firfthinnEYo.: nt:rvrarnlftflu v.z
o;1dnmruur:ru'ir rrnf,nnr:reiu:r-oreioi'rfluriaonrruura.:
U
usi:J:srrudrirnirraonrrrr'[ritri'rrnr
rarnhi'rflu V.3 o;rflunr:ao:rJ Adjective ctause rirl#fiorrruuuru'jr tmnfionr:teiuu*nriiti'dr
'[d'r.unr:oonuuu Iouorirln'r.J:rluntr*riodfirfiurniumurueirurrurvirrfu trlfiniuru#nrau r:r
a v ,J
o{oo.Jtuauuoln designeO tvirflu are designed rdatflu:rho.: { Passive voice oluFt?"Ir,fiil1u
aqvs
I A{ Present Simple {.1 t141 Ail nXl r11Ol.lfl nlTLAUil
Y
' n rnSr [9r:Unl:A0n[tL
''6u-e-o? ------'-JUlouorrirlr{:J:sIug,dfi
tu
n:u1fianau1.:nnoa.1
{
8. oauria
Y
+ va
urYtilu same number ) Word Choice
eiroBurs rilir amount o:ki'ri'uurruriu'lrildronxorf rhuiuurruriuloYr:roiarlri'number o-rrfu
rdoritir months rfluurruriuloYnulrori
g{ 6.:elorr6on1f the same number of months 6.:o;nnd'4.:
t i 4 , eq
to u fl ofi?'l lJ1l tJ"t g?'1 ...a1u't uto autfl 1 nu tuuo ncfl
a +adj. +number of + N.ltIilar[ + V.urlrror[ A large number of books were on my table.

a + adj. + amounUquantity/deal ot+ tt.riuhitoY+ V.tannorf A certain amount of stress is good
9. oraufra + rrrirflu to doing ) Verb

riraBurs nr:1"iTn:rafr{ s. + used to + int. fifinmrnrru'ir rnu... lrflq{nr:n:;rirluodsr
A v qe ,. X , A Av o aao a
tfiilaununlT[T Past Simple
I
rror01.114aJ'ruFr?'rrJ?'r rfior{nflu.]ylr.tfitU.0ilT'tgrul.tu12n?l,.rT1u140.J
I d a e , ; ,u' -J a v li
"; ^
unotnl*UIufiapJfiIU.iu.lft.lfi'tlt1:n?r'tfl.tq1.t6]yttfiutuo0uJ q.luil[il0oa.]n1:fl0F11'tlJ14u'ru?'r ...
,
gu
r q AXq - qd r - A
terufruqio... toulufifi"td'are ;flu verb to oe r:roi'0..:'hi6nlo:.:airrufit '[ri'uri S. + be / get used
to + N. / V.ing Iqur:Jfiuu to oo td'rflu to doing 6.:orr-rnoior

{
used to + infinitive = unu...0uodqr) We used to eat out more often than we do now. I
I
I
be / get used to + N. / V.ing = tetu6un-:..t... I do the dishes every day, so I am used to it. I
I
be used for + N. = nn1fchraiu... Animals are used for scientific experiments. I
I
u.
138 oT. flR?fitu y{nta:il
tt
J
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l)
t
10. ooufra t urfrf,u determine ) Verb

riraBuru :iad'r:rcruu'irtrifiniuril#nta.:rJ:slun fiufiu,:niu.fif i1u Adjective ctause uio
au:J:vluntu'lul{1u
I
nuna-rrir160u who ttar that oftrfurn6.:Eiarn-nrirrdarer-'rloEiT ud.raantJ
Cqso A & -o vJ< a v t t v
rrlalr{n3rlrfior"rilil1{urilurirfrriluntuluyr"ro{il:rrlu carpenters 'A
[our:rEio.:rilfiuuorn who
determine lrdtudarfi ur determine rfi at:rfior:rxrq'reJfl?1u14il1ur0.:il:sIuo
11. CIoufio + urYrflu difficult ) Verb

o A u Xqu a f v . f A
riraBuru riofilri'nitlr make nrruInr.rfli-r.i make something + s61ss11re 1ouf,anmilfiil1ui'r
,
...rirlrdynnriuurndo:*rurldlu#0.::JfrrGnr:uiol:r.:ru... rfl6{oia.ruJdEJuorn are difficult tu'

in 6o rfi u.o d ifficult (adj. ) Iq u giq ni ur are ao nl:J qn ruln:.: sfr.:
12. ooufa z urirf,u the wealthy ) Word Form I

o a o Xa ir6' A a I a
n-ra6urs riaflsnr:Liln:.:flf1{ be timited to + N. / V.ing firaurufi.r ...qn,irn"oa{t$iu.: adrrl:j
fimrurirurrudolilrJ't 6a tne weatth (= orrrJru'.:n'r*r:ru)'[rinnsiorqrrun']'']rJ14rJ1u?,orrJ:sIunfi
s d r { a a ,q , gjl uAa I &
nA.:n1TflA?1 t1.[0On.:1UAOllnilnnn01nO0U[1114lJ,.1?1T'lT?U r.lYltlglUt!'::llO"l1{1{q.:nUn1TYl"l.i'lU
ilrrdur6flurnrfiun'j'rdosul{'ruoAr:nrir o-rrfur:r6rsiarr:Jduurirurudlfirf,ur{r'jr ttre weatthy
Aqv f s a A )qua d
filfor il [n:t ffi r tne + adjective il il1 s fi { v{? n nufi ... 6r1,i'ri]uur lv{ililolitfl r, a
13. aoufo S urYtflu rcceiving ) Verb

riroBurs nr:ldniu'r enloy durrufir rroloratarufiorniun-u... r:reiorldorruln:ratrr toiuri
enjoy + N. / v.ing ei.rrfurrrdrsr'orrilfiuuorn to receive i#rf,u receiving rdahto:rerruln:lairl
..,J
1J0Jn:u'r1*
14. oaufra s rrYrf,u absotutety ) Word Form

o a A c s e v 6 .t AX
riroBura rfiolddefinite article (the) ri'0.:orruoiuri'r1*'rrJ 1ufrfr method (= iinr:) uflurirurru
oqiruai'r
vr
uasfi new (adj.) rirr.rrirfiruruu'rrLo-rd r',n.rrr',u adjective r:reioltrri';rJto,t adverb
6tq"'0,:uri'ltorn absolute (adj.) lu"rflu absotutety (adv.) rJ1?'r.r'tiurir new t1fiofian?']ilrilru'j'r
Ad q , t va
?tn1T til tJ a g']{ BYto:.,
15. oau#o z uli'rf,u principal ) Word Choice

o a r f Xa t Vleu A a un Ueu g
-
61a6u1E tl:ctunfliinrtilfiil"tui't n1:[si:un']:fin1*1Fl01{1{yl1.tuflntiln't:lotuflnlu;... o.:uu
rdalrio:rqrrililil'ru?a{il:vlgn r:r6.:siarr:Jduuornnrrt'i'ri1'i1 principte d.:'trinnoiollut*0.:ta.:
il:vmmrorrir:'rufirr{a.uo{o?'riluil1u 1#nnrurflud"r'j"r principat d.rrirnrirfirflu adjective 1f

lruluf{'Iu1il way
CI;nsloYlri ERROR SOO :io 139

I
e
i
principle (n.) uo'nnr:, ngrnruvi You must learn the principles of business management.
principal (adj.) na-n, iirriry Teaching is her principal source of income.
(n.) aror:ailnnj, ra"rtrir The principal of that college is an ardent non-smoker.
16. otoufa t ufltilu much discussed

I ta
) Verb
al rw t
riraBurs rfiolf uefinite article (the) ri'0.:orruci"lurirurr
" loufiritjr questions t:]urirurllu
AN . 3o , q o q
frfr urnr:rtururirurilficl-'ruritjr
" discussing lu::j Present participle (V.ing) osrirlfifrorrr:
'd
ururuir rirnrrurf,ur'innrfiur
!s{
d.:'[rinnota.rrn:r;urrudn:rrirniu,ra.:'[riloY oio.rnnn::rir r:16.r
r:lfiuurflu discussed lu:il past participle (v Sl rdolvi'fin'r1rJl4u"ruuuu Passive voice
17. oraurio Z rui'rflu other fields ) Noun

oaol,da^di^tr-&
riraBuru riaiineirrfirirrnfieraerSfiorri'uorrlfoinua'rufll?1itr6u1 ri'.:funr:os'[ri'ritjr
other 6.:or:orrururoiruurruvrnrryo{
a
lour:Jfiuuornriruruun-n neu 1frflu fietds rfioldo:.jqrilt
o?1ru14r'rullorrJ:sIuer #{rnq'jr of knowledge rflurfiuretrurutuuruun-n Retos rvitfu
f
18. nau?ia I urirf,u which is created / created > Adiective Clouse

eiraBurE rJrslunludodfinirl*ror-, 6o is created ufl; become" Iostrifirirrdarurau r:16r
d U e, -ui A , & A < a t d
9lFr'l'til[o1"t0t?loo?fiun[YtluuYtottilun:u1ranfl0.:1J:3LuFt tilail01Til1a1ilR?'rlt14t'1ur:'r010.]
tilfisuorn is created (= nnsfrtdul bioqjlu3rJtor Adjective clause 6a whicn is created uio
no:rJrraiorfiu{ created lu::i past participle (V.3)Tuluurru Natural gas o'lu Passive voice
19. sroufra z rrrirflu have accumutated ) Verb

riraBuru rdairo:rsr{rJ:sTunr:ro;vru'jrfi:i::mu 6o tne fossits uo;t'f'nim preserveo lugrj
Past participle (v.3) rdoruruuruEirurarir o'ru",:'[rjhiniurur{ firdqrilunrurfiniurflB{sr-? lsiuri
accumulated unr provided Ioulfiao-n Parallet Structure fifr and rrJuo-rrdoru uo:tfiot:ro-.:rnst
n1:L0nt?n1to.:rraonr:niorvr:rllsi"j'rrJ:rluefioi'otld'Present Perfect ru:rrt' for 1= 1flr*,-r*',,
::l'[i
Ue a ,
r:'16.:d'0.:r:Jfiuuo1n accumulated lu:il past Simple tra"rflu have accumulated (Present
Perfect) etruniur provided nnsio.:ufrr 6a ldrflu Past Participte Ioufinr:a;riljr have oantrJ
20. aau?io t ruirflu significance ) Word Form

c a it
riro6urs nl:lddefinite article (the) dororrud'ruriruril r:r6.:'irrf,usia.:r:JduuornnlTldri,'j1
significant (adj.) fiururun?1rJ'j1 thrirU tfiirfluritjr significance (n.) finlrrfi,: o':ruiirritg 6ro;
r-rnoiar
$
#ttnqrir of the study ,flu,fiul,irr*rurudacaanloYroruu significance
vl
140 o:. flR?flu
9q
r{nlo:il
T
L
!
II
s
* 21. maufa a uri'rf,u another ) Word Choice

,
{
{l riroBurs luriadgiollri'crrruln:.:sfrrfinnqio.: 6a from one...to another t:rSrqia.rrrjduuoln
I
II ...to others dlt1uflta.ril:Trirulu?rlvroribirf,u...to
U{ another dni{rraou"1 u,ardao:lurouru'ir
I . . . rl-o n r r.: nr r r 6 unr.: :r o.: r fi u.: o rnd rn d.:trJ rJ-r 5 n fi u d.:

I
i
+ of )
B
,
22. srauria urirflu effect Word Choice
I riroBura rfialdoeRnite articte (the) oia.:orruoiruurru o-.:u'unr:fi'ritir affect 1v.; fiururufi.:
4 vU, e e ,i
ei.:zuan:;vruoio 6.:u"lkinnd'0.: Eio.rr:Jduurfluririr effect (n.) fifio':runruru'jr zunn:smu
,
23. srouria z uri'rflu to wear ) Verb
I
riraBurs ,-rdf iloro*frt tt is + adj. + for somebody to do something firarurgdr uflu60.rfi...
,l
a - #unr:1fntur1u:il wear 6'r'lrinnoYar r:roiorr:Jduul:Jlf to wear 6ro;rflu1:J
fl'114:U...11O9... O.1'
s
1
v
sul I
01lJ tfl:{fl:'].:lt
ili
1
t
i
24. nou#a t urirf,u isotate > ioroltel Structure
I riraBurs rdolr{qnoio.:onruun-nnr:1"i1o:rsfrrturil
t
(parattet Structure) Iosftritjr and rflu
I
I rirr6oru r:rsia,:rilfiuuo1n isolating tr{rf,u isolate uiat#turun-r to identify s-rrnorfirJr6u'ir1u
I
I df,,:",*ur:oo; to aanlilnrir isotate ld rdakiln'd, douniu to fi:rr1{u{:urir identifl
I
t
2s. sraurio z urYrflu touno ) Verb
{n
1
1l
riraBurs rdar:rqlosiruuBruro.ril:slunlu;:J Adjective ctause (= who...children) oonl:J o,
1
1
l
vt:l'ir:J:strugaril::Tun 6o The restaurant manager uuasflrililrrYruniur 6o were rouno dl'trj
t
I nneio.oru:rril:rrrurf,uronrror[
!$
rrrir:ro;rrjduuniurranvro{ was found fiu-.:kinnEiar rfl:'reos
I
?
l nnrurf,unrrilfiil1ulro., Passive voice ueirj:;IundqYo.rnr:do'ir rdrtarn-ootnt:ttu'ir... r:16r
I
d'ollfniur found fl'ril Past Simple lunerruururuto.: Active voice
qr;nuloilf ERRoR soo :ia L4L

I
Test l6 Answer Key
ra et$aaSalaaaataa att*ttccaaaaoaaaaaa
1 naurlo
Y
s aa
udtilu from mastering ) Preposition
siraBurs nSur prevent finrurufir :jotn-uratan-or':r.:lillri...viro;1: u:rEYa'rldqrrlTn:rsirr
-ga'
6o prevent somebody / something from doing something o-.:riur:rdto"o.:til6uuorn to master
ld'r:l u f rom mastering rrfi alvior :.: or ruI n : o mfr.:t a.: ni u r fl
2 naurJa
Y
+ tttitilu anywhere
vd
) Word Choice
eiraBurs rl:sTso'luriadd."r''ur*,rufitomrurflutrj'lrYetrviurinitrnr:dfiorrrudrurrua.:us r1u
v a I < uvf,q < q t - Y i , t u,i
n1T50{1J0ttnrtulJ0iln?.ttfl:9rnnInu
ql$ t?m tono1il tuInn o{uuLil0nn1? tos uJTrflfl'lvl01so.] 1ur
:J:rlunu on riir r:rnr:r:Jd uuoln somewhere fi ra rur u fi .: idtridrdo lfiufl uriljr anywhere 1u
,Jod
n?1il14tJ't U?1 ?1 tOno"tu
3 nau#a s ufirf,u its ability ), Adiective

o A ut t a vq a a lrruuufleudriruriltn"
fl10EU1g 1AUnfl1',tn{O?1Uff"'tu"t?nll0{unun2 tunl:rff uuttuutflu.11,I r
parrot nndr.:firTorflf Possessive adjective lugrJrrqrrori 6o tneir drhignoio.: oiarrrJdsulillf
t da A
::l
{ r onnori 6 a its rrl a uro.:nrr u rfl uri'rr alu tr s fi r r a r un un"r
9-
4. nougo 1 uri[i]il increases ] Verb
o a -Joq
eiraBuru :iaiil['i1n:.:airr tne number of + N.y{fiv{oli + V.ronltori Ior.rnrurufi.: ,iru'lutor...
{
-&a n 'f, ie6 '
6|{UU0{OA\:tunUuolnnlTtIfil?'l
a < a €qv urfluincreasestu::Jtot
increase {{tuunlU1ylltiloU tTnn'll
a r j qg
,
nTU',l t0nfl 0u t1,10 tfi fl 000 n 0.lnunuil:sf'tu
a number of + N.y,l14iltli
I
+ V.ill4y,to1i =
'i'll*tu::rnra.l A number of cars were stolen. I
I
I
the number of + N.y,lunoti + V.tonilot[ = qiru:uror... The number of students is small. I
,
-
5. I
oauna 4 rrrirflu season ) Word Form
n'roBuru rdofinr:tf definite articte (the) ri'ororrururd'rurirurru luddnr:f i'rltir seasonal
(adj.) dururufi.: orrruqonrn 6ru-.:'[ilgneial r:rEYarurl6uurfluritjr season 1n.; fifiorrruurru'jr
qgnlo
v3
142 grt. gR?fltlt y{nto:tu
It
6 oou?lo
I
2 aa
urit:lu equipment ) Noun
riraBurs riruru equipment d,ru:Ja'ir q:Jn:nlutorntarfia riu'irrflurirurruriuhjleY r:r5.:hi
er rur : n fi rlu"a dlu:rj
{a$g
r na x o rilcY rio,r o-o s aa n'[rj 6,r o : n n oia.:
o Uncountable Nouns
accommodation advice equipment experience furniture

7 oou?ta
I
3 ad
[ri[:]u which relate to / relating to ] Adiective Clouse
eiraBurs :l:slunturiadfiniuraa.:sr-r 6o is based ray retate IeulilfiOrrdailrau r:16{o'to
6nrrrulal"'irsr-':loer-rrndrryirrfufiorrf,uniu"rn0-n?0.::J:;Iun rfiorfiar:il1sr1iln?rilrarurur:roio/
,t )
t:l6uuorn relate (= rfiurria,:n-u1t#arilu::Jta,: Adjective clause 6o wnicn relate niono::J
na6otfiul relating ludtol Present participle (V.ing) rJU1ul{'rtJ the laws and phenomena gt1ru
O?"1tlfi 1l'l UT A.: Active voice
8. srourio 2 uri'rflu can be formulated ) Verb

eiraBuru il:srruto.::J:;Ign 6a Accurate meteorological predictions ilil1u6{ n'rrl^rulnloi
a'tn'rflfirriurir rra;finigr 6a can formulate lrll'lufi.r rur:nFoniodtauodulsi d.rkinnoia.:
nt:rs:J:;rruhiarrr:nnr;rirnirJrfloi rm6.:Eiorrrjduuiln can formulat" lunrrrunrlura{
Active voice t#rflu can be formulated dfio:unlruuuu Passive voice 6.:o;nnslol
a
9 oau?io Z ur{rflu importance } Word Form

o A qu e I a 6 a v
eiroBurs nrfl'i'rrnruvr
I
in siornrilri:u N. / V.ing r:r6r,irrflusYa.ru]fiuuritir important (adj.)
j , q ec ; a 6 u a v
frnrurunrrrujl etrri'r!'tfirfluritjr importance 1n.; fiururufi,: errrruetrri'ry 6.:ornnti'0.:
10. oauria z urirf,u because of ) Word Choice

riro6urs riadfiao,::J:rlunrdotr:r-rd'luriuoirsril[flo{fl1r1rsr Because (+ s. + v.) dlu".:hi
nn6ia.rrfl:1!firfiErrumo-.:rurkiadlu:rhauJ:;Iun
$sgg{!
rreiodlu:rjto{n6iilri1ulil s-rtnootnnttiil*ifi
niurdreia.rril6uurirrdoilrflu because of (+ 11. / V.ing)ludd'rrrnrirn{uuudorruraf.:urtqYuri
their wide, flat hoofs and their abitity to do without water for days at a time
orflulomf ERRoR soo r-o

E
. rftaou.".n... (ttdooA'ltnq)
because because of
AS due to / owing to
since + S.+V thanks to + N. / V.ing
for on account of
now that as a result of
11 aoufo s uniilu electricity

I ad
) Word Form
qs v U a
riroBura nr:1,i':lr,luvr
t ot cia,:orrusYru N. / V.ing r:r6rrirr:]uri'orrrJfiuurilil electrical
d
(adj.)
! , ! -, ,Y q g< n ,? a e
frururunrrujr rfrurnutr4frr lfrf,uritir
" etectricity 1n.; firarurufir n:vuatv{rnlr 5.:o:nnd'ot
12. srou?io Z uri'rflu exhibit ) Verb

riraBurs r.l:s]sndfinr:1d Noun ctause 'leiuri tnat...rire 1oufifirJ::oru 6a the patients dtlfl
r:f uurrronvrori srrrururoirueiruturudasoan'loY 6o wno show a fighting spirit o-rrfun?urfiqrrr
a v ,j q , d q u a q , I < A q v
rur6.:ri'otuJfiuuolndlil exhibits tu::Jronrnrori
qlsa l#rflu exhibit 1u:rjrrrnr^rori rrfio'ldsooernornu
:J:srru the patients fi rfl ur n1r
{ ra r[eiruurir
13. sroufio e rrirflu to tunction ) Verb

riraBurs niur seem (= orufiou'jr) rf,undllu tinking verb utaniurfirirufirfitnfiou verb
to be rdor:roio.rnr:ldrj:enaun-uniur6noirfiqrilfia-.:rl'r r:rd'otf i'[d'nnqio.roruTo:.oafr.o

g 6o
seem to do something 1ui4d6,,eio.:tddsuornnisr function tra'odlu;rJ
g{ to function dralru6,:
rir.:ruraiofitarirfi Iqufineirurar adverb ornmra.:sr-rloYuri equatty wett rrftot,i'tuT Uniurd
14. oau#o g urYrflu oirers ) Verb

riraBurg rfroovld'nirrdalrJ:rIuo because r:roio.:orro-':u:r.Jri:;Iuqr
U
lur'odfi:J:rmu 6o tne
i
amount of daytight uqi&.:fiflrsJilr'[il'tai'odlu::.hotniur
VU
r:r6rkjarrur:nlrt'riljr different (aoj.) fi
a A i u- q o ,i , t u
ururufr.: fr.tuernqirin"u ursioior'hi'ritjr differ (v.; fiurJn'jr uqnqir.rni+"[u::Jfinnsi'a.: ki'uri oiffers
4.te v v -A" vAa
tt4 o'[uia o o n ii'a,o n--u ur ru u anmm1n u1 yt ru u:J :y rr u r a n yr o r[ 6 o tn e am oun t
lt
15 stou?io Z uri'rflu made it possibte ) Verb

riroBurs n-0frlfniur make errrulnr{fli"r{ make sornething + 661s.tive loufiantrilur,lu'j'l
ti
[j
...nmrurYrrurirlusrttieusrsn{ua;nrronrfiolnri1rirlrirfluhJloifior... r:r6reiorul6uuh{
fl, ,ttrqeaaActreS
tilt
0nma.ttounlTflonTU']
tl
is aAntill?irfidarfiu.r made it possible rfl0h{o:{01iltn:.iflfinli
il
li
il
t.f
il @ rr. gor"*f
"*.iar
ff
16. etaufiaS rd'[flu considerably ] Word Form
riroBuT u :l::rrutor:J:sIun 6a The quality and quantity of grasses tto;turuoY?u avaitable
to grazing animals d.:asaonl:Jlci uo:finiurfio1illJ1 6a may vary (= oronsumneir.:riu1 ihuiu

J v qv a v ,J
^
nr:turunSurfrr:rq"'ar1f adverb 6tEYotrrJfiuuoln considerable (adj.) ld'rfluriljr considerably
(adv.) dururufit odr.:rurn
{
!
17. ooufa + rui'rflu sleeping ) Verb
i riraBuru rJ:;Iundfinr:tdrirurru individuat d,:ulrufir unnn t
r:r'triarilr:nrururi',u',*rdd'.,
: nr:f i'niur sleep er.:rir.:rarir'lsY d'4.:urjduutflu steeping tu::Jtar Present participte (v.ing) dr
lftu fi o u adjective ura s fi nm ruu rur u truu Active voice'lr q n n n fi rir uo uu a-r a { n-.:
18. srou?io 2 urYrflu emit ) Verb

riraBurs s'odosnu'jrtrorn?uriln-nrotrJ:rTuo doi{lfiiurflr*niurruruvr'.:#u leYuri emittingl
(Present participle) d.:no::Jr:rorn which emit::rufi.:nr:lf Adjective clause'[d'rrri tnat...tines
o-lrfurdorJ:rTsorroniurmn-n r:rdro;oia.ouJdsuorn emitting fit'i'rfluniurra.::J:smun4rrori

6o Most household apptiances hlloYl#narutflu emit lugrJniut^nproriufialr{aoon#oln-u
19. orgurTa 2 un"tf,u various ) Word Form

o A i I I I - A I 96 t v u v
n1o6u1r, n'r:htuy{uyt ot Eiororuoiru N. / v.ing rdor:rldriT uril sciences o{oiuno.ouii"r
{ t:r
rrur:nrr.:ritjr other (adj.) ruruoYrunrirleY:udrrdoEio.:nr:rururfiu16rur:roio.:lf adjective
ilrrr.fluruoYruufir uossiarrrJdsuorn variety 1n.1lfirfluritjl various (adj.) rdohi'o?1u141'trJ
,c'il
?,.1 FI..t flqtau 5Jmil n1nfl a1 u
20. oraurTo e urYrflu work harmoniously ) Poroltel Structure

eiroBurs riodf iTn:.:oirrruru o:a-.:rno'lri'orn ano d.r16oil tnfinitive phrase (neirurirfiduqiu
-.leg ate. . . o-l lfuluri r mo vir u 6.:
oi'0.:r:.Jfiuuarfl working tv{rflu wort< rfiolvimaonn-a.:d"u'rfi6u1firirrurriou
21. oaur?a a rrrYrflu who have tost ) Adiective Clouse

c A - A , n r - - - U I ,
,r- f---da
Gr1o6u1u lilaorofl?ullUrulu::J
s
Adverb clause (= until...industry) aonlil ocuu'jril*Iundfi
niurwiao{drund.: 6a is unc have tost unclilfi drriioril:iluo::u'irrniurtau6lfio rfi ooorru
-,J
n'rtunilrusfolrrJdrJu have lost lfrflu Adjective clause rdoturEJeirulil workers 6rlEi'jT wrro
have lost o-.:riunisru#n:ro.::J:sIuo 6a is :J:rIuoddro.lurrurs'ir tJrtrilrura{nr:ilt;n-u
, a iu ,a
n1 :? 1,:.1'l t{fl a ff uu fl 1lufl n 01., Yt til u.: 1 l.{Yt 1 ...
t{
swaulomf ERRoR 5oo ria L45

I
22. grOUfA
I va
4 ltiltill{ less mmplicated ) Comporison t
o A uX. rd d t i f t|,lvc
'
riraBu'rn rlauneimrilSuurfiuu?1n']Tflaff"rT[outu[5fi'r4ou,]fi.rsusauu0unlln'l:ff0fl1:[ou
u u e v d f I
ldriruo
$tI
lu:J:slundfinr:lforufl"lryiliun'ir a'rrnoleiornr{r'ir tnan oirrfunr:1,i'ri'r'jT littte lu:rj I
' ^i
ljn0mnxJ'lufi?-ril?'r uouu a{f.{o ' '
6rfio a0{t:Jnuu[u[1ju1,un?1
Eiarr:Jduu'l:Jrfluntn'ir n0
6o less ml|eJl rioun'ir 6.:osnnsi'or
tess dramufi,: !
II
I
I
I
23. sroufa
I
2 aa
uftilu heavy loads ) Word Form ,e
eiraBura il:;rruror:J:sIsn 6a Hydrautic machines fin?ur 6o titts (= un) t-otfufiofiq'rulr !

6toritu:ilra.:n::ru
t!1
Ioufiuruun-n 6a toads raurufio ,uodrrrrn tdooi'a.rnr:luruurrudt:rsio.:
x
I.
ld::J adjective Tqurilfiuuoln heavily (adv.) 1#rf,u heavy (adj.) fiu:Jn'jr rarin
24 oau?ia e ufirflu chattenge ) Porollel Structure

eiroBurs rioiil'.fiTn:.:mir,:ru1u oy#rrnqr'[d'orn drrdail lnfinitive phrase lniirrririddud'u
"no
oYru int.; vrs.:aa.:hf,rn'rni.l rdad'ruurirld'ir to ask difficutt questions o-runa-.:6roto.olf cnattengel
pu bt ic fig ures Io u uJ fi uuor n chattenging hflirf, u chattenge rd ah{ao e o #as n-u
25. oaufia r urYrflu newly invented > Word Form

riraBura :l:sIundfinr:lf Noun ctause (= that...jobslIoun{rurir farm machinery fiutrufi.:
radoro-n:mr.:n1:rnun: rfluurudldrf,urj:;muoduf,r
ll
rdaEio.:n',rrr"'rr*"'rdlunrrilililru'ir
c!
r-rnrJ:r6u'ifiu
s4{ t:rqio.:lf invented 1u3:J10.: Past participle (V.3) o'rilFr?'rilfiu.ru[[uu Passive
voice rtovtfioeto.:nr:rururfirut6ru r:rEio.:lf;:ho.:
g adverb 6tEiarurilttflu newly (adv.) il1x"r{
tle v - i A ^ cX 4 r
t? 14 U1 .i nvented rTt 0 6i0 Fl?1 rJ14 lJ1 Ui',t nnilrrourfl uil'l lil il
u€
746 o:. fln?flu
9q
?tntaTru
r
aaaaaaa aaalaaaaaaaaeaaaoeaaa aa ooer ss
1 oaur?a e ufltfru describing ) Word Form
riraBurs riodfinr:f i'q?{:ryr of fioiorsrrr:rYru N. / v.ing 6,:Elo.ruJduu description tu:rlta.r
rirurruhi'rf,unisJr describing 6.:o:nnoi'0,: Ioufinr:uro.:niurdorruri'ru ld'urri the cutture of a
group of people
2. oourlo
Y
t ua
tttitilu increasingly ) Word Form
riraBu, EJ niur become (= narurflul rfluradrlu linking verb raioniurfirirnfirfitufiau vero
to be o-.:usuA.:dqrrurur6toqilu3:.J adjective loYrrri common (= yl-?'[:J) ttnctfior:r(i'atnr:turur{{
adjective drYrurarir 6.:qi'0.:1,i'adverb Iour:Jduuornr{r'jr increasing (adj.) ld'uflu increasingty
1aov.; dfinrrilrnuru'jr rfirururndu ,
o Linklng verut#rniiau verb to be (+ ADJ.)
go / get / come / become / grow / turn = nmutflu + ADJ.

Ar
sound / seem / appear / look = OlnIaU?1 + ADJ.
T
keep/remain/stay = U{nil + ADJ.
reel = jEin
n
/ taste = fi:strfi / smell = finfiu / prove = il:rn0'ir + ADJ.
3. naufo t uuirflu witt ) Redundoncy

riroBursJ il:gmuror:J:rluod 6a eotn men and women uagrdai,uriltfo"todti"rr rirfirflu
ilr;muyrxNorl'rr#r
ql
kioiorfio::lnruiil they urur*"rur*'umruurdn u:rorqYathi'niur witt otuna-.1
, -v
il:rr'1uq?uuLnu
4. orau#a s uri'rfiu tney ) Redundoncy

riroBurs luriadfinr:1dao.:rjrrTsrordalrriroYrun-u Ioufirirrdailfiueo.:artno lcYrri eecause
(= u,rms'ir) orruufnnr:rduuu#r nr:r6orao.:rJ:cIunr:r,irrflr*olo.rt'i'rfiurrirt6ouudu, t-otfu
r:reia.:sioritir so drf,urilduuuao.:run#uf,oont:J rdarornrflurirrdaldtfiuorn,iruru:J:cIu€t
AA
ilnnt{ail
a
osoEloYrri ERRoR soo rio 747

I
5. oou#a s ufi'rflu distinguished ) Verb
riroBurEJ rfiar:rtqiel-e6iruturulu:il lnfinitive phrase (= To become psychologically mature) t

I
oantJ o;nu'jril:;lru 6o one ruasfiniur 6a tras to develop dlorruoi'run::ru 6o an individual *
t
I
way of tife 1= ifi5ir1 ei.:rfunr:lf distinguishing (= rirl#ttqnc'ir.:1 lu:rJta.: Present participle II
AA
(V.ing) ry{aru'tuu'tilmr:lun::runriln?1rJfiil1uuuu Active voice 6.1'[rlqnri'0.: tu:rvri''tu',ud'[*j t
*u-onrrrirniurdror'loY uoirf,unr:qnn:cfir 6{qia{rrJduulri'rflu distlnguished lu::Jta.: past i
i
participle (V.3) 01r,n?1ilfil1IJLtUU Passive voice i
,i
i
6. mau?Ta
I
3 aa
un-tilu achieve / to achieve ) Verb i
riraBurs nr:tfniur netp tuo':rruuenu'jr riru...lu"'rira;t: d'att'f'[fignoi'a.:qrsJIfl:.:ofr.: 6o

q AJa
help (somebody) do / to do something1ufifi6.]eio.:tilfiuuorn achieving lfrflu achieve u5o to
achieve uii alu"rf, uhj or rIo:t mir.:t or nturfi'
t
7 orau?ro
Y
+ ad
urililu gromh ) Porollel Structure
riT oBurs ri:sTunrioflfinr:ldParattel structure #.:tnoornnr:lfnft.n consider (= rior:rur)fi
Eio.:qrilsi'rurilu'rilfilflunrrur"orur lufidrJ-.:orlrunr:lf adiective tuluu'rt,ttsin;Er-rd'ru'[oY[rri
population density ttnr industriat production Ioufirirrdou ano dlsluIer:.rafrtd o-trfur:r6.:oior
uJduu grow (v.)td'rflu growth 1n.1 firarurufi{ n1:t6uICI loufi econoric (adj.) turuoi'ruufir
8. ooutio 3 urfrflu its proper ) Adiective

riraBurs rirurrufiqnii'r.:firluirtif 6o tne trait lusrJuruuanuof
s
n1:lf Possessive adjective
rataernre'1nr?i[rao.:n:rrurfluri'rrortu::Jrrivrrrror[
l{9{{
6a tneir 6.:trinnsio.: ri'o.srrjfiuu'[rjlf::-Jronuori
A - e 6 i lv a e
n a its n1 il o? u n'tu1 il lil a L5 ufl o{ Ft11 il ruuro1lj 0\:
9. oau#a z rrri'rflu which are consumed / consumed ) Adiective Clouse

o A ' I . i^ v a t u ,o d
o'lofiu']u ^
Ll:;iu€rloUlln:u1flo{fl') o0 "
can discover lLfiy are consumed tqu lilrJ€r'l[t0iltnu
A a U e,
- 'u q A & A d r ei
^
t:'.l0.191fl?]eJio1't9r't[o0114U.]ryn1+1+yt03[!untulunnla.::lTyIufl lilaflQ'r:il]0'llJfi'l'tiluu'tu
oia.:r:iduuorn are consumeo ifioqjlu;ilu0.:
s{ Adjective clause 6o wnicn are consumeo n6ano
::Jna6orriut consumed lu::Jtot Past participle (V.3) luo':runilruttuu Passive voice 6ros
onqYo{
g Iou:J:sIufldfi can discover rf,uniuta#n
10. stou#a z uurirflu purchase ) Word Form

riraBurs qt'{uyl uy oio.:orrruoYru N. / V.ing oirrfunr:ldniu1 purchaseo 6r'triqnoio.: r:1eia{
rrJduuhJlfg:Jrirurru
t
6o purchase (= nr:da) uastuddfiArdr targe-scale (adj.) ru'tud"'tul4li't
va
748 oT. flR',teru
l9
?{ntotaj
11. oou#o Z urirflu sometimes affects ) Word Order
iroBura rJ:c1undfiil::rrutonttor[ 6a An erupting volcano or an earthquat<e ttn;finiurfi
EruurlEiuriaffects ueirdafinr:ldAdverb of frequency drfida sometimes duu*roorlrufinta
n?rililou r:rsioran'uoiruurirlfirlnoiar
g oruln:{afr.t S. + Adv. of frequency + v.
12. oour?a t . ufirflu attering ) Verb

riraBu, s rirqttuvr oy fiifnr:lfuafiourirqnuvrvr-r1:J I
6a oiorqruoiru N. / V.ing q,ifud,rn'
ouun'"otrluprJ:J::Iun
I's (= they atter) 6.rfio d'0.:r:Jduuluhnqio.:Iounr:d'o:J::sT uoonl:J uay
uJ fi u unS urb{a qjtug:Jr
$J
o.r rir ur l ni a fi ri u n'lr ge ru nd tri'ruri usi ng
13. srauz?a I rurYrflu among ) Word Choice

riroBurs rJ:cIuon6irrfirrJ:;r6uud.:d.:uflufinnrfiu.:riuluuririnlu:rrxnd rdor:rdnrrutsi'ir qJ
, c XA v u uT a.
uttlouutnu?uo.:nuttn tuililFroolu?ururn nr:lfuuuvrritir
ts between rr.:raflrrirurrunur^rori
archaeotogists 6rfio nr:rctdciruiueoraun$ororRtrvirrfu eiorurYrflu among rdahi'riurtrsru
a i{u,
n:4fl"lltfl.:flu t:l
j 14. ooufo I urYrf,u weigh roughly ) Word Form

tI
t
riroBurs rJ:cllutoril:;Iuo 6a lnfant goritlas rn:rroniurlrJ rn:rcritil weight finrur
i
i
tfluriruu nilrufi{ rirurin rdadarnr:nisr r:rsiorr:JduuLjlfr*"ioh (v.) durjo'ir firirurin
,\
l
1s. ooufo t urYrf,u agree ) Verb

riroBurs :J:rTundfiil:;rru'[d'uri A number of economists unyorroiructauturulu:rjta.:
Adjective clause (= who...spenOing) 6tfir1#troniururi:ratrlrrlunlil t:rdtosstorEt"o6n?nulil
wno aa ntil rd olrt ree rirmrird rfl uni u'ru ffi r or :J:c D"ruluo ouoiurJrlu n
"g
16. stouu o
V
t va
utritf,u How Native Americans developed ) Noun Clouse
ciraBuT s :J:rrruro.::J:rhooqjlugrha{ Noun ctause druflug:Jto.nJ:sItrnfild'tufiaueiru:u
Iosfi ruoun ctause fiIn:.:sir.:6a drrdaru + s. + v. tufifldrsiasor"onilJrd'ru did aan'lilrfl:1s
'lrjhirJ:cluorirnru eiorufitfuflu Noun ctause finnsia.: 6o now Native Americans developed
o Noun Clause
that That the doqs are not treat well is a fact.
whether / if + S. + V. How wonders whether / if thev uo eatino meat.
wh- / how.. We know where vou discovered it.
qr:nulomri ERRoR soo ria 749

I
17. oaufa z rrfitflr* accurate
I ua
) Word Form
j qw . e v . A a"
riraBuru riiaf i'inoefinite article (an) oia.:orrruoiruriruu ttartfioiiriluluririr understanding
(= orurrirlo) oriuo'r n1flu'rufi'n{'rrudoYrurarir6reioruriorn accurately 1aov.lhi'uflu accurate
. --. J d , c d e
(adj.) Ylfi u'lUn{ llilUu"t o.:a;nnql0.1
oai-
rilraBurs tiloo-ortrururulusrouoiuror:l::Iun (= According to many schools) oonlil oinu
uJo l a v , 4 A
'jrriofifirJ:rr"ruto.r:JrcIuo
' 6o sociotogy 01ild'?uniurro.::J:vrru 6o must be In;tfioqa.:nr:
rulun?u, d6roiarlf adverb IoanJfiuuornritjr necessary (adj.) tfiiflu necessarily 1aov.) drfi
o ?'r rJ 14 rJ1 u'i1 Io u n': r uir rf, uui o a ri rru fi n r fi u.:tri'[oY
19. oau#o S ufllflu were made possible ] Verb

riroBuru rl:sorurorrJ:;Iuod'lri'rrri Numerous changes 14rJ-rufi.l n?1il[:Jfiuurr:Jn.:urnilttrJ
uaserililroYeu6iru?urutu::Jro.: Prepositional phrase (= in...newspapers) d.:ncoon'[d'nr:ld'
niur made possible lunrrrurarururo.r Active voice tuila'ir rirhirduhJtsi 6.rtrinnd'o.:rfio.lorn
il:srrurirniul#tiltd'oia.:uifiuulvirflu were made oossibte sr1ilR?1il14u"'rruo" passive voice
IosJlf Past Simpte rda.:ornfinr::cUrlalluadnforou 6a in the earty 1800's
20. oou#a z urirf,u wnicn ) Pronoun

rirsBurs luriodlri'ao;ective ctause'leiurri tnat...perfumes drr:irn-uun-nnrrld Non-restrictive
relative clause lousT.rrnqrloiornnr:tfrnta'Jmil"ru comma rdorururiruudrurarir 6o musk rm
arrur:notoeirr*ro',ud..nornrJ:;Iuo'[oi usiu:rri'oruJduuorn that d.:lfnrrurao'r comma kiloY
I
t rfl ua-urr o 11f,nfl u which qr il n a-n nr : rd u ufi n{ n Eio r
21. oaur?a s utfl[flu have been ] Verb

ciroBurg tfioCI-oairutttu::ui'r.: comma'[o'uri noted for graceful movements in the water
oantrJ t:ro;Nu'jrrJ::rlu 6o Srruans uoirroniururri rn:rsR.ofiorrrururo{1u3:Jtor Adiective
{q
clause 6a wnicn have been... r:16{si'o.:el-o which oanlilrrfiolfnorsrfluniurttyiuo{:J:sorufi

nn eio.: tsiruri trave been d.: oo o n #o r riu rJ :s rT ux il uq ris o.r :J:;1 s n
{q
22. oau#a g u#rflu arter ) Word Choice

fi1A5U1B O1?'r r
rfludruluqj luddETa.:nr:ql,ruvrfiqlnoiotrdolder,:urirritjr
cs october 6.:,irrf,ueYa,:ldritjr arter
4 .r d . u aa v
u A ucvu a 6 u
s'0[u1{Ft1u1,{uylttuloB?nu
I
iln?1tJ14lt1u?1 fifl.]nsaR1ufla.: fr{iln lfnut?n1fisa6i"tou
ul
150 o:. flR?S,tU
it
flnloTil
23. oau#a t urirflu Curiously ) Word Form
c a nt
riraBurs rlofrr:roiarufiltorn Curious (adj.) 1frflu Curiously (adv.) ulrufir arjroirurJnnlo
u r v J , s j q alu
9l1tJfinnn'ttttr adverb ltuluyt.lut;Iufiyr6rlt lt't luntililfintnq?'l adverb o;rr,rlfoiu:itslunun:
vA
01xJ01 u tn:o.'fi l.J1 u comma lflil0
24. noufa 4 ufitflu worse ) Comporison

riraBurEr riodfinr:r:Jiuurfiuuriun'jr a-rrnsrlcYolnnrrldril'j'l far (= oril.rrr"rn) d.:ludfrrlr
rarirdrflu adverb tdturu adj. / adv. riun'jrfiqnrurur o-.:rfurdod'0.:nr:tf[unmiluil1u'i1 uEin'ir
d'0.:t'i'ritir worse (adj. ) d.: rfl u;rJriun'lrt o.: oao 1a01. 1
25. oau?io I uri'rflu Afihough ] Coniunction

o a u & , d qv j i r f e v Ju,us
-
riraBurs riofrosuu'irfinr:ldconjunction rfio16or,flo{ilrllunr:iroY'run-u6.:hitsYuaoraruao 1t
t
(Because) ttoitflunr:uao.:o?'rrJlr-ouu-.o t:r6rovoioor:Jduurirrdarurf,u rutnougn 6.:o:nnoia.:qril
v u 6 r f i , vt e.t A -
fi?1xJflrJ1r1t5'1'A{ilTEIUfi Inrflon?"ttJfiil'tu?'r rLrJ?'!o11ilr1r1 tornu?nu:ruuRualnlflt'u91T0u010
rf,unruuorhniusianrrunirlonfiornrato.rlan
I r u r
uoinr:m-.:rnCIn1:nfm{irqrfiuruivrurfi6lursofau
it
cila,a
t:Juff.,Yt lJ [il t]l u.tl^l 0
j
i
{
i
I
I
j
j
ii
:
{
I
I
I qEnulomf ERROR SOO :ia 151
I I
t
i
t1
s** taaaaalaaa*e sae sSGtOaaaatOOaa aOol
1 oau#a t urirflu ootng ) Word Choice

o A u 3 t A .d q eo U I v o a v q I a
srloEUlEJ lJoUnA1?n.tn"lTYl',tI'tno ttaeJnl:Lt9r'ttilnnoa.: [?\lilrn']:Yl'l!':n0tfl0a{[Tn:u't do
'lillf mat<e r:16.:oio.:uJfiuur:]u making tu::J geruno raiourulu::J v.ing rdolftf,url:srrutu
Noun clause (= that...trips)
DO (= 1i1n'r1Ufion::ru; t:iu do good / do harm / do an exercise / do one's best / do one's duty I

I
do right / do a job / do a favor / do business / do work / do wrong I

I
MAKE (=air.:lrirdurur) triu make an appointment / make a choice / make a decision / make ll
,l
I
an effort / make an excuse / make friends / make a guess / make I

I
I
progress / make a request / make a fo$une / make a difference I
2. oau?io s ufltflu many more ) Word Choice

u3- ta a &
riraBuru rioflfinr:r:J5uurffsufi{ndr d'rrnoornnl:lfri1'i1 more ?"r.:l4li'rrirurr discoveries
unrtfiaoio{nrflu1un"rrliliuurfiuu'jr ilinn'j1il1n r:rEYo.rld many ?'l.irlri1 more + N.v{14il4d

dlovnnsiar
$
etruritjr mucnldrrtutit more + N.rluhjtEi
3. qaufa
I
4 va
uflrilu composed of ) Preposilion
riroBurs niur composed lunmuuuru'jr :l:snau'[:.Jo"ru... fiTn:tairrda be composed of
someth in g oi u&uEiol rrJ d u uur{u yl with lr{rfl u ot rd atu-o:.: qrr ruTo:,: ffi nisrlun'rr
.r il il ilr u d
4 oour?o g uri'rflu less ) Comporison

u X ,a d , Yq & o.
riroBuru rhfir:Jiurrfru!'iloo:1rTi*u4o [uavr:-oorruinrur.:n:-.:firioun'ir tz r:Ja{r6uri'qiofl
A , Y o
6.:qir.:orno-o:rt3urv'la"LumnrulrJ:;rmeoofllnn::ri
"[urj:rtusrfifinl:til5uutffuur-i*n'irLouor
o , s ,X^ ta a & , I
a-rtno'lsiornrilir than oirrfunr:tfritir tittte 1u:rjrJn6#nil1un?"rrJ'i1

{ riau 6rfio oio.:uJduu'[rJ
e&.aJav,a
rilunlrn'ir 6a tess finursfir rioun'ir 6ro;nnri'0.:
I I 9a v)
.l.tot
1
I ilogn.t1 1.$ognslo
I
I
I I
I
I few fewer the fewest + ru. riu'lri'nflilo1i
{
I
I
I s X iuu I
I little less the least + N. uulilto I
ut
1,52 o:. flR?otu
ct
?{nta:il
{{
t
t!
t!
:
.1
5. CIou#o z urirflu most of ) Word Choice
':
eiraBuru n1'nlUluulrlyrfnlun'lrunulu'j1 d?.rr?arrtrulnqjluqgnul?... rmo=eio.:lf,riruan
l
!
,iruruu3orjiulil
.A
(determiner) 6a most + tt.rluteixur^ror[ I tt.riuliltsi itrunr:1fri1'j'l atmost
(= tfiauog) r{rmrirdrflu adverb 6.:Eiarnruureiru adj. I aov. luriadqrlxJriru of tne winter hiloY
Eiotlfrflu most of the winter 6.:osnnsio.:
6. oau#o t uuYrflu Sharing ) Verb

oArfAa
n'ra5u1u 1J:rtunilnturut{aaret-r 6a share rrai can oe Iou'[rifir{r16orur]:slun:sn'irlniur
tfiofior:rxro1ilR?"uJlrtJ"ruqiarrrlduu Share lfuflu sharino tu::Jrirurufiafrrtrornniuruia
ia , r f tA vqev e < ad Aa
Yrltun']'r gerund:Jtetunilflon?lilfilt1u?1 n1:uu\:14u1J0{uir*?llyinuoni,'r.J0100r11]u'ifnr:flil
:J:vfivrGntnrlun'rt... #rrnorrtrurGl'lr gerund usaurruoriurj:;luodrflu:J:rflu[any{orftsta
7 oauno
Y
2 va
tlfllf,u complicated ] Word Form I
riraBurE nr:tdOefinite article (the) oto.rqriloi?udrurru lufidfi+iTjr process (= nrru?1.[n"tr)
c o t e . Xa s qo A
rflurirurruaEitt41
g n']:rtu1udrurufi6.:d'a.:lf adjective r:roiarr:JdsJuo'rnri1'j1 complicate (v.) fr
a 6 e q yv
e E .t i I v A
ilil'rufr.: rirh{r=u"i'ou'tlilrfluritir complicated (adj.) fiurjn'ir qYudau ufioki'rursurxfin'rilil1
8. oaur?o + urYtflu who are interested / interested > Adieclive Clouse

iraBuru rdasr"oihuturrflunauoiu:J::Iuo lritrri Because of their extreme simplicity aantl
o;t'tu'iril:;rru 6a viruses rreiiirirniuraa,:sr-r 6o have proved ufli are d.:hinnrio.: ru:r;hifi
rirrdoru:J:clun 01ilo?.rrulrrurueiorrilduuniurufi are lfrflu adjective
"t"r.""rduro"ruri1u1il
molecular biologists 6r'[eY'jr who are interested ratano:rJtn6otfiu'l interesteo TourflulrJqril
nn-nnr:oo:tJ 6o sr"orirrdoru$ni verb to ue aonhi
9 naurla
I
z tttitflu was used
tua
) Verb
cl"roBurs :.1:rIuqrfirJ*mu 6o Basic knowteoge drufluurrurir'[rjlai'r:r6.:fiarf,uurrutonno{
X-, q , A u
urruflfieirururu'lu:ilr0.:
s
Prepositional phrase (= of mathematics and electronrcs) 6.:o:oon'lof
o"rusuniarfionilill6nEYo{[rJduuorn were tr{rflu was rdoh(saona'arn-uil:emutonv{of
10. oau#a I urirf,u and British ) Coniunction

riraBurs riadfinr:lfurrumrltir between 1rrr1ufi{ :rm'iro drfnlfirun"urirrdou and tda
vA
q a.r n'rrfl o fl ?1 ilfi u'r u'ir ?r$'i1.: ... un s... ludddr rd a u to 6rhi nq, n Eia.: qruln:.: afr l
q;osloilf
q
ERROR 500 rio 153
11. aaufra t rrrYrflu present laws ) Word Form
qe - - . v v o C jj
cirasurs nlrtT'definite articte (the) siasqrrrusirurilulil lufidfiritjr laws (= ngururu) tflu
r{ruruaq.iu#:
s
n'r:TU1uri"ru1ld6.reYo.:lf adjective t:rsiarril6uualnril'i1 presence (n.) urJa'lr
a ,q vE . --- A a Aa . a - J c J A A
nlTllad tfitilUfi1i't present (adj.) 5,114il1Un{ nil0U14:AInOTUtUTIUSU
a
tlr{01JU1UU"llJYlA1ilil'l
12. olau?ia
Y
1 ttflliJu has been estimated
ua
] Verb
riraBurs r.l:slsndf i'rJxmu itlua-nurwro.l impersonat pronoun 6o hilsYunurirurrulotou
e 't Ea ' til:;Iunua;CIrruri'runiurlu:il
ilnLTt1*9r01*9r1{1l0.l]JTttUOttato1ilO?Un:t Passive voice oi.:usuufialurJ::Iunf,siatnr:do
s
nmuururu'ir :J:srfiunhdrfirfiur zt r:Ja{rfuoi'rardufilo'rInn... r:r6tri'0.:t:lduuornniln nas
estimated iitrnlu Active voice ld'rf,u has been estimated 0l'rufl21tJ141J'luljo.: Passive voice
o ltis+V.3+1661 +S.+V. I
I
rJ
said thought known believed reported t'
I
expected understood considered calculated estimated I

I
I
It is reported that five people were killed in the explosioni I
13. sraurio + urYrflu took place ) Verb

riraBuru n'odfiilrun'rrl'jr rin:J:s:hfl'rflCI{ffll,'rrnr{rurrufufirfiornernr:nleir.rlluo6orTou
aeaa,A^Xqta--&
tuurornnt:ii'r.:5ln.oou:rn1.u.:tnoruru:ir.:t'lnrt6urnu oi.:uunr:loi'tat<e place (= rfiodul lu
:iltor Present simpte #uso.orn"n"':r,[1u:J"onu-udr'[r.iqnoia.: r:rsioruJdsutflu took place tda
t"i'ruao{ o6$1u3il Past Simple 01 fl ?1 ilfi 11 sJs a.: il:glu n
{ rJ
14. orourio t urirflu production ) Verb

oai^
riraBurs tfiotlor:rurTn:{flfi.m0{:J:;Isnoslru'ir:Jrsrru 6a Harnessing fusion for power
production ttnvfietruturulu::J Rolective clause qlrJrl'r 6o that...sorr"" douruunld'6lrir1d'
rJ:rTuod'[riel'n3urr.rer"'nrtru:-:r:.J:rmu r:roio.oo-ori'r16oaL tnat aan'[rJ rfiafirtv( coutd provide rir
ra rir fi rfl uniur u n-nr o.: rJ:ymulu:J:sl u n
15. srau#a z rrri'rflu contributions ) Noun

riroBurtr rj:vTunriadlf Noun ctause 6a tnat...Ne,arton's Ierufiftri, u1ilfiri,nfi1fi:J:rrru 6o
Einstein's contribution dlrfluururant^rof
arrloi':uetruturulu;tJtat Prepositional phrase (= to
{
physics and mathematics) un;rdoniurdqrrurur 6o are 6.rrirlrit:ryrtru'ir:J:snrudrfluranrrori
6rfio r:roioruJduuurruna-nl#rf,u contributions lu:rharurrurnnrror[rdalfiaooodorn-uniur

{s
U'
154 o:. fin?0Ju
9l
?{n[o:tu
t1
Ii
,i
rl
;
16. grou?io g rd'rflu uftimatety ) Word Form
riT oBuru il:;rruta.::J::Isnd 6a The ostrich oruqiruettu:turu::$'ir.r comma dlnsaanlri
a u I u a . e v e d. d
t:rolnun5urnnnta.:rjtmusa.:etr
^ fro can go ttoJ need 6rnnaia.:ur{rrn:rsiirirtial but oti
orjrll:fiqru tdor:rsiarnr:uuruniur neeo da.:lf adverb Iouocr:Jduuornritjl uftimate (adj.)
q ec ) a , q ;
!14 t:J u u ltimately (adv. ) 6.l rJn?t r,il il"I Ui1 tum flo
17. srou#a z urYrflu which / that changes ) Adiective Clouse

oaA
riraBurg tfrot:roi'oatruturglu:ilr0.: Adverb clause'loYruri ns every true baseball fan knows
luErautn"'u:J:slun uar as it approaches the batter luoauri'rurJ::Iunoon'[:] osviu'irfi:J:rmu

6o a knuckle batl uoifiniurraro-t 6o is un: changes d,:trinnd'ar in:rstrjfirirrdaruil:rIuo
qrun?1il14u'ruti'o.:r:l6suniuruf changes h(rflu Adjective ctause lftururiruufirflu:J:srru
sl
loutrtl relative pronoun rrirlilnarurflu which / that changes
t,
f
18 oouua
Y
4 ea
unuilu good dispositions ) Word Form
riroBurE riial,i'nisr have otorsrrr,roYruftur6rrfilluS:Jtarrirul$ rarrfioritir dispositions
(= fifu) rflurirurruor:.Jil'loEiufr? n'r?ru1ur{1u'rld6.rsiar1d adjective Touo;qiorr:Jduuorn wett
(adv.) 1v{rfl u good (adj.) 6{ocnnoia.t
19. oour?o a urirf,u person ) Noun

dr aBur s nr:f i'ritir another 6rrilunr:nd'r?na u 9 urJ n'lr 6n ounfrrnSodnnuufr.! d-arorn
o A q ec . A d . a u A a a A v
Y d a v
'lt1 ,l do qe<
o?uu1ilranT{Qutflila o{0r0.rrilnuu01nn1Tttu1tJll14?{0ufi"r11 people lfiHJ1*1{"tut0nil01 flgiUfi
rit'it person
20. oou#o t ufitflu snare ) Verb

riraBuru rJ:vluerdfinr:ldrndouaruru coton 1:1dttfuri.rrioo':rruao.:rionmru Ioufirionrr:fi
ootrururioo?'uJu:n rfiouan:runsrduoraiold'ruozuauririonlrilurn riadfir.J:srrutuoouoi'u 9
rJ:vIun 6o Predators and parasites uqifirfisrrrurut 6o sharing'[rirrrur:nrirurirfirfluniutua-n

'[doiorrrJduurflun?sr snare driuonil Present Simpte tfiouao.:riatfiooilrt'r j'[:J
21. oautia 2 urirflu feeling ) Porollet Structure

riraBurs :J::Iunluriadfinr:l,iTn:,:airrruru (Parattet structure) #':rnetornnr:1f inoefinite
article (a) dEio.:srrrueirucirurrun'.:nruo loYrrri ooor (= n6u) ufl; sound (= rfiu.t) Ioufirirrdol or
df iluln:.:nir.rd o"lrfu6leio.rlforn feet (v.) 1firiu feeting (n.) 14rJ1ufi{ n?ltrj6n
ovaulomEt
q
ERRoR soo tio 155
t
t
t
I
!
22. CIou?ia
I
+ vA
uuYrilu feet in length ) Noun
riraBura riaf,neirrfirn?1ilu'l?llo.ryrrrr6uarnr: IeEldfid'lurflullo uasudofiririr thirty ?1,:
rir.:nfir rirurru toot qia.rrriduulfarilu:ilta{u1n}r1t'{or[

{tg$
teet 6.tocnnEYa':
23. srouzlo
I
2 va
rldrf,u which / that grow ] Pronoun
riraBurtl :J:srluro{:J:;Iun 6o The mattow family un:finiur 6o includes oriluroi'lun::il
6o about 1,000 kinds of herbs, shrubs, and trees :rrufisfinr:hi'Adjective clause turun::rufi
add'rurarir
IS{q
lunrruururu'ir...d.::Janlunfinrorrsrfauun:uroouriu:ro.:Ian o-.:tfut:ro;vtu'ir
n::ilr0.::J:sIund'rurarirrirrarirdrflu:J:Er"tu?Ja.: Adjective clause fiorrur:r r:16rsiollf wnicn I
that atr unr:t.i'r{r rd o ru r{r'i1 where rfl ucirur sr su an anrufi 6t fi q
24. oaurTa s trfirflu probably accounts ] Verb

eiroBurEJ r{rurrufirflurj:rrruna-n leYuri rne fact uasfinllril16ruai'ru:ruruoonl:J6nd.:a;'[o" t
(= that...another) fronrruururu'j'r riaufioa?rfi'ir... ntsrso.: The fact d.:rfluurruronuorid6roc
oiarr.r"unu:J:;r'ru Iquril6uurflu accounts 6ro:qnoYa.:
{ luirtiffiArfi probably (adv.) ruruniul
I A U ve v
9t?u0.:?1,1 t?01u14u1
25. oourTa S tld'tflu primarily devoted ] Word Form

riroBu'rs nr:rlrrudtil devote (adj.) dnmufll1ild1 fioriuutoqfia r:reiarld;iltar adverb
e e u & a v -- q e - - q
:r.od'rurflr oi.r[u6rd'a.:t:Jduuornritjt
'l primary (adj.) td'rflu primarily (adv.) lunmtnuru'jr
fu
tquilan 1ua')
v€
156 oT. fiR?fll{
lq
y{ntaTru
Key
aaaaaaotccraaaaoaaaaooaaaaao aaaaaaoa
oaut a I uririlu as many as ) Word Choice
9 va
1
riroBursl riaflf iTo:rafr.: as + adi. / adv. + aslunrrilnuru'jT ...rvirn-u uoirfiourruran-n 6o

meteors d.:rf,unrayrori 6.ou.lfiuu mucn
U
d.:lfn-uurruriukiki'htrflu many filfn-uurrul^rqrrorf
2. oauro
V
3 urlr:lu is called
vd
) Verb
c A - A" o Aa
riraEursJ urruranhffrirradrfirflu:J:srruso.o:J:sIsn 6a tne vatue (= rynrir1 uazotuoYruetru
Turutu:ilro{ Prepositional phrase (= of...period; dla;oontoio-rrfuniurfinurur'lEirrri catted
aAa
(= 6un) fifin':rruururuttuu Active voice 6.:'[rinnoio.:rn:r;il:varurirniurd'[ri'[d d'o.rr:Jfiuul#l
tflu is called tuermruur:ruuuu Passive voice fiilrufi.: ...nntign'ir...
3. oou#a e urirflu has reduced ) Verb

riroBurs urrna-nraril:;Islo 6o The increasing us" drrfluuuronuo{ uncnruilr6i:rJ6iru
Ttulu (= of...methods; drn:aantrf n?urdld 6o have reduced luTriyrTrrori6rfio u,r:r:hiaoo
ndarn"uil:rrrur aId:sIuofirf, uranr rori sio.:ujduulfirfl u tras reduced
4. naurio z urirf,u necessity )' Word Form

riroBurs nr:l"i'qnuvr oy oiarorrrud'ru N. / V.ing oi.:#ur:r6.rocd'a.oujduuornrith necessary
(adj.) ulnufi.r
'irrflu trirfluriljr necessity (n.) durJa'jr nrru,irtf,u
oaufa t uritilu received from

Y vd
5. ) Verb
riraBuru il:rrrurorrl:rlunfi'60 oata firfluurruuurnror[ $a
raurua'.r riorua n'r:trt'niurlurrlu
:ilt0.: Present participle (V.ing) frno:ilrurorn Adjective clause tunrrruururura.r Active voice
6.chir1nd'orur:r::J:;rrurirniurflritoY
{ r:rqiarr:Jduul:Jlfr;rJ Past participte (v.3) 6o received
9r1 il n?1 1! fi il'r u r[:J U Passive voice altn Erir nisjr n n-ng or ilrl r o d 6 u ind icate
6. oaufra t urYrflu major factors ) Noun

o a u Jqc e a < u & a v
iroBurs :iafl1d1n:rafr.: one of + N.y{r4l{nf + V.rannor[ o-rrfuu:r6reYortfil s fin-.: factor
rdoh{rf,uuuunnof
s
*nrdoor.r,nrru'ir nd.:lu:J-oourfn... #rrnsrirniurfilforrururrfu 6a
-Aetvaad
is 6r n,ggn oia r a d un'r rvr m s ril uni ur r o n1,{ o rierr ru :J:srr u one
I
lr q;nslomd ERRoR soo 'ria L57
$
I
T
T
7 oaufro t urirflu frlost ) Word Choice
iraBuru rJ:;LJndfirirt*u,ru"nfif i'rflu:Jr=rru 6o animats unsfirtruturulu:il erepositionat
A
phrase yrfl"ru1:naraonloY 6o with ribs and backbones rdodo'lnr:lgruurruuo-nluorrunuru
'ir s-qr{eirulnql... r:roia.:lfriruon,irutumiarJilrru (determiner) 6o most + tt.riuloYvnlr'rori I
r.r.riuhilsY,trud-,i", atmost (= rfiouo;) rirurirdrflu adverb 6rri'alqrrto"r u adj. laov. luriod

6rsrueY:uuril animats triloY oiatlri'rf,u Most animats
8. otauzta
I
2 ad
ttritil1{ information } Noun
riroBurEJ +iruru information dru:Ja'jr n"arya fioirrflu+irurr:u-uhjto,6t'[rirrrur:nrirtra"odlu
tdvevU,4
Itll{l4ilAutO
s{s 00.100 s 00n [:10.:03nnqla.]
o Uncountable Nouns
ti
rl
accommodation advice equipment expeflence furniture
L nou#a 1 ruYrflu allecological > Word Form

qu
iro6urs
c -
nr:ldqrruvr tire oiaroruoiru N. / V.ing unrrdaluirtdfiritjr systems rirnrirfirfru
t e , " . Xv qv & v .i
-
uuoq.iuii'r
s
nt:fioflurur{rurrudqiarld adjective Fr"rfiusiort:Jfiuua'rn ecology 1n.1 t#rflurith
ecologic,al (adj.) firnurufir rfi urn-uxuufirra
10. oau#o 3 rrrYrflu to report ) Verb

o A v &A , d vq tqv aa C i
a'lo6u'lEl 1auffoFr?1il14ti'tu?"t ?1:a1TFI1flst:flltutltlt tSYtn'tI'lJ0.0n1:flofl-1:r$t0T"tu.1'lult'l1...
C v ^ t t u oo t a
ttJotflflo{n1:uanqo:.1:rorqiriornr:firasl:Lr.radr.:
cs
ai'o.:td:rl infinitive with to 6.:o:oi'0.:r:Jduu
o1n to reporting traiflu to report 6ro;nnd'o.l
riroBurs :J:rmutor:J:sluo 6o some museums (= fifiro-*vi1 uarfiniur 6o use CI'tilgi?u

nT:il 60 volunteers (= orerolirr:;fifiiiruturu from the community (= ornqrurul dtntoonloi
rdaqio.:nr:tu'tur{'ru"rxi volunteers oi'luJ:Jro,: Adjective clause 6.:oia.:rrJduuorndrrdoru which
s
.l ec v A
lfi [:Ju who ryr:rsdrit otar gno:fi ilr ufr luon n
v3
158 o:. flR?otlr
It
?{nloTru
12. aou?io + rrrYrflu weatth ) Word Form
riraBurs rdafirllruvr of d'0,:flrilqiru N. / V.ing oi,:rfunr:1fr{r'ir weatthy (adj.) lril'lunrrt.jr
u'{n'iir:rui.rfio darrrJduul:Jl"irilir weatth 1n.1duiln'lr R'lrr,ru'ro'rfr:ru
13. oauz?a 4 uritf,u hrger ) Porollel Structure

riraBuru :J:;Iunlufadu'nr:hiln:rafrrturu (Parattet structure) s-.:rnqarnnr:ldritjr ano
j i i ,u a Lc ,Z , - & a
"
firfiau adjective ueia;rirfirrrua-.: becomes 6o more positive 6.:oqjlugrJt-un'jr o-.:riu6rsio.:tf
. d q g e v - c& , a . i
larger til a [14 fl 0 on fl an nu n lufty,lyllun?1 0 nfi1Yt 9t1 il il'l
14 srour?a 3 affects
rrrYrflu ) Verb
AIOdu'lll
I I 't'' a
lJTttunuilU:rr,.luFl0
A ' e' e q
insulin ylAUnfl{ comma n:U1 tuqlol*qiurj:cTuo6.:ria.:t'i'v.s
(Past participb) 6o Secreted (= nnud'{; orrura-nta.:nr:ldParticipial phrase luntrrunrurura.:
Passive voice uoifi.:fifio60 niurfiodraa'rrj:srru insutin rrr:rsEio.:1,f'rf,uniuua-n u:r6rrrlfiuul

oln that affects drfluetruturutu;,.trro Adjective clause lr{rrafiorfiur affects 6.:orpnd'0.:
.r
15. srou#a t urYtf,u has one man ) Word Order

riroBurs luriof,finr:f i'r{ruann'lrruuuru:Jfirarir seldom (= uvruolki) dud'urj:;Iun rdo
ruiunmunrrurJfiraro-rni{m nrruufnn1rrfiuilrfr? oYorfinr:riusdro-urlroir.:o;rnrJ::Iunvr'T l:J
6o dorsn-ud s. + v. (= one man has been...) lrfa{lu;rt riruonrJfirnr + v. li?u + S. + V. uyi
(= has one man been...) 6lo:nnEio.:
. * s. * v. urt
riruanrJfilatfi + V. riru
almost never seldom rarely barely hardly

Ex. Hardly had I arrived when trouble started.

Not onlv did we lose our money, but we were nearly killed.
16. mou#o z urirflu are found ) Verb

siraBurs rdoeiort'ru:rsJru:su'ir.: comma (= one of the largest groups of butterflies) oonl:J
, nlot a A a cu& ^ l 4 y- ri
r:rosuu'irriofril:J:yrru 6a tne frititlaries 6rrf,uurrturXrrorl o*trluniurfiouurdloiolttJduu
o1n is tound lu:ilrannoril#rflu
SU
are found firf,uuuuor[sr1iln?1il1u.t1uuuu Passive voice
orrqulovrriERRoR 5oo rio

E
17. oau#o Z rrrYrfiu stronger ) Comporison
o a yla ta a & lte rNgo -& A o
riraEurg riofrilnr:i:J5uulfiuurun?1 fl{rnfl [si01nn1Ttxri1?'r than q'Juutil0tila0.rn1:1u'ru
druu The force of gravity qirudtir skong (adj.) rmoio':f i1u3:J:iun'ir 6a stronger
18. aaufa 4 urlflu its length

Y va
) Adiective
riraBurs rJ:gIun'?,'adniim6rei'sr{rfiqud'0d,rfinrrnu'r?llo.rci'rnorurnn'irn{.:nd.:ra.:n11ilurr
sirqir nr:ld it tength 6.:hiqnd'0.: rdo.:orns::r,ruril it hjarur:nra1uilri'1ulil tength ki'd'or
u:J6uurflu Possessive adjective tu::Jronl^ror[ 6o its 1= to{il-u) 6.:ii'rtfiturr: The elasmosaur
a ,. e
m0unauuu"l
g
19. oourTa + urYtflu that of ) Pronoun

eiroBurs n?iil14rl'ru?or:l:;Iuodr:Jiuurfiuu'irr#urirugufnnl{?o.ro'r?lrqu-ru6urrn'irr#u
g
t e r , a d , q ;:A A ra a
rirugudnar.:Ta.r
qt$'g tanil:rilrruftur6oryir lufiflft.:ffnnril3surfisu 6o diameter (= rat'urirufluri
nar.:y d.:ldrfluururonnof oirr.fua::l,iurlr those tu::Jnrlrrar[6.:qiarr:Jdaurflu
$sa
tnat luJrJta.:
r d Av a e e t
flTtl l 1{1 il t0 n y{a u lyi 0 ttyt l{n 1 u't il d iameter yt 01.] a,l o"t u14 u't
20. oaufo Z urYtflu most widely ) Word Order

c a v$a J A
riraBurt riaflfinr:ru1uri"n{'ril
" refreshment (=
-
rniol6l) eirurirniur drunt< lugrJra{ Past
participle (V.3) n1iln?'rul4tJ1uuuu Passive voice [[0;n1:tuluniu,d6ia{tfri1'j1 widely (adv.)
6lnnoio.:rrdr
.llgt ueirdoqio.:nr:r:Jiuurfiuuriuooool lflarria{?'rirritir most rafir adverb dr'td'rflu
most widely lugrJ:ral most + adj. / adv. riaddlfiolur+o{ilo.lnlrriutdro-urir
21. oou#a u#lf,u superior

S ] Redundoncy
o a nla ra d , Jl c a d
a10fiu1g .ll0uiln'tTt:J:uutl1uut!14?"t{tila.:fl0.:ttnuuytt0
^ - ^ -
uau ounu Iatty{n.:1a.:fla:Juaug
T qe" A q d d i
[ou0vtTn1?'r superior {.]rLJufi'rtrflo{nl:t!TUUrytu:tYril101nn'r1*'tnyau^ lilar u,qe
Lil [t more 'rrr ue
[l
!,ua.ei^&,,q.X&-
ti'ruu{rtufraurirdu.l nr:r;fforrruururur-unirodlurirfiaqiuii'r uonolnuuaya.:rnorirr:rkjtrt'
than o13Jil1 tteilf superior to fi,e'r1'rilfil:rurufrou greater than 1= tuflan'jr, O.:n'jr;
I superior to (= greater than) prior to (= earlier than)

I
I
I
inferior to (= less than) senior to (= older than)
I
I anterior to (= earlier than) junior to (= younger than)
I
I
I posterior to (= later than)
E o:. nnfnf tnro?q

22. grout?a z ruirflu they can ) Word Order
o a u lo q e. .t r .'l
droEurs riafliinr:lfeirul,u'lslu?ilr4.:
T
Adjective clause (= where...public) rtiiatulurilu'Iil
driunnrudqiruurlr 6a tne coffeehouses of New York City's Greenwich Village srarlrr#dld
fl:Tlru'lll where Turudrqndo.:u#r
{T
ueinr:Gurdroiurirki4neiar r:roiotr:Jduuoln can they 1r{
tfl u they can IoEJlileiarndr'ufi :J:srruuocnturrfi fi oulu:J:slsJnrirnrr
23. orou#a 3 u" f,u to maintain ) Verb

c A u Zq;
- A a a A
rira6u,rs riaflf iln:.:atr.: lt is + adj. + (for somebody) + to do something fiur:rufi.: riluGo.s
j ' - a
Y1...ff1fi:1j...Yt0s...
oirfunr:ldniurtu::.J
u maintain 6rhinnsia.:
{ r:ro;010.:t:Jduul:Jhi'to maintain
6ro r rf, ul:J qrr r1n:.: afr.:d
24. slau?ia I urYuflu Historicatty ) Word Form

riT aBuT n :J::Tundqio.rud'ltorn Historical (adj.) tvirflu Historically (adv.) 01ilfln-nr.on',rt#
g , s j q a!-
adverb tu1uyr".:il:r-lunyrqlrJur tun:ilufl.,[nn'i1 adverb ovmr'lfluoausiu:J:clunrtn;orsJd'ru
Ac
tR:0{11tJ1U comma lflUA
25. noufo s udrflu putting ) Verb

c dad i e a . l.]n , a e e .Y j j
iraBurs
-
riruuuyr oy fiiGnrr'lfrfiiiouriruv{umvr1lrJ
I
fio ocd'ornrilriru ].1.
-
/ v.ing o-tuutrfr
o'ulua-{rfluJ:Jrj:slun (= they put),1,6.rfio rfloia.rr:Jdsuhiqneio.:Inunr:n'nil:;rruoontil uflg
ruJ du unirnLia qilu:rJt
{{ a.: rirur rmi o fi 6 u nir geru nd loiuri putti ng
CI3asloild ERROR 500 ria 161

I
r
aaoaaaocaaeeaaaro aataaaaaaaeaaaaalG "
1 oau?io z uritflu enloy ) Porollel Structure
o A uXau u I e u uv -A.tvA
o'ro6r.J1s lJou[5unnro.:Ior:.:rfr.:ru'tu [:1fl'ril1:nfl.][nq tooln and 6r1drfiaruniu1fiahljo.1
il:srru nnts yf.:oorrrird':uniu r:r6.rasd'a.:i:Jfruuorn enjoying lfi'rflu enjoy ufialr{raoori'0.:riu
ia a d
have Ylt:JUn:U1Y{14Y{0U
{
2. sroufia + urYrflu restore their ) Adieclive

riroBurs rl*Iundflon?1iluil1u'ir nr:rGuodrrfi6iodrrfii:i'r?nr'lriulurfluifnr:fi6fidau
q ee u e, - ev A o q e u a v f d o ;
tn{nuts{sr0E{nuR?1u[14iloua"1:r141'r.r?uunrfi1[?i1rxnrr1n0uil1lifla{
{{ [ouilfi']ulil people vr
nnd'rrfi.:Ioutf Possessive adjective lu::.lrannori 6o nis d.:triqnoia.: 6.:osd'a.orrlfruu'trJ1'.fi'grJ
nuuo{
st 6a their uriouao.:omrurfluro'rto,:fiururufiruno6r r
3. oaufa t urirflu temperate zones ) Word Order

o A u tu , a .t y i v e . ; I u a
'
st105u'ltJ 1,oufl{tno11iln1:lxul'{uyt in s,to!9t0.:0'ttJo'luo"tu1u [n3flu?1fl.:Ytgt"ltIua{il't o0
q{ d.:rirl,rdro-urirhiqngior r:r'irtfluotorad'u
zones (n.) [[03 temperate (adj.) firarurufir rroroueju
rirrrfiri.:losJrt.:rirurruna-n 6o zones'[{oirun'ruun;rururirurrdriruritjr temperate o"'runrir
lu::Jrar Adj. + 11.
4. moufro g uri'rflu visible ) Word Form

o a o Ju,v d q . ;
^
eilroBurEJ nislryr-rlilsio.:nr: adverb il"r?u"ru rrsiitrrtYuniul become unrniu'r6u'Jluneirufr
riun'jr linking verb qio.:nr: adjective il1tU'ru sitr*'ur:r6roroto.:u:.Jduuorn visibly (aov.) lv{rflu
AA
visible (adj. ) fi fi o':r ruu rur u'jr ar tr:n eL a.: rfi'u'ki'
o Linking verut#rufiarr verb to be (+ ADJ.)

go / get / come / become / grow / turn = nolUtf,u + ADJ.
4,
sound / seem / appear / look = 9l[UilAUl'l + ADJ.
{
keep/remain/stay = Uilflil + ADJ.
feet = f6n / taste = fi:atrfi / smelt = finfiu / prove = il:rn0'jr + ADJ.
UC
L62 o:. €tR?otu
it
y{ntoTru
5. ooufo t urirflu known for ) Preposition
cAola,
nlaaulu ?auuuTrrlurlouj:;Iun 6o fne rhinoceros unsfiniul 6a is qrruei'luniul known
lu:rJ:rol Past participle (V.3) sr1iln?"nlr4tl1ulrurJ Passive voice uoirirqiluyldldolilnn-turd.r
rl-v- , 9 U, v a , < Jw- - q a
tottn as uutil0n9l0.:
l,ll
t]lT]r -be -known as + -.N. iln?1iluil1u?1 ttlufii0nnulug"lu:1j0.:... tfl6.1
,irrfluEYa.rr:Jduurflur{run:Jyl for
ls
qrilln:{afr.: be known for + N. d.:finruratru'ir rfludio-n
riulur*ortor... rdolr{rflulilnrunrruuil1uro{:Jrsluniiiddo'ir u:orf,udio'nn-u61u6o.ruarua
t
)a-
mil0n:rilttouto
6. oou?ia e ufirflu basis of ) Word Form

airaBuT u udafinr:f i'definite article (the) d'0.:orroYruriruril er-.:#urfiaqioeiruturulu::Jto.: g
Prepositional phrase (= of the laws of genetics) aant:J t:1ovv{u'jld'4.:r:Jdgufi'l'ir basic (adj.)

lr{rfl uritir basis (n. ) uny u-{ fi motecutar (adj. ) I u'r u u'r l do qi oi'ruradr
I
7 oau?,o
I
4 @a
ttriti]u disturbing ] Verb
riraBurs rirunum without fiiinr:tdrnfiaur{ruyrum6u jvr-T'[ri ffa o;oio.:nueirg tl. / V.ing
o-,:rfuosttu'irfirdqrrruran-rurlu::ltarrj:rlun 1= we disturb) 6.:fio Eia,:uJduulfqlneia.:Iqunr:
g
CI-o:J:suruoontJ uoyr:Jduurirniurhfa{1u3:Jtorrirurruniafi6sn'ir
gs gerund leiuri oisturuing
0{n3nn00{
qt
8 oau#o t rrrYrflu which is taken from / taken from > Adiective Clouse
riroBurEJ il:srruraril:slsouon 6o A metaphor finiur 6o is uarorueirllurildrflua{rurfiru
16l 6o an expression rrs'inn-ufin?sJrfiorililrsorsr-r 6o took ttn] useo drtrir-rnsio.o
s
rrr:rvhjfi
rirrdail:cfid1{nis1fla{oi?u:n a1ilR?1uflil1usio{uJduunisJ'r toor l#rflu Adiective ctause t'i'
tuluri'rlt'rxoiluurir 6o an expression Tourfiru relative pronoun tdttJnorurflu which / that is
atadaq,uXa
taken rionoilrrafiorfiu.:
st Past participle (V.3) 6a taken tu;:Jtor Passive voice ertnmdrriofiil
nr:ld'unnla.:In:.:afr.:ruruoi'rs Ioufi ano rflurir16oruurirniur useo d.:uflu v.g draoond'0.:
tiuniur taken
9. srou#a z urirflu it difficult ) Verb

riraBu, s rj*lsnriadf
iTn:tsfrr find + it + aoj. drfinr'rilnillu'jl 6ontaffin'lrn-urfludrfi...
o-.:rfuornln:raiudrnoia.:rildsuorn it is difficutt lrirf,u it difficutt lou6r-or is drrf,u verb to be
aonl:J r*.nornrfu,rru-rarrnoloi'ir it iuii#trilEiumuurrulo rf,uufiura::rrurldoiosl,frJ:snau
Jcv t r v . &
ty{ 0 tfi fl;.juTlua"lil
a
ln:.Jfl:1.J t7t11{u
srsasrloYtri ERROR 500 :io 163

10. nau?ia z rrrirflu in which / where ) Pronoun
riraBurs rdoqiolnr:sururiruril a region qirunr:1f Adjective clause Eiorftrno'jrurrudrir
wAa s J Ja, a . Aa^
u{rfrtilueiruzulura.til:rtunfiqrrllrfifirl:;nru 6o a standard language 6lfiniur is spoken
nx1il14rJ1urjr;Iun6a ...nfinrndrn''r:J1il1or{1unnr{on-u...
{dg$u
rirrdorudnnqia.:loirrri in which nio
A v r u rv e
where [v{:"tsil']a"tn a standard language is spoken (in a region) s.:u"tuff?lttjU'tu tugtluru't
11. oau?ia 2 ttfitflu rnow ) Verb

qt
a1aEil1EJ nr:tghiul let lunmtnrruir uoru1uL..rira:'[: o:fiIn:tsirt 6o let somebody do
something o-.rr.fu6.:sia.:rilduu to rnow lvirf,u know rfiotvt'st:.:nrruTo:.:afr{To{niu, d
12. ooufro 1 ufirflu stays ) Verb

riraBuru n"odfinr:lfrilir it rdouaotrioutt ruqnlrn[iltan']'rsrrflurfliloi.:rir'l:J fl-{rnoteY
ornn?urlu Main ctause 6a nas o".rr.fuudold'rflu'l:]qrrruua-nni:1d'tf-ctause dnnEior

{ kiuri tr * t
Present Simple, Present Simple t:rrn''orrrJduuoln will stay lu"'rflun?urtonttof stays lutilao,:
Present Simple ua;saoo#orn-u:Jtorutonnorf 6a a baby bird )
13. oau#o z rrrirf,u wtrictr ) Pronoun

oa -t^ 'e r Itufitt9tlj"toFt'tt{01J0.:
n'Io6u'lu ?ouxjn1T[4fl0{1J:3
d <1' o - ilduuorn:JfiTuoqirufia-r
lilnno0.: [T1a0.]t:
h{rflurJ:sIunrulul$Iill0.:
{ Adjective ctause Iqurilfruuornflrrvn*lu them l#rilu which rdo
e e te t i vi f - i Xa A r a
ttYlul*'ruo11*fi1.r'r toun many uses tlflvt{tIoilnuilt3tuflmq1ilil-l lJauo{fran?1ilfiil1u?1 rndS
firJ:vlutfunru:J:rnr:luu::er:J:sIsJrfrr6ir#unr:rfi:rin:*roryr:*royrflufirfir:r{urnu q
l
il1nmflo
q
14. srouria z urYrflu celebrated > Adiective

riroBurs :l:vTunrdfinrfliu"ruultJ 6a examples e'ruritjr celebrating lu:il Present participle
(v.ing) luflrriluilrcJto.i Actlve voice 14r.1'rr:flrrujr o-rodr.rfiundar d.:'[rjnnri'arr*rlru',udri',
n?ur celebrate 1= gnrlro, 1il10i t:T sYalr:16uuhi'ufluritjr celebrateO lu:rl past participle (V.3)
luo rr il rn ilr ufl o { passive voice 1t il't u nrr il'ir el-: o r.ir.: fi 'loYil nr : u n ri o.:
15. oraufo z urYrf,u tor ) Preposition

oaa
a'lofirl'lu t:roslfurruyr
lt
since orileiruooGruoiuro.:r':ar lutruyd for da.:oruoirurrusr?a'r
oirfuluriod6.reio.:1dtor atmost a century (= rflurrarrfioueter?fi:r) d.:60'jrrflu:ru3r?a1uio
rir.:rrnrlua6qr
Ud
L64 9r:. FIR?otlt
lt flntoilu
I
I since (m-ruoi...) +1or?ruoiuto.rnar
I
We've been waiting here since two o'clock.
I
I I haven't played rugby since I left univercity
I
I
I for (rflurrnr...) +::ugnal We have known each other for.ten years.
I
I I haven't seen him for ages.
16. orau#a z urYrflu unfortunately ) Word Form

riT aBurs dadfinr:rdaxJflo{il:sIunrdroYrun-udrurir16oru but usiturj*IuocYrun#,:r:ro;Eio.:
unhorn unfortunate (adj.) lrirflu unfortunately (adv.) otrlmfnnr:hi'adverb luruYl'.1:J:rTsod
q ai-
a1 u il'r Lun r [uu6(.r r n e'ir adverb o ;rr r'lioiu:J:cl u Fr
17. oou#a z urYrflu popularity ) Word Form

o a A a e y - & q eo --. A a
a,loEljlrj lrJoiluy{uyr in ocai'o.0orud'ru N. / V.ing o-rrfunr:t'i'riTlr popular 1a01.1 d,:uilrafr.:
loi:-un':rrufiuu 6rfio Eiorr:Jdrruhllri'Alir poputarity 1n.ldurJa'ir n'r1iltfludfiuil I
18. oouria z urirf,u may be ) Verb

oaA
riraBuru tfrot:rst-q6tru?urulugrJ Prepositional phrase (= of people from the United States)
oontrJ ory{u'i1il:ir"ru 6a ttre speech ueitroniururi rx:r;ftrdn1ilrJ'lo{luiiltar Adjective
clause 6a wfrictr may be differentiated... rrr6reiaro-e which oanlilrdah{narurf,uniuru?i'r,ot

rJ*rrufinnEio.r ldrrri may be differentiated luoruumuuuu Passive voice
19. oou?ia. a rrrYrflu the academic ) Word Form

{ea dA a v A" s A< u &
r,i,taEurs nr:[,i'niur influence (= fi6vrGxnoia) s1a.:orrruoYruurufrfirnfirfrti]un::t o.tilu[:1
a'rrnsrlei'jr motivation (= rr:reolo) r{rnrirdrflud'lu1iloEi[n'? ttnsfl'unrnlf definite article (the)
m,:eirunrlrtoi rrsirdasiornl:Ts"turilulldr:roia.rld adjective dlqiaruJ6tJuorn academy (n.)

lvirfl uriljr academ ic (a01. ) dra rur u fi .: r6,:im nr: 6ro : g$ n oio t
20. nourTo t uri'rflu A large ring ) Noun

riroBurs rfior:rCI-qrtrursJrulu::J Prepositional phrase (= around...the Moon $nt by...rain)
aon't:J oiy{u'j1rm6o That a targe ring uasfinSur 6o nas been recognizeo dlhinnEio.t tt:r;
That a targe ring firirrdoru tnat dldduEiu Noun ctause 14tJ'rufi{ n1:fi... dl'[darrur:nrirurird
rflu:J:crruror:J:;LJodloi u,r:rru-.:rroniurlu Noun ctause r:rdrEialer-orirrdaudaonlrjtr{
urn fi o rfi EJ.: A targe ring dldrfl uilrrr"rur a{niurdqru ilr
CIraulomf ERRoR soo rio

E
21. srou?Ta
I
s va
udtflu primarily ) Word Form
riroBuru rdor:roiochuturutupJ Prepositional phrase (= ln...century uflt in the orchestra)
aanl:J o;r,ru'irfiil:;r'ru 6o the violin nruoYrun?ur 6a was used uutdaofolnrfluruniurd
6.:qYo.:lf adverb TouuJduuorn primary (aoj.) birflu primarily (adv.) fiururufi.: Iounfn jua'r
22 oaurla
I
3 uflrflu to expand
td
) Verb
riroBurs nr:f i'n?ur attow d.:urrufi.: oriqrer1fi...rirosl: filn:rairr 6a atlow somebody /
something to do something t:roYo.:t:J6uu expand lv{rflu to expand tfia1d'Qnsia.tnruIo:.:afr.:
a
23. oau?ia t uri'rflu The idea ) Noun

o a A'
eiraBurg tfrat:roiortrururulu:iltlo{ Adjective clause (= that learning is a lifelong process)
oon'[:J t:rovuuir:J:srruro.:il:sIuo 6a The ideas d.:rf,uurrulnnlror[ mrrururoirun?ur tcYrrri
has been expressed tu::Jtatniurronuor[d,rtriaoon#osri''u:J:;nru d'.:rfur:r6.:d'otr:Jduuorn I
The ideas ld'rflu The idea idrlrrnrirdrf,urj:rnruronnafra.:niuruony{odfio'rilil1
24. oauna
I
1 va
[dti]u was merely ] Verb
o A u Xa , d d u v & c n
riraBu'tu :iofifirt':ursJ.nJ!an[?altalrHonr:nfluodqr ki'uri A century ago d.:fiunr:lfnisr
^
is lunrrrumru1u'r,o{ Present simpte druao+uqnr:nIir'rfioduturJ-ooriu6rki0noiar

g rm'irrf,u
g,Jd
m a.t tu fl uul:Ju was 1v.z) luo'lr til il1 ur a{ east'Simpte do uoroorlu'rf, uo6ot
25. srouriaa urYrf,u to resist ) Porollel Strucfure

riraBurs :iadkilo:.rair{ru1u m-ornq'loYorn o, dordaru tnfinitive phrase 1n{rurirfiduoiuoiru
int.; vrs.tro.:fiorjnfiriruru the ability of plants rrird'ruriu 6.:sia.:ulduuoln resisting 1#rflu to
resist rd olr{ao on #al n-u to prod uce drir ur ri ou
ud
766 o:. fln?atu
q9
ytntoToj
arr r a a I t t a a a r r r a r r a i a
a
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rioaou Error ldentification 6o rioaaufioiarnr:ht'vrrdfie'tudruu*rsirrl d.rfie

1m:. OS-t ZZ 1-9255 nto suphawatoak@hotmail.com

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honey but included times of hardship.

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L. A politician can make a legislative proposal more understandable by giving specific

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8. Some people learn to relaxed through systematic meditation, a practice aimed at

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one of Japan's top automobile companies.

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1. The development of ultrasound as a method of detecting objects beyond man's sight

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4. Since computer technology is changing rapidly from Ef_ta_yea_L technicians must

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4. From a youngest age, children begin a continuous process of evaluating themselves in

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24. Chemists use microchemistry to identify and isolating microscopic amounts of

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