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Pharma Notes
Pharma Notes
Pharma Notes
- DERIVED FROM 2 GREEK WORDS 1. SUPERSCRIPTION- the heading with the symbol “R” or
PHARMAKON - STUDY OF MEDICINE “Rx” which stand for the word recipe.
LOGOS - STUDY
- Study of action of drugs such as PHARMACOKINETICS and 2. INSCRIPTION- which contain the names and quantities
PHARMACODYNAMICS and ingredients
- Study of the biological effects of chemicals
✓ Knowledge from various pharmacologic 3. SUBSCRIPTION- direction for compounding the drug
classes enables the nurse to understand
how drug works in our body, to achieve the 4. SIGNATURE- often to given by the sign ‘S” signa giving the
therapeutic (intended) effects, and to direction to be marked on the container.
anticipate and recognize the potential side
effects (unintended or unavoidable) or 7 COMPONENTS OF DRUG ORDER
toxicities. 1. PATIENS FULL NAME
✓ Nurses deal with pharmacotherapeutics, or 2. DATE AND TIME
clinical pharmacology 3. DRUG NAME
✓ The branch of pharmacology that uses 4. DOSAGE
drugs to treat, prevent and diagnose 5. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
disease 6. TIME AND FREQUENTCY OF ADMINISTRATION
7. SIGNATURE OF PHYSICIAN
PHARMACUETIC
80% Are taken orally DRUG APPROVAL
First in GI tract to be in solution to be absorbed - Each drugs may have several names.
Solid (tablets, capsule) must integrate into small particles CLINICAL NAMES- describes the drug
to dissolve into liquid GENERIC NAMES- official name for the drug, not owned by
Liquid are already solution any company
Tablets are not 100% drug based BRAND NAME/ TRADE NAME- registered trademark of the
Fillers called EXPEIPIENTS are used for size, shape and company, easier to spell and pronounce
dissolution of drugs
DRUG APPROVAL FOR PREGNANT WOMAN
DRUG CLASSIFICATION A - No risk to fetus based on studies
- drug class is used to describe medication that are grouped B - little to no risk based on animal studies, some human
together because of their similarities. C - risk indicate based on animals, study risk vs. Benefit
D - risk to fetus proved, risk vs. Benefit to mother
4 DOMINANT METHODS X - risk proved, avoid during pregnancy.
By their therapeutic use
By their mechanism of action 10 PATIENT RIGHT
By their mode of action 1. PATIENT
By their chemical structure 2. MEDICATION
3. TIME
PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION 4. DOSE
To ensure that you use a drug safely to achieve utmost 5. ROUTE
benefit 6. INFORMATION ON DRUG
Every time you take drug, body temperature is altered 7. REFUSE MEDICATION
It can cause side effect that may be harmful 8. ASSESSMENT
Multiple drugs, body chemistry may be changed the way 9. DOCUMENTATION
the drug is far less effective or the side effect are more 10. EVALUATION
severe
PHARMACOKINETICS
DRUG- DRUG INTERACTION - the study of what the body does to the drug, the activity of
- Effectiveness may be reduced if the action of one drug the drugs
diminishes the action of another. over a period of time.
Sig: dosage - process of movement to achieve drug action.
HX: history - has 4 process LADME ( Liberation, absorption, distribution,
Rx: recipe metabolism, excretion)
DISTIBUTION
Drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the
sites of action
Influenced by blood flow, affinity to the tissue and protein
binding effect.
Drugs are distributed in plasma (liquid part of lymph
nodes) and are bound to vary degrees with protein
(ALBUMIN) Principles of drug administration
Portion of drug bound id inactive- not available to Nurses are accountable for the safe administration of
receptors. medication.
Portion of drug unbound is free, active Nurses are legally liable when giving prescribed drugs .
- only free drug can cause in pharmacologic response Even if the dosage is incorrect or the drug is
- some circulating drugs ( anticonvulsanis, aminoglysosides) are contraindicated.
checked for drug blood levels. Nurses are liable for the predicted effects of a drug once
given.
METABOLISM
Major mechanism of the terminations/ inactivation of PHARMACODYNAMICS
drugs described as what a drug does to the body; would outline
Liver disease alter drug metabolism- drug the drugs absorption, bioavailability, distribution,
Half time- the time takes for 1/2 of the drug to be metabolism and how your body excretes it.
eliminated. The drug mechanism of action
Liver id the primary site where drugs are inactive by liver Drug response can cause a primary or secondary
enzymes becomes active metabolites of H20 for excretion physiologic effect or both.
PRIMARY- desirable
DRUG HALF LIFE SECONDARY- desirable or undesirable
The time it takes for 1⁄2 of the drug to be eliminated. PEAK, ONSET, DURATION
This is the period of time required for the concentration
or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half. ONSET OF ACTION
Half life is the time required to reduce the plasma - Time takes to reach the minimum effective concentration
concentration to 50% of its original value.
Will determine dosing requirements/ how long drug will PEAK ACTION
remain in the body - when the drug reaches its highest blood plasma concentration
Used in determining dosing interval
GOAL- PLATEAU
DURATION OF ACTION
- Length of time drug drug has an effect
NOCEBO EFFECT
- occur when negative expectation of the patient regarding a
treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect
than it other wise would have.
ER- EXTENDED RELEASE
SR- SUSTAINED RELEASE PLACEBO EFFECT
- occur when positive expectations improve an outcome.
EXCRETION
Drug removal of the body PSYCHOGENIC (PSYCHIATRY)
placebo/ nocebo
Cause by state of mind having a psychological rather than
physiological cause
Antibiotics
Medications used to treat bacterial infections
Ideally, before beginning antibiotic therapy, the suspected
areas of infection should be cultured (bld. culture &
sensitivity)to identify the causative organism and
potential antibiotic susceptibilities.
Empiric therapy: treatment of an infection before specific
culture information has been reported or obtained
Prophylactic therapy: treatment with antibiotics to
prevent an infection, as in intrabdominal surgery
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria,
rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead
to bacterial death
Antibiotics: Sulfonamides Penicillins: Side Effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
- One of the first groups of antibiotics abdominal pain)
- Prevent synthesis of folic acid required for
synthesis of purines and nucleic acid
- Does not affect human cells or certain Natural penicillins
bacteria—they can use preformed folic - penicillin G, penicillin V potassium
Acid
- Body System Penicillinase
Effect Blood Hemolytic and aplastic -resistant penicillins cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin,
anemia, thrombocytopenia Integumentary Photosensitivity, nafcillin, oxacillin
exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, epidermal
necrolysis Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Sulfadiazine
Aminopenicillins
Sulfamethizole - amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin
Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides
HS -hours of sleep