SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Lahore Smart City

Lahore Bypass near Main GT Road

BS CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY

MUZAMMALL REHMAN

Roll N0 8512

2018-GCUF-87431

Training Period

20-09-2021 to 10-12-2021

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGIEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD

SAHIWAL CAMPUS

2021
 SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Lahore Smart City

Lahore Bypass near Main GT Road

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF

BSc CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT

COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD

SAHIWAL CAMPUS

SUBMITTED BY

MUZAMMALL REHMAN

Roll N0 8512

Training Period

20-09-2021 to 10-12-2021

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD

 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that I have completed the Sixteen weeks Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of B.Sc. Civil Engineering Technology. I did my training in Lahore Smart City Lahore Bypass near Main GT
Road from 20-09-2021 to 10-12-2021.

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature of Student

Muzammal Rehman

8512

Examined by:

Engr. Hamza Ijaz

INCHARGE/HOD

Engineering Technology Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and glory to Almighty Allah, the most compassionate and merciful, who enabled us
with power and means to contribute a drop to the existing ocean of knowledge. For what I have
received, may the Lord make me truly thankful and more truly for what I have not received. All
studies, planning, development, and execution of the field training report were carried out under
the able supervision and guidance of our honored teacher. We acknowledge this help, guidance,
and valuable advice Eng. Hamza Ijaz at all stages of study and express our great debt of gratitude
to our most esteemed advisor of the Department of Civil Engineering and Technology without
his able guidance, encouragement, interest, and generous contribution from his own experience,
this study might not have been accomplished. I would like to thank Eng. Adeel Aslam HOD to
give me a grant of an internship program that gives me chance to apply theoretical knowledge to
practical knowledge We would like to express our sincere thanks to the head of the Department
of Civil Engineering Technology and all academic staff of the Department of Civil Engineering
Technology and Management for their support throughout our stay in this institution. The
authors are also abundantly obliged to the staff of Al Baraka Associates for their cooperation
during the internship. Last but not least we must acknowledge our beloved parents, brother, and
sisters whose prayers have always been mattering of encouragement throughout our lives and
especially during our academic career. In the end, we must thank once again all those who
helped us in our internship period. We shall pray and recall with pleasure and gratitude those
never fading pleasant memories of golden years spent.

Signature of Student:

Muzammal Rehman

8512
 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 General Introduction

1.1.1 Habib Rafiq (Pvt.) Limited

1
  It has come a long way to symbolize commitment, distinction
and professional Excellence by meeting the stringent, demanding and extraordinary work

requirements of the client. HRL has undertaken prestigious projects of high engineering, national
and international importance involving civil, electrical and mechanical works for the last 60
years. The company has been working in Aviation, Infrastructure, Housing, Design and
environmental areas other than its strong standing in industrial projects for Power, Chemicals,
Petrochemicals, Roads, Motorways, Buildings, Oil & Gas sectors. By virtue of its efficiency and
quality performance, HRL has won the trust and confidence of its clients. HRL now enjoys the
reputation of being a trendsetter in the ever-expanding arena of housing and infrastructure in the
last 15 years and has earned the biggest name in real estate development of housing and
infrastructure, construction of powerhouses viz-a-viz other disciplines. HRL enjoys the
reputation of being a trendsetter in the ever-expanding arena of housing and infrastructure in the
last 10 years and has earned the respect and reputation of being the most recognized name in the
market. The biggest name in real estate development is proud to have HRL associated with
them. HRL has added value through a useful engineering contribution towards the concept of
development of housing and infrastructure vis-a-vis other disciplines. HRL has extended its
performance abroad and has been successful in maintaining the balance and securing jobs of high
engineering and financial value. Today we stand tall and firm over the strong foundation of
reputation and trust with a high value and numbers of human and electromechanical resources
which gave us a distinctive edge over the competitors in the market.

Logo

2
1.1.2 Owner of Habib Rafiq
Zahid Rafiq, CEO HRL, Pakistan. Habib Rafiq (Pvt.) Limited has become a trendsetting
company in the ever-expanding arena of the housing and infrastructure sector of Pakistan in the
ten years.

1.1.3 Area of Expertise

 Power & Energy

 Chemical & Petrochemicals
 Roads, Housing & Infrastructure
 Buildings
 Water Resources Engineering
 Airports & Aviation
 Environmental
 Oils & Gas

1.1.4 Major Industries

 Government
 Power Plants
 Electricity Power Stations
 Oil Refinery
 Hospitals
 Housing Societies
 Acrylic Fiber Plant
 Urea Fertilizer Plant
 Convention Centers, Corporate Buildings, Plaza, Multi-story Buildings
 Water Treatment Plants, Water Reservoir Dams
 Tannery Pollution Control

3
1.1.5 Man Power

With 60 years of engineering experience and one of the largest construction companies in
Pakistan, we have huge resources of the qualified team and latest engineering equipment
to execute any type and scale of Power Plants, Oil & Gas, Road Infrastructure, Buildings,
Airports/Aviation, Environmental and Water & Irrigation Projects. We have a specialized
project management team which has outstanding expertise to plan, design, implement,
test and execute the large-scale projects on turnkey basis.

Pie Chart

1.2 Construction Company Pakistan

Habib Rafiq Private Limited Jan 1995 - Present26 years 11 months
Habib Rafiq Private Limited is a leading construction company in Pakistan with having its own
operational offices in UAE, KSA, Malaysia and South Asia. It has been proven track of 50 years’
experience in engineering services with over 80 million US$ Annual Turnover in Pakistan for
large scale construction projects. One of the oldest multinational construction company of
Pakistan and also sound worth in Middle East, Malaysia, South Asia, Africa, and Saudi Arabia
with over 5000 permanent employees.

4
Habib Rafiq Group over the past five decades has been the direct result of sheer dedication and
commitment to fulfilling customer requirements both in Pakistan and abroad. HRL has been
involved in some of the most prestigious construction & engineering projects of Pakistan and its
quality management process has already earned it an ISO 9000 certification. The name Habib
Rafiq is synonymous with quality and professionalism.

HRL enjoys the reputation of being a trend setter in the ever-expanding arena of housing and
infrastructure in the last 15 years and has earned a respect and reputation of being most
recognized name in the market. The biggest name in real estate development is proud to
have HRL associated with them, HRL has added value through a useful engineering contribution
towards the concept of development of housing and infrastructure vis-a-viz other disciplines. We
have done many projects as Housing Scheme developer company Pakistan with complete work
including construction of houses, road infrastructure construction, electrical work, mechanical
work, water tanks, gas pipelines and also provided town planning services to real estate
development projects in Pakistan.

HRL having thrown its weight abroad has been successful in maintaining the balance and secure
jobs of high engineering and financial value. Today we stand tall and firm over the strong
foundation of reputation and trust with a high value and numbers of human and
electromechanical resources which gives us a distinctive edge over the competitors in the market.

Construction work(a)

5
 Construction work(b)

Construction work(c)

1.3 Civil Construction

HRL's core strength has been the execution of civil engineering intensive projects in the fields of
Power Plants, Chemical Plants, Petrochemical Plants, Infrastructure development, aviation,

6
roads, high rise buildings, hospitals, universities, dams, convention centers, environmental
projects etc.

In order to do this, we are all the time studying and applying sustainable and best available
engineering solutions in terms of technology, machinery, improved human resources skills etc.

Excavation

Grading

7
 Slush removing

Compaction

1.4 Address and Website

Head Office
Habib Rafiq (Pvt.) Limited
6-K, Block-H, Gulberg-II,
Lahore. Pakistan.
Tel: (+92-42) 35711411, 35711716, 35712944
Fax; (+92-42) 35710890, 35762274, 35755411
Email: hrl@habibrafiq.com
URL: www.habibrafiq.com

8
1.5LAHORE SMART CITY (PRIVATE) LTD.
LSC is one of the leading real estate developers and asset
management company operating in Pakistan to develop new state of the art smart cities with a
focus not only to give luxury living but also equal economic contributions.
Through strategic investments, innovative urban planning and life cycle asset management, LSC
creates integrated communities that embody international standards of sustainability with a
strong commitment to quality.

1.6 Organogram of Industry

9
1.6.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Sr.Planning
Planning Engineer
Engineer
Staff

Audit
Audit Officer
Section Cost
Control
Admin Admin
DGM Section Staff
Quailty
Section Site
Foreman Labour
Safty Engineer
CM
Section Site
Foreman Labour
Quantity Engineer
Section Site
Foreman Labour
Site Engineer
CM
Manager Site
Foreman Labour
Engineer
Site
Foreman Labour
Engineer
CM
Site
Foreman Labour
Engineer

10
 Chapter 2: Training Work

2.1 Road
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been surfaced or
otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor
vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.

Roads

2.2 Classification or Types of Roads

The roads are classified based on many factors as follows;

1. Materials
2. Location & function
3. Traffic volume
4. Width
5. Economy
6. Traffic type
7. Rigidity
2.2.1 Based on Materials

a) Earthen roads
b) Gravel roads

11
 c) Kankar roads
d) WBM roads
e) Bituminous roads
f) Concrete roads
a) Earthen Roads
Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is
provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be
provided, which reflects excellent performance for a more extended period.

Earthen Road

12
b) Gravel Roads
Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they are better when compared with
earthen roads. A compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as pavement
material in this case.

Gravel Road

c) Kankar Roads
Kankar is an impure form of limestone. Kankar roads are provided where lime is
available in a reasonable quantity. The Kankar roads are low quality and
performance.

13
 Kankar Roads

d) WBM Roads
Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in its base
course. The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after sprinkling water.
WBM roads provide better performance compared to earthen, gravel, murrum,
and kankar roads.WBM roads are laid as layers of about 10cm thickness of each
layer. They are very rough and may disintegrate immediately under traffic.

WBM Roads

e) Bituminous Roads
Bituminous roads are prevalent roads around the world. They are the most used
roads in the world. These road types are low in cost and suitable for driving
conditions. The thickness of bituminous roads depends upon the subgrade soil
conditions.

Bituminous Roads
14
 f) Concrete Roads
Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete roads.
These are very popular and costlier than all other types of roads. They are not
flexible, so they require less maintenance. Concrete roads are suitable for high
traffic areas. They are laid with joints and time of construction is more.

Concrete Roads

2.2.2 Based on Location and Function

a) National highways
b) State highways
c) District roads
d) Rural roads or village roads

a) National Highways
National highways are the main roads that connect all major cities to the capital of the
country. They run throughout the length and breadth of the country. A minimum two-lane
road is provided for national highways.

15
 National Highways

a) State Highways
State highways are the second main roads that connect significant parts of the state within
it. State highway ultimately connects to the national highways.

State Highways

b) District Roads

District roads are provided within the cities and connect markets and production places to state
and national highways. Two types of district roads are there namely,

16
  Major district roads
 Minor district roads
Major district roads connect headquarters of the neighboring district with main parts of the area
while minor district roads are laid within the region.

District Roads

c) Rural Roads or Village Roads

Village roads connect the nearby villages. They lead to a nearby town or district roads.
Usually, low-quality roads are provided as village roads because of low traffic.

Rural Roads or Village Roads

17
2.2.3 Based on Traffic Volume

a) Light traffic roads

b) Medium traffic roads
c) High traffic roads
a) Light Traffic Roads
The roads which are carrying 400 vehicles daily on an average is called light traffic roads.

b) Medium Traffic Roads

If a road is carrying 400 to 1000 vehicles per day, then it is said to be a medium-traffic road.

c) High Traffic Roads

If a road is carrying is more than 1000 vehicles per day then it is considered a high traffic road.

2.2.4 Based on Economy

a) Low-cost roads
b) Medium cost roads
c) High-cost roads
The economy depends upon the location and function of roads and also on the traffic analysis.

2.2.5 Based on Traffic Type

a) Pedestrian ways
b) Cycle tracks
c) Motorways
a) Pedestrian Ways
Pedestrian ways are exclusively built for pedestrians, and no vehicles are permitted in this way.

b) Cycle Tracks
Cycle tracks or bicycle tracks are provided on both sides of the pavement for cyclists; hence they
can travel safely.

18
 c) Motorways
Motorways are also known as expressways. Only a few vehicles are accessible to use this type of
road. The cars which can move with high-speed acceleration are permitted in this way.
Motorways makes travel quick and provides comfort for high-speed vehicles.

2.2.6 Based on Rigidity

a) Flexible roads
b) Rigid roads
a) Flexible Roads
Flexible roads consist of a flexible layer as a pavement surface, which requires proper
maintenance; otherwise, it can be disintegrated easily with heavy traffic. All types of roads
except concrete roads fall under this category.

b) Rigid Roads
Rigid pavements are non-flexible and cement concrete roads are fall under this category.

19
Flexible & Rigid pavement

20
2.3 ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
2.3.1 Excavators
Excavators are important and widely used equipment in construction industry. Their general
purpose is to excavation but other than that they are also used for many purposes like heavy
lifting, demolition, river dredging, cutting of trees etc. Excavators contains a long arm and a
cabinet. At the end of long arm digging bucket is provided and cabinet is the place provided for

machine operator. Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, arm,

bucket, and cab on a rotating superstructure atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. These
machines are used mainly for digging purposes as well as various lifting and carrying tasks in
various applications.

Excavators

2.3.2 Graders
Graders also called as motor graders are another type of equipment used in construction
especially for the construction of roads. It is mainly used to level the soil surface. It contains a
horizontal blade in between front and rear wheels and this blade is lowered in to the ground
while working. Operating cabin is provided on the top of rear axle arrangement. Motor Graders

21
are also used to remove snow or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of soil before laying
asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil layer from the ground etc.

Grader

2.3.3 Loaders
Loaders are used in construction site to load the material onto dumpers, trucks etc. The materials
may be excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc. A loader contains large sized bucket
at its front with shorter moving arm. Loader may be either tracked or wheeled. Wheeled loaders
are widely used in sites while tracked or crawled loaders are used in sites where wheeled
vehicles cannot reach.

22
 Loader

2.3.4 Road roller

A road roller is a piece of equipment primarily used in the construction of roads. It causes
materials such as soil, gravel and dirt to become uniformly compressed and level. Typically, a
road roller is comprised of a roller body. A road roller is a compaction vehicle used to compact
soil, gravel, asphalt, crushed stone sub-base layer or some other site surface material. Rollers are
most often used for road construction or for creating compact foundations for large areas
although they can also be used in areas as diverse as on landfill sites or agricultural projects. The
primary use for rollers is to crush, knead or vibrate loose materials by applying direct pressure.
The rolling process is used to compact loosely bound foundation materials, so they remain
compacted and do not come loose.

Road rollers

 Types of Rollers
• Cylinder road roller

Probably the most common roller in use today, the traditional cylinder roller is a simple drum or
set of drums, usually made of steel. They usually come in one of two types. The tandem roller
has single drum wheels at the front and rear of the machine while three-wheeled rollers have one

23
larger drum wheel and the front and two behind. They are sometimes called smooth wheeled
rollers and are mostly used for consolidating stone or similar crushed material on flat terrain.
They work best with surface dressings such as rolling tarmacadam to create a smooth, flat
surface. The weight of both types of cylinder roller varies from two to eight tonnes, and weight
distribution can be adjusted by filling the drum wheels with ballast. Some rollers will have eater
sprinkling systems for keeping the roller drums clean. Slow moving, with operating speeds of six
to eight kph they typically need to make eight passes for adequate compacting of a 20cm sub-
base layer although this obviously depends on the type of layer. Vibratory Roller A variation on
the cylinder roller described above, the vibratory roller is usually filled with one or two smooth
surface wheel drums that are vibrated by an eccentric internal shaft. The vibratory roller is most
commonly used on granular base layers but can also be used for laying asphalt in highway
construction. The vibrations not only help to reduce the air voids between particles to create a
denser layer to a greater depth but they also cause the particles themselves to lie closer together,
pushed into place by the oscillations of the vibrating drum wheels. Relatively more expensive
than simple cylinder rollers they do offer improved performance and greater efficiency as the
surface does not need as many 'passes' to achieve good results. It's not just the better compaction
but the ability of vibratory roller to compact layers to a greater depth that makes them the roller
of choice for may construction projects.

24
 Cylinder road rollers

• Rubber Tired Roller

This type of roller has several rows of closely spaced pneumatic tyres to the front and rear of the
machine with the tyres staggered to exert compacting pressure across the full width of the
machine. Rubber tyred rollers work best on soft materials and loosely compacted soils such as
closely graded sandy soils but are often seen at work for highway construction, especially for
smoothing bitumen on roadworks. The standard weight of this type of roller is six to 10 tonnes,
but the load can be increased considerably by ballasting. Modern rubber tyred rollers can inflate
tyres to reach the required pressure automatically. This rolling machine can move quite quickly
with speeds of up to 24 km/ph. and can achieve required compacting density with just eight
passes, making them super 38 efficient for many projects. Tyred rollers are least effective on
coarse soils and rocks and are more commonly used on fine grain subgrade layers used in paving
and roadworks.

Rubber Tired Rollers

• Sheep Foot Roller

This type of roller has a wheel drum studded with lugs, usually rectangular in shape and arranged
in a hexagonal pattern. The protruding lugs or 'feet' don't have to be rectangular; they can also be
round or spindle-shaped. Sheep foot rollers are typically used on heavy soils such as clay as the
surface area of the drum in actual contact with the ground at any one time is only about eight to

25
12%. These tamping rollers are relatively lightweight and are the preferred rollers for use on
embankments or similar sloping ground although the weight can be increased with the use of
ballast. In general, a sheep foot roller can achieve maximum compaction in 10-12 passes
although much depends on the soil type and the weight of the roller. Like cylinder rollers, sheep
foot machines can be static or vibratory with the latter more efficient in use but more expensive.
Similar to the sheep foot is the pad foot roller which has larger lugs and can operate at higher
speeds. Pad foot rollers can be used to break up the coarse stone into finer particles and can
weigh up to 40 tonnes. Some also have special blades to help level the surface after compaction.

Sheep Foot Rollers

2.3.5 Dumper Truck

A dumper truck is primarily used to transport materials to and from a construction site. It is the
safest way to quickly transport loose materials from a site and is especially important in the early
phases of a project where the ground is being prepared for work to commence. Construction
companies help in preparing sites, build houses, buildings, roads, communities and expand cities.
Without their work, the cities we live in would not function as they do now. For these purposes,
construction companies depend on using a variety of heavy-duty equipment and machinery. Can
you imagine running a construction company without a dump truck? Dump trucks are must-have
for any construction business, as they are of great importance for the construction industry. They
are the best choice when it comes to transporting loose construction materials, such as dirt,
excavated dirt, sand or gravel. Dumpers are able to safely and quickly transport any loose
material from a construction job site to any location, regardless of whether the amount is small or

26
large. Today, dumpers have become essential to the daily function of each construction
company, that’s why there are so many dumpers for sale on the market. 32 A typical process
starts with the dump truck going to a quarry to be loaded with needed loose material. The bed of
the dump truck is usually open, however in some cases it requires a protective cover over the
load for increased protection of the materials during transportation. Once the dumper is on the
construction site, it releases the load at the required point on the site by opening the gate and
lifting the dump bed using hydraulics. In structure, dumpers for sale you can see on the trucking
market are very similar to all other heavy-duty types of trucks. Dump truck chassis is made from
reinforced steel for increased durability. Most dumpers are powered by a large diesel engine,
with a reinforced cockpit on the top to house the operator. The main difference between this
truck and other heavy-duty trucks is the hydraulically operated dump bed with a large capacity.
Since the bed is hydraulically operated, the unloading is faster and easier than unloading with
any other truck type. There are different classifications of dump trucks, but the most common are
compact and largecapacity dumpers. The compact dump trucks are especially designed to meet
the capacity limits for city driving and provide maneuverability. In most countries, dump trucks
with maximum load capacity of 27 tones are allowed to drive in public roads. So, compact
dumpers for sale are perfect for transportation of loads in construction sites cities.

Dumper Trucks

27
2.3.6 Water truck
A water truck, is one of the most common transit methods for water used in construction and
mining. Tractor towable Water Bowsers can easily be attached to any available tractor and are
best resource able for transporting water. There are many advantages for the construction
industry in sourcing professional water truck services, which may not be immediately apparent.
As well as offering solutions for high pressure water cleaning, water trucks are able to solve a
number of complex problems, and can also prevent them from occurring in the first place.
Consider the following issues that a water truck can solve as part of your next build. The control
of dust on any construction or industrial site is a concern, and needs to be monitored in order to
promote the health and wellbeing of staff as well as the general public, and to protect the
environment. But dust is seen as a 40 inevitable interruption. With a water truck at your work
site, you can minimize the impact of dust by preventing it, and also clearing it, because airborne
dust particles can be effectively handled with water solutions.

Water truck

2.3.7 Tractors
Tractors play an essential role in the construction industry as they provide a true sense of ease for
labors to perform many different construction tasks and make a lot of simplification with a quick
job done. It is use for mixing proses of soil to maintain moisture content. Nowadays, tractors are
made of a compact shape structure with a rugged solid design to capture less amount of space
with more strength and efficiency performance. These small robust tractors are widely used in
28
various kinds of road and building construction applications. They are perfectly attached with
implements for performing different kinds of construction activities, for instance, tractor trolley
which is mainly used for transporting material stuff from one place to another.

Tractors

2.3.8 Asphalt Paver Machine

A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is a piece of construction equipment

used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat
and provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller.

Asphalt Paver Machine

29
2.4 Layers of Road

2.4.1 Sub-grade
The sub-grade course is typically the natural soil as well as chosen particle size aggregate which
is compacted to specific levels to relative stress from the weight of the above course. Consists of
the naturally occurring material on which the road is built, or the imported fill material used to
create an embankment on which the road pavement is constructed. Subgrades are also considered
layers in the pavement design, with their thickness, assumed to be infinite and their material
characteristics assumed to be unchanged or unmodified.

30
 Sub grad

A subgrade’s performance generally depends on its basic characteristics as under:

 Load-bearing capacity.
 Moisture content.
 Stabilization with cement or asphaltic binder.
 Additional base layers.
 Strength and stiffness of sub grade soil.
PROPERTIES OF SUBGRADE SOIL
1. Stability
Sub grade soils must have sufficient resistance to permanent deformation under traffic loads.

2. Incompressibility

31
The finished surface of the sub grade should be well compacted so that it prevents compressive
under heavy traffic load and provides good support to road pavement.

3. Durability
Subgrade soil is the most important component of road pavement.

If the sub grade is weak, it affects the durability of the road pavement, hence the bearing capacity
of sub grade soil should be sufficient for long term durability.

4. Drain ability
Drain ability is also an important property of the sub grade.

The sub grade must have excellent drain capacity otherwise it affects the strength of the
pavement.

Good drainage is necessary so as to prevent excessive moisture retention and minimize potential
frost action.

5. Ease of compaction
Sub grade soils must have good compacting properties.

A well-compacted subgrade surface increases the strength and durability of road pavements.

Due to ease of compaction ensures high density and strength.

Sub grade soils must have resistance to weathering therefore retain the desired support.

Advantages of subgrade
1. Subgrade maintains a high level of carrying capacity in a road.
2. It avoid the initial cost in the reconstruction road.
3. Also, increase the quality of the road.
4. It avoids differential settlements in the ground.

Disadvantages of subgrade
1. Soil containing high moisture is not compacted properly.
2. Sometimes they are highly economical.
2.4.3 Sub Base
It is layer of granular material provided above subgrade generally natural gravel. It is usually not
provided on subgrade of good quality. It is also called granular subbase. Subbase is often the
main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade.
The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound. The quality of subbase is

32
very important for the useful life of the road and can outlive the life of the surface, which can be
scrapped off and after checking that the subbase is still in good condition, a new layer can be
applied. Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.

Sub Base

Function of Sub Base in Road Cross Section

 It enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable levels in sub-grade in the Road

Cross Section so that excessive deformation is prevented.
 It acts as a working plate form for the construction of upper pavement layers.
 Acts as a drainage layer, by protecting the sub grade from wetting up.
 It intercept upward movement of water by capillary action.
 It acts as a separating layer b/w subgrade and road base. By this it prevents the two layers
from mixing up.

33
2.4.4 Surface/Wearing Course in pavement cross section

The top layers of pavement which is in direct contact with the wheel of the vehicle. Usually
constructed of material in which bitumen is used as binder materials.

Wearing Course

 Bituminous Pavement

Consists of combination of mineral aggregate with bituminous binder ranging from inexpensive
surface treatment ¼ in or less thick to asphaltic concrete.

Bituminous Pavement

For good service throughout the full life bituminous pavement must retain following qualities.

 Freedom from cracking or raveling.

 Resistance to weather including the effect of surface water heat and cold.

34
  Resistance to internal moisture, particularly to water vapors.
 Tight impermeable surface or porous surface (if either is needed for contained stability of
underlying base or subgrade).
 Smooth riding and non-skidding surface.

2.5 Components of Road structure

There are few components of road structure which are going to be discuss below which are as
follows:
2.5.1 Right of Way
The right of way is the total land area acquired for the construction of the roadway. Its width
should be enough to accommodate all the elements of the roadway cross section any future
widening of the road and any public utility facilities that will be installed along the roadway.

2.5.2 Carriage Way

Carriageway is the width of the road on which traffic moves without any restriction.it generally
consist of traffic lines and the width of carriageway depend on the lines of traffic. Traffic lines
are those lines on which traffic can move freely without any restriction. Each country has its own
rules for the width of carriageway for insistence how long should it be in some country for single
line road its 2.44m in some its more than that for two line its 3.75m in some more than that.

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 Car
riage Way

3.Footpath road:
A footpath (also pedestrian way, walking trail, nature trail) is a type of thoroughfare that is
intended for use only by pedestrians and not other forms of traffic such as motorized vehicles,
cycles, and horses.Urban footpaths are usually paved, may have steps, and can be called alleys,
lanes, steps, etc

Footpath

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 Footpath

4.Shoulder
The shoulder is a strip of pavement outside an outer lane; it is provided for emergency use by
traffic and to protect the pavement edges from traffic damage. Shoulders is a part of formation
width except carriage way.  Provided alongside the carriageway it’s basically a road for an
emergency use for ambiance in rush hour or to stop a vehicle for repairing propose, and it can be
used for the extension of road in future. The width of the shoulders is kept in between 2.5 m to
4.6 m.

Shoulder

5.Road Margin:
 The part of road except carriageway are usually called road margin, it includes different parts or
element of road which are given below
 Shoulders
 Bus bays
 Parking lines
 Sidewalks or footpaths
 Service roads

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  Cycle track
 Guard rails
 Drive way
 Frontage roads

Road Margin

6.Kerb:
Kerb is the boundary line formed from stone or concrete block which separate the carriageway
form footpath. There are different types of kerbs with different types of height.
 Kerbs are used on urban and suburban facilities due to;
 control drainage
 delineate pavement edges
 prevent the vehicles from leaving the pavement at hazardous point
 channelize vehicular movements
 manage access
 provide separation between vehicles and pedestrians

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 Kerb Stones(a)

Kerb Stones(b)
7.Camber:
Camber or cross slope is provided in the middle of road or carriageway for the drainage of rain
water form road surface. The main purpose of camber is to prevent water from entering to the
subgrade of the road, the road quickly dries which prevent the traffic from slipping off the road
which decrease the accident rate. The height of camber depends upon the material of road and
the intensity of rain fall in the region. The value of the camber varies from 1 to 25 or 1 to 50.
Purpose of Providing Camber in Road;
The primary purposes of providing camber in the pavements are as follows:

1. To drain off or remove rainwater from the surface of the pavement.

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 2. To block the access of water into the layer of bitumen.
3. To stop the entrance of water to the subgrade of the road.
4. For quick drying of the road surface after rainfall, to avoid accidents due to
skidding.
5. To assure the quality performance and durability of the road.

Camber
8.Embankment:
The earthen material, which is get laid and compacted to raise the grade line of a proposed
highway or railway above the original ground level of the existing ground, is called
embankment.

https://allabouteng.com/components-of-road-structure/

Chapter 3- SKILL ATTAINED

3.1 Essential Skills

Workplace Essential Skills are not technical skills, but the core skills you need to
continue learning and to complete daily tasks and activities at work, such as computer skills,
reading and math. You might be thinking this sounds very basic, but there are five levels for each
Essential Skill and the more complex a task, the higher level the skill is assigned.

The Essential Skills related to construction skilled trades are as follows:

Improving your skills and knowledge on a regular Continuous Learning ongoing basis.

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 1. Time management
2. Problem solving
3. Team work
4. Communication skill
5. Thinking skill

3.1.1 Time management

Time management is very important for construction work. I obtained

time management skill during the period of internship.

3.1.2 Problem solving

My internship introduce me to real life work problem and hence development

problem solving skill.

3.1.3 Team work

The first thing needed to mentioned is definitely team work. Team work is a
strong job to for the completion of project. Good team work completes the project in time.

3.1.4 Communication skill

Giving and receiving different kinds of information due to good communication

skill. Some examples include communicating ideas, feelings or what's happening around you.
Communication skills involve listening, speaking, observing and empathizing.

3.1.5 Thinking skill

Finding and evaluating information to make decisions, solve problems, and plan
and organize job tasks.

TROUBLES DURING PROJECT

I have learned a lot from this project. But when I join this project, it was difficult for me to
understand every around me. So, these are some troubles I faced during my project;

• Labor handling

• Material transportation

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• Reading and understanding construction drawings

• Lab material testing

• Environmental problems

• Health and safety problems

• No proper work timings

• Technical problems at construction site

• Understanding seniors

Chapter 4- FEEDBACK & RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Feedback

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During the last four months of my intern time, I could observe different hard-working activities
in the site. However, there are some points to be recommended, because those activities have
negative impact on safety, economy or motivation on workers. In the construction site the design
is assigned by taking average bearing capacity of the soil during excavation. This should be
avoided and the bearing capacity of the soil should be studied in particular area. I was observed
in the construction site the bars used for construction is affected by corrosion this is danger for
construction. So the bars should be cleaned by anti-rust and should be stored in roofing and
concrete casted storage.

Most of workers do not use safety wearing that used to identify easily what workers he/she is and
keep themselves from injuries. I recommended them to use safety wearing like helmet. During
concrete mix they do not use proper water ratio, they simply use the amount of water by taking a
guess and this resulted to difficulties during compaction and hence decrease strength of concrete.
I recommended them to use the specified amount of water properly to get good reaction between
the ingredients and to ensure the required proportion is obtained.

4.2 Conclusion

The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality
work at the field of Road survey and designing or civil engineering work. The responsibilities of
the hosting company are to teach students and shape them in the two months as real site workers.
They collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section and they believe that the civil
engineering work is more important for us. This program played an important role to break the
conventional thought that field works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or
people who have an experience in building designing. However, this internship program was not
free from challenges. More over working with skilled and experienced engineers and surveyor
me great quality and made confidential. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a Building designing. I have understood.

The overall organization of the company and the work flow. The tasks of the engineers and other
employees. The challenges of the works that will face the engineers and their solutions.
Understand the office work of building designing.

4.3 Recommendation

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Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but the in
some case the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of carelessness is not
good for ether the contractor. Therefore, I suggest supervisors and site engineers to take a care
full look after the work executed on the site and the work that will be executed. In the site there
are works which are performed in the way that were not to be performed. Such works leads to
safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if it is ordered to
demolish it.

 I recommend that the trainees should be allowed monthly packages in their place of work as
they do other employees.
 Using the advanced instrument of building project. Designing a building according to the
future planning.
 I also recommend that both the school as an institution and the company should give the
students a thorough orientation and job specification before the official commencement of
the training.

Links: http://www.habibrafiq.com
https://www.lahoresmartcitypk.com

https://constructionor.com/subgrade/
https://www.aboutcivil.org/road-structure-cross-section.html

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