EXPERIMENT N0.

Aim:-
To study 1-Φ Fully/Half controlled bridge converter feeding R & RL load.
Apparatus Required:-
Single phase half/full controlled bridge converter trainer kit, C.R.O, multimeter. Connecting
wire etc.

Theory:-
(a) Fully Controlled
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier with ‘R’ load:
In positive half cycle thyristors CR1 & CR4 are fired at an angle α .
• When CR1 & CR4 conducts
Vo=Vs
IO=is=Vo/R=Vs/R
• In negative half cycle of input voltage, SCR’s CR3 &CR2 are triggered at an angle of (π+α)
• Here output current & supply current are in opposite direction
∴ is = -io
CR3 & CR2 becomes off at 2π.
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier with ‘RL’ load:
Operation of this mode can be divided between four modes
Mode 1 (α toπ)
• In positive half cycle of applied ac signal, SCR’s CR1 & CR4 are forward bias & can be
turned on at an angle α.
• Load voltage is equal to positive instantaneous ac supply voltage. The load current is
positive, ripple free, constant and equal to Io.
• Due to positive polarity of load voltage & load current, load inductance will store energy.
Mode 2 (π toπ+α)
• At wt=π, input supply is equal to zero & after π it becomes negative. But inductance
opposes any change through it.
• In order to maintain a constant load current & also in same direction. A self induced emf
appears across ‘L’ as shown.
• Due to this induced voltage, SCR’s CR1 & CR4 are forward bais in spite the negative
supply voltage.
• The load voltage is negative & equal to instantaneous ac supply voltage whereas load
current is positive.
• Thus, load acts as source & stored energy in inductance is returned back to the ac supply.
Mode 3 (π+α to 2π)
• At wt=π+α SCR’s CR3 & CR2 are turned on & CR1, CR4 are reversed bias.
• Thus , process of conduction is transferred from CR1,CR4 to CR3,CR2.
• Load voltage again becomes positive & energy is stored in inductor
• CR3, CR2 conduct in negative half cycle from (π+α) to 2π
• With positive load voltage & load current energy gets stored.
Mode 4 (2π to 2π+α)
• At wt=2π, input voltage passes through zero.
• Inductive load will try to oppose any change in current if in order to maintain load current
constant & in the same direction.
• Induced emf is positive & maintains conducting SCR’s CR3 & CR2 with reverse polarity
also.
• Thus VL is negative & equal to instantaneous ac supply voltage. Whereas load current
continues to be positive.
• Thus load acts as source & stored energy in inductance is returned back to ac supply
• At wt=α or 2π+α, CR3 & CR2 are commutated and CR1,CR4 are turned on.
(b) Half Controlled
It has two thyristors and two diode as shown in fig. In +ve half cycle thyristor CR1
and diode D2 conducts, and in alternative half cycle CR3 and D1 conducts. As shown
in fig at α CR1 triggered and current flows through load and D2 to source. At π if load
is inductive( LR),the diode D1 begin to conduct and D2 commutate.the load current
flowsthrough CR1 and d1,till it goes o zero or CR3 triggered at π+α. Due to action of
diodes, the load voltage does not goes –ve. And this improve power factor.

Circuit Diagram:-

Waveforms:-
Procedure:-

(a)Fully Controlled
1) Switch on power. Keep α control at midway. Connect CRO one channel across the
GND and AC socket (in firing control ckt). Select FULL rectifier mode (F) from
given selector at panel.
2) Adjust CRO time base to obtain stable AC wave there (time 5ms/div).
3) Connect CRO 2nd channel across the load +ve socket (attenuated) and –ve socket (in
rectifier circuit). Select R load.
4) Observe the load voltage waveform. Now select the LR load and observe the change
in voltage waveform. Note the trailing edge of waveform after zero cross of input ac
voltage waveform(ch1). Move the α control towards minimum and observe the
output load voltage waveforms.
5) Disconnect CRO from AC and connect it with IL socket (note CRO 2nd channel
ground lead is connected with –ve socket). If unstable waveform appear select LINE
trigger option of CRO. Adjust the firing angle control at various positions and
observe its effect upon current waveforms.
6) Adjust α control midway(α=90o). Observe the voltage and current waveforms at R and
RL load. Measure DC output (20 V range) at R & RL load. Note the voltage drop at
LR due to inversion.
7) Trace the waveform and conclude the full wave bridge rectifier operation.
(b) Half Controlled
1) Switch on power. Keep α control at midway. Connect CRO one channel across the
GND and AC socket (in firing control ckt). Select HALF rectifier mode (H) from
given selector at panel.
2) Adjust CRO time base to obtain stable AC wave there (time 5ms/div).
3) Connect CRO 2nd channel across the load +ve socket (attenuated) and –ve socket (in
rectifier circuit). Select R load.
4) Proceed to the remaining steps as in previous experiment. Observe the difference at
LR load in half and full bridge converter.
Tabulation:-
(a) Fully Controlled
Average DC o/p voltage Vav= [(2Vm/π)cosα]
(b) Half Controlled
Average DC o/p voltage Vav= [Vm/π(1+cosα)] Observation:-
S. Load Control Firing O/P Load Voltage(V) O/P Load Voltage (V)
No Type (I/P) Angle Half Controlled Fully Controlled
Voltage(V) (α) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
[Vm/π(1+cosα)] (DMM) [(2Vm/π)cosα] (DMM)
1
2
3
4
Result:-
The dc o/p voltage for fully/half controlled converter has been observed & drawn on
graph.