Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AH-Lec 5
AH-Lec 5
Analysis of Precipitation
Data
dP(t)
i(t)
dt
P P (t t ) P (t )
- Average Intensity in (t, t + t) is it
t t
1
19‐Feb‐16
Rainfall Mass
Curve &
Hyetograph
Autographic Chart
2
19‐Feb‐16
Point Data Analysis
Point precipitation data refers to precipitation
of a station. This data record could be in the
form of hourly, daily, monthly or annual
precipitation.
Depending upon the nature of catchment and
its area, there could be as many gauging
stations as feasible.
Before using rainfall data, it is necessary to
check the data for continuity & consistency
Missing data
Record errors
3
19‐Feb‐16
Estimation of Missing Precipitation Record
Some precipitation stations may have short
breaks in the records because of absence of
the observer or because of instrumental
failures.
In the procedure used by the U. S. Weather
Bureau, the missing precipitation of a
station is estimated from the
observations of precipitations at some
other stations as close to and as evenly
spaced around the station with the
missing record as possible.
Estimation of Missing Precipitation Record
Methods for estimating missing data
1. Arithmetic Mean Method
2. Normal Ratio Method
The station whose data is missing is called
interpolation station and gauging stations whose
data are used to calculate the missing station data are
called index stations.
If the normal annual precipitation (mean of 30
years of annual precipitation) of the index stations
lies within ±10% of normal annual precipitation of
interpolation station then we apply arithmetic mean
method to determine the missing precipitation record
otherwise the normal ratio method is used for this
purpose.
4
19‐Feb‐16
Estimation of Missing Precipitation Record
Consider that record is missing from a station ‘X’.
Now let,
N = Normal annual precipitation
P = Storm Precipitation
Let Px be the missing precipitation for station ‘X’
and Nx , the normal annual precipitation of this
station, Na , Nb , and Nc are normal annual
precipitation of nearby three stations, A, B and C
respectively while Pa , Pb and Pc are the storm
precipitation of that period for these stations.
Estimation of Missing Precipitation Record
Now we have to compare Nx with Na , Nb and
Nc separately. If difference of Nx ‐ Na , Nx –
Nb , and Nx – Nc is within ±10% of Nx , then
we use simple arithmetic means method
otherwise the normal ratio method is used.
5
19‐Feb‐16
Simple Arithmetic Mean Method
Select rain gauge index stations (e.g. 1, 2,
& 3) as close to and as evenly spaced
around the station with the missing
rainfall record (i.e. station X)
Collection of rainfall data for these
stations on the day for which data at
station X is missing
Normal annual rainfall at all these
stations should also be collected.
Simple Arithmetic Mean Method
According to the arithmetic mean method the
missing precipitation ‘Px’ is given as:
In case of three stations 1, 2 and 3,
P1 P2 P3
Px
3
6
19‐Feb‐16
Normal Ratio Method
If normal annual rainfall at one or all of these
three index stations differs more than 10% of
normal annual rainfall of station X, then
normal ratio method is applicable.
1 N N N
Px P1 x P2 x P3 x
3 N1 N2 N3
Example
Example:
Find out the missing storm precipitation of station ‘C’ given
in the following table:
Station A B C D E
P, Storm precipitation (cm) 9.7 8.3 ‐‐‐ 11.7 8.0
N, Normal Annual precipitation (cm) 100.3 109.5 93.5 125.7 117.5
Solution:
10% of Nc = 93.5 x 10/100 = 9.35
±10% Range of Nc= 84.15 to 102.85
Values of Nb , Nd and Ne are out of this range, hence normal
mean method applicable
7
19‐Feb‐16
1 N N N N
Pc Pa c Pb c Pd c Pe c
4 Na Nb Nd Ne
Pc = (1/4) (9.7 x 93.5/100.3 + 8.3 x 93.5/109.5 +
11.7 x 93.5/125.7 + 8.0 x 93.5/117.5) = 7.8 cm.
Example
Example:
Precipitation station “X” was inoperative for part of a
month during which a storm occurred. The storm
totals at three surrounding stations A, B and C were
respectively 10.7, 8.9 and 12.2 cm. The normal annual
precipitation amounts at stations X, A, B and C are
respectively 97.8, 112, 93.5 and 119.9 cm. Estimate the
storm precipitation for station “X”.
8
19‐Feb‐16
Example
Solution:
Pa = 10.7 cm Na = 112 cm
Pb = 8.90 cm Nb = 93.5 cm
Pc = 12.2 cm Nc = 119.9 cm
Px = ? Nx = 97.8 cm
10% of Nx = 97.8 x 10/100 = 9.78 cm
Nx – Na = 97.8 – 112 = ‐14.2 cm (more than +10% of Nx,
therefore no need to calculate Nx – Nb and Nx – Nc )
So we will use Normal Ratio Method.
Px = (1/3) (10.7 x 97.8/112 + 8.90 x 97.8/93.5 + 12.2 x
97.8/119.9) = 9.5 cm.
Consistency of Precipitation Data or
Double Mass Analysis
Some of the common causes for inconsistency of
record are:
(i) shifting of a rain gauge station to a new
location,
(ii) the neighborhoods of the station undergoing
a marked change,
(iii) change in the ecosystem due to calamities,
such as forest fires, land slides,
(iv) occurrence of observational error from a
certain date,
(v) Any other
18
9
19‐Feb‐16
Test for Consistency of Record
Accumulated Annual Rainfall at x ΣP in
units of 103 cm
Mc
Pcx Px
Ma
Accumulated Annual Rainfall of 10 station Mean
ΣP in units of l03 cm
19
Double‐mass curve technique
The checking for inconsistency of a
record is done by the double‐mass
curve technique. This technique is
based on the principle that when each
recorded data comes from the same
parent population, they are consistent.
10
19‐Feb‐16
Test for consistency record
(Double mass curve techniques)
5
accumulated annual rainfall of X stn in 10^3 cm
4.5
3.5
Mc c
3
c
a
2.5 Ma a
2
1.5
Mc
1 Pcx Px
0.5 Ma
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Accumulated annual rainfall of neigbouring stns in 10^3 cm
11
19‐Feb‐16
Example
Example:
Check consistency of the data given in
table below and adjust it if it is found
to be inconsistent.
12
19‐Feb‐16
Solution:
A double mass curve is plotted by taking cumulative of average
precipitation of surrounding stations along x-axis and
accumulative precipitation of station ‘X’ along
y-axis for which consistency of data is being investigated. The
double mass curve is shown in Figure below:
12000
10000
8000 Sa/S0=0.7
6000
S0=1.176
4000
2000 Sa=0.854
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
13
19‐Feb‐16
Table Adjusted Precipitation
Year Cumulative Annual precipitation Cumulative precipitation of 20 Corrected Precipitation Remarks
at x(mm) surrounding stations (mm)
No Correction
1964 2188 2650 228
1963 2404 2940 216
1962 2628 3222 224
1961 2831 3468 203
1960 3115 3732 284
1959 3410 4064 295
1958 3616 4295 206
1957 3885 4529 269
1956 4126 4760 241
1955 4410 5072 284
1954 4633 5432 223
1953 4806 5666 173
1952 5088 5999 282
1951 5306 6235 218
1950 5552 6486 246
1949 5836 6770 198.8
Precipitation of station of
1948 6329 7131 345.1
1947 6649 7413 224
1946 6923 7665 191.8
1945 7245 7939 225.4
"X" x 0.7
1944 7682 8241 305.9
1943 8071 8591 272.3
1942 8376 8819 213.5
1941 8696 9131 224
1940 9024 9415 229.6
1939 9332 9730 215.6
1938 9634 10010 211.4
1937 10048 10353 289.8
14