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Quick Book Indian Economy
Quick Book Indian Economy
Quick Book Indian Economy
vFkZ O ;oLFkk
(ik¡pok laLdj.k)
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl
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ik¡pok laLdj.k& tqykbZ 2020
ewY; % ` 330
izdk'kd
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl]
(A Unit of VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd.)
fofèkd ?kks"k.kk,¡
bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ
tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk
dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA
ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV
mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS] rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA
© dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kUl (A Unit of VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd.)] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku
ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx] izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi]
fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
lkekU;
zz ifjp; n ekuo fodkl lwpdkad] 2019
♦ jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr fofHkUu voèkkj.kk,¡ n vlekurk lek;ksftr ekuo fodkl lwpdkad] 2019
n ck”kkj dher ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn n oSf'od cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad] 2019
n lkèku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn n lrr fodkl y{; lwpdkad] 2019
n lrr fodkl y{; Hkkjr lwpdkad ,oa MS'kcksMZ] 2019-20 5. Ïf"k {ks= ............................................................ 51-84
n oSf'od 'kkafr lwpdkad] 2019
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n fo'o [+k˜'kgkyh fjiksVZ] 2020
♦ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k dk egÙo
n gSIih IySusV baMsDl ♦ Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk Lo:i
n ldy jk"Vªh; [+k˜'kgkyh lwpdkad ♦ Ñf"k vknku
n oSf'od ySafxd varjky fjiksVZ] 2020 ♦ Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k dh leL;k,¡
n ysxkVe le`f¼ lwpdkad] 2019
♦ Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k eas lqèkkj
n laLFkkxr lqèkkj
n n xqM daVªh baMsDl] 2019
n rduhdh lqèkkj
n usVoDMZ jsfMusl baMsDl
n lkekU; lqèkkj
n dkjksckj lqxerk lwpdkad] 2020
♦ Hkkjr esa cksbZ tkus okyh fofHkUu iQlyksa ds izdkj
n Xykscy buksos'ku baMsDl] 2019
n O;kikfjd iQlysa
n oSf'od çfrLièkkZ fjiksVZ] 2019
n tsusfVdyh ekWfMiQkbM iQlysa
♦ fo'o ds fofHkUu laLFkkuksa }kjk tkjh lwpdkad rFkk muls lacafèkr n ckxokuh iQlysa
fo"k;&oLrq ♦ vuqcaèk vkèkkfjr Ñf"k
♦ vk£Fkd lao`f¼ rFkk ekuo fodkl esa lacaèk ♦ tSfod moZjd
♦ vk£Fkd fodkl foghu vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ♦ tSfod Ñf"k
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
♦ gfjr Økafr
♦ iQly i¼fr
4. Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj ........................................... 39-50 ♦ Ñf"k foÙk
♦ Ñf"k vkSj lacafèkr {ks=k esa ldy iwath fuekZ.k
Hkwfe
zz lqèkkj
♦ fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
♦ laLFkkxr lqèkkj
♦ jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
♦ rduhdh lqèkkj ♦ Hkwfe caèkd cSad ;k Hkwfe fodkl cSad
Lora=krk&iwoZ Hkkjr esa Hkw&jktLo ç.kkfy;k¡
zz ♦ Ñf"k dher uhfr
♦ ”kehankjh@LFkk;h@bLrejkjh O;oLFkk ♦ Ñf"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx
♦ jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk ♦ Ñf"k foi.ku
n Hkkjrh; Ñf"k foi.ku O;oLFkk esa fo|eku nks"k
♦ egkyokM+h O;oLFkk
n Ñf"k foi.ku esa lqèkkj ds mik;
Hkwfe lqèkkj ds mís';
zz
♦ vkn'kZ Ñf"k mRikn foi.ku lfefr vfèkfu;e
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh :ijs[kk
zz
♦ jk"Vªh; Ñf"k ck”kkj
♦ eè;LFkksa@fcpkSfy;ksa dk var ♦ Ñf"k foi.ku vkSj Ñ"kd vuqowQy lqèkkj ladsrd
♦ dk'rdkjh lqèkkj ♦ Ñf"k {ks=k ls lacafèkr izkS|ksfxdh
♦ Hkwfe dk iquxZBu ♦ Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn~
♦ laoSèkkfud ,oa oSèkkfud mik; ♦ Ñf"k mRiknksa@ftalksa dk ok;nk ck”kkj
♦ Ñf"k fu;kZr uhfr] 2018
Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k esa mfpr eqvko”ks vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dk vfèkdkj]
zz
♦ fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,oa Ñf"k lfClMh
iquokZl ,oa iquLFkkZiu vfèkfu;e] 2013 vkSj (la'kksèku) vè;kns'k]
n xzhu ckWDl lfClMh
2015
n vacj ckWDl lfClMh
Ñf"k
zz Hkwfe iV~Vk çk:i vfèkfu;e] 2016 n Cyw ckWDl lfClMh
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh vkykspuk
zz ♦ Ñf"k mRiknu ,oa Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus ds mik;
Hkwfe lqèkkj gsrq lq>ko
zz ♦ Ñf"k {ks=k ds fodkl gsrq ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ fofHkUu
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe
n çèkkuea=kh fdlku lEeku fufèk ;kstuk ♦ vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa lao¼Zu foHkkx
n izèkkuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk ♦ vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad
n izèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk
♦ dksj baMLVªh”k
n e`nk LokLF; dkMZ ;kstuk
♦ lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØe
n ijaijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1948 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1977 n bUosLV bafM;k n LVkVZvi bafM;k
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1956 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1980 n LVSaMvi bafM;k n izèkkuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1969 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1986 n us'kuy oSQfiVy xqM~l ikWfylh] 2016
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1973 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1991 çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
7. Hkkjr esa lsok {ks= .......................................... 113-128 ♦ ;kstuk vk;ksx
lkekU;
zz ifjp; n;kstuk vk;ksx osQ dk;Z
;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vè;{kksa dh lwph
♦
n
Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=k dk çn'kZu % ,d flagkoyksdu
n ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ mikè;{kksa dh lwph
♦ lsok {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk ldy ewY; o¼Zu ♦ jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~
♦ lsok {ks=k esa O;kikj
n jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dh lajpuk
♦ lsok {ks=k esa çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k n jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z
♦ çeq[k lsok,¡ % {ks=kokj çn'kZu vkSj dqN gky dh uhfr;k¡ ♦ Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡
n i;ZVu {ks=k ♦ Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ % y{;] miyfC/;k¡ ,oa mís';
n vkbZVh&chih,e lsok,¡
♦ Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh miyfC/;k¡
n ehfM;k vkSj euksjatu lsok,¡
♦ bafM;k fo”ku 2020
n varfj{k lsok,¡
♦ Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=k esa dh xbZ ljdkjh igysa zrhu o"kks± osQ fy;s vk; ,oa O;;
n lanHkZ ,oa j.kuhfr
♦ çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
n fodkl n`f"Vdks.k ,oa lalkèkuksa dk iwokZuqeku
vkèkqfudhdj.k lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxu
q k djuk (II): uhfr ,oa ç'kklu ♦ xjhch ds izdkj
n fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxuq k djuk (III): ewY; kÜ [a` kyk rFkk n lkisf{kd xjhch
xzkeh.k volajpuk n fujis{k xjhch
n foÙkh; lekos'ku
♦ xjhch@fuèkZurk ds dkj.k
n lHkh ds fy;s vkokl
♦ fuèkZurk tky@nq'pØ
n ;k=kk] i;ZVu ,oa vkfrF;
n [kfut
♦ oSf'od cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad] 2019
zvolajpuk ♦ Hkkjr esa xjhch dks ekius ls lacafèkr lfefr;k¡
n ÅtkZ n MkW- okbZ-ds- vy?k lfefr
n lexz çkFkfed LokLF; ns[kHkky çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
n LokLF; ds fy;s ekuo lalkèku
11. csjksT+kxkjh ................................................... 197-209
n lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; dojst
n iks"k.k lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n tsaMj ♦ Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh dk oxhZdj.k@izdkj
n 'kgjh csjks”kxkjh n ç/kuea=kh Lofufèk ;kstuk
v vkS|ksfxd csjks”kxkjh n xjhc dY;k.k jks”kxkj vfHk;ku
v ekSleh csjks”kxkjh
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
[kk|
zz lqj{kk Hkh ifjHkk"kk
♦ csjks”kxkjh ds vU; çdkj
[kk| lqj{kk dk eqík egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa
zz
n [kqyh csjks”kxkjh
[kk| lqj{kk usVodZ ,oa ljdkj }kjk [kk| lqj{kk gsrq 'kq: fd;s
zz
n lajpukRed csjks”kxkjh
x, fofHkUu dk;ZØe
n vYi jks”kxkj
♦ lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
v n`'; vYi jks”kxkj
♦ iquxZfBr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
v vn`'; vYi jks”kxkj
♦ yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
n la?k"kkZRed@?k"kZ.kkRed csjks”kxkjh
♦ ,d ns'k&,d jk'ku dkMZ ;kstuk
n pØh; csjks”kxkjh
♦ vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk
♦ csjks”kxkjh dh voèkkj.kk,¡
♦ ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok Ldhe
n lkekU; fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh
♦ eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk
n lkIrkfgd fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh
♦ vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk
n nSfud fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh
♦ jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e] 2013
n lkekU; lS¼kafrd ,oa lgk;d fLFkfr n`f"Vdks.k
♦ ç/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k vUu ;kstuk
♦ Hkkjr esa csjksT+kxkjh dh fLFkfr
[kk| vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx
zz
n vkofèkd Je cy los{ Z k.k&jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ los{Z k.k dk;kZy;
Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe
zz
n fo'o jks”kxkj lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k&ço`fÙk 2019
Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe dh Hkwfedk ,oa iquxZBu ij 'kkark dqekj lfefr
zz
n lsaVj iQkWj ekWuhVfjax bafM;u bdkWueh dh fjiksVZ
dh fjiksVZ
♦ Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ds dkj.k oSf'od [kk| uhfr fjiksVZ] 2019
zz
♦ csjks”kxkjh ds ifj.kke oYMZ fjlkslsZ”k fjiksVZ % laèkkj.kh; [kk| Hkfo"; dk l`tu
zz
n vkfFkZd ifj.kke ciQj LVkWd
zz
n lkekftd ifj.kke çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
♦ Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh nwj djus ds lacaèk esa lq>ko
13. eqnzkLQhfr ,oa O;kikj pØ ........................... 224-234
♦ csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe
n çèkkuea=kh Je ;ksxh ekuèku ;kstuk
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n izèkkuea=kh deZ;ksxh ekuèku ;kstuk
♦ eqækLiQhfr lacaèkh voèkkj.kk,¡
n vVy isa'ku ;kstuk
♦ vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa eqækLiQhfr esa lacaèk
n iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; Jeso t;rs dk;ZØe
♦ fiQfyIl oØ
n izèkkuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk
♦ eqækLiQhfr ds izdkj
n dkS'ky fodkl ,oa m|ferk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; uhfr] 2015 ♦ eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k
n izèkkuea=kh jks”kxkj l`tu dk;ZØe ♦ eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk
n çèkkuea=kh jks”kxkj çksRlkgu ;kstuk ♦ vkèkkj izHkko
n vVy chfer O;fDr dY;k.k ;kstuk ♦ eqnzkLiQhfr ds lwpd
n izèkkuea=kh ;qok ;kstuk ♦ eqækLiQhfr dk fofHkUu oxks± ij izHkko
n egkRek xkaèkh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jks”kxkj xkjaVh vfèkfu;e ♦ Hkkjr esa Å¡ph eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k
♦ eqækLiQhfr ij fu;a=k.k ds lanHkZ esa viuk, tkus okys mik; xSj&fu"iknudkjh
zz ifjlaifÙk;k¡
,oa uhfr;k¡ ♦ lc LVSaMMZ ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ♦ gkfu okyh ifjlaifÙk;k¡
♦ eqækLiQhfr dk LoLFk ijkl ♦ lafnXèk ifjlaifÙk;k¡
♦ O;kikj pØ çkstsDV l'kDr
zz
n rs”kh ;k lao`f¼ n xrZ nksgjs rqyu i=k dh leL;k
zz
n lqLrh ;k LyksMkmu n lqèkkj ;k iqu#RFkku bjknru pwddÙkkZ
zz
n volkn ;k eanh n mNky
iwath i;kZIrrk vuqikr
zz
♦ dqN egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar csly ekud
zz
n vgLr{ksi dh uhfr
iwath laj{k.k ciQj
zz
n dhfUl;u iai izkbfeax rFkk egkeanh
Rofjr lqèkkjkRed dkjZokbZ
zz
n Mcy&fMi fjls'ku
vfuoklh Hkkjrh; tek
zz
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
foÙkh; çi=k
zz
14. eqnzk ckT+kkj ,oa cSafdax ç.kkyh ................... 235-268 ♦ Vªstjh fcy
foÙkh;
zz ck”kkj ♦ okf.kfT;d çi=k
♦ eqnzk ck”kkj ♦ iwath ck”kkj ♦ tek çek.k i=k
eqnzk
zz ♦ varj&cSad Hkkxhnkjh çek.k i=k
♦ eqnzk ds dk;Z ♦ eqnzk ds çdkj fcVdkWbu
zz
Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad
zz ;wihvkbZ
zz
♦ Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad ds çeq[k dk;Z Hkhe ,i
zz
ekSfnzd uhfr
zz
mRd"kZ 2022
zz
♦ ekSfnzd uhfr çfØ;k
ih;j&Vw&ih;j ysa¯Mx
zz
♦ ekSfnzd uhfr ds mís';
O;kikjh NwV nj
zz
♦ ekSfnzd uhfr ds midj.k
lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds fy;s lkr lw=kh dk;Z;kstuk ^banzèkuq"k*
zz
n ek=kkRed midj.k
cSa¯dx yksdiky ;kstuk
zz
v cSad nj v jsiks nj
cSa¯dx O;oLFkk
zz
v fjolZ jsiks nj v udn vkjf{kr vuqikr
v oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr v [kqys ck”kkj dh fØ;k,¡
♦ vuqlwfpr cSad ,oa xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad
n xq.kkRed midj.k
♦ okf.kfT;d cSad
v p;ukRed lk[k fu;a=k.k ♦ lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad
F lhekar vko';drk F lk[k dh jk'k¯ux n cSadksa dk foy;
dkWy euh
zz ♦ Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ
çèkkuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk
zz ♦ Hkkjr esa 'ks;j ck”kkj
foeqnzhdj.k
zz n ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat
♦ iquchZek ♦ oaQiuh
♦ chek lqèkkj n lkoZtfud oaQiuh n fyfeVsM oaQiuh
♦ vizR;{k dj oLrq
zz ,oa lsok dj (GST)
♦th,lVh dk Lo:i
n lhek 'kqYd
♦Hkqxrku dh izfØ;k
n lsok dj
♦Hkkjr dh la?kh; O;oLFkk ,oa th,lVh
n mRikn 'kqYd
♦th,lVh dk fodkl Øe
n la'kksfèkr ewY; of¼Zr dj vkSj dsaæh; ewY; lao¼Zu dj
♦th,lVh osQ vo;o
n ewY; of¼Zr dj
101ok¡ lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016
zz
n dsaæh; fcØh dj
th,lVh dh vko';drk osQ ihNs dkj.k
zz
n oLrq ,oa lsok dj
th,lVh dh fo'ks"krk,¡
zz
♦ vf/Hkkj
th,lVh osQ ykHk
zz
♦ midj th,lVh ifj"kn~
zz
n o`Qf"k dY;k.k midj th,lVh osQ nk;js ls ckgj dh oLrq,¡
zz
n LoPN Hkkjr midj th,lVh osQ iwoZ ,oa th,lVh osQ ckn dh dj O;oLFkk
zz
n oLrq ,oa lsok midj ♦ ,dy fcanq ij dj laxzg
♦ dj mRIykodrk ♦ ewY; o£¼r dj (VAT)
♦ dj vioapu ♦ ,d jkT; osQ Hkhrj th,lVh ç.kkyh dk lapkyu
♦ dj cpko ♦ varj&jkT; oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij th,lVh dk lapkyu
th,lVh
zz ls lacafèkr dqN egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ 19. Hkkjr dk oSnsf'kd {ks= .................................. 335-351
♦ Fkzs'kksYM lhek
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
♦ oaQiksft'ku ;kstuk
♦ Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu lacaèkh çxfr
♦ ,dhÑr oLrq ,oa lsok dj
♦ th,lVh ç.kkyh osQ varxZr vk;kr ij dj O;oLFkk ♦ Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk
♦ th,lVh ç.kkyh ds varxZr fu;kZr ij dj O;oLFkk n n`'; ensa
varjkZ"Vªh;
zz eqnzk dks"k z'kksfèkr tUe nj zdqiks"k.k dh nj
;wjksih; la?k
zz tula[;k fijkfeM
zz
fczDl
zz Hkkjr esa tux.kuk
zz
U;w MsoyiesaV cSad
zz lkekftd&vk£Fkd vkSj tkfrxr tux.kuk&2011
zz
,f'k;kbZ volajpuk fuos'k cSad
zz Hkkjr dh tux.kuk&2011 ds çeq[k vk¡dM+s
zz
vkfl;ku
zz o"kZ 2040 esa Hkkjr dh tula[;k
zz
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu&lkdZ
zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
vFkZ'kkL= ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d uT+kj esa
1 (Economics and Economy : At a Glance)
Quick Book 1
2 jk"Vªh; vk;
(National Income)
ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhek ds vanj ;k ckgj ck”kkj dher ij O;Dr ewY; ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn (NDPMP) + fons'kkas ls izkIr fuoy vk;
o¼Zu dk ;ksx gS ;k lHkh vafre oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk ck”kkj ewY; zzfons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; = Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fons'kksa esa v£tr
gh ck”kkj dherksa ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn gSA vk;& fons'kh ukxfjdksa }kjk Hkkjr es v£tr vk;
8 Quick Book
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl
3 (Economic Growth and Economic Development)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) fodkl dk izeq[k y{;& dqiks"k.k] chekjh] fuj{kjrk] csjks”kxkjh] fo"kerk
vkfn dks izxfr'khy :i ls de djuk rFkk vafre :i ls lekIr
fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lalkèkuksa ds vkoaVu dh liQyrk ds
djuk gSA vk£Fkd fodkl ,d foLr`r voèkkj.kk gS] tks vius esa vk£Fkd
ewY;kadu dh lokZfèkd ekSfyd eki vk£Fkd lao`f¼ gSA lHkh jk"Vª
lao`f¼] lkekftd {ks=k fodkl rFkk lekos'kh fodkl dks lfEefyr
jk"Vªh; vk;] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] izfr O;fDr vk; tSls vk£Fkd lao`f¼
fd;s gq, gSA
ds ladsrdksa dks ekius gsrq fofHkUu vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA
lao`f¼ vkSj mRikndrk ls vkxs c<+dj dqN vFkZ'kkL=kh ;g rdZ nsrs gSa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ (Economic Growth)
fd jk"Vª dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk vuqeku yxkus esa izfr O;fDr vk;] yksxksa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks ,d ,slh izfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
dk thou Lrj] ekuoh; fodkl] vk; ds forj.k dh eki] f'k{kk rFkk tkrk gS] ftlesa fdlh ns'k dh okLrfod jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr
lk{kjrk nj] thou izR;k'kk] iks"k.k dk Lrj] LokLF; lsok,¡] izfr O;fDr vk; esa nh?kZ vofèk rd o`f¼ gksrh gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh eki jk"Vªh;
miHkksx oLrq,¡] yksxksa esa [+k˜'kgkyh dk Lrj vkfn egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vk; esa okLrfod o`f¼ ds :i esa dh tkrh gS] u fd dsoy ekSfnzd
fuHkkrs gSaA blds vykok ns'k dks vU; lkekftd vko';drkvksa ij vk; vFkok lkadsfrd jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ds :i esaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
Hkh è;ku dsafnzr djuk pkfg;s] tSls& U;k; dh lqfuf'prrk] lkaLÑfrd o`f¼ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ ds :i esa gksuh pkfg;s]
fodkl] i;kZoj.k dh èkkj.kh;rk vkfnA dsoy fo|eku oLrq dh ck”kkj dher esa ughaA
fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gks jgh vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡ nh?kZdky esa nks dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds vuqlkj vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,d ,slh izfØ;k
izdkj ds ifjorZuksa dks tUe nsrh gS&a vk£Fkd laof` ¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodklA gS] ftlds }kjk fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP)
vk£Fkd lao`f¼% lexz pjksa] tSls& jk"Vªh; vk;] ldy ?kjsyw yxkrkj nh?kZdky rd c<+rk jgrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
mRikn] izfr O;fDr vk; esa ifjorZu] ftUgsa ekik tk ldrk gS] ,sls (GNP) vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa varj dk è;ku j[kuk
ifjorZuksa dks ^vk£Fkd lao`f¼* dgrs gSaA ”k:jh gSA blfy;s ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼ dh ckr djuk vfèkd
vk£Fkd fodkl% vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ls lac¼ ifjorZuksa ds lkFk rdZlaxr gSA jk"Vªh; vk; esa vYidkyhu] ekSleh ;k vLFkk;h o`f¼ dks
tc ge vFkZO;oLFkk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZuksa o ekuoh; ljksdkjksa tSls vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg;sA
dkjdksa dks Hkh lfEefyr dj ysrs gSa] rks bls ge ^vk£Fkd fodkl* ysfdu vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks mi;qZDr :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djuk lgh
ugha gS] bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;fn tula[;k esa o`f¼ ldy ?kjsyw
dgrs gSaA
mRikn esa o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gS] rks izfr O;fDr ldy
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks vk£Fkd fodkl ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa ns[kk
?kjsyw mRikn esa fxjkoV gksxhA ge bls vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ugha dgsaxsA
tkrk gSA vk£Fkd fodkl dh èkkj.kk vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh èkkj.kk ls
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh voLFkk esa c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds lkFk&lkFk izfr
vfèkd O;kid gSA tgk¡ vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ifjek.kkRed ifjorZu ls lacafèkr
O;fDr vk; (mRikn) esa Hkh o`f¼ gksuh pkfg;sA
gS] ogha vk£Fkd fodkl ifjek.kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed nksuksa izdkj ds
ifjorZuksa ls lacafèkr gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ oLrqfu"B gS] tcfd vk£Fkd vk£Fkd fodkl (Economic Development)
fodkl O;fDrfu"B gSA vk£Fkd fodkl rHkh dgk tk,xk] tc thou vk£Fkd fodkl dks lekt ds HkkSfrd dY;k.k esa fujarj o`f¼
dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gksA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ pkgs fdruh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ds vykok
D;ksa u gks ij ;g Lo;a esa lkè; ugha gks ldrhA vk£Fkd fodkl ds blesa lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd rFkk vk£Fkd ifjorZu Hkh
fy;s vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vko';d gS rFkk ;g vk£Fkd fodkl dh izkfIr lfEefyr gksrs gSa] tks fd HkkSfrd mUufr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA blesa
esa ennxkj fl¼ gksxh] ijarq vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh rhoz nj vko';d :i lalkèkuksa dh vkiwfrZ] iwath fuekZ.k dh nj] tula[;k dk vkdkj vkSj
ls ;g lqfuf'pr ugha djsxh fd vk£Fkd fodkl Hkh Å¡pk gSA vk£Fkd cukoV] izkS|ksfxdh] dkS'ky rFkk dk;Z dq'kyrk] thou Lrj esa lqèkkj]
Quick Book 17
n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl
Hkw&LokfeRo dk vlarqfyr forj.k ns[kus dks feykA bl vlarqyu dks [ksrksa ds vkdkj esa lqèkkj vFkkZr~
zz ,oa dhVuk'kd
nwj djus ds fy;s ,oa 'kks"k.kdkjh vkfFkZd lacaèkksa dks rksM+us ds fy;s pdcanh] gncanh csgrj flapkbZ O;oLFkk
zz
dh fLFkfr esa vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dk Hkwfeghuksa ds chp iqufoZrj.k djuk dj fn;k D;ksafd mldk vkdyu Fkk fd Hkw&jktLo laca/h iz;ksxksa
'kkfey gSA lkFk gh pdcanh ds ”kfj;s Hkwfe ds fc[kjs gq, NksVs&NksVs osQ fy;s 10 o"kZ dk le; vYi gSA
VqdM+kas dks ,d txg bdV~Bk djuk] lgdkjh Ñf"k ,oa lkeqnkf;d Ñf"k zzyxku olwyh dk 10/11 Hkkx ljdkj dk rFkk 'ks"k 1/11 Hkkx
dks c<+kok nsuk] [ksrksa ds mi&foHkktu ,oa fo[kaMu dks jksduk] Hkw&èkkj.k ”kehankjksa gsrq fu;r fd;k x;kA
vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk djuk] yxku esa deh] dk'rdkjksa dks Hkw&LokfeRo zzbl O;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h [kkeh ;g Fkh fd ;g Li"V ugha fd;k
iznku djuk vkfn Hkh laLFkkxr lqèkkj ds egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSaA x;k fd ”kehankj fdlkuksa ls fdruk yxku olwy djs ftlls vf/d
Quick Book 39
5 Ïf"k {ks=
(Agriculture Sector)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUuksa dh vkiw£r
Ñf"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkFkfed {ks=k dk ,d izeq[k ?kVd Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k ds mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA foÙkh;
gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vR;ar fiNM+h voLFkk esa o"kZ 2016–17 esa dqy [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu 275.1 fefy;u Vu jgk]
FkhA ml le; Ñf"k esa Je vkSj Hkwfe dh mRikndrk de FkhA fdlku tks fd foÙkh; o"kZ 2018–19 esa c<+dj 285 fefy;u Vu gks x;k gSA
ijaijkxr Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa ls Ñf"k djrs FksA Ñf"k dk;Z dsoy thou vr% orZeku esa Hkkjr dks viuh fo'kky tula[;k dh [kk|kUu
fuokZg gsrq fd;s tkrs FksA mu fnuksa cMs+ iSekus ij Ñf"k dk okf.kT;hdj.k vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s vk;kr ij fuHkZj ugha jguk iM+ jgk gSA
Hkh ugha gqvk FkkA
Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy;s Ñf"k {ks=k dk egÙo
lac¼ {ks=kksa dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 50 izfr'kr Fkk] ysfdu blds i'pkr~ dPps eky ds vkiw£rdÙkkZ ds :i esa Ñf"k {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk esa
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh yxkrkj de vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh lao`f¼ ds fy;s eq[; :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA Ñf"k
gksrh tk jgh gSA
{ks=k ds }kjk vkS|ksfxd dPps ekyksa tSls& diM+k m|ksx dks dikl] rsy
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vkt Hkkjrh; Ñf"k
Hkkjr dh [kk|kUu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gSA Hkkjrh; m|ksx dks rsy chtksa rFkk phuh m|ksx dks xUus dh vkiw£r dh tkrh
Ñf"k dk egÙo bl ckr esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd nqfu;k ds ek=k 2.4 gSA ;g [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds :i esa dPpk eky
izfr'kr {ks=k vkSj 4.2 izfr'kr ikuh ls ge fo'o dh yxHkx 17.5 miyCèk djkrk gSA
izfr'kr vkcknh dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa dke;kc gSaA vkt Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
[kk|kUuksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dj yh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh çxfr ,oa fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa Ñf"k Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh
ds fodkl gsrq Ñf"k {ks=k dk fodkl vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g Hkkjrh; gSA Hkkjr pk;] twV] dktw] rackdw] dkWiQh vkSj elkys vkfn dk fu;kZr
vFkZO;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k vlaxfBr {ks=k gS ,oaa ;g futh {ks=k esa djrk gSA ;s lHkh Ñf"k oLrq,¡ Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZrksa dk ,d cM+k
lcls vfèkd jks”kxkj ds volj iznku djus okyk vdsyk O;olk; gSA izfr'kr lk>k djrh gSaA
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k dh vkcknh dk 54.6 çfr'kr
Ñf"k vkSj blls tqM+h xfrfofèk;ksa esa yxk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa gq, uohure xjhch mUewyu ,oa vkthfodk l`tu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fodkl dh otg ls ,xzh os;jgkmflax] dksYM psu] lIykbZ psu] Ms;jh] Hkkjr esa Ñf"k vkthfodk dk lcls cM+k lk/u gSA jks”kxkj voljksa
iksYVªh] ekal] eNyh] ckxokuh bR;kfn xfrfofèk;ksa esa jks”kxkj ,oa ds fy;s izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj jgus okyh Hkkjrh;
Lojks”kxkj ds volj c<+ jgs gSaA tula[;k dk vuqikr vU; {ks=kksa ds rqyuk esa lcls T;knk gSA yxHkx
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k {ks=k dk egÙo 70 izfr'kr xzkeh.k vkcknh viuh vkthfodk ds fy;s eq[;r% Ñf"k
(Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy) ij fuHkZj gSa] blesa 82 izfr'kr fdlku y?kq ,oa lhekar gSaA
vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku iwath fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx
Ñf"k {ks=k dk Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku Hkkjr esa iwath fuekZ.k izfØ;k eas Ñf"k {ks=k dk lg;ksx vko';d
gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 1950–51 esa ;g yxHkx 50 izfr'kr FkkA jk"Vªh; vk; gSA Ñf"k mRiknksa ds mRiknu ds :i eas rFkk xSj&Ñf"k mRiknksa dh ekax
esa bldk ;ksxnku o"kZ 2014-15 ds 18.2 izfr'kr ls fxjdj o"kZ
ds :i esa Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dk dsanzh; LFkku gSA xSj&Ñf"k mRiknksa dh
2019-20 esa 16.5 izfr'kr gks x;k gS] tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus
okyh fodkl izfØ;kvksa ,oa lajpukRed ifjorZu dks n'kkZrk gSA ldy ekax ds egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gksus ds :i esa Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk ds f}rh;d
?kjsyw mRikn ;k ldy ewY; o¼Zu esa Ñf"k ds izfr'kr ;ksxnku esa deh {ks=k esa fuos'k dks izsfjr djrh gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k ds egÙo esa fxjkoV dks ugha n'kkZrh gS] vfirq eanh ls vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkh (Ñf"k {ks=k esa fuEu ekax ds :i esa)
;g dsoy vFkZO;oLFkk ds f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d {ks=kksa dh lkisf{kd eanh mRiUu gks tkrh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
rhoz o`f¼ dks n'kkZrh gSA lao`f¼ nj xaHkhj :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
Quick Book 51
vkS|ksfxd {ks=
6 (Industrial Sector)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) fctyh] xSl] 2.8 8.6 7.0 8.6 3.6 5.4
tykiwfrZ ,oa
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dky osQ nkSjku vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks xgjk èkDdk
vU; mi;ksxh
yxkA blfy;s Lora=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ fu;kstdksa us vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lsok,¡
fodkl osQ fy;s vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vko';drk dks le>kA fdlh Hkh fuekZ.k 8.0 5.6 8.7 5.7 3.3 3.2
ns'k dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl mlosQ vk£Fkd fodkl dk ekid gksrk gS] m|ksx 29.6 5.9 6.9 2.7 0.5 2.5
D;ksafd bl ij Ñf"k {ks=k ,oa lsok {ks=k dk fodkl fuHkZj djrk gSA lzksr% jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh; dk;kZy; (,u,lvks)
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl tgk¡ ,d vksj u, jks”kxkj ,oa vk; l`tu osQ fVIi.kh% * thoh, esa fgLlk pkyw dherksa (2018-19) ij gS]
}kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekax dk l`tu djrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj ns'k osQ rhoz AE&vfxze vuqeku] PE&vuafre vuqeku
rFkk vkRefuHkZj vk£Fkd fodkl dh uhao rS;kj djus esa enn djrk gSA
ldy ewY; o¼Zu (thoh,) esa {ks=kh; va'k (izfr'kr esa)
Hkkjr dh lrr vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh jÝrkj cuk, j[kus ds fy;s
{ks=k 2009-10 2014-15 2018-2019 2019-20
volajpuk dh lqxfBr lqfoèkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls mPp nj ij ls ls H1
vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ dk egÙo cgqr gh fu.kkZ;d gSA fuekZ.k {ks=k lfgr 2013-14 2018-19
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k Hkkjr ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrk gS vkSj m|ksx 32.3 29.6 29.6 28.3
o"kZ 2018–19 esa ldy ewY; o¼Zu (GVA) esa bldk 29.6 izfr'kr [kuu ,oa mR[kUu 3.2 2.4 2.4 2.1
dk ;ksxnku jgkA foÙkh; o"kZ 2019-20 dh izFke Nekgh esa dqy fofuekZ.k 17.5 16.6 16.4 15.4
thoh, (GVA) esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk ;ksxnku 28.3 izfr'kr jgk gSA
fo|qr xSl] tykiwfrZ 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9
e”kcwr vkSj lqn`<+ vkS|ksfxd ,oa fofuekZ.k {ks=k ?kjsyw mRiknu] fu;kZr ,oa vU; mi;ksxh
vkSj jks”kxkj ds lao¼Zu esa lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj ;s lHkh vFkZO;oLFkk lsok,¡
esa mPp fodkl ds fy;s mRizsjd gks ldrs gSaA fuekZ.k 9.2 8.0 8.0 8.0
fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lexz fodkl ds fuèkkZj.k eas m|ksx ,d
vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk egÙo
fu.kk;Zd Hkfwedk fuHkkrs gSAa o"kZ 2018-19 ds nkSjku vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds (Importance of Industrial Growth)
dk;Z fu"iknu esa o"kZ 2017-18 dh rqyuk esa lqèkkj gqvk gSA jk"Vªh; zzm|ksx vk£Fkd lao`f¼ osQ vfèkoasQæ osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
lkaf[;dh; dk;kZy; (,u,lvks) }kjk fd;s x, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl
izkDdyu ds vuqlkj] vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ds okLrfod thoh, esa o"kZ 2018- osQ fy;s vko';d gksrk gSA
19 ds iwokZ¼Z (vizy S &flracj) esa 1.6 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbAZ vkS|ksfxd zzm|ksx jks”kxkj osQ u,&u, voljksa dk l`tu djus esa lgk;d gksrs gaAS
{ks=k esa fuEu o`f¼ dk izkFkfed dkj.k fofuekZ.k {ks=k gSA ftlus o"kZ zzm|ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa ewY; o¼Zu djosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa
2019-20 ds iwokZ¼Z esa 0.2 izfr'kr dh ½.kkRed o`f¼ ntZ dhA o`f¼ djrs gSaA Ñf"k fØ;kvksa rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa dh vis{kk vkS|ksfxd
{ks=k esa ewY; o¼Zu vfèkd gksrk gSA
fLFkj dherksa ij m|ksxksa esa ldy ewY; o¼Zu zzm|ksx fodkl izfØ;k esa xR;kRedrk iznku djrs gSaA vkS|ksxhdj.k
(thoh,) dh o`f¼ nj (izfr'kr esa) us miHkksDrkokn dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
{ks=k thoh, esa 2017- 2018- 2019-20 2019-20 zzm|ksx vkèkkfjd lajpuk fodkl dks lqfoèkktud cukrs gSAa vkS|ksfxd
fgLlk 2018 2019 Q1 Q2 (1st AE) fodkl ,oa vkèkkfjd lajpuk dk fodkl vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls
(PE)
tqM+s gq, gSaA
[kuu ,oa 2.4 5.1 1.3 2.7 0.1 1.5
zzm|ksx Ñf"k osQ ;a=khÑr lkèku (e'khusa& VªSDVj] Fksz'kj vkSj gkosZLVj)
mR[kUu
miyCèk djkrs gSa] ftlls Ñf"k mRiknu c<+rk gSA Ñf"k osQ ;a=khdj.k
fofuekZ.k 16.4 5.9 6.9 0.6 –1.0 2.0
osQ dkj.k Ñf"k mRikndrk esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
Quick Book 85
7 Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=
(Service Sector in India)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) gh i;ZVu] LokLF; lsokvksa] mixzg ekufp=k.k vkSj iz{ksi.k lsokvksa dks
lsok {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk dk og {ks=k gS] ftlesa miHkksDrkvksa dks Hkh izksRlkgu fn;k tk jgk gSA bu mik;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk th,lVh vkSj
fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,¡ iznku dh tkrh gSaA lsok {ks=k Hkkjr ds ldy ,iQMhvkbZ mnkjhdj.k us bl {ks=k ds fy;s fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa dks
?kjsyw mRikn dk u dsoy izHkqRo'kkyh {ks=k gS cfYd izR;{k fons'kh mTToy cuk;k gSA
fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus okyk egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k Hkh gS] ftldk fu;kZrksa esa Hkkjr esa lsok {ks= dk çn'kZu % ,d flagkoyksdu
Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS rFkk tks cMs+ iSekus ij jks”kxkj Hkh iznku djrk (Service Sector Performance in India : An Overview)
gSA Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=k esa fofHkUu xfrfofèk;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
vkS|ksxhdj.k ds i'pkr~ Ñf"k vkèkkfjr vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡
gS] tSls& O;kikj] gksVy ,oa jsL=kk¡] HkaMkj.k] ifjogu] lapkj] foÙk] chek]
rhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh vksj xfr'khy gqb±] ftlls tula[;k ds ,d
fj;y ,LVsV] O;kikfjd lsok,¡] lkeqnkf;d] lkekftd ,oa O;fDrxr
cMs+ fgLls ds ikl vk£Fkd 'kfDr igq¡ph vkSj bl dkj.k o`f¼ ds vxys
lsok,¡ rFkk fuekZ.k dk;Z ls laac¼ lsok,¡ bR;kfnA Hkkjr ds ldy
pj.k ds iQyLo:i lsok {ks=k dks fodkl djus dk volj feykA
ewY; o¼Zu (Gross Value Added–GVA) esa 55 çfr'kr fgLlsnkjh ds
blh Øe esa vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ m|ksx {ks=k ls lsok {ks=k dh vksj
lkFk lsok {ks=k Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dk çeq[k lapkyd cuk gqvk
c<+us yxhaA orZeku esa lsok {ks=k fo'o dk lokZfèkd xfr'khy {ks=k gSA
gSA lsok {ks=k dks ^r`rh;d {ks=k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
zzla;qDr jk"Vª ds jk"Vªh; ys[kk lkaf[;dh (UN National Accounts
fofHkUu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fodkl izo`fÙk dk vè;;u Statistics) ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] fo'o ds 15 cM+s ns'kksa esa
djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd tks ns'k fodkl iFk ij vxzlj gksrs gSaA lexz thMhih ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk LFkku 2006 ds 14osa ls lqèkjdj
mu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k dh rqyuk esa lsok 2017 esa 7osa ij vk x;kA
{ks=k dk ;ksxnku c<+rk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa Hkh ;g ckr ykxw
zzo"kZ 2017 esa] lsok thoh, o`f¼ nj Hkkjr esa 7.9 çfr'kr ij lcls
gksrh gSA 1951 esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k dk
vfèkd FkhA
;ksxnku yxHkx 52 izfr'kr Fkk] jk"Vªh; vk; esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (International Labour Organization–
dk ;ksxnku o"kZ 2014-15 ds 18.2 izfr'kr ls fxjdj o"kZ 2019-20
ILO) ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2016 esa 'kh"kZ 15 ns'kksa esa]
esa 16.5 izfr'kr gks x;k gS] tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus okyh fodkl
Hkkjr vkSj phu dks NksM+dj] vfèkdka'k esa dqy jks”kxkj ds nks&frgkbZ
izfØ;kvksa ,oa lajpukRed ifjorZu dks n'kkZrk gSA Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk
ls Hkh vfèkd dk ;ksxnku lsok {ks=k dk FkkA buesa Hkkjr dk fgLlk
esa lsok {ks=k dh egÙkk yxkrkj c<+ jgh gS rFkk foÙkh; o"kZ 2019-20
30.6 çfr'kr ij lcls de FkkA
esa Hkkjr ds ldy ewY; o¼Zu esa lsok {ks=k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 55
zzoSf'od Lrj ij o"kZ 2016 esa fo'o jks”kxkj esa yxHkx vkèkk
izfr'kr gSA
fgLlk (50.9 çfr'kr) lsok {ks=k ls lacafèkr FkkA
lsok {ks=k dk oxhZdj.k zzvarjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vkus okys o"kks± eas
lsok {ks=k esa jks”kxkj ds lokZfèkd volj gksaxsA
O;olk;] foÙkh; lsok,¡ yksd iz'kklu vkSj zzlsok,¡ fo'o O;kikj ds lokZfèkd xfr'khy {ks=k ds :i esa izfrfufèkRo
ejEer] gksVy j{kk rFkk vU; djrh gSaA vius vki esa egÙoiw.kZ gksus ds lkFk gh lsok {ks=k lHkh
rFkk jsLrjk¡ ;krk;kr] HkaMkj.k] fj;y ,LVsV] vkoklh; fuekZ.k mRiknksa ds O;kikj vkSj mRiknu esa izeq[k vkxr miyCèk djkdj
lapkj vkSj izlkj.k vkSj is'ksoj lsokvksa dk oSf'od ewY; Ük`a[kyk vkSj vk£Fkd mRiknu esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
laca/h lsok,¡ LokfeRo fuHkkrk gSA fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk ^lsokvksa esa O;kikj ij lkekU;
le>kSrk* (General Agreement on Trade in Services–GATS)
lsokvksa esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds fy;s dkuwuh vkèkkjHkwr fu;e
jsyos ;krk;kr lM+d ;krk;kr gokbZ ;krk;kr
miyCèk djkrk gS] ftlds rgr fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds lnL; ns'kksa
ljdkj us fofHkUu lsokvksa ds fy;s vusd ;kstuk,¡ 'kq: dh gSaA dks muds p;u dh lhek rd fons'kh izfrLi¼kZ ds fy;s muds
lsok {ks=k esa fMftVyhdj.k dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk jgk gSA blds lkFk ck”kkjksa dks [kksyus gsrq yphykiu iznku djk;k tkrk gSA
uhfr vk;ksx (NITI Aayog) zzl'kDr jkT; ls l'kDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k] lg;ksxiw.kZ la?kokn dks
c<+kok nsuk_
1 tuojh] 2015 dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ;kstuk vk;ksx ds LFkku
zzxzke Lrj ij ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k djus gsrq ra=k fodflr djuk
ij ^jk"Vªh; Hkkjr ifjorZu laLFkk vFkkZr~ uhfr vk;ksx* (National
Institution for Transforming India–NITI Aayog) dk xBu fd;k
,oa bls mÙkjksÙkj mPp Lrj rd igq¡pkuk_
x;kA uhfr vk;ksx] ljdkj ds fFkad&VSad ds :i esa lsok,¡ iznku djus zzvkfFkZd izxfr ls oafpr jgs yksxksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk_
ds lkFk mls funsZ'kkRed ,oa uhfrxr xfr'khyrk iznku djsxkA ;g osaQæ zzvarj&{ks=kh; ,oa varj&foHkkxh; eqn~nksa ds lekèkku gsrq ,d eap
vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij ljdkj dks uhfr ds izeq[k dkjdksa ds lacaèk esa rS;kj djuk_
izklafxd] egÙoiw.kZ ,oa rduhdh ijke'kZ miyCèk djk,xkA Hkkjr zzj.kuhfrd vkSj nh?kkZofèkd uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk <k¡pk rS;kj
ljdkj ds vxz.kh uhfrxr fFkad&VSad ds :i esa uhfr vk;ksx dk y{; djukA
jkT;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ,d lk>k
n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk gSA uhfr vk;ksx osaQæ ljdkj ds uhfr fuekZ.k uhfr vk;ksx dh lajpuk (Composition of NITI Aayog)
esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS ,oa Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj zzuhfr vk;ksx dk insu vè;{k ^Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh* gksrk gSA
dk;ZØeksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa çxfr dk vuqoh{k.k djrk gSA ;g laLFkk zzxofu±x dkmafly esa lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k jkT;{ks=kksa
jkT;ksa ds lkFk lrr vkèkkj ij lajpukRed lg;ksx vkSj uhfrxr ds mijkT;iky 'kkfey gksaxsA
ekxZn'kZu ds ekè;e ls lg;ksxiw.kZ la?kokn dks c<+kok nsrh gSA zzfof'k"V eqn~nksa vkSj ,sls vkdfLed ekeys] ftudk lacaèk ,d ls
vfèkd jkT;ksa ;k {ks=kksa ls gks] dks ns[kus ds fy;s {ks=kh; ifj"knsa
xfBr dh tk,axhA ;s ifj"knsa fof'k"V dk;Zdky ds fy;s cukbZ
lg;ksxiw.kZ tk,axhA Hkkjr ds izèkkuea=kh ds funsZ'k ij {ks=kh; ifj"knksa dh cSBosaQ
la?kokn dks gksaxh vkSj buesa lacafèkr {ks=k ds jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k
c<+kok nsuk
jkT;{ks=kksa ds mijkT;iky 'kkfey gksaxsA budh vè;{krk uhfr vk;ksx
ds vè;{k ;k muds ukefunsZf'krh (Nominee) djsaxsA
zzlacafèkr dk;Z {ks=k dh tkudkjh j[kus okys fo'ks"kK vkSj dk;Zjr
uhfr;ksa yksx] fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr ds :i esa izèkkuea=kh }kjk ukfer fd;s tk,axsA
uhfr vk;ksx vuqoh{k.k
vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh zzlfpoky; dk xBu vko';drk ds vuqlkj fd;k tk,xkA
osQ dk;Z vkSj
:ijs[kk rS;kj
ewY;kadu
djuk uhfr vk;ksx dk laxBukRed Lo:i
zzvè;{k& ujsanz eksnh (Hkkjr ds izèkkuea=kh)
zzxo²ux dkmafly& lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k jkT;{ks=kksa
lalkèku ds mijkT;iky
osaQæ vkSj Kku zzmikè;{k& MkW- jktho oqQekj (izèkkuea=kh }kjk fu;qDr)
osaQæ osQ :i esa zziw.kZdkfyd lnL;& MkW- oh-ds- lkjLor] çks- jes'k pan]
dk;Z djuk MkW- oh-ds- ikWy
zzinsu lnL;& jktukFk flag] vfer 'kkg] fueZyk lhrkje.k]
uhfr vk;ksx ds mís'; (Objectives of NITI Aayog) ujsanz flag rksej
zzjk"Vªh; mís';ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jkT;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh zzeq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh (CEO)& vferkHk dkar
ds lkFk jk"Vªh; fodkl izkFkfedrkvksa] {ks=kksa vkSj j.kuhfr;kas dk zzfo'ks"k vkeaf=kr lnL;& fufru t;jke xMdjh] Fkkoj pan
,d lk>k n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk_ xgyksr] ih;w"k xks;y] jko banzthr flag
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) zzJs.kh 2 : vYidkfyd fuèkZu% os O;fDr@ifjokj tks fujarj fuèkZu
xjhch@fuèkZurk ls vfHkizk; gS& thou ds fy;s U;wure miHkksx vkSj xSj&fuèkZu oxks± ds chp vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSaA ;s dHkh fuèkZurk
vko';drkvksa dks izkIr djus dh v;ksX;rkA bu U;wure vko';drkvksa js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu djrs gSa] ysfdu jks”kxkj feyus ij ;s
yksx fuèkZurk js[kk ls Åij vk tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k& ekSleh e”knwj]
esa Hkkstu] oL=k] edku] f'k{kk rFkk LokLF; lacaèkh U;wure ekuoh;
vkSj vfu;fer fuèkZuA
vko';drk,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA xjhch ewyr% oapu ls lacafèkr gSA ;fn
zzJs.kh 3 : dHkh fuèkZu ugha% os O;fDr tks dHkh fuèkZu ugha gksrs]
lekt dk ,d cM+k fgLlk oapuk@fuèkZurk ls ihfM+r gS rFkk thou
mUgsa xSj&fuèkZu dgk tkrk gSA buds ikl vk; ds fuf'pr lzksr
fuokZg dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks izkIr ugha dj ikrk gS rks ,slh ,oa laifÙk gksrh gSA
fLFkfr esa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vFkZghu gks tkrh gSA
xzkeh.k fuèkZu (Rural Poor)
xjhch ds izdkj (Types of Poverty) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jks”kxkj ,oa Lojks”kxkj ds vHkko ds dkj.k
lkisf{kd xjhch (Relative Poverty) yksxksa ds ikl vkthfodk ,oa vk; vtZu ds lzksr lhfer gksrs gaSA
lkisf{kd xjhch ;g Li"V djrh gS fd fofHkUu vk; oxks± ds Ñf"k {ks=k esa Hkh O;kid iSekus ij izPNUu csjks”kxkjh ikbZ tkrh gSA
lkewfgd ifjokj iz.kkyh ds dkj.k vk; v£tr djus okys O;fDr
chp fdruh fo"kerk gSA lkisf{kd xjhch dh fLFkfr rc mRiUu gksrh
;k lzksr ds Åij vkfJrksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh gSA xzkeh.k fuèkZuksa
gS] tc fdlh ns'k ;k {ks=k ds dqN yksxksa dh vk; ;k thou dk Lrj
esa Hkwfeghu Ñf"k Jfedksa] NksVs Hkw&Lokfe;ksa] dk'rdkjksa ,oa nSfud
lkekU; yksxksa ls fuEu gksrk gSA lekt ds vkSlr O;fDr dh rqyuk esa e”knwjksa vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
fdlh O;fDr ds miHkksx] vk; o laifÙk ds vHkko dks lkisf{kd xjhch 'kgjh fuèkZu (Urban Poor)
dgrs gSaA lkisf{kd xjhch dh O;k[;k ns'k ds vanj vk; esa ikbZ tkus
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls csjks”kxkj ,aoa fuèkZu O;fDr;ksa dk izolu 'kgjh
okyh vlekurk ds :i esa Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA {ks=kksa esa gksrk gSA fdarq 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ,oa lsok {ks=k
fujis{k xjhch (Absolute Poverty) esa jks”kxkj ds lhfer volj gksrs gSaA ,sls esa O;fDr dks fuèkZurk esa
fujis{k xjhch dh fLFkfr esa euq"; dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa] thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gSA 'kgjh fuèkZuksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=k ls 'kgjh
{ks=k dh vksj iyk;u djus okys yksxks]a dkj[kkuksa ds vfu;fer Jfed
tSls& Hkkstu] lqjf{kr is;ty] LoPNrk lqfoèkk,¡] LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk
vkSj Lofu;ksftr isQjh okyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 'kgjh fuèkZu
bR;kfn dk vHkko gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa fujis{k xjhch dk vuqeku yxkus eq[;r;k mu xzkeh.k fuèkZuksa dk iSQyko gS] tks ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa
ds fy;s xjhch js[kk dh èkkj.kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA xjhch js[kk 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa iyk;u djrs gSAa
og js[kk gS] tks ml izfr O;fDr vkSlr ekfld O;; dks izdV djrh
gS] ftlds }kjk yksx viuh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks lar"q V dj ldrs xjhch@fuèkZurk ds dkj.k (Reasons of Poverty)
gaAS ftu yksxksa dk izfrekg miHkksx O;; xjhch js[kk ls de gS] mUgsa zzfuèkZurk dk lcls izeq[k dkj.k rs”kh ls c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k gS]
^fuèkZu* ekuk tkrk gSA xjhch Kkr djus dh bl fofèk dks ge ^gsM tks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa gksus okyh o`f¼ dks fu"izHkkoh dj nsrh
dkmaV fofèk* (Head Count Method) dgrs gSAa bl fofèk esa oqQy gSA vfèkd tula[;k] fuHkZjrk Hkkj dks c<+k nsrh gS] ftlls le;
tula[;k esa 'kkfey mu O;fDr;ksa dks fxuk tkrk gS] tks xjhch js[kk ls ds lkFk&lkFk fuèkZurk vkSj vfèkd gks tkrh gSA
uhps gSAa Hkkjr esa xjhch ekiu esa blh fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA zzHkkjr dh dqy jk"Vªh; vk; tula[;k dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gSA
bl dkj.k Hkh ;gk¡ izfr O;fDr vk; de jgh gSA
fuèkZurk dk Js.khdj.k zzHkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds nkSjku vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh nj ,oa
zzJs.kh 1 : fpjdkfyd fuèkZu% os O;fDr ;k ifjokj tks dkiQh izfr O;fDr vk; o`f¼ nj cgqr de jgh gSA ;g Hkh Hkkjr esa
yacs le; ls fuèkZurk dk thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa vkSj os viuh fuèkZurk dk ,d eq[; dkj.k jgk gSA
U;wure ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh Hkh iw£r ugha dj ikrs gSaA zzHkkjr esa fpjdkfyd csjks”kxkjh ,oa vYijks”kxkj dh leL;k ikbZ
mnkgj.k& Hkwfejfgr Jfed ,oa vfu;fer e”knwjA tkrh gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa izPNUu csjks”kxkjh] 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa f'kf{kr
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) ¶lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lgh le; ij muds fy;s vko';d cqfu;knh
Hkkstu ds fy;s HkkSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd] nksuksa :iksa esa [kk|kUuksa dh miyfCèk dks
la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk r; fd;s x, lrr fodkl y{;ksa (Sustainable
lqfuf'pr djuk gh [kk| lqj{kk gSA¸ ([kk| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu] 1983)
Development Goals–SDGs) esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa
leLr tula[;k ds LoLFk vkSj fØ;k'khy thou ds fy;s vko';d
esa Hkw[k dh leL;k dks lekIr djuk] lHkh ds fy;s [kk| lqj{kk
[kk|kUuksa vFkkZr~ Hkkstu HkkSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls nh?kZdky ds fy;s
lqfuf'pr djuk ,oa iks"k.k ds Lrj esa lqèkkj djuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA lqfuf'pr djuk] ^[kk| lqj{kk* gSA vkerkSj ij [kk| lqj{kk dh voèkkj.kk
bu lcds }kjk fo'o ls xjhch] Hkq[kejh] dqiks"k.k] [kk| vlqj{kk ,oa dh ppkZ lexz tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUuksa dh U;wure ek=kk miyCèk
LokLF; lacaèkh vusd leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djuk gSA djkus ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA bl n`f"V ls ;g voèkkj.kk ladqfpr
[kk| lqj{kk ds fy;s vko';d gS fd lexzrk esa [kk|kUuksa vFkkZr~ izrhr gksrh gSA ijarq ,d xfr'khy vkSj fodklksUeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk esa
Hkkstu dh miyCèkrk gks ,oa blds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr;ksa o ifjokjksa ds [kk| lqj{kk dh voèkkj.kk] lekt }kjk izkIr fodkl dh voLFkk ,oa
ikl mi;qDr Ø; 'kfDr Hkh gks] rkfd os vko';drkuqlkj [kk|kUu çxfr ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA bl n`f"V ls [kk| lqj{kk dh
[kjhn ldsaA tgk¡ rd i;kZIr miyCèkrk dk lacaèk gS] blds nks igyw gSa% fuEufyf[kr voLFkk,¡ dfYir dh xbZ gSaµ
1. ek=kkRed igyw % vFkZO;oLFkk esa [kk| miyCèkrk bruh gks fd zzizFke voLFkk % ekuoh; thou dks dk;e j[kus ds fy;s lHkh
ekax ds vuqlkj [kk|kUuksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldsA dks vukt dh i;kZIr ek=kk miyCèk gksuh pkfg;sA
2. xq.kkRed igyw % tula[;k dh iks"k.k vko';drk,¡ iwjh dh tk ldsaA zzf}rh; voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk ds :i esa vuktksa ,oa nkyksa dh
[kk| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (Food and Agriculture Organization– i;kZIr miyfCèk vfuok;Z gksuh pkfg;sA
FAO) }kjk [kk| lqj{kk dh O;kid O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA [kk| vkSj Ñf"k zzr`rh; voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk esa vuktksa] nkyksa] nwèk vkSj nwèk ds
laxBu ds vuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk ds fy;s ewyr% fuEu rÙoksa dk gksuk mRiknksa vFkkZr~ ikSf"Vd vkgkj dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
vko';d gSµ zzprqFkZ voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk esa vuktksa] nkyksa] nwèk ,oa nwèk ls
zzmiyCèkrk % [kk|kUu gj le; vkSj lHkh LFkkuksa ij i;kZIr ek=kk fufeZr mRiknksa] lfC”k;k¡] iQy] vaMs] eNyh ,oa ek¡l dks 'kkfey
esa miyCèk gksaA dj ldrs gSaA
zzfdiQk;rh % [kk|kUu fdiQk;rh gksus pkfg;s ,oa yksxksa ds ikl mUgsa
[kk| lqj{kk dk eqík egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa
[kjhnus ds fy;s vkfFkZd igq¡p gksuh pkfg;s vFkkZr~ ukxfjdksa ds (Why Food Security Matters)
ikl [kk|kUuksa dh vko';d Ø; 'kfDr lerk (Purchasing Power
vkt varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,oa Hkkjr ds fy;s jk"Vªh; Lrj ij [kk|
Parity–PPP) gksuh pkfg;sA
lqj{kk dk eqík fpark dk fo"k; curk tk jgk gSA blds ihNs fuEufyf[kr
zzlekos'ku % [kk|kUu lqjf{kr vkSj iks"kd gksus pkfg;s rkfd os 'kjhj dkj.k gSa%&
dks LoLFk cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gks ldsaA zzc<+rh gqbZ tula[;k % la;qDr jk"Vª ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj fo'o
zzfLFkjrk % [kk|kUu iz.kkyh mfpr :i ls fLFkj gksuh pkfg;sA [kk|kUu dh tula[;k 2010 esa yxHkx 6.9 fcfy;u Fkh ,oa fo'o dh
iz.kkyh esa vfèkd vfLFkjrk dk u dsoy xjhcksa ij foijhr izHkko tula[;k esa gks jgh rhoz o`f¼ dks ns[krs gq, ;g la[;k o"kZ 2050
iM+rk gS vfirq ;g jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd iz.kkyh dh fLFkjrk rd yxHkx 9.6 fcfy;u tcfd 2100 rd 10.9 fcfy;u igqp ¡ us
dks Hkh tksf[ke esa Mky nsrk gSA dk vuqeku gSA bl izdkj c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k dh [kk|
vko';drkvksa ds fy;s [kk| inkFkks± ds mRiknu esa Hkh o`f¼ djuh
[kk| lqj{kk dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Food Security) gksxhA bruh fo'kky tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUu miyCèk djkuk
¶lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s gj le; lfØ; o LoLFk thou ds vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gksxhA
fy;s i;kZIr iks"k.k ;qDr Hkkstu dh miyfCèk gh [kk| lqj{kk gksrh gSA¸ zzdqiks"k.k dh leL;k % la;qDr jk"Vª ds fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe ds
(fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ] 1986) vuqlkj fo'o esa 821 fefy;u O;fDr vFkkZr~ izR;sd 9 O;fDr;ksa
1. vukt forj.k ç.kkyh dks vfèkd çHkkoh cukus gsrq ljdkj }kjk dkSu&dkSu ls lqèkkjkRed dne mBk, x, gSa\ (IAS, 2019)
2. [kk| lqj{kk fcy ls Hkkjr esa Hkw[k ,oa dqiks"k.k ds foyksiu dh vk'kk gSA blds izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u esa fofHkUu vk'kadkvksa dh lekykspukRed
foospuk dhft;sA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) esa blls dkSu&lh fpark,¡ mRiUu gks xbZ gSa\ (IAS, 2013)
3. ¶jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk dks izkIr djus ds fy;s NksVh&tksr okyh iQkeks± dks e”kcwr cukus dh vko';drk gSA¸ D;k vki bl vkdyu ds lkFk
lger gSa\ izek.k nhft;sA (IAS, 2010)
4. vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk fdl mís'; ls vkjaHk dh xbZ Fkh\ (IAS, 2002)
5. (la'kksfèkr) fuèkkZfjr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh D;k gS\ bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA
6. nksigj Hkkstu Ldhe dk rdZ vkèkkj D;k gS\ (IAS, 2000)
7. os dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dh liQyrk dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa\ (IAS, 1991)
8. Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k i¼fr dh fØ;kfofèk dk] fo'ks"kdj mlds mís';ksa rFkk izfrcaèkksa ds lanHkZ esa] ijh{k.k dhft;sA orZeku i¼fr esa
lqèkkj ykus ds fy;s D;k&D;k mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSa\ bl lacaèk esa lq>ko nhft;sA (IAS, 1987)
eqnzkLQhfr ,oa O;kikj pØ
13 (Inflation and the Business Cycle)
foÙkh; ckT+kkj (Financial Market) gS tgk¡ iwath dh ekax ,oa deh gSA bl çdkj iawth ck”kkj vFkZO;oLFkk
esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa cpr esa o`f¼ djus ,oa iwath ds çokg dks mRiknd
foÙkh; ck”kkj ,d O;kid ck”kkj gS] tgk¡ ij vusd foÙkh; mRiknksa
{ks=kksa dh vksj funsZf'kr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iwath
,oa ifjlaifÙk;ksa] tSls&eqnzkvksa] 'ks;j] ckW.M~l] MsfjosfVOl vkSj vU;
foÙkh; foi=kksa ,oa foÙkh; midj.kkas dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA ck”kkj dks nks ck”kkjksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS& 1. çkFkfed iwath ck”kkj] 2.
foÙkh; ck”kkj dk çkFkfed dk;Z iwath ds vkfèkD; okys {ks=kksa ls iwath f}rh;d iwath ck”kkjA
dh deh okys {ks=kksa dh vksj iwath dk xfr'khyu lqfuf'pr djuk gSA eqæk (Money)
foÙkh; ç.kkyh ls vk'k; foÙkh; ck”kkj esa mifLFkr foÙkh; laLFkkvksa
eqnzk vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkèkkj gksrh gS] ftlosQ ”kfj;s oLrq,¡ ,oa
ls gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk esa cpr dks c<+kus rFkk mlds dq'kyre ç;ksx
dh vksj xfr'khyrk c<+kus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSaA lsok,¡ [kjhnh ,oa csph tkrh gSaA eqnzk dks ml oLrq ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
foÙkh; ck”kkj ds nks çeq[k vax gksrs gSa& fd;k tkrk gS ftls fofue; ds ekè;e ds :i esa lekt }kjk lkekU;
1. eqnzk ck”kkj (Money Market) :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tk,] tks ys[kk (Account) dh bdkbZ ds :i
2. iwath ck”kkj (Capital Market) esa dk;Z dj ldrh gS] Ø; 'kfDr dk lap; dj ldrh gS vkSj ftls
Í.k pqdkus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; lekt
eqnzk ck”kkj (Money Market) esa eqnzk ds :i esa oLrq fofue; iz.kkyh dk izpyu FkkA blosQ ckn
^eqnzk ck”kkj* ,d ,slk ck”kkj gksrk gS tgk¡ ij fofHkUu ekSfnzd lksuk] pkanh vkSj rkacs tSlh èkkrqvksa ds flDdksa dk pyu izkjaHk gqvkA
,oa foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk vYidky (lkekU;r;k ,d o"kZ dh vofèk) ijarq vkS|ksxhdj.k o uxjhdj.k ds fodkl us eqnzk ds vkèkqfud :iksa
ds fy;s Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA eqnzk ck”kkj esa Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad esa djsalh vFkkZr dkx”k ds uksVksa dks eqnzk fofue; dk ekè;e cuk;kA
ds }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk ,oa eqnzk dh ek=kk ,oa çokg dks fu;af=kr
vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh izQk¡fll ,-okWdj ds vuqlkj] ¶eqnzk og gS tks
fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa eqnzk ck”kkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk
eqnzk dk dk;Z djsA¸ (“Money is what money does”.)
gS&1. laxfBr@vkSipkfjd eqnzk ck”kkj] 2. vlaxfBr@vukSipkfjd eqnzk
ck”kkjA eqnzk ds dk;Z (Functions of Money)
Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad Hkkjr dk dsanzh; cSad gS blfy;s eqnzk ck”kkj ewY; dk ekid
dks fofu;fer djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro bldk gh gSA Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad
eqnzk gh og bdkbZ gS] ftlosQ :i eas lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
eqnzk ck”kkj esa rjyrk ,oa eqnzk dh ek=kk dks fu;af=kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk
ds ewY; dh eki dh tkrh gSA izR;sd oLrq vkSj lsok dk ;gh ewY;
çeq[k uhfrxr njksa dk Hkh fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa cSa¯dx lajpuk
mldh dher dgykrk gSA pw¡fd dher ekSfnzd bdkbZ esa O;Dr dh
dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gS ,oa cSadksa ds lapkyu ds fy;s fu;e&fofu;e
tkrh gS] bl dkj.k oLrq dk ewY; Hkh ekSfnzd :iksa esa gh O;Dr fd;k
cukrk gS] egÙoiw.kZ C;k”k njksa dk fuèkkZj.k dj eqnzk ds çokg dks ,d
tkrk gSA
fn'kk nsrk gS ,oa eqnzkLiQhfr ,oa eqnzk voLiQhfr dh leL;k dk lekèkku
djrs gq, vFkZO;oLFkk esa larqyudkjh fLFkfr cuk, j[krk gSA fofue; dk ekè;e
Hkkjr esa laxfBr eqnzk ck”kkj ds rhoz foLrkj ds ckotwn vkt Hkh eqnzk fofue; ;k Hkqxrku ds ekè;e dk dk;Z djrh gSA pkgs dksbZ
vlaxfBr {ks=k fo|eku gSaA vlaxfBr eqnzk ck”kkj esa ns'kh cSadlZ] egktu] oLrq [kjhnuh gks ;k lsok izkIr djuh gks] mldk Hkqxrku ge eqnzk ds
lkgwdkj] lsB] psV~Vh bR;kfn çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ekè;e ls djrs gSaA eqnzk dh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq ,oa lsok dk
Ø;&foØ; vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iwath ck”kkj (Capital Market)
^iwath ck”kkj* ls vk'k; ,sls foÙkh; ck”kkj ls gS tgk¡ foÙkh; LFkfxr Hkqxrkuksa dh eki
çfrHkwfr;ksa ,oa laifÙk;ksa dk eè;e ,oa nh?kZdky (lkekU;r;k ,d o"kZ eqnzk ls Hkfo"; esa gksus okys Hkqxrkuksa dh bdkbZ dk dke Hkh fy;k
ls vfèkd) ds fy;s Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA iwath ck”kkj iwath ,oa tk ldrk gSA vusd voLFkkvksa eas fdUgha dk;ks± vkfn dk Hkqxrku cgqr
cpr vkfèkD; okys {ks=kksa ls iwath fudkydj mu {ks=kksa rd iwath igq¡pkrk ckn esa gksrk gS tSls fd isa'ku] ewyèku vkSj C;k”k vkfn dk HkqxrkuA
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) zz1912 esa bafM;u ykbiQ chek oaQiuht ,DV] thou chek O;kikj
dks O;ofLFkr djus okyk igyk dkuwu cukA
Hkkjr esa chek dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA bldk mYys[k euq
zz1928 esa Hkkjrh; chek oaQiuh vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA blds
(euqLe`fr)] ;kKoYD; (èkeZ'kkL=k) rFkk dkSfVY; (vFkZ'kkL=k) dh
}kjk Hkkjr ljdkj ns'k esas dk;Zjr thou chek ,oa xSj&thou chek
jpukvksa esa feyrk gSA bu jpukvksa esa chek dk mYys[k lalkèkuksa ds
oaQifu;ksa ls tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrh FkhA
laxzg ds :i esa fd;k x;k gS] ftudk iqufoZrj.k ladV ds le;
zz1938 esa chek vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlds }kjk turk ds
(tSls&ck<+] lw[kk] egkekjh] vdky] vfXu bR;kfn) esa fd;k tk ldsA
vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk gsrq igys ls ekStwn dkuwuksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa
orZeku le; esa Hkh chek dh iwoZihfBdk ;gh gSA
vko';d la'kksèku fd;k x;kA
chek dks ,d foÙkh; mRikn ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS
zzHkkjr esa thou chek oaQifu;ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 19 tuojh] 1956
ftls chekèkkjd }kjk mlds fu;a=k.k ds ckgj] fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds
dks gqvkA jk"Vªh;dj.k ds le; Hkkjr esa djhc 154 thou chek
dkj.k gksus okyh gkfu dh iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd HkjikbZ ds fy;s [kjhnk
oaQifu;k¡] 16 fons'kh chek oaQifu;k¡ vkSj 75 izksfoMsaM lkslk;Vh”k
tkrk gS vFkkZr~ chek tksf[ke izcaèku dk ,d :i gS tks izkFkfed :i
(oqQy feykdj 245 Hkkjrh; vkSj fons'kh oaQifu;k¡) dk;Zjr FkhaA
ls fdlh vkdfLed vFkok vfuf'pr gkfu ls laj{kk iznku djrk gSA
chek ,d O;fDr vkSj chek oaQiuh ds chp le>kSrk gksrk gS ftlds Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k
rgr tc rd chekèkkjd O;fDr chek esa mfYyf[kr 'krks± dks iwjk djrk (Insurance Regulatory and Development
gS rc rd chek oaQiuh }kjk mls fdlh Hkh nq?kZVuk ls gksus okyh {kfr Authority of India–IRDAI)
ij vkaf'kd ;k iw.kZ HkjikbZ dh lqfoèkk iznku dh tkrh gSA fdlh chek eYgks=kk lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; chek {ks=k
oaQiuh }kjk fuEu nks izdkj ds chek mRikn miyCèk djk, tkrs gS&a ds fofu;eu ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl
1. thou chek vkSj 2. lkèkkj.k chekA izkfèkdj.k] vfèkfu;e 1999 ds rgr o"kZ 2000 esa chek fofu;ked
zzthou chek nq?kZVuk ls e`R;q ;k lkèkkj.k e`R;q rd dk tksf[ke
vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k (bjMk) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g ,d Lok;Ùk
ogu djrk gS] tcfd lkèkkj.k chek] ftls xSj&thou chek Hkh fudk; gSA blosQ fy;s 1 vè;{k] 5 iw.kZdkfyd lnL; rFkk 4
dgrs gSa] ifjlaifÙk;ksa (Assets) ls tqM+s tksf[ke dk chek djrk va'kdkfyd lnL;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] ftudh fu;qfDr Hkkjr
gSA fiNys oqQN o"kks± ls chek ds u,&u, Lo:iksa dk fodkl gqvk ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA ;g izkfèkdj.k vius eq[;ky; gSnjkckn
(rsyaxkuk) ls dke djrk gSA bjMk dk y{; ikWfylhèkkjdksa ds fgrksa
gS] tSls&LokLF; chek] isa'ku chek] ;wfuV fyaDM chek ;kstuk]
dh lqj{kk djuk rFkk muds izfr mfpr O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djuk] chek
fdlh fo'ks"k lekjksg (Event) ,oa oLrq dk chek bR;kfnA
m|ksx ls lac¼ fofu;eu] izorZu rFkk Øfed o`f¼ dks lqfuf'pr
zzfdlh Hkh chek ;kstuk ds varxZr ikWfylhèkkjdksa dks fdLr Lo:i
djuk gSA blds lkFk gh bjMk ches ds lkFk lacaèk j[kus okys foÙkh;
tks Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS] mls ^izhfe;e* dgrs gSaA ck”kkjksa esa fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lqO;ofLFkr dk;Zlapkyu dks c<+kok
zzHkkjr esa igyh chek oaQiuh ds :i esa 1818 esa ^vksfj,aVy ykbiQ nsrk gS rFkk ck”kkj dh chek oaQifu;ksa esa foÙkh; lqn`<+rk ds mPp ekud
ba';ksjsal oaQiuh* us thou chek ls lacafèkr dk;Z djuk izkjaHk fd;kA ykxw djus ds fy;s ,d fo'oluh; izcaèk lwpuk iz.kkyh dk fuekZ.k
bldh LFkkiuk dksydkrk esa ;wjksfi;Ul ds }kjk dh xbZA gkyk¡fd djrk gSA
;g oaQiuh 1834 esa foiQy gks xbZA bjMk okLrfod nkoksa dk Rofjr fuiVku lqfuf'pr djus]
zz1870 esa ^ckWEcs E;wpqvy ykbiQ ba';ksjsal lkslk;Vh* uked chek chek lacaèkh èkks[kkèkfM+;ksa vkSj vU; vuqfpr O;ogkjksa dh jksdFkke djus
oaQiuh us igyh Hkkjrh; chek oaQiuh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk rFkk izHkkoh f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k dh O;oLFkk djus ls lacfa èkr dk;Z Hkh
izkjaHk fd;kA djrk gSA
jktdks"kh; uhfr (Fiscal Policy) fooj.k* dks gh ^vke ctV* dgk tkrk gSA blh çdkj lafoèkku ds
lkoZtfud vk;] lkoZtfud O;;] lkoZtfud Í.k] djkjksi.k] vuqPNsn 202 ds vuqlkj] çR;sd jkT; ljdkj jkT; dk ^okf"kZd foÙkh;
fooj.k* rS;kj djrh gS] ftls jkT; ljdkj dk ctV dgk tkrk gSA
ctV ?kkVs] lfClMh vkSj ghukFkZ izcaèku ;k ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk ls
zzljdkj dh ctVh; uhfr jktdks"kh; uhfr dk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrh
lacafèkr uhfr;k¡ ^jktdks"kh; uhfr* dgykrh gSaA djkjksi.k] lkoZtfud
O;; rFkk lkoZtfud ½.k jktdks"kh; uhfr ds çeq[k ?kVd gksrs gSaA gSA ljdkj dh ctVh; uhfr esa ljdkj ds lHkh dk;ZØeksa ,oa
ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds }kjk futh {ks=kksa ds fy;s lalkèkuksa dh uhfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA blds jktLo i{k esa dj çkfIr;ksa
,oa djsrj vU; çkfIr;ksa ds :i esa ljdkj dh vuqekfur çkfIr;ksa
miyCèkrk] lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl esa lkoZtfud
dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS rFkk blds O;; i{k esa miHkksx O;;] fuos'k
{ks=k dh Hkwfedk bR;kfn dks çHkkfor djrh gSA bl uhfr dk lapkyu
O;; rFkk gLrkarj.k Hkqxrkuksa ds :i esa ljdkj ds vuqekfur O;;
ljdkj foÙk ea=kky; dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a djrh gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr
dks çdV fd;k tkrk gSA
ds rgr vR;fèkd eqnzkLiQhfr dh fLFkfr esa de&ls&de ?kkVs dk ctV
zz1920–21 ds nkSjku fczfV'k jsyos vFkZ'kkL=kh fofy;e ,doFkZ
cukus rFkk de&ls&de ghukFkZ izcaèku dk lgkjk ysus dh uhfr viukbZ
dh vè;{krk esa 10 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA blh
tkrh gS] lkFk&gh&lkFk vko';d oLrqvksa ij ls dj dks de ;k lekIr
,doFkZ lfefr (Acworth Committee) dh fliQkfj'kksa dks vkèkkj
dj fn;k tkrk gSA lfClMh dks Hkh c<+k fn;k tkrk gS] rkfd vkèkkjHkwr
cukdj 1924 esa jsy ctV dks vke ctV ls vyx fd;k x;kA
oLrqvksa rd vke turk dh igq¡p Hkh gks ldsA
blds ihNs rdZ fn;k x;k fd jsyos ,d m|e gS] tks ykHk dekus
tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa lexz ekax ,oa O;; dh deh ds dkj.k eanh
ds mís'; ls dk;Z dj ldrh gSA
tSlh fLFkfr gks rc ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr dh lgk;rk ls djksa esa
deh rFkk lkoZtfud O;;ksa esa o`f¼ ds }kjk lexz ekax ,oa O;; dks uksV% ctV 2017–18 esa jsy ctV dks vke ctV esa lekfgr djds
c<+kus dk ç;kl djds eanh ls fudyus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA blds is'k fd;k x;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd 2017–18 ds ctV ds igys rd
foijhr tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa lexz ekax ,oa O;; dh vfèkdrk ds dkj.k jsy ctV dks ,d vyx ctV ds :i esa is'k fd;k tkrk FkkA
vfHko`f¼ dh fLFkfr gks rks ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ekè;e ls foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 ls ctV izLrqr djus dh frfFk esa Hkh cnyko
lkoZtfud O;;ksa esa deh djds rFkk djkjksi.k esa o`f¼ djds djds 1 iQjojh dj fn;k x;k] blls iwoZ 28 iQjojh ;k 29 iQjojh
dks ctV izLrqr fd;k tkrk FkkA
vFkZO;oLFkk dks larqfyr djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
zzHkkjr esa igyk ctV 18 iQjojh] 1860 dks tsEl foYlu }kjk
jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ?kVd
ykWMZ dSfuax ds 'kkludky esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] tcfd Lora=k
Hkkjr dk igyk ctV 26 uoacj] 1947 dks rRdkyhu foÙk ea=kh
ljdkj dj lajpuk fofHkUu çdkj vkj- ds- "k.keq[ke psV~Vh }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;kA
dk ctV ds ?kkVs
zzdsanzh; ctV esa rhu yxkrkj o"kks± dh izkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk fooj.k
gksrk gS] tks fuEu izdkj ls O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa&
ctV (Budget)
zvkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy;s ctV vuqeku
ctV i¼fr lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk dk vuqeku yxkus vkSj fiQj
zpkyw foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy;s la'kksfèkr vuqeku
mUgsa ,d iwoZ fuf'pr çkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj fdlh laxBu ds fofHkUu
dk;Zdykiksa ds fy;s vkoafVr djus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA zfiNys foÙkh; o"kZ dh okLrfod izkfIr;k¡ rFkk O;;
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 112 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr çR;sd foÙkh; ctV ,d foÙkh; o"kZ dh vofèk ds nkSjku ljdkj dh çkfIr;ksa ,oa
o"kZ ds lacaèk esa laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds le{k Hkkjr ljdkj dh ml o"kZ vk; rFkk ljdkj ds O;; ds vuqekuksa dk fooj.k gksrk gSA ctV
ds fy;s çkDdfyr çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;;ksa dk fooj.k j[kok,xk ftls bl vFkZO;oLFkk dh lao`f¼ rFkk fLFkjrk ij è;ku dasfnzr djrs gq, ljdkj
Hkkx esa ^okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k* dgk x;k gSA bl ^okf"kZd foÙkh; dh jktdks"kh; uhfr dks çdV djrk gSA
oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh) blosQ lkFk gh lLrs vk;krksa ls laj{k.k izkIr gksxk] D;ksafd lHkh izdkj
(Goods and Services Tax–GST) osQ vk;krksa ij vkèkkjHkwr lhek 'kqYd (dj) osQ vfrfjDr ,dhÑr
th,lVh Hkh yxk;k x;k gSA ;s lHkh ykHk eè;e ,oa nh?kZdky esa Hkkjr
,d ,sfrgkfld dj cnyko osQ :i esa oLrq ,oa lsok dj (GST)
dh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ esa egÙoiw.kZ :i ls lgk;d gksaxsA
1 tqykbZ] 2017 ls ykxw gqvkA oLrq ,oa lsok dj dks Hkkjrh; djkèkku
bfrgkl esa lcls Økafrdkjh dj lqèkkj ekuk tk jgk gSA osaQæ o jkT; dj ,d % ykHk vusd
nksuksa Lrjh; vfèkHkkjksa dks lesVrs gq, th,lVh osaQæ ,oa jkT; nksuksa u, Hkkjr izfrLièkkZ
ljdkjksa }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tk jgk gSA th,lVh lgdkjh la?kokn dks osQ fy;s ubZ oLrqvksa o c<+us ls
lqn`<+ cukrs gq, ns'k esa vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k dks lqfuf'pr dj jgk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk lsokvksa dk miHkksDrkvksa
Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ fd;k x;k lcls cM+k dj cnyko th,lVh&^,d dk l`tu eqDr vkokxeu dks ykHk
ns'k&,d dj&,d ck”kkj* osQ y{; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ladfYir gSA
th,lVh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ miHkksx ij yxk;k x;k xarO;
vkèkkfjr dj gSA bls fiNys pj.kksa esa {kfriwfrZ (lsVvkWiQ) gsrq miyCèk oLrqvksa o lsokvksa jk"Vªh;rk o
dj osQ Hkqxrku osQ ØsfMV izkIr djus osQ fy;s oLrq ds mRiknu ls osQ vkiwfrZdÙkkZvksa ,drk dh Hkkouk
ysdj vafre miHkksx rd osQ lHkh pj.kksa ij yxk;k x;k gSA blesa osQ fy;s jk"VªO;kih esa e”kcwrh
osQoy ewY; lao¼Zu (Value Addition) ij gh dj yxkdj mldk leku volj
cks> vafre miHkksDrk }kjk ogu fd;k tkrk gSA
th,lVh dk Lo:i (Nature of GST)
101osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016 ds }kjk vuqPNsn 366
Hkkjr ,d la?kh; ^jkT;* gS] tgk¡ osaQæ vkSj jkT;ksa dks mi;qDr
esa ,d u;k [kaM (12A) tksM+k x;k] ftlds vuqlkj ^oLrq ,oa lsok
dkuwu osQ ekè;e ls djkjksi.k vkSj djksa dks ,d=k djus dh 'kfDr;k¡
dj* dk vFkZ gS& ekuo miHkksx ds fy;s eknd is; inkFkks± dh vkiwfrZ
iznku dh xbZ gSaA ;g dj dasnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ }kjk ,d lkFk] lkekU;
ij yxus okys dj dks NksM+dj oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ;k nksuksa dh vkiwfrZ
dj vkèkkj ij vkjksfir nksgjk dj gSA dj dk iz'kklu osaQæ vkSj jkT;
ij yxus okyk djA th,lVh ,d vkèkqfud dj O;oLFkk gS tks igys
ljdkjksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ,d jkT; osQ Hkhrj gksus okys ysu&nsu ij
ls vfèkd ljy ,oa ikjn'khZ vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus esa ennxkj Hkh
osaQæ ljdkj }kjk yxk, x, dj dks osaQæh; th,lVh (lhth,lVh)
gSA th,lVh ls ljdkj] m|ksx vkSj miHkksDrk lHkh fgrèkkjd ykHkkfUor dgk tkrk gS ,oa lhth,lVh osaQæ ljdkj osQ [kkrs esa tek fd;k tkrk
gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa th,lVh osQ ykxww gksus ls miHkksDrkvksa dks nksgjs gSA jkT;ksa }kjk yxk, djksa dks jkT; th,lVh (,lth,lVh) dgk x;k
djkèkku (dj ij dj&Cascading) ls eqfDr feyh gS ftlls gksus gS vkSj ,lth,lVh lacafèkr jkT; ljdkj osQ [kkrs esa tek fd;k tkrk
okys ykHkksa osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh dherksa esa deh dh gSA blh izdkj osaQæ }kjk izR;sd varj&jkT; oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
vis{kk dh tk jgh gSA vkiwfrZ ij ,dhÑr th,lVh (vkbZth,lVh) yxkus vkSj iz'kkflr djus
iwjs ns'k esa ,d:i ,dy vizR;{k dj] buiqV VSDl ØsfMV osQ dh O;oLFkk gSA
v[kaM izokg] varjkZT;h; lhekvksa ij vojksèkksa ls lacafèkr dj lekIr
gksus] izpkyu dh de ykxr] 'kq: ls ysdj var rd vkbZ Vh l{ke Hkqxrku dh izfØ;k (Process of Payment)
iz.kkyh vkSj dj izkfèkdj.kksa osQ lkFk U;wure laokn osQ dkj.k O;kikj djnkrkvksa dks buiqV VSDl ØsfMV@vknkuksa ij Hkqxrkuksa dk ØsfMV
vkSj m|ksx txr dks ykHk gks jgk gS] osaQæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks dj (Input Tax Credit) ysus vkSj mldk mi;ksx vkmViqV dj ns;rkvksa
jktLo dh vfèkd izkfIr gks jgh gS vkSj dj laxzg.k dh ykxr Hkh (Output Tax Liabilities) osQ Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s vuqefr nh xbZ
U;wure gks tk,xhA blosQ iQyLo:i fu;kZr vfèkd izfrLi/kZRed gks gSA vkxe ij Hkqxrku fd;s x, lhth,lVh osQ ØsfMV dk mi;ksx osQoy
tk,axs] D;ksafd oLrq,¡ vkSj lsok,¡ iqu% fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr fufgr dj fuxZr ij lhth,lVh dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
osQ fu;kZr dh tk loasQxhA th,lVh ykxw gksus ds dkj.k O;kikj lqxerk vkxe ij Hkqxrku fd;s x, ,lth,lVh@;wVhth,lVh osQ fy;s ØsfMV
c<+us ls ^esd bu bafM;k* vfHk;ku dks cgqr cM+k izksRlkgu feyk gSA dk mi;ksx osQoy ,lth,lVh@;wVhth,lVh dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s
fuos'k ekWMy (Investment Model) ;fn vkfFkZd larqyu dh ijokg fd;s fcuk visf{kr ek=kk ls
vfèkd ek=kk esa fuos'k dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS rks ;g fLFkfr vfr
fuos'k vkfFkZd lao`f¼ nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk egÙoiw.kZ dkjd
gSA fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dh miyCèkrk ;k vuqiyCèkrk mRiknu dh voLFkk esa ys tkrh gSA blds foijhr ;fn visf{kr ek=kk
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA fuos'k ekWMy dk ls de ek=kk esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g fLFkfr vYi mRiknu dh
lacaèk eq[; :i ls fuos'k fu.kZ;ksa ls gksrk gSA fuos'k ekWMy fuos'k dk vksj ys tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
,d vkn'kZ <k¡pk gksrk gS] tks fuos'k osQ fofHkUu mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa vkfFkZd larqyu esa leL;k mRiUu dj ldrh gSA
lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre nksgu lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr vkSj fuos'k ekWMy
fuos'k ,d izfØ;k gS ftlosQ varxZr mRiknu ,oa foÙkh; ykHk osQ (Nature of Economy and Investment Model)
fy;s ifjlaifÙk;ksa (Assets) esa èku yxk;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fuos'k ,d
mRiknd [kpZ gksrk gS tks mRiknu vFkok mRiknu tfur vk; dks c<+kus fuos'k ekWMy dk Lo:i vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ls Hkh fuèkkZfjr
osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fuos'k ekWMy dks eq[;r;k nks Lrjksa ij le>k gksrk gSA fo'o esa eq[;r;k rhu izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaµ
tk ldrk gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (Socialist Economy)
1. O;f"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy% O;f"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k iwjs
fdlh mRiknu bdkbZ ,oa O;kikfjd bdkbZ esa yxus okyh iwath leqnk; dk ;k ljdkj dk gksrk gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkoZtfud
dh ml ek=kk dks O;Dr djrk gS tks fn;s gq, ekax osQ Lrj rFkk fuos'k ij fuHkZjrk vfèkd gksrh gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu
ykxr osQ lanHkZ esa vfèkdre izfriQy ;k ,d fuf'pr izfriQy
osQ lkèkuksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gS ,oa futh fuos'k dh
;k iwoZ fuèkkZfjr mís';ksa dks izkIr dj losQA lkekU;r;k O;f"V
laHkkouk,¡ Hkh lhfer gksrh gSaA vkfFkZd okrkoj.k osQ izfrLièkkZRed gksus
Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy ,d iksVZiQksfy;ks fuèkkZj.k ekWMy gSA
dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gksrh gSa blfy;s vFkZO;oLFkk fu;af=kr gksrh gSA
2. lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy% lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy
eq[;r;k leLr vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k fu.kZ; ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk
lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k fu.kZ; osQ lacaèk esa lcls izeq[k leL;k ;g (Closed Economy) osQ leku gksrh gS] blfy;s ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
tkuus dh gksrh gS fd ,d yf{kr vkfFkZd o`f¼ nj dks izkIr djus esa fuos'k gsrq lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk lhfer gksrh gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
osQ fy;s fuos'k dh D;k ek=kk gks\ tc ge fu;ksftr fodkl izR;kxe fuos'k osQ fy;s ?kjsyw cpr ij fuHkZjrk c<+ tkrh gSA bl izdkj lhfer
osQ varxZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ lacèa k esa rFkk iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lacèa k lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ij Hkh foijhr izHkko Mkyrh
esa fuf'pr vkfFkZd o`f¼ nj dks izkIr djus osQ fy;s fuos'k dk gS ,oa ?kjsyw cpr dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gks tkrh gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
vkdkj fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa rks fuos'k ekWMy dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa miyCèk lalkèkuksa ij vR;fèkd ncko iM+rk gS ,oa ,slh fLFkfr esa fuEu
fuos'k dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys dkjd cpr fuEu fuos'k dh vksj ys tkrh gSA
(Factors that determine the amount of Investment) iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (Capitalist Economy)
fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d le;kofèk esa fdrus fuos'k dh iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k futh
vko';drk gksxh ;k fuos'k dk D;k vkdkj gksxk] ;g fuEukafdr dkjdksa {ks=kksa dk gksrk gSA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk dk Lo:i iawthoknh gS rks ,slh
ij fuHkZj djrk gS& vFkZO;oLFkk esa mnkj ,oa izfrLièkkZRed vkfFkZd okrkoj.k dh ekStwnxh
zzvFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk dks dgha vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ cuk nsrh gSA ,slh
zzvkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh yf{kr nj vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh fuos'k ij fuHkZjrk dgha vfèkd gksrh gSA iwathoknh
zzoèkZeku iwath mRikn vuqikr vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds leku gksrh gS]
zzcpr dh lhekar izo`fÙk blfy;s ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k gsrq ?kjsyw cpr ij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj
zztula[;k o`f¼ nj jgus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh
zzrduhd fons'kh fuos'k vkSj cká foÙkh; ck”kkj rd igq¡p dgha csgrj gksrh gSA
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) ds ckn twu 2019 ds var esa thMhih ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh
oSnsf'kd ns;rkvksa (Í.k ,oa bfDoVh) esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS ftlds fy;s
zzHkkjr ds oSnsf'kd {ks=k esa o"kZ 2019&20 dh izFke Nekgh esa Hkqxrku
eq[; dkjdksa ds :i esa ,iQMhvkbZ esa o`f¼] iksVZiQksfy;ks izokgksa
'ks"k dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj dks ns[krs gq, fLFkjrk izkIr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr
vkSj oSnsf'kd okf.kfT;d m/kfj;ksa (bZlhch) dk mYys[k fd;k tk
dk fons'kh fj”koZ 10 tuojh] 2020 dks 461-2 fcfy;u vesfjdh
ldrk gSA
MkWyj rd igq¡p x;kA Hkqxrku larqyu (chvksih) esa ;g lq/kj
pkyw [kkrk ?kkVk (lh,Mh) ds lhfer gksus ds dkj.k o"kZ 2018&19 Hkkjr ds Hkqxrku larqyu lacaèkh izxfr
esa 2-1 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj o"kZ 2019&20 dh izFke Nekgh esa (India's Balance of Payments Developments)
thMhih dk 1-5 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA zzo"kZ 2014&19 dh vof/ esa 7-5 izfr'kr dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
zzfu;kZr o`f¼ lsok {ks=k esa yphysiu ds ckotwn oSf'od fuos'k] esa o`f¼ ds yxHkx lkFk&lkFk] Hkkjr dh ^Hkqxrku 'ks"k* fLFkfr esa
vkmV iqV esa eanh rFkk vR;f/d O;kikj ruko ds dkj.k ckÞ; Hkh lqèkkj gqvk gSA ;g lq/kj foÙk o"kZ 2018&19 dh lekfIr rd
ekax esa deh gksus ls de”kksj cuh gqbZ gSA lsok vk;kr esa o`f¼ lafpr fons'kh fj”koZ ds 412-9 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igqapus
fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (,iQMhvkbZ) esa c<+ksrjh rFkk ^esd bu bafM;k* ds dkj.k gqvk gS] tksfd foÙk o"kZ 2013&14 ds var rd dsoy
ds dkj.k vifjgk;Z gSA isVªksfy;e mRikn] dherh iRFkj] vkS"k/h; 304-2 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj FkkA Hkkjr tSlh [kqyh o c<+rh
iQkewZys ,oa tSfod ensa] Lo.kZ ,oa vU; dherh /krq,¡ fu;kZfrr gqbZ ck”kkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s ^Hkqxrku&larqyu* dh fLFkfr vR;ar
oLrqvksa esa 'kh"kZ ij cuh gqbZ gSa] ftueas ls vkS"k/h; iQkWeZwyksa ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g dPPks rsy vkSj bl rjg ds vU; vknkuksas ds
tSfod enksa ds laca/ esa o"kZ 2019&20 (vizSy&uoacj) esa lcls fy;s vko';d vk;krksa ds foÙkiks"k.k dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS rFkk
rs”k o`f¼ ns[kh xbZ gSA vifj"d`r isVªksfy;e] Lo.kZ] isVªksfy;e fofuekZ.k {ks=k dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS] tks ns'k ds djksM+ksa yksxksa dks
mRikn] dks;yk vkSj dk"B dks;yk (Coal and Briquittes) 'kh"kZLFk vkthfodk iznku djrk gSA
vk;kfrr oLrq&lewg esa gSa vkSj o"kZ 2019&20 (vizSy&uoacj) esa zzchvksih dh fLFkfr esa yxkrkj lq/kj gksuk ,d ,slh oSf'od Hkkouk
bysDVªkWfuDl ds laca/ esa lcls rs”k o`f¼ ns[kh xbZ gSA la;qDr jkT; dk izfrfcac gS tks Hkkjr dh fodkl xkFkk esa fo'okl dks lqn`<+
vesfjdk] phu] ;w,bZ] lmnh vjc vkSj gkWUxdkWUx Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ djrk gSA ;g fo'okl ns'k dks ml oDr vPNh xfr iznku djsxk
ik¡p O;kikfjd lk>snkj cus gq, gSaA lkFk gh Hkqxrku larqyu esa tc ;g ;w-,l- dh $ 5 fVªfy;u vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s fuos'k laca/h
lqèkkj ds fy;s oSnsf'kd foÙkh; n'kkvksa esa jkgr] ,iQMhvkbZ esa vko';drk dh iwfrZ gsrq fons'kh cprksa ds iz;ksx esa o`f¼ djus ds
izHkkoh o`f¼] iksVZiQksfy;ks izokgksa dh iqu% lqn`<+rk rFkk /uizs"k.kksa ckjs esa lkspsxkA
dh cM+h izkfIr;ksa dk Hkh ;ksxnku gSA zzo"kZ 2019&20 esa thMhih o`f¼ esa dkiQh fxjkoV ds ckotwn oSf'od
zzo"kZ 2019&20 esa fuoy ,iQMhvkbZ varizZokg Hkh mRlkgo/Zd jgs Hkkouk ldkjkRed gh jgh gSA blds lkFk gh Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa lqèkkj
gSa ftuls izFke vkB eghuksa esa 24-4 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dh gqvk gSA ekpZ&2019 ds var esa fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj 412-9 fcfy;u
jkf'k izkIr gqbZ gS] tks fd o"kZ 2018&19 dh laxr vof/ dh vesfjdh MkWyj Fkk] tks flracj&2019 esa c<+dj 433-7 fcfy;u
rqyuk esa mPprj gSA ;g oSf'od Lrj ij ml Hkkouk dks ifjyf{kr vesfjdh MkWyj rFkk 10 tuojh] 2020 dks 461-2 fcfy;u vesfjdh
djrk gS fd Hkkjr dh fodkl xkFkk vkSj ljdkj }kjk fd;s x, MkWyj gks x;kA fdarq vHkh Hkh bl lq/kj esa Hks|rk dk varHkkZo
lq/kjkRed mik;ksa ij Hkjkslk c<+k gSA flracj 2019 ds var esa cuk gqvk gSA
;FkkfLFkfr] fons'kh Í.k] thMhih ds 20-1 izfr'kr ds fupys Lrj
ij cuk gqvk gSA o"kZ 2018&19 dh rqyuk esa thMhih vuqikr dh Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk (Balance of Payment Account)
n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh fuoy varjkZ"Vªh; fuos'k fLFkfr (,uvkbZvkbZih) zz^Hkqxrku
larqyu* dk vFkZ gS& ,d ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa dk fo'o
esa Hkh lq/kj gqvk gSA o"kZ 2014&15 ls gh dkiQh fxjkoV ns[kus ds vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku fd;k x;k vk£Fkd
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (International Monetary Fund) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh ç'kklfud lajpuk
(Administrative Structure of IMF)
zz^varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k* (International Monetary Fund–IMF)
zzxouZj eaMy (Board of Governors) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh
dh dYiuk igyh ckj o"kZ 1944 esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk vk;ksftr
czsVu oqM~l lEesyu esa dh xbZ FkhA bl lEesyu dk vk;kstu loksZPp fu.kkZ;d laLFkk gS] ftlesa blds lHkh 189 lnL;ksa dk
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds U;w gSai'kk;j uked 'kgj ds czsVu oqM~l çfrfufèkRo gksrk gSA dks"k ds xouZj eaMy esa çR;sd lnL; ns'k
uked LFkku ij fd;k x;k FkkA }kjk xouZj fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] tks ml lnL; ns'k dk foÙk
zzczsVu oqM~l lEesyu esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds lkFk gh varjkZ"Vªh;
ea=kh vFkok mlds dsanzh; cSad dk xouZj gksrk gSA blds lkFk gh
iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad (IBRD) ds xBu dh Hkh dYiuk dh çR;sd ns'k }kjk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy esa ,d oSdfYid xouZj
xbZ FkhA varjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad] fo'o cSad lewg Hkh fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] tks xouZj dh vuqifLFkfr esa xouZj
dh egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA eaMy dh cSBdksa esa vius ns'k dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad lewg ds xouZj eaMy vius
(fo'o cSad) dks çk;% la;qDr :i ls czsVu oqM~l ds tqM+ok¡ lacafèkr laLFkkuksa ds dke ij ppkZ djus gsrq lkekU;r% o"kZ esa ,d
(Bretton Woods Twins) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ckj feyrs gSaA ogha] varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy dks lykg
zzczsVu oqM~l lEesyu ds fu.kZ;kuqlkj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh çnku djus gsrq xfBr 24 lnL;h; varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd ,oa foÙkh;
vkSipkfjd LFkkiuk 27 fnlacj] 1945 dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk lfefr (IMFC) dh cSBdksa dk vk;kstu o"kZ esa nks ckj fd;k tkrk
ds okf'kaxVu 'kgj esa gqbZ Fkh] ysfdu blus okLrfod :i ls gSA igyh cSBd ^clar cSBd* (Spring Meeting) ds uke ls tkuh
1 ekpZ] 1947 ls dk;Z djuk çkjaHk fd;kA tkrh gS] tks çk;% vçSy eghus esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gS] tcfd nwljh
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds orZeku esa 189 lnL; gSaA ukS: x.kjkT; cSBd ^ok£"kd cSBd* (Annual Meeting) ds uke ls tkuh tkrh
(Republic of Nauru) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk lnL; cuus okyk gS] tks çk;% çfr o"kZ flracj&vDrwcj ekg esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA
lcls u;k (189ok¡) ns'k gSA zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy us viuh vfèkdka'k 'kfDr;ksa
zzfØLVkfyuk tkWthZok (Kristalina Georgieva) orZeku esa varjkZ"Vªh; dks dk;Zdkjh eaMy (Executive Board) ds i{k esa çR;k;ksftr
eqnzk dks"k dh çcaèk funs'kd gSaA blds çFke çcaèk funs'kd dSfey (Delegate) dj fn;k gS] ysfdu lnL; ns'kksa dk dksVk c<+kus]
xV~V (Camille Gutt) FksA fo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkj (SDR) vkoaVu] u, lnL;ksa dk ços'k]
uksV% fØLVkfyuk tkWthZok us IMF esa fØfLVu yxkMZ dh txg yh gSA lnL;ksa dh vfuok;Z okilh rFkk le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa (Articles
of Agreement) ,oa mifofèk (By-laws) esa la'kksèku djus ds
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh f”kEesnkfj;k¡ vfèkdkj vHkh Hkh xouZj eaMy ds ikl gSaA
(Responsibilities of IMF)
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk dk;Zdkjh eaMy blds fnu&çfrfnu ds
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk_ dk;Zdykiksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA dk;Zdkjh eaMy eas dqy 24
zzlHkh lnL; ns'kksa ds vk£Fkd fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk;Zdkjh funs'kd gksrs gSa] ftudk p;u xouZj eaMy }kjk fd;k
ds larqfyr fodkl dks lqfoèkktud cukuk_ tkrk gSA dk;Zdkjh eaMy esa lHkh 189 ns'kksa dk çfrfufèkRo gksrk
zzlnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzk fofue; nj dh fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsuk_
gSA blds fy;s lnL; ns'kksa dks 24 lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk
zzlnL; ns'kksa dks Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k ds le; vk£Fkd
gS rFkk çR;sd lewg ls dk;Zdkjh funs'kd fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS]
lgk;rk çnku djuk_
tks ml lewg dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
zzcgqi{kh; Hkqxrkuksa (Multilateral Payments) dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir
zzvarjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy dks nks eaf=keaMyh; lfefr;ksa
djds fofue; çfrcaèkksa dks lekIr djuk vFkok de djuk_
zzèku 'kksèku (Money Laundering) rFkk vkradokn ds foÙkh;u dks
dh lykg çkIr gksrh gS&
jksdus gsrq lnL; ns'kksa rFkk vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx zvarjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd ,oa foÙkh; lfefr (International Monetary
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) zzekYFkl ds vuqlkj tukfèkD; dh leL;k ds lekèkku ds nks mik;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa tula[;k dks Je cy ds lalkèku ds :i esa gaS& igyk] izkÑfrd ;k uSlfxZd mik; vkSj nwljk] Ñf=ke mik;A
ns[kk tkrk gSA tula[;k dk vkdkj ftruk cM+k gksxk Je cy dh zzekYFkl us ck<+] lw[kk] egkekjh] HkwoaQi] ;q¼ dks tula[;k fu;a=k.k
miyCèkrk mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vk£Fkd fodkl dk izkÑfrd mik; dgk gS] ftUgsa izÑfr viukrh gS_ tcfd Ñf=ke
ds fy;s Je cy dks vU; lalkèkuksa dh mifLFkfr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ mik; ds rgr nsj ls fookg djuk] czãp;Z dk ikyu djuk vkfn
?kVd ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA tula[;k fdlh {ks=k&fo'ks"k ls tqM+h 'kkfey gSa] ftUgsas ekuo viukrk gSA ekYFkl ds vuqlkj tula[;k
,d ifjdYiuk gS] ftlesa lekt ds izR;sd igyqvksa dk vè;;u fu;a=k.k ds uSlfxZd mik; cgqr vfèkd d"Vnk;h gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn
ekuo bu d"Vksa ls cpuk pkgrk gS rks mls tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx (xk¡o] 'kgj] f”kyk] jkT;] ns'k
Ñf=ke mik;ksa dks Lo;a viuk ysuk pkfg;sA
;k egk}hi) esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k gh ^tula[;k*
dgykrh gSA tula[;k o`f¼
8
uksV%
zz Hkkjr fo'o esa nwljk lcls vfèkd tula[;k okyk ns'k gS] ;gk¡ 7
ikj dj xbZA bls ns[krs gq, la;qDr jk"Vª us tula[;k o`f¼ dks 4 fw rZ
u vki
ysdj nqfu;kHkj esa tkx:drk iSQykus ds fy;s tula[;k fnol kU
ek=kk
3 [kk|
eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA vr% çR;sd o"kZ 11 tqykbZ ds fnu dks 2
fo'o tula[;k fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
1