New Era University – Virtual Learning Environment

College of Engineering & Technology

PHYSICS 271
Magnetic Force

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 Magnetic Force

SUB-TOPICS
• Magnetic Force Concepts

• Magnetism and Electromagnetism

• Review on Vectors in 3D Space

• The Right Hand Rule

• Sources of Magnetic Force

• Sample Problems
• Assessment

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11/21/2022
 Magnetic Force

Course Objectives:
At the end of the week, the student should be able to
1. Describe the properties of magnetic force in moving charges,
current carrying wire, current carrying loop, and in current
carrying wires in parallel.
2. Identify the applications of current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field.
3. Make use of the right-hand rule in illustrating the directions
of magnetic force, velocity and magnetic field
4. Calculate the strength of magnetic force and locate its
direction

11/21/2022 This file is for exclusive use in Physics271-NEU by LDH

Magnetic Force Concepts

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 Magnetism
•One of the most remarkable of all natural
phenomena.
•Named after the town of Magnesia in Asia Minor
where the first magnet was found.
•Field direction originates from the north pole
1st Law: Like poles repel
and unlike poles attract

2nd Law: A magnetic field

always tends to arrange
itself so that the greatest
number of lines of force
are created
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Electric and Magnetic Sources
• The electric field of a • The magnetic field of a
point charge is radially bar magnet originates
outward from a from the north pole
positive charge • Magnetic sources are
• Electric sources are inherently dipole
inherently "monopole" sources - you can't
or point charge isolate North or South
sources. "monopoles".

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 William Gilbert

• Started working with ‘lodestones’, a

natural magnet and developed methods
of making artificial magnets with iron.
• He found that a red heat destroyed
magnetism and that red hot iron left in
the direction of the earth’s field
becomes a permanent magnet

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 Theory of Magnetism
• Magnetism is associated with the
spinning motion of electrons in the
3rd or M shell
• Spinning motion of electrons is the
same as the moving electrons in a
coiled wire
• Polarity of magnetic field depends
upon the direction of the spinning
electrons
• Magnetically neutral substances is
when there are two equal sets of
(a) (b)
oppositely spinning electrons
producing fields that cancel each In (a), magnetic domains cancel each other
leaving the material unmagnetized, while
other in (b), domains are aligned in the direction
of the applied magnetic field.
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 Electromagnetism
• Electric currect can be produced either by
moving a magnet near a circuit or by changing
the current near the circuit

changing magnetic field creates electric field

changing electric field  creates magnetic field

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Review: Definition and rules of vector algebra

A physical quantity that is completely If the vectorA represents a
specified, in appropriate units, by a displacement from a point P1(x1,y1,z1
singles number is called a scalar ) to a point P2(x2,y2,z2 ) ,
There are certain physical quantities Z
Az
that possess a directional A P2
characteristic, such as a displacement
from one point in space to another . P1 Ay
Such quantities require a direction Ax y
and a magnitude for their complete
specification. These quantities are x
called vectors.
A vector quantity is usually denoted by then Ax=x2- x1, Ay= y2-y1 and Az=z2-z1
are the component of A along the x
A ( A , A , A ) (1)
x y z axis ,y-axis and along the z –axis
respectively.
• Rules of vectors
1)Equality of vectors
two vectors are equal if their
respective components are equal
 
A  B
If (Ax,Ay,Az)=(Bx,By,Bz)
i.e.
Ax= Bx Ay= By Az= Bz
2)Vector addition
The sum of two vectors is a
vector whose components are
sums of the components of the
given vectors.
 The null vector
  is defined as
A  B
=(Ax+Bx, Ay+By, Az+By)
3)Multiplication by a scalar
If c is a scalar and A is a
vector, the product is a vector
whose components are c times
those of A 
c A
c(Ax,Ay,Az)=(cAx,cAy,cAz)
4)Vector subtraction
Subtraction is defined as follows
 
A  B
=(Ax-Bx, Ay-By, Az-By)
5)The null Vector
0
=(0,0,0)
6)The Commutative Law of 9)Magnitude of a vector
Addition The magnitude of a vector |A| is
    defined as
A  B  B  A 
A | A | Ax2  Ay2  Az2
Since
Ax+Bx=Bx+Ax 10)Unit Vectors
A Unit vector is a vector whose
7)The Associative Law magnitude is unity, usually
denoted by e from the German
The
 associative
  law
 is true
 word Einheit
A  (B  C )  ( A  B)  C
ex=(1,0,0) ey=(0,1,0) ez=(0,0,1)
A  ex Ax  ey A  ez Az
Since y

(Ax+(Bx+Cx), Ay+(By+Cz), Az+ A widely used Cartesian notation

k
(By+Cz))
i  ex j  ey k  ez
= ((Ax+Bx)+Cx,(Ay+By)+Cz,
(Az+By)+Cz) j
8)The Distributive
   Law

i
c ( A  B )  cA  cB
• The Scalar product • Examples
1)Work
Also known as the dot product for An object under the action of a constant
two Vectors A and B
  force F undergoes a linear
A  B  Ax B x  Ay B y  Az B z (1) displacement Ds with an angle q.
The work done by the force is given
Or can be seen geometrically as 
by W  F  s  Fs cos
the projection of A onto B or B
onto A
   
A  B | A | | B | cos z z’ F
(2) q

y Ds

Note that: y’
i.i=j.j=k.k=1 x’
A
q B

i.j=j.k=k.i=0 x
The Vector product They form a right hand triad as
Given two vectors A and B, the shown in figure
vector product, AxB, is defined
as the vector whose
components are given by the
equation
  The cross product could be
AB  (AyBz  AzBy, Az Bx  AxBz , AxBy  AyBx)
written into a determinant
(4) form
  Ay Az Az Ax Ax Ay
ˆ
A B  i  ˆj  kˆ
It could
A Bbe
 shown
B A that (6) By Bz Bz Bx Bx By

     
i  i  j  j  k  k  0
Unit Vectors rule

j 

k 

i 

 k 

j
    
i  j  k   j  i
    
k  i  j 
(5)
 i  k
Let us calculate the magnitude of the cross product:

A B
2

 A y B z  Az B y 2  Az B x  Ax B z 2  Ax B y  A y B x 2
This can be reduced to

A B
2
  
 A x2  A y2  A z2 B x2  B y2  B z2  A x B x  A y B y  Az B z 
2

 
Using the definition of the dot product A  B  Ax B x  Ay B y  Az B z

 A 2  B 2  A  B 
2 2
A B
Taking the square roots of both sides gives

A  B  AB(1  cos 2  )  AB sin 

Using definitions (5) and (10) yields a general rule for the cross product.

A  B  AB sin  nˆ
Two ways of using right hand rule

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 Sources of Magnetic Force
In this illustration, F, B and v are three mutually
1.Isolated perpendicular vectors. A positive moving charge
moves through the magnetic field B.
Charge F F
B B
v v
+qo S

Magnet poles

The force F is always perpendicular to both the

magnetic field B and velocity v.

F = q v x B = q v B sin ϴ
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Sample Problem 1
A proton moving at 4.00 x 106 m/s through a magnetic field of 1.70 T
experiences a magnetic force of magnitude 8.20 x 10-13 N. What is
the angle between the proton’s velocity and the field?

Solution:
Using the formula F=qvB sin θ and solving for θ where qproton = 1.61 x 10-19 C,
we have
Θ=sin-1 F/qvB
Θ=sin-1 (8.20 x 10-13 N)/( 1.61 x 10-19 C) (4.00 x 106 m/s)( 1.70 T)
Θ=48.9º

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 Sources of Magnetic Force

2. Current
Carrying
Conductor

F = IL x B
F = ILB sin ϴ

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 Sources of Magnetic Force
3. Current
carrying
loop in
w/c the
force
produces
torque

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Sample Problem 1
The rectangular loop in the drawing consists of 75 turns and carries a current of I= 4.4
A. A 1.8 T magnetic field is directed along the +y axis. The loop is free to rotate about
the z axis (see Fig. 1). Determine the magnitude of the net torque exerted on the loop
and state whether the 35º angle will increase or decrease.

Using the formula Τ=NIAB sin ϴ where keeping in mind

that ϴ is the angle between the normal to the plane of
the loop and the magnetic field. This gives us ϴ =55º,
hence, we have
Τ=(75)(4.4 A)(0.70m x 0.50m)(1.8 T) sin 55º
T= 170.25 N•m and the 35º angle will increase since
the rotation of the coil is clockwise about the z axis
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4. Magnetic Forces Between Wires
Wire 2 Note that two wires carrying current
Wire 1 in the same direction attract each
other, and they repel if the currents
are opposite in direction. Once you
have calculated the force on wire 2,
of course the force on wire 1 must
be exactly the same magnitude and
in the opposite direction according
to Newton's third law.
The force on a length l of wire 2 is

F2= I2l2B1 where B is the magnetic field

produced by wire 1
And the force on a length l of wire 1 is

F1= I1l1B2 where B is the magnetic field

produced by wire 2
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References:
1. Beiser, A., Schaum’s Outlines, 2004 pp. 319-323
2. Cutnell & Johnson, Physics, 2007 pp.647-664
3. Serway & Jewett, Physics for Scientist and Engrs.,
2008 pp. 895-916
4. Tipler, Physics for Scientist& Engrs., 2004 pp.855-874
5. www.hyperphysics.com