New Era University

College of Engineering & Technology

PHYSICS 271
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, Inductance, Generators,
and Transformers

Engr. Luzale Dioso-Henson

 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction, Inductance, Generators, and
Transformers

SUB-TOPICS
• Faraday’s Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction
• Solinoids
• Mutual and Self-Inductance
• Generators
• Transformers
• Sample Problems
• Assessment

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 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction,
Inductance, Generators, and Transformers

Course Objectives:
At the end of the week, the student should be able to
1. Define Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic Induction.
2. Identify some applications of Faraday’s Law in the
operation of motors, generators and transformers
3. Describe mutual and self-induction in coils

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What is the physics behind the production of almost all of our electric

Introduction
energy needs? The answer is a phenomenon known as elecromagnetic
induction. If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, and emf and a
current are induced in the circuit. In power-generating station, magnets
move relative to coils of wire to produce a changing magnetic flux in the
coils and hence an emf.

Electromagnetic induction tells us that the time-varying magnetic field

can act as a source of electric field. Further, a time varying current in one
coil can induce an emf in a second coil The coupling between coils is
described by their mutual inductance. Such a coil is called an inductor
and the relationship of current to emf is described by the inductance
(also called self-inductance) of the coil.
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 Consider the loop shown:
 
 m   B  dA  BA  Bl x

d m d dx
 Bl x  Bl
dt dt
E  Blv  Bl
dx
dt
Faraday’s Law
dt
d m
Therefore, E 
dt

This is Faraday’s Law. It can be stated as

follows:
An emf E is induced in a conducting loop if
the magnetic flux Fm through the loop changes
with time, so that E = |dF m/dt|
This
for the loop. The
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emf will be in the direction that Dioso-Henson
by Luzale will drive the
This is Faraday’s Law. It can be
stated as follows:
An emf E is induced in a
conducting loop if the magnetic
flux Fm through the loop changes
with time, so that E = |dFm/dt| for
the loop. The emf will be in the
direction that will drive the induced
current to oppose the flux change,
as given by Lenz’s Law.
 A 2.0 cm diameter loop with a resistance of
0.010Ω is placed in the center of a solenoid. The
solenoid is 4.0 cm in diameter, 20 cm long, and is
wound with 1000 turns of square insulated wire.

Example: Electromagnetic
The current through the solenoid wire as a
function of time is shown in (b). Find the induced
current in the loop.
Recall that: B  0 NIsol Induction in a Solenoid
l
0 ANI sol
 m  BA 
l
d  m 0 AN dI sol
E 
dt l dt
dI
 1.97 106 sol
dt
dI sol
 10 A/s until t=1.0 s and =0 after that.
dt

E 1.97105 Vuntil t=1.0 s and =0 after that.

I loop  E / R  1.97 mA until t=1.0

This file issfor
and =0 after
exclusive usethat.
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by Luzale Dioso-Henson
 Faraday’s Law tells us that all
induced currents are the
associated with a changing
magnetic flux. There are two
fundamentally different ways to
change the magnetic flux
through a loop:
(1) The loop can move, change
size, or rotate, creating motional
What does Faraday’s
emf;
(2) The magnetic field can change
Law Tell Us?
in magnitude or direction.    
d m d ( B  A)  dA  dB
E   B  A
dt dt dt dt
We can write: motional new
emf physics

The second term

says that an emf can
be created simply by
changing a magnetic
field, even if nothing is
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moving. by Luzale Dioso-Henson
 A very long solenoid with no
field outside passes through a
conducting loop. The current in

An Unanswered Question
the solenoid is increased so that
the B field inside the solenoid
increases. (B outside = 0).

There is no B-field at the loop wire. Is a current induced in the loop?

YES! Since the flux through the loop changes, an emf is induced in
the loop, even though the field that produces the flux does not touch the
loop.
How can this happen? Faraday would say that when the number of
lines of force in the solenoid increases, they must “come in” from infinity
and must cut through the loop on their way in.

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Mutual
Induction

An alternating current
Ip in the primary coil creates
an alternating magnetic field.
This changing field induces
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An emf in the secondary coil.
by Luzale Dioso-Henson
 Mutual Inductance
Es is proportional to the change in flux ΔΦs but
ΔΦs is produced by the change in current ΔIp in the
primary coil. The net magnetic flux passing thru
the secondary coil is N s Φs where N is the number
of turns in the secondary coil.
N s Φs α B α Ip hence N sΦs α Ip
and introducing a proportionality constant M, we write
N sΦs = M Ip
or M = N sΦs / Ip
In Faraday’s Law
Es = - N sΦs /Δ t = - Δ(Ns Φs ) / Δ t = Δ (M Ip )/ Δ t
E = -M (Δ I / Δ t)
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 Self-
Induction

An alternating current Ip in the primary coil

creates changing magnetic field which in turn
creates a changing flux through the coil thereby
inducing anThisEmf in the said coil.
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 Self-Inductance
E is proportional to the change in flux ΔΦ but ΔΦ is
produced by the change in current ΔI in the coil. The
net magnetic flux passing thru the coil is NΦ where N
is the number of turns in the coil.
N Φ α B α I hence N Φ α I
and introducing a proportionality constant L, we write
NΦ = L I
or L = NΦ/ I

In Faraday’s Law
E = - N Φ /Δ t = - Δ(N Φ ) / Δ t = Δ (L I )/ Δ t
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 We define the inductance L of a coil of wire producing flux Fm as:

(Self-)
L
 Inductance m

I
The unit of inductance is the henry: 1 henry = 1 H = 1 T m2/A = 1 Wb/A

The circuit diagram symbol used to represent inductance is:

Example: The inductance of a long solenoid with N turns of cross

sectional area A and length l is: 0 NI   BA
B per turn
l
0 N 2 A  m 0 N 2 A
 m  N  per turn  NBA  I Lsolenoid  
l I l
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 An inductor is made by tightly winding 0.30 mm diameter wire around a
4.0 mm diameter cylinder. What should be the length of cylinder for the
inductance to be 10 mH?
4.00 mm

Recall:  m 0 N 2 A
Lsolenoid  
Example: Length of an Inductor
I l

0 N 2 A 0 (l / d ) 2 ( r 2 )  0 r 2l
L   2
 1.0 105 H
l l d

d 2L (3.0 104 m) 2 (1.0 105 H)

l   0.057 m  5.7 cm
0 r 2 (4 107 Tm/A) (2.0 10 3 m) 2

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 Potential Across an
Inductor
d  per turn d m
Ecoil  N 
dt dt

dI
Ecoil  L
dt

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Potential Across an Inductor (2)

dI dI
Ecoil  L VL   L
dt dt

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 The figure shows a coil with N
turns rotating in a magnetic field,
with the coil connected to an
external circuit by slip rings that
transmit current independent of
rotation. The flux through the coil
is: Generators
 
 m  A  B  AB cos 
 AB cos t

d m d
Ecoil  N  ABN  cos t    ABN sin t
dt dt
Therefore, the device produces emf and current that will vary sinusoidally,
alternately positive and negative. This is called an alternating current
generator, producing what we call AC voltage. Also from the emf of an ac
generator which is E =ωABN sin ωt, maximum emf is Eo= ωABN where
in terms of effective This
emffileoris root meanuse
for exclusive square (rms) emf, Eo =√2Erms
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 Example: An AC
A coil with area 2.0 m2 rotates in a 0.10 T magnetic field at a frequency of
60 Hz. How many turns are needed to generate an AC emf with a peak
voltage of 160 V?

Ecoil   ABN sin t Generator

Emax   ABN   2 f

Emax (160 V)
N  2
 21 turns
2 f AB 2 (60 Hz)(2.0 m )(0.10 T)

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 1 2

1
N1 N2 Transformers
2

A transformer consist of two coils of wire wound around a core of iron. The
coil on the left which is connected to an input alternating source with N 1
turns is called the primary winding. The coil on the right which is connected
to a load resistor with N2 turns is called the secondary winding.

When N2 > N1 , the output voltage V2 exceeds the input voltage V1 (step-up)
When N2 < N1 , the output voltage V2 is less than the input voltage V1 (step-down)
Also, we have the relationship,
I1 / I2 = VThis
2 / V 1=
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 Transformers
ransformers use mutual inductance to change voltages:
N2
V2  V1
N1

N1 turns Iron Core N2 turns

V1 V2
Primary Secondary

Power is conserved, I1V1  I 2V2

(if 100% efficient.)
 Transformers & Power Transmission
Transformers can be used to “step up” and “step
down” voltages, for power transmission and other
applications.
110 turns 20,000 turns
Power V1=110V V2=20kV Power
=I1 V1 =I2 V2

We use high voltage (e.g. 365 kV) to transmit electrical

power over long distances.
Why do we want to do this? P = I 2R
(P = power dissipation in the line - I is smaller at high voltages)