ADANA ALPARSLAN TÜ RKEŞ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MM 401 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 6

DIESEL ENGINE EXPERIMENT

210108069
AYŞENUR ÇETİN

EXPERIMENT DATE
31.12.2021

GROUP NAME: C

INSTRUCTOR AND ASSISTANT

“Assist. Prof. Dr. Gökhan TÜCCAR & Res. Asst. Mehmet KALE & Res. Asst. Adem AVCU”
CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………………………..…….1
Objective……………………………………………………………………..…...1
Theoretical Background………………………………………………..…….1
The Four Stroke Reciprocating Petrol Engine…………………..…….2
The Four Stroke Reciprocating Diesel Engine……………………..…4
The Difference Between 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Engines…..…….6

Ports, Not Valves………………………………………………….……..……..6

2-Stroke Disadvantages…………………………………………………..….7

Experimental Calculations……………………………………….………..…7

The Engine Test Rig………………………………………………………..…10

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..……11

References…………………………………………………………………..……12
INTRODUCTION:

As a result of consuming oil with much faster than it’s naturally produced,
studies on energy resources showed that the oil depletion point has been
reached . In addition, energy demands are increasing at alarming rate that wants
the world Energy Research Centers to present alternative energy sources to keep
the world economies being running smoothly. Wide spread of national energy
centers worldwide were to attempt this urgent energy problem.

OBJECTIVE:

This experiment aims at studying the variations of the engine performance

characteristics, forinstance, torque, engine power, exhaust temperature,
specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency of a single cylinder gasoline
engine under different loading condition.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

Reciprocating IC engines are perhaps the most widely used internal

combustion engines in the world. There are two major types of IC engines viz. SI
and CI engines; and virtually every person who has driven san automobile has used
one. SI or gasoline engines are used in passenger cars whereas CI or diesel engines
are used in heavy trucks, industrial transport, railways and marine applications. A
common IC engine is composed of the following parts:

Engine block Cylinder head

Piston and Piston pin Connecting rod

Crankshaft Flywheel

Valves Mechanisms Camshaft

Internal combustion engines operate on either a 4-stroke or 2-

stroke cycle. 4-stroke cycle operation involves piston carrying out four strokes
to complete one cyclic (thermodynamic) process. 4-stroke IC engines are
advantageous for efficient gas exchange process is desired at high engine speeds.
The Four Stroke Reciprocating Petrol Engine

In a four stroke petrol engine, air is drawn in through a carburettor in which

petrol is mixed with the air. Engine speed is governed by the butterfly valve in the
carburettor, which controls the flow of air to the engine. This valve is linked to the
engine throttle control. For any given throttle setting, the carburettor controls the
flow of petrol in such a way that it is mixed with the air in the correct proportions for
subsequent combustion.

1) Intake Stroke
The intake valve (on the top left of each image) is open and as the
piston travels downward, this suction pulls the air/fuel mixture into the
cylinder.

 Piston moves down the cylinder bore from top dead center (TDC) to bottom
dead center (BDC).
 Intake valve is open, the exhaust valve is closed.
 Downward piston motion creates a vacuum (negative air pressure) that draws.
that air/fuel mixture into the engine via the open intake valve.
2) Compression Stroke
Both valves are now closed and the piston compresses the air fuel into
a much smaller volume, preparing the mixture for ignition.
 Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom dead center to top dead
center.
 Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed.
 Upward piston motion compresses air/fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber.
3) Power Stroke
With both valves closed, the spark plug—located in the picture between
the intake and exhaust valve will fire, igniting the air/fuel mixture. The
resulting explosion forces the piston downward and rotates the crankshaft,
which in turn propels the vehicle.

 At the end of the compression (previous) stroke, the spark plug fires and
ignites the compressed air/fuel mixture. This ignition/explosion forces the
piston back down the cylinder bore and rotates the crankshaft, propelling the
vehicle forward.
 Piston moves down the cylinder bore from top dead center to bottom dead
center.
 Both the intake and exhaust valve are closed.
4) Exhaust Stroke
The exhaust valve (on the top right of each image) is now open,
allowing the piston to push the spent exhaust gasses out of the engine as it
rises. The 4-strokes (1 engine cycle) are now complete, and the process
repeats.

 Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom dead center to top dead
center. The momentum caused by the power stroke is what continues the
crankshaft movement and the other 3 strokes consecutively.
 Intake valve is closed, the exhaust valve is open.
 This final stroke forces the spent gasses/exhaust out of the cylinder. The cycle
in now complete and the piston is ready to begin the intake stroke.
The Four Stroke Reciprocating Diesel Engine

The diesel engine works in a very similar way to the petrol engines described
in the preceding sections, except that no ignition system is required. Most diesel
engines use the four-stroke cycle, but two-stroke engine have also been designed.
Diesel engines are also known compression ignition engines, because of the way in
which burning of the fuel is initiated. Instead of the air fuel mixture on the petrol
engine, the diesel engine draws in only air on the induction stroke.

1) Intake Stroke

The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC)
and the cycle passes points 0 → 1. In this stroke the intake valve is open while the
piston pulls air (without a fuel) into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into
the cylinder through its downward motion.

2) Compression Stroke

The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)
and the cycle passes points 1 → 2 . In this stroke both the intake and exhaust valves
are closed, resulting in adiabatic air compression (i.e. without heat transfer to or
from the environment). During this compression, the volume is reduced, the pressure
and temperature both rise. At the end of this stroke fuel is injected and burns in the
compressed hot air. At the end of this stroke the crankshaft has completed a full 360
degree revolution.

3) Power Stroke

The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC)
and the cycle passes points 2 → 3 → 4. In this stroke both the intake and exhaust
valves are closed. At the beginning of the power stroke, a near isobaric combustion
occur between 2 and 3. In this interval the pressure remains constant since the
piston descends, and the volume increases. At 3 fuel injection and combustion are
complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at 2. Between
3 and 4 this hot gas expands, again approximately adiabatically. In this stroke the
piston is driven towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the work is
done by the gas on the piston.

4) Exhaust Stroke

The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)
and the cycle passes points 4 → 1 → 0. In this stroke the exhaust valve is open
while the piston pulls an exhaust gases out of the chamber. At the end of this stroke
the crankshaft has completed a second full 360 degree revolution.
The Difference Between 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Engines

2-stroke engines differ from 4-strokes in three key areas:

 They do not use valves.

 They burn oil in the combustible mix of air and fuel.
 1 power pulse for every 2 engine strokes (versus 1 power pulse for every 4
strokes as we see in 4-stroke engines).

Ports, Not Valves

2-strokes flow air, fuel and exhaust through the engine without the use of
valves. Rather, they use ports. 2-strokes also take advantage of the airspace below
the piston. Each piston stroke is pressurizing and acting upon 2 chambers
simultaneously.

The above diagram demonstrates how 2-stroke engines take advantage of the
space above and below the piston. The uses of machined ports with the engine
casing itself allows 2-strokes to avoid using valves.

Additionally, there is no camshaft required to open or close the valves—fewer

parts means that 2-strokes are lighter and more compact than 4-stroke engines.
2-Stroke Disadvantages

If 2-strokes are lighter, smaller and more powerful than 4-strokes, why aren’t
they more common. 2-strokes have a few distinct downsides, including:

 Less fuel efficient.

 Noisier and more prone to vibration.
 Considerably more emission pollution.
 2-stroke oil is expensive to purchase and mixing to the correct ratio can be
challenging.

Experimental Calculations

1) Measuring of Torque and Power Output

It’s measured directly using a dynamometercoupled to the output shaft. The power
output is calculated from the torque by multiplying by the angular velocity in radians
per second.

2) The Performance of an Ideal Engine

An engine produces useful work from the heat energy released by burning the
fuel. The power output depends on the rate where the fuel can be burned. For
complete combustion, the fuel must be mixed with air in the correct chemical
proportions.

Ideal mass of air per cycle = pa . Vs

The rate that fuel is burned depends on the air/fuel ratio,

The rate, Q at which heat is supplied to the engine, is given by:

All the energy could be converted into mechanical power, the power output would be

Expressing the fuel consumption rate in term of the other variables,

Values of H, p, V are constant during a test on a given engine. R is also constant the
speed range of the engine, so that

3) Volumetric Efficiency

In practice, the mass of air is less than this, partly because of pressure losses
in the induction system and also due to heating effects, which reduce the density of
air as it enters the engine cylinder. For practical reasons, consumption rate for
engines are usually expressed in kg/h rather than in kg/s. If the consumption rate is
ma kg/h, then

The ratio of the actual to the ideal air mass flow is a measure of the “breathing”
ability of the engine.

These equations can be written as:

 4) Thermal Efficiency and The Ideal Cycle

The thermal efficiency is defined as the work done in the cycle divided by the
heat input. By analysing the cycle it can be shown that the ideal thermal efficiency is
given by:

Heat loss in exhaust =

The heat supplied to the engine is given by the following equation Q = m f . H

The heat carried away by the exhaust, expressed as a percentage of the heat input
is,
THE ENGINE TEST RIG

1) Measuring of Speed

Engine speed is measured electronically by a pulse counting system. Optical

head mounted on the dynamometer chassis contains an infrared transmitter and
receiver.

2) Measurement of Exhaust Temperature

Exhaust gas temperature is measured by a chrome/alumel thermocouple.The

temperature is indicated on a reading meter scaled from 0C to 1000C.

3) Measurement of Torque by Dynamometer

Eddy-Current Dynamometer’s theory is based on Eddy-Current. The

construction of eddy-current electro brake, has a notched disc (rotor) which is driven
by a prime mover and magnetic poles are located outside of it with a gap…

4) Fuel Systems and Measurement of Fuel Consumption

The fuel consumption measurement unit is used to measure the specific fuel
consumption according to the load. The measurement results are displayed on the
screen in cc / s,gr / s,kg / h and gr / kWh, and are also recorded in the test file.
CONCLUSION

Diesel engines are characteristically used for heavy automobile applications

and instances where higher power is required at lower engine speeds. Therefore,
quality of fuel has huge role in optimal functioning f the diesel engine. Moreover, the
fuel injection system in the CI engine is expensive part, and a poor-quality fuel could
seriously harm the engines power output. Cleaning filter at regular intervals also
plays a vital role in performance of the diesel engine. For diesel vehicles, specific
filters have been included to lessen emissions.

Furthermore, it is advised to keep the RPM of the engine at moderate values,

and it also helps protect the gearbox from vibrations. Operating at higher RPM would
give desired power output but only at the cost of Engine Health. These
are some of the measures to ensure optimalfunctioning of the diesel
engine.
REFERENCES

1) https://www.studocu.com/row/document/national-university-of-
sciences-and-technology/mechanics-of-materials/diesel-engine-lab-
report/13618146
2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
319665700_Experimental_Study_of_the_performance_of_diesel_Engine
_Using_different_alternatives_fuels
3) https://www.uti.edu/blog/motorcycle/how-4-stroke-engines-work
4) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diesel-engine-test-rig-and-control-
panel_fig5_270272128
5) Diesel Engine Test Experiment